06.02.2013 Views

Setembro de 2011 - Vol 18 numero 3 - Sociedade Portuguesa de ...

Setembro de 2011 - Vol 18 numero 3 - Sociedade Portuguesa de ...

Setembro de 2011 - Vol 18 numero 3 - Sociedade Portuguesa de ...

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.

Rev Port Med Int <strong>2011</strong>; <strong>18</strong>(3)<br />

<strong>de</strong>tecção, sem que haja um diagnóstico<br />

complementar <strong>de</strong>terminado, sem tratamento<br />

efetivo. Estudar o <strong>de</strong>lirium é caminhar por<br />

“caminhos nunca (ou quase nunca) dantes<br />

navegados”. Com esta revisão, preten<strong>de</strong>u-se<br />

objetivar alguns pontos da fisiopatogenia do<br />

22<br />

<strong>de</strong>lirium, bem como sugerir diretrizes futuras<br />

(Tabela 2) no estudo <strong>de</strong> afecção fortemente<br />

prevalente nas unida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> terapia intensiva e<br />

que é por nós, profissionais <strong>de</strong> saú<strong>de</strong>,<br />

imensamente negligenciada.<br />

1. Padronizar um termo para o <strong>de</strong>lirium em terapia intensiva. Propomos que, tal e qual os<br />

síndromes da resposta inflamatória aguda, da disfunção respiratória aguda, o <strong>de</strong>lirium <strong>de</strong>ve<br />

ser consi<strong>de</strong>rado como parte <strong>de</strong> uma síndrome da disfunção cerebral aguda.<br />

2. É mister estudar os fatores <strong>de</strong> risco associados à internação em UTI, particularmente a<br />

influência do ambiente no surgimento do <strong>de</strong>lirium, ruptura do ciclo sono-vigília, procedimentos<br />

invasivos, ausência <strong>de</strong> familiares, solidão, dor persistente, gravida<strong>de</strong> da doença <strong>de</strong> base.<br />

3. Não se sabe ao certo as razões <strong>de</strong> certos pacientes <strong>de</strong>senvolverem quadro hiperativo e<br />

outros, pelo contrário, apresentarem hipoativida<strong>de</strong>, tampouco o porquê <strong>de</strong> outros<br />

apresentarem variabilida<strong>de</strong> no <strong>de</strong>correr da internação, com períodos <strong>de</strong> hipervigilância e <strong>de</strong><br />

estado <strong>de</strong> alerta reduzido, sendo necessário estudar a fenomenologia mais acuradamente,<br />

tentando <strong>de</strong>terminar a fisiopatologia <strong>de</strong> tais subtipos.<br />

4. Os mo<strong>de</strong>los experimentais <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>lirium em animais <strong>de</strong>ixam a <strong>de</strong>sejar no sentido <strong>de</strong> que<br />

produzem tipos específicos da alteração. Dever-se-ia criar mo<strong>de</strong>los experimentais que<br />

pu<strong>de</strong>ssem simular a via final comum da fisiopatogênese do <strong>de</strong>lirium.<br />

Tabela 2 - Priorida<strong>de</strong>s Futuras<br />

BIBLIOGRAFIA<br />

1. Ely EW; Margolin R; Francis J; et al.<br />

Evaluation of <strong>de</strong>lirium in critically ill patients:<br />

Validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for<br />

the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Crit Care Med<br />

2001; 29: 1370 – 1379.<br />

2. Jacobi J; Fraser GL; Coursin DB; et al. Clinical<br />

practice gui<strong>de</strong>lines for the sustained use of<br />

sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult.<br />

Crit Care Med 2001; 30: 119 – 141.<br />

3. Pun BT; Ely EW. Managing ICU Delirium.<br />

Chest 2007; 132: 624 – 636.<br />

4. Ely EW; Siegel MD; Inouye SK. Delirium in the<br />

Intensive Care Unit: An Un<strong>de</strong>r-Recognized<br />

Syndrome of Organ Dysfunction. Semin Respir Crit<br />

Care Med 2001; 22: 115 – 126.<br />

5. Ely EW; Shintani A; Truman B. Delirium as a<br />

Predictor of Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated<br />

Patients in the Intensive Care Unit. JAMA 2004;<br />

291: 1753 – 1762.<br />

6. Thomason JWW; Shintani A; Peterson JF; Pun<br />

BT; Jackson JC; Ely EW. Intensive care unit<br />

<strong>de</strong>lirium is an in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt predictor of longer<br />

hospital stay: a prospective analysis of 261 nonventilated<br />

patients. Crit Care 2005; 9: R375 – R381.<br />

7. Ely EW; Gautam S; Margolin R; et al. The<br />

impact of <strong>de</strong>lirium in the intensive care unit on<br />

hospital length of stay. Intensive Care Med 2001;<br />

27: <strong>18</strong>92 – 1900.<br />

8. Fleminger S. Remembering <strong>de</strong>lirium. Br J<br />

Psychiatry 2002; <strong>18</strong>0: 4 – 5.<br />

9. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic<br />

and Statistical Manual of Mental Disor<strong>de</strong>rs, 3rd ed.<br />

Washington, DC. American Psychiatric Association,<br />

1980.<br />

10. Pandharipan<strong>de</strong> P; Jackson J; Ely EW.<br />

Delirium: acute cognitive dysfunction in the critically<br />

ill. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005; 11: 360 – 8.<br />

11. McGuire BE; Basten CJ; Ryan CJ; Gallagher<br />

J. Intensive Care Unit Syndrome: A dangerous<br />

misnomer. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 906 – 9.<br />

12. Inouye SK. Delirium in Ol<strong>de</strong>r Persons. N Engl<br />

J Med 2006; 354: 1157 – 65.<br />

13. Inouye SK. The dilemma of <strong>de</strong>lirium: clinical<br />

and research controversies regarding diagnosis and<br />

evaluation of <strong>de</strong>lirium in hospitalized el<strong>de</strong>rly medical<br />

patients. Am J Med 1994; 97: 278 – 88.<br />

14. Ely EW; Stephens RK; Jackson JC; et al.<br />

Current opinions regarding the importance,<br />

diagnosis, and management of <strong>de</strong>lirium in the<br />

intensive care unit: A survey of 912 healthcare<br />

profissionals. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 106 – 112.<br />

15. Inouye SK; Rushing JT; Foreman MD; Palmer<br />

RM; Pompei P. Does Delirium Contribute to Poor<br />

Hospital Outcome? J Gen Intern Med 1998; 13: 234<br />

– 42.<br />

16. Levkoff SE; Evans DA; Liptkin B; et al.<br />

Delirium: the occurrence and persistence of<br />

symptoms among el<strong>de</strong>rly hospitalized patients. Arch<br />

Intern Med 1992; 152: 334 – 40.<br />

17. Peterson JF; Pun BT; Dittus RS; et al. Delirium<br />

and Its Motoric Subtypes: A Study of 614 Critically Ill<br />

Patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54: 479 – 84.<br />

<strong>18</strong>. Sloss EM; Solomon DH; Shekelle PG; et al.<br />

Selecting target conditions for quality of care<br />

improvement in vulnerable ol<strong>de</strong>r patients. J Am<br />

Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: 363 – 9.<br />

19. Milbrandt EB; Deppen S; Harrison PL. Costs<br />

associated with <strong>de</strong>lirium in mechanically ventilated<br />

patients. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 955 – 62.<br />

20. Inouye SK; Zhang Y; Jones RN; Kiely DK;<br />

Yang F; Marcantonio ER. Risk factors for <strong>de</strong>lirium at<br />

discharge: Development and validation of a<br />

predictive mo<strong>de</strong>l. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1406<br />

– 13.<br />

21. Trzepacz PT. Anticholinergic mo<strong>de</strong>l for<br />

<strong>de</strong>lirium. Semin Clin Neuropsychol 1996; 1: 294 –<br />

303.<br />

22. Crippen D. Agitation in the ICU: part one.<br />

Anatomical and physiologic basis for the agitated<br />

state. Crit Care 1999; 3: R35 – R46.<br />

23. Trzepacz PT. Update on the<br />

Neuropathogenesis of Delirium. Dement Geriatr<br />

Cogn Disord 1999; 10: 330 – 4.<br />

24. Tune LE; Egele S. Acetylcholine and Delirium.<br />

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999; 10: 342 – 4.

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!