n}l·s ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/-f /-fgLlt

2.3.4 ;d'bfo tyf :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf
n};;f; sfof{Gjog /0fgLlt, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
;fd'bflos ljsf; tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] kl/k| ]Ioaf6 n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljifodf ;d'bfo Pjd\ :yfgLo lgsfosf] Ifdtf s]xL kIfaf6 ;an / s]xL
kIfaf6 sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
-s_ cjwf/0ffTds 1fg
;an kIf M ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf ljleGg ;ldlt tyf d~rx¿df dlxnf, blnt tyf
hghfltsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'k5{ eGg] ljifodf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;xdt x'g'sf ;fy}
cfjZos k|fjwfgx¿ /flvPsf] kfOG5 . lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;d'bfosf ljBfdfg ;a} ;d"xsf]
;xeflutf x'g'k5{ eGg] ljifodf ;d'bfosf dlxnf, k'?if Pjd\ ;Da4 sd{rf/Lsf] dfGotf
ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;jfnnfO{ klg ;a}n] :jLsf/ ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 .
s]xL jif{otf n}lËs ljifonfO{ ljsf; k|of;sf] Ps cª\usf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 / n}lËs
;jfnx¿nfO{ cem ;zQm ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]
{ dfGotf :yflkt e}/x]sf] 5 .
sdhf]/ kIf M n}lËs ljifodf ;Lldt 1fg dfq /x]sf] kfOG5 / of] dlxnf / k'?if aLrsf] zlQm
;DaGweGbf klg dlxnfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿ dfq xf] eGg] e|d klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;fy} k|foM ;a} ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿ ljBdfg n}lËs ;DaGwaf6 ;dfg¿kn] k|efljt x'G5g\
eGg] a'emfO 5 . s]xL ;d'bfo, hfthflt / :yfgsf dlxnfn] yk lje]bsf/L Jojwfgx¿ -
hfltut / efiffut lje]bx¿_ ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ . To:t}, hghflt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs
;+nUgtf a9L ePsf] x'Fbf
o;nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;antfsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;Gbe{df d'Votof of] blntx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj jf blnt, hghflt
k|lt nlIft lqmofsnfk dfq xf] eGg] ;ª\s'lrt ;f]r 5 . o; lsld;sf] e|d jl~rtLs/0fdf
k/]sf sf]–sf] x'g\ eGg] klxNofpg] qmddf klg kfOG5 . kl/0ffdtM jl~rt ;d"xsf] kl/k| ]Ioaf6
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt, lgod, cfr/0f Pjd\ ;f]rsf] kl/jt{gdf lge{/ ub{5 eGg]
a'emfOdf ;Lldttf /x]sf] 5 .
-v_ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf n}l·s d"nk|jfxLs/0f tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL ;Lk Pj+
;dGjo
;an kIf M gLltut k|fjwfgx¿sf] Joj:yf gu/L n};;f;sf kIfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
;lsFb}g . clwsf+z lgsfo Pjd\ sfo{qmdx¿n] dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xn] ef]u]sf ljz]if
JojwfgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug] { k|fjwfg, cfwf/ tyf dfu{bz{gx¿ tof/ u/]sf 5g\ . n};;f;nfO{
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{sf nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
n};;f;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 sfo{qmd tyf ah]6sf] ljZn]if0f ug] { qmd lg/Gt/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 /
o;nfO{ ljleGg dGqfno tyf cGo lgsfox¿n] cg'z/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ .
sdhf]/ kIf M gLltut Joj:yfx¿df d"ntM k|ltlglwTjsf] ljifodf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 t/
k|ltlglwTj afx]ssf ;jfntkm{ yk Wofg lbg'kg] { ;f]rdf sdL kfOG5 . kmn:j¿k n};;f;sf]
c;f/ @)^^ 16