8 E 9 DE OUTUBRO DE 2012 Piracicaba - Genética - USP

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29º ENCONTRO SOBRE TEMAS DE GENÉTICA E MELHORAMENTO "Genômica Populacional e Genética da Conservação" soft sweeps, and polygenic adaptation. Current Biology, 20(4): R208–R215, 2010. P.C. Sabeti, D.E. Reich, J.M. Higgins, H.Z.P. Levine, D.J. Richter, S.F. Schaffner, S.B. Gabriel, J.V. Platko, N.J. Patterson, G.J. McDonald, et al. Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure. Nature, 419(6909):832–837, 2002. P.C. Sabeti, P. Varilly, B. Fry, J. Lohmueller, E. Hostetter, C. Cotsapas, X. Xie, E.H. Byrne, S.A. McCarroll, R. Gaudet, et al. Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations. Nature, 449(7164):913–918, 2007. S.F. Schaffner, C. Foo, S. Gabriel, D. Reich, M.J. Daly, and D. Altshuler. Calibrating a coalescent simulation of human genome sequence variation. Genome Research, 15(11):1576–1583, 2005. P. Scheet and M. Stephens. A fast and flexible statistical model for large-scale population genotype data: applications to inferring missing genotypes and haplotypic phase. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 78(4):629–644, 2006. M. Stephens and P. Donnelly. A comparison of bayesian methods for haplotype reconstruction from population genotype data. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 73(5):1162–1169, 2003. B.F. Voight, S. Kudaravalli, X. Wen, and J.K. Pritchard. A map of recent positive selection in the human genome. PLoS biology, 4(3):e72, 2006. Departamento de Genética, ESALQ/USP - http://www.genetica.esalq.usp.br/29temas/ 11
29º ENCONTRO SOBRE TEMAS DE GENÉTICA E MELHORAMENTO "Genômica Populacional e Genética da Conservação" CONTRIBUTIONS OF POPULATION GENETICS TO TREE CONSERVATION: CHALLENGES UNDER CHANGING SCENARIOS Andrea C. Premoli 1* , Paula Mathiasen 1 , M. Cristina Acosta 1,2 1 Laboratorio Ecotono, Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET 2 IMBIV CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba *Email: andrea.premoli@gmail.com ABSTRACT The study of multiple populations and species of a given region using molecular markers is a valuable tool to design conservation strategies. These may be guided by the analysis of species of conservation concern such as those under threat or endangered. Some of such species have a restricted range and thus may be genetically depauperate as a result of genetic drift that tends to erode genetic diversity within populations. Nonetheless, genetic analysis of species pairs occurring in sympatric populations show that range alone may not be sufficient to explain genetic patterns. On the other hand, while widespread woody taxa may be relatively common through a region, those occurring as almost pure populations may also be of conservation value given that an entire community depends upon them. This is particularly the case of species that inhabit environments prone to suffer from changes in climate such as altitudinal gradients of temperate regions. Although neutral markers may yield information on patterns of genetic diversity with elevation, quantitative traits including ecophysiological characteristics from experimental trails can be used as a valuable tool to predict species responses under warming. BACKGROUND The application of molecular techniques has greatly contributed to understand the processes involved in shaping the gene pool of tree species relevant in conservation. Such tools provided significant information on the distribution of genetic polymorphisms along species’ ranges. As a result, significant bulk of studies yielded information on the hierarchical distribution of genetic variation in their components within- and among-distinct populations. Also, it is of conservation value the existence of centers of genetic diversity as well as the presence of unique variants. While the former are the raw material for adaptive variation and thus evolutionary change, the latter may provide information on directional selection under novel and/or unique environments. All this genetic information that is necessary for it to be used to design conservation practices. Many conservation genetic studies were developed on species of conservation concern. These are species that are considered rare some of which are at risk. Nonetheless the concept of rarity has been largely discussed in the conservation literature. The most comprehensive classification of distinct forms of rarity in plants was made by Rabinowitz and collaborators (1986) who distinguished sevens such types that arose from the combination of geographic range, habitat specificity, and population size. Therefore taxa may distinctively be rare. While some could be rare because of restricted range, others although widespread may consist of small populations associated to particular habitat types. Thus, different forms of rarity may result in distinct genetic consequences. Early studies have shown that for many plant species the distribution range in combination with the breeding system canbest explain patterns of diversity of natural populations (Hamrick and Godt 1989). In particular, widespread and generally outcross species maintain higher genetic diversity than other taxa Departamento de Genética, ESALQ/USP - http://www.genetica.esalq.usp.br/29temas/ 12
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8 E 9 DE OUTUBRO DE 2012 Piracicaba - Genética - USP

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