n}l·s ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/-f /-fgLlt

:yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd, 

n}l·s ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs 

;dfj]zLs/-f /-fgLlt 

g]kfn ;/sf/ 

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno 

c;f/ @)^^

ljifo;"rL 

n};;f; sfof{Gjog /0fgLlt, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno 

cWofo 1 M kl/ro .................................................................................................................... 1 

1.1 ljifo k|j]z ........................................................................................................... 1 

1.2 p@]Zo .................................................................................................................. 1 

1.3 n}l·s tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/-f ;f]+rsf] ;}$flGts cfwf/ .................................. 2 

1.4 jl~rt ;d"xsf] kl/efiff ....................................................................................... 3 

1.5 tof/L k|lqmof ...................................................................................................... 4 

1.6 ck]lIft pkof]ustf{x? ......................................................................................... 4 

cWofo 2 M n}l·s ;dfgtf, ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/-f, :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos 

ljsf;sf] ljBdfg l:ylt .......................................................................................... 5 

2.1 gLlt tyf sfg'gL cfwf/ ...................................................................................... 5 

2.1.1 /fli^«o dfu{bz{g .......................................................................................................... 5 

2.1.2 :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g tyf lgodfjnL .................................................................... 6 

2.1.3 yk cg'bfg lgb]{lzsf, 2065 ....................................................................................... 7 

2.1.4 uflj; cg'bfg ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, 2065 .................................................................... 8 

2.1.5 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf, 2065 ................................................................ 8 

2.1.6 Go"gtd zt{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg, 2065 .................................................................. 8 

2.1.7 n}l·s pQ/bfoL ah]^ lgb]{lzsf, 2064 ....................................................................... 9 

2.1.8 cGt/f{li^«o k|lta$tf / bft[–;d'bfo;“usf] ;fe]mbf/L ..................................................... 9 

2.2 n};;f; ;DaGwL ;+:yfut _f“rf ............................................................................ 10 

2.2.1 s]Gb|Lo tx ................................................................................................................ 10 

2.2.2 lhNnf tx ................................................................................................................. 11 

2.2.3 uflj; tyf gu/kflnsf tx ......................................................................................... 11 

2.2.4 ah]^ th'{df ............................................................................................................... 11 

2.2.5 cg'udg .................................................................................................................... 12 

2.3 ljBdfg oyfy{tf ................................................................................................ 12 

2.3.1 ;fj{hlgs lg-f{o tyf :yfgLo zf;gdf k|efj kfg{ dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf] Ifdtf .... 12 

2.3.2 ;fdflhs kl/rfng ................................................................................................... 14 

2.3.3 cfwf/e"t ;]jfx?df dlxnf, ul/a Pjd\ jl~rt ;d"xsf] kx'“r ........................................ 15 

2.3.4 ;d'bfo tyf :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf ..................................................................... 16 

cWofo 3 M n}l·s ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/-f /-fgLlt ............................................... 20 

3.1 sfo{qmdsf] ljifo If]q 1 ..................................................................................... 20 

3.1.1 pknlAw 1 ................................................................................................................. 20 

3.1.2 pknlAw 2 ................................................................................................................ 33 

3.2 sfo{qmdsf] ljifo If]q 2 ...................................................................................... 36 

3.2.1 pknlAw 3 ................................................................................................................ 36 

3.2.2 pknlAw 4 ............................................................................................................... 40 

3.2.3 pknlAw 5 ................................................................................................................ 43 

3.3 sfo{qmdsf] ljifo If]q 3 ................................................................................... 44 

3.3.1 pknlAw 6 ............................................................................................................... 44


3.3.2 pknlAw 7................................................................................................................ 46 

cWofo 4 M n}l·s ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/-f /-fgLltsf] sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ..... 47 

4.1 n};;f; /-fgLltsf] sfof{Gjog........................................................................... 47 

4.1.1 n};;f; d"nk|jfxLs/-fsf nflu ;+:yfut ;+oGq ......................................................... 47 

4.1.2 ;fe]mbf/L Pjd\ ;dGj ................................................................................................. 49 

4.2 n};;f;sf] cg'udg tyf k|ltj]bg ........................................................................ 51 

4.2.1 n};;f; zfvf, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno ..................................................................... 52 

4.2.2 n};;f; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt÷;fdflhs ;ldlt, lhlj; .................................................. 53 

4.2.3 ;'kl/j]If-f tyf cg'udg ;ldlt (uflj; tx) ............................................................... 54 

4.2.4 j*f gful/s d~r (j*f tx) ...................................................................................... 54 

4.2.5 ljleGg lgsfox?sf] e"ldsf ...................................................................................... 54

;+If]lkt zAbfjnL 

Pof]; PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

;ldlt 

uflj; ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt 

n};;f; n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f 

lhlj; lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt 

:yfzf;flj :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; 

ufgfd ufpF gful/s d~r 

jgfd j8f gful/s d~r 


CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 

CRC Child Rights Convention 

ILO International Labour Organization 

PMAS Poverty Monitoring and Analysis System 

PMIS Poverty Monitoring Information System

cWofo 1 M kl/ro 

1.1 ljifo k|j]z 


:yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"n nIo ;'zf;g, ;dfj]zL tyf 

;xeflutfTds ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 ul/aL lgjf/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' xf] . 

o;af6 :yfgLo zf;g k|lqmofdf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, d'l:nd, dw]zLnufot 

k5fl8 k/]sf jf kfl/Psf ju{x¿sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . 

of] sfo{qmd ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL, n}lËs tyf afnaflnsf d}qL sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf th'{df 

ul/Psf] 5 . ;dtfd"ns ljsf;sf nflu ljsf;s} k|lqmof Pj+ sfo{qmddf n}lËs tyf 

;fdflhs ;dfj]zLsf d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf o;df /flvPsf] 5 . 

@)^@÷^# ;fnsf] bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfkl5 hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# df /fHosf] bfloTj, lgb] {zs l;4fGt tyf gLltcGtu{t …dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L 

hghflt, dw]zL, pTkLl8t, pk]lIft / cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo, lk5l8Psf If]qnufotsf 

;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ /fHosf] === ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs / cu|ufdL k'gM;+/rgf ug] {Ú 

k|fjwfg 5 . ;fy} /fHo ;+/rgfsf ;a} cª\ux¿df dw]zL, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dlxnf, 

dhb"/, ls;fg ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, lk5l8Psf ju{ / If]q ;a}nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf 

cfwf/df ;xefuL u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$–^&_, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf 

ah]6 jStJo;d]tdf n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug] { 

/fli6«o k|fyldstf k|ltljlDat ePsf] 5 . 

1.2 p@]Zo 

:yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] th'{df 

Pjd\ sfof{Gjog, k'g/fjnf]sgsf 

;a} kIfx¿df n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ PsLs[t ug] { p2]Zo /fvL of] 

/0fgLlt tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . 

o;sf vf;–vf; p2]Zox¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M 

• ;+:yfut Pjd\ sfo{qmdut ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug] { u/L n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL 

pQ/bfoL cjwf/0ffnfO{ o; sfo{qmdaf6 ;'lglZrt ¿kdf nfu" ug] {Ù 

• dlxnf, ul/a tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf dflg;x¿sf] cfjZostf / rfxgfk|lt cem a9L 

;+j]bgzLn x'g ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ d2t k'¥ofpg] / 

c;f/ @)^^ 1


• ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ jflif{s÷cfjlws of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 th'{df 

ubf{, sfof{Gjog 

Joj:yf ubf{ / cg'udg ubf{ n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljifodf ;+j]bgzLn 

x'g clek| ]l/t ug] { . 

of] /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogn] n}lËs ;dtf / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ :yfzf;flj sfo{qmddf 

lbuf] ¿kdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ d2t ug] {5 . of] /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog ePkl5 l;sfOsf cfwf/df 

lgoldt ;dLIff u/L ;'wf/ ub} { nlug]5 . 

1.3 n}l·s tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/-f ;f]+rsf] ;}$flGts cfwf/ 

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0fn] ;fdflhs ljsf; qmd;Fu} jiff} Fb]lv hfthflt, 

hghflt, lnË, ckfËtf tyf wd{sf cfwf/df lje]b ul/Psf sf/0f k5fl8 k/]sf jf kfl/Psf 

;d"xx¿sf] cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ub{5 . sfg'gL ;]jf Joj:yf jf :jf:Yo ;]jf k|0ffnL h:tf 

;fj{hlgs cf}krfl/s ;+:yfdf Pjd\ ;d'bfo tyf 3/–kl/jf/ h:tf ;fdflhs cgf}krfl/s 

;+:yfx¿df jl~rtLs/0f :ki6 ¿kdf ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

;dfhsf] ;DklQ, Ifdtf tyf cfjfhdf JolQm Pjd\ ;d"xsf] Gofof]lrt kx'Fraf6 

;dfhn] 

cËLsf/ ug] { klxrfgsf] clej[l4 x'G5 . 

;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0f eg]sf] ljkGgtfsf] cj:yf xf] eg] ;dfj]zLs/0f eg]sf] cfly{s, 

;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ultljlwx¿df k"0f{ ¿kn] ;xefuL x'g cfjZos ;|f]tx¿ / cj;/x¿ 

pknAw ePsf] cj:yf xf] . n}lËstfsf] cy{ dlxnf / k'?if aLrsf] ;fdflhs ;DaGw x'G5, 

h;n] pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf, cj;/ / cl:tTjsf] af/]df atfpFb5 . 

d"ntM dlxnfnfO{ k'?ifsf] ;xfossf] ¿kdf dfGg] ;dfhdf k"j{lgld{t dlxnf / k'?if aLrsf] 

zlQm ;DaGw ;+/rgfn] e"ldsf, lhDd]jf/L, cj;/ tyf lg0f{o ug] { clwsf/ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . oL 

n}lËs ;DaGwx¿ g]kfnsf ;a} ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿df lje]bsf leGg–leGg kl/df0fdf ljBdfg 

/x]sf 5g\ . 

;a} dlxnfx¿n] lje]b ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ t/ jl~rt ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿n] c´ w]/} k|sf/sf 

lje]b ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ . lje]bo'Qm n}lËs ;DaGwdf kl/jt{g u/]/ dfq dlxnf clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ 

;lsG5 . 

;+:yfut cj/f]wx¿sf] cGt ug'{ 

/ ljsf;sf cj;/x¿ dfly leGg–leGg JolQm Pjd\ 

;d"xx¿sf] kx'Fr 

clej[l4sf nflu ;'ljwfx¿sf] lj:tf/ ug'{ 

;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . 

o;af6 gLlt, lgod, ;fdflhs k|rng / jl~rt ;d"xk|lt dflg;sf] wf/0ffsf ;fy} Jojxf/df 

kl/jt{g x'G5 . ctM jl~rt dlxnf / k'?ifsf] hLjgdf lbuf] kl/jt{g Nofpg] xf] eg] n}lËs 

Pjd\ ;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0fsf b'j} ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Fu;Fu} ;+jf]wg ug'{kb{5 

. 

o; /0fgLltdf …n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fÚ sf] cy{ dlxnf / k'?if Pjd\ g]kfndf 

/x]sf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿ aLrsf] zlQm ;DaGw xf] . 

c;f/ @)^^ 2

1.4 jl~rt ;d"xsf] kl/efiff 


k|frLg ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts dfGotf Pjd\ k|rngsf sf/0f g]kfndf n}lËs, cfly{s, 

hfthflt, hghflt / ef}uf]lns ;dfgtf x'g g;sL jl~rtLs/0f ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf / cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷^^ sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, 

sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 cg';f/ jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf] cg'e"t u/]sf / /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] d"nk|jfxdf 

g;d]l6Psf hgtfdf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:nd, ckfËtf ePsf 

JolQmx¿ / ef}uf]lns ¿kn] b'u{d If]qdf a;f]jf; ug] {x¿ kb{5g\ . 

tb\cg';f/ g} o; /0fgLltdf ;a} hfthflt, hghflt, If]q tyf lnËsf ul/ax¿nfO{ cfly{s 

jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf] dflgPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xx¿df dlxnf, blnt, 

cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:nd, ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿ tyf ef}uf]lns ¿kn] b'u{d If]qdf 

a;]sf hgtfnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . 

s= dlxnf M ljBdfg n}lËs ;DaGw / lkt[;QfTds ;dfhsf sf/0f dlxnfx¿n] ;fdflhs 

jl~rtLs/0fsf] ¿kdf c;dfg zlQm ;DaGwx¿ cg'e"t ub{5g\ . n}lËs cj/f]wx¿sf 

sf/0f ;a} dlxnfx¿ jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf 5g\ t/ cfk}m jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf jf 

kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿n] hfthflt, hghflt / :yfg ljz]ifsf yk ;d:ofx¿ 

ef]Ub5g\ . g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofdf dlxnfx¿n] %! k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf 5g\ . 

v= blnt ;d'bfo M blnt ;d'bfo hfthflt Pjd\ 5'jf5'tdf cfwfl/t k|rng / wfld{s, 

;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts lje]bx¿af6 kLl8t 5g\ . g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofdf blnt 

;d'bfo !# k|ltzt 5g\ . blnt ;d'bfodWo] kfFr y/L kxf8df / @@ y/L t/fO{df 

a;f]af; ub{5g\, h;nfO{ kxf8L blnt / dw]zL blnt egL 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . 

u= cflbjf;L hghflt M cfˆgf] 5'§} dft[ efiff, k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / k|rng, 

cnUu} ;fF:s[lts klxrfg / lnlvt jf clnlvt Oltxf; ePsf JolQm Pjd\ ;d'bfox¿ 

cflbjf;L hghfltdf kb{5g\ . g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofdf g]jf/ %=% k|ltzt / kxf8 

Pjd\ t/fO{sf #!=* k|ltzt u/L s'n #&=# k|ltzt hghflt 5g\ . hDdf %( j6f 

hghflt ;d'bfodWo] !* y/L lxdfnL If]qdf, @$ y/L kxf8L If]qdf, ;ft y/L leqL 

dw]z If]qdf / !) y/L t/fO{ If]qdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . 

3= dw]zL M d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, cjwL, pb'{, 

lxGbL cflb efiffx¿ k|of]u ug] { dw]z d"nsf 

dw]zLx¿ o; ;d"x leq kb{5g\ . logLx¿ dWo] hg;ª\Vofsf] b'O{ k|ltzt dw]zL a|fXd0f 

Pjd\ If]qL / !# k|ltzt dw]zL cGo hflt Pjd\ blnt ;d'bfo 5g\ . 

ª= d'l:nd M d'l:ndx¿nfO{ wfld{s ;d"xdf /flvG5 . g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofdf d'l:ndx¿ 

$=# k|ltzt 5g\ . 

r= lk58f ju{ M g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lk58fju{;DaGwL :ki6 kl/efiff eO{ g;s]sf] / tof/ 

ul/Psf tYofª\s Pjd\ o;;DjGwL cg';Gwfgaf6 cfPsf lgisif{sf] ckof{Kttfdf 

lk58fju{sf] :ki6 klxrfg e};s]sf] 5}g . tyfkL o; ;Gbe{df g]kfn lk58fju{ 

dxf;ª\3n] cfly{s, z}lIfs tyf /fhgLlts?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf tyf blnt / 

hghfltx¿df gkg] { hfltx¿nfO{ lk58f ju{df /fv]sf] / logLx¿sf] @( hftx?, 

hg;ª\Vof !* k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOG5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 3


5= pd]/ M ;f]x| jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿ / ^) jif{ dflysf Ho]i7 gful/sn] ;]jf, 

;'ljwfsf] kx'Frdf 

ljleGg afwf, c8\rgsf sf/0f w]/} k|sf/sf hf]lvd Pjd\ vt/fx¿ 

ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ . 

h= ckf·tf ePsf JolQm M nfdf] ;dosf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, af}l4s jf ;+j]bgfTds 

b'a{ntfsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] ljljw cj/f]wn] ;dfhdf c? dflg;x¿ ;/x k"0f{ / 

k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;xefuL x'g g;Sg]nfO{ ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿ elgG5 . 

• k"0f{ czQm ckf·tf ePsf JolQm M zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s sf/0f c?sf] ;xf/f lnP/ klg 

b}lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfsf k"0f{ czQm, ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿ . 

• cf+lzs czQm ckf·tf ePsf JolQm M lg/Gt/ c?sf] ;xof]u lnP/ dfq b}lgs sfo{ 

;Dkfbg ug{, cfjfudg ug{ ;Sg] cf+lzs czQm, ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿ . 

em= ljs6 Pjd\ b'u{d If]qdf a;f]af; ug] { JolQm M b'u{d If]qsf clt ef}uf]lns ljs6tf ePsf 

7fpFdf a;f]af; ug] { dflg;x¿nfO{ cfjfudg, ;~rf/ / ;]jf, ;'ljwf lngdf sl7gfO 

5 . lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfdf s0ff{nL If]qnfO{ ef}uf]lns ¿kn] ljs6 If]qdf /flvPsf] 

5 . s'g} klg lhNnf leqsf uflj;x¿ b'u{d / ef}uf]lns sl7gfOsf sf/0fn] o; 

kl/efiff leq kg{ ;Sb5g\ . ef}uf]lns ¿kn] jl~rt If]q leq n}lËs, hfthflt / 

hghfltsf sf/0fn] jl~rltdf kg] {n] w]/} k|sf/sf lje]bx¿ ef]u]sf x'G5g\ . 

ljleGg ;d"xx¿sf leGg–leGg cfjZostfnfO{ 7DofO{ o; /0fgLltdf d"ntM jl~rtLs/0fsf 

rf/ kIfx¿nfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . tL -s_ n}l·s ljifo, -v_ hfthflt, hghflt, wfld{s ljifo, -u_ 

ul/aL ;DaGwL ljifo / -3_ ef}uf]lns If]qsf ljifo x'g\ . oL ;d"xx¿aLr ljBdfg 

jl~rtLs/0fsf ;jfnx¿ leGg–leGg x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotf o;df /flvPsf] 5 . 

1.5 tof/L k|lqmof 

s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo, lhNnf / ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt:t/df ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ -h:t}– :yfgLo 

lgsfox¿, ljifout sfof{nox¿, k|ltlglwd"ns ;ª\u7gx¿, dGqfnox¿, /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o 

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, bft[–lgsfox¿, ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d"xsf dlxnf tyf k'?ifx¿_ ;Fu 

;xeflutfd"ns 5nkmn / cGt/lqmofaf6 of] /0fgLlt tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . 

1.6 ck]lIft pkof]ustf{x? 

o; /0fgLltsf k|d'v pkof]ustf{x¿ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGtu{tsf ljefu tyf 

PsfOx¿, :yfgLo lgsfo -lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf, uflj;_ / :yfzf;flj 

sfo{qmd;Fu ;+a4 ;d'bfo:t/sf ;+:yfx¿, ;fdflhs kl/rfnsx¿ Pjd\ ;fdflhs 

kl/rfngsf nflu ;]jf–k|bfosx¿ x'g]5g\ . ;fy} :yfzf;flj sfo{qmd;Fu k/f]If ¿kdf 

;DalGwt g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfo, /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;Ë7g / ljsf; 

;fem]bf/x¿nfO{ klg of] /0fgLlt TolQs} pkof]uL x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 4


cWofo 2 M n}l·s ;dfgtf, ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/-f, :yfgLo 

zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf] ljBdfg l:ylt 

2.1 gLlt tyf sfg'gL cfwf/ 

2.1.1 /fli^«o dfu{bz{g 

n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu /fli6«o dfu{bz{g cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, lqjifL{o 

cGtl/d of]hgf, ;+ljwfg ;efdf /x]sf] ljljwtf / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jflif{s gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf 

jh]6 jStJodf pNn]v ePsf ;sf/fTds Joj:yfx¿df k|ltljlDat 5 . ljz]iftM dlxnfsf] 

df}lns clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, cflbjf;L hghfltsf] ;fF:s[lts clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f, 

5'jf5'tnfO{ sfg'gL ck/fwsf] 3f]if0ff, afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf] dfGotf tyf d'l:nd Pjd\ 

dw]zL ;d'bfosf clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf pNn]vgLo 5g\ . 

lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfdf n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLltsf d'Vo a'Fbf 

lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M 

• ljsf;sf ;a} If]qdf n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/L dlxnfsf] lqmofzLn ;xeflutf 

;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . 

• :yfgLo txb]lv /fli6«o txsf] gLlt lgdf{0f tyf lg0f{o k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj 

sDtLdf ## k|ltzt ;'lglZrt ug{ gLltut, sfg'gL ;'wf/ Pj+ ;sf/fTds sfo{x¿ 

ul/g]5 . 

• blnt, cflbaf;L hghflt, dw]zL, Psn dlxnf, d'l:nd, ckfËtf ePsf, k5fl8 

kfl/Psf ;d'bfo tyf ul/aLsf] df/df k/]sf dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf 

/fhgLlts ;zQmLs/0f u/L ;a} If]qdf pgLx¿sf] lqmofzLn ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt 

ul/g]5 

• blntx¿sf] pTyfgdf afws /x]sf ;+/rgfut tyf gLltut cj/f]wx¿ x6fpg /fHosf 

;+/rgfx¿ tyf gLlt, lgodx¿ ;'wf/ tyf th'{df 

ul/g]5 . 

• blnt leqsf klg :fLdfGts[t blnt ;d"xsf nflu cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t ljz]if 

nlIot sfo{qmdx¿ dfkm{t ul/aLhGo ;d:ofx¿ ;Djf]wg ub} { nlug]5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 5


• cflbaf;L hghfltx¿sf] lxt tyf pTyfgdf afwfsf] ?kdf /x]sf ;+/rgfut tyf 

gLltut cj/f]wx¿ x6fpg /fHosf ;+/rgfx¿ / P]g, lgod tyf gLltx¿ ;'wf/ ug] { 

jf cfjZostf cg';f/ gofF lgdf{0f ul/g]5 

• lg0f{o k|lqmof tyf ;+/rgfdf d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt 

ug] {. 

• /fHosf ;a} ;+/rgfx¿df dw];L ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfsf nflu 

;+/rgfut tyf gLltut cj/f]w x6fpg /fHosf ;+/rgfx¿ Tfyf gLlt lgodx¿ ;'wf/ 

tyf gofF lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . 

• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ;zQmLs/0f ul/g]5 . 

2.1.2 :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g 2055 tyf lgodfjnL 2056 

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, uflj; cg'bfg ;~rfng 

sfo{ljlw, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff lgb] {lzsf, Go"gtd zt{ / sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg cflbn] ubf{ :yfgLo 

:jfoQ zf;g / ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf nflu gLltut tyf sfg'gL jftfj/0f ag]sf] 5 . 

:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf 

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gn] lhlj;, gu/kflnsf tyf uflj;n] :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;lqmo 

;+nUgtf Pjd\ ;xeflutfaf6 d"ntM ul/ax¿sf vf;–vf; cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbO{ cf– 

cfˆgf] lgsfosf] cfjlws Pjd\ jflif{s of]hgf agfpg' kg] { Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . 

P]gn] uflj; tyf j8f txdf @) k|ltzt dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj clgjfo{ u/fPsf] 5 . P]gn] 

:yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;an t'NofPsf] 5 / :yfgLo ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿k|lt cem pQ/bfoL 

agfPsf] 5 . ljleGg If]qut sfo{x¿ -vf; u/L lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf s[lif_ k|lt lhlj;, uflj; 

tyf gu/kflnsfsf] lhDd]jf/L a9]sf] 5 . 

;'zf;g tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f 

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gsf l;4fGt Pjd\ gLltx¿n] hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf, k|hftflGqs 

k|lqmof tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;antf h:tf ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t kIfdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . 

n}lËs, hfthflt tyf hghflt ;DaGwL c;dfgtf tyf cK7\of/fsf ;jfnnfO{ eg] P]gdf yk 

;Daf]wg ug'{kg] 

{ cfjZostf 5 . jl~rt ;d"xn] ef]Ug' k/]sf ljz]if cj/f]wx¿sf] klxrfg tyf 

;Daf]wgfTds Joj:yfx¿ klg kof{Kt 5}gg\ . kmn:j¿k P]g nfu" eP kZrft\ klg Hofb} 

;Lldt dlxnf / jl~rt ;d"xsf k|ltlglwx¿ :yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{sf/L kbdf r'lgg ;s]sf 

5g\ . 

;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ tyf ;d'bfo;“usf] cGt/lqmof 

c;f/ @)^^ 6


:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnLn] of]hgf th'{dfsf] 

k|lqmofdf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿, pkef]Qmf 

;d"xx¿, u}/;/sf/L ;Ë7gx¿ Pjd\ uflj;sf] j8f txsf ;j{;fwf/0f gful/sx¿;Fu lj:t[t 

5nkmn ug'{kg] 

{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ul/a tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf dflg;sf] ;xeflutf 

ljljw sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ ck]lIft dfqfdf x'g ;s]sf] eg] 5}g . gu/kflnsf txdf dlxnf tyf 

jl~rt ;d"xnfO{ cfjlws Pjd\ jflif{s of]hgfaf6 cfjZos cfof]hgfx¿sf] 5gf}6 ug'{kg] 

{ 

Joj:yf 5 . j8f txsf] of]hgf th'{dfdf 

dlxnf tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf JolQmx¿sf] 

;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5}g . n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] 

b[li6sf]0faf6 cfof]hgf 5gf}6sf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf cfwf/x¿ klg ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos 5 . 

n};;f;sf nflu lgb] {zg 

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt :t/df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnLn] lhlj;sf] sfd, st{Jo, 

e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Ldf ul/a tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf JolQmx¿sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s 

pTyfgsf nflu s'g} leGg k|fjwfg /fVg cfjZos b]lvG5 . . tyflk dlxnf tyf k5fl8 k/]sf 

;d"xsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ lhlj;n] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf tyf 

gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx¿ / lj1x¿ /x]sf] pk;ldltx¿ u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . 

lgodfjnLn] ljsf;sf sfo{x¿df ul/a tyf k5fl8 k/]sfx¿sf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu k|fjwfg 

/fv]sf] 5 . o;n] dlxnf tyf k5fl8 k/]sf ;d"xx¿sf nflu cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] 

5gf}6df k|fyldstf lbG5 . ljifout ;ldltdf, ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ;ldltdf / pkef]Qmf 

;ldltsf] u7gdf k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ cfjZos 5 . . n};;f;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 

cfjlws jf jflif{s of]hgfx¿sf] ;dLIff Pjd\ cfof]hgfx¿sf] k|efj d"NofÍgdf ljZn]if0f ug] { 

k|fjwfg /fVg'kg] { b]lvPsf] 5 . of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ ;xeflutfTds u/fOPsf] 5 t/ o;nfO{ 

n};;f; cg'¿k ;dfj]zL u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . 

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf k|fjwfgaf6 :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gdf hgtfsf] 

;xeflutfsf nflu ;sf/fTds jftfj/0f l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . tyflk dlxnf, ul/a Pjd\ k5fl8 

k/]sf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ls6fg gul/Psfn] sfof{Gjogdf ljleGg cGt/x¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . 

P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf plNnlvt of]hgf th'{df 

k|lqmof nfdf] ePsf] / k|efjsf/L ¿kn] 

cjnDag ug{ cfjZos 5 . 

2.1.3 yk cg'bfg lgb]{lzsf, 2065 

@)^% ;fndf NofOPsf] yk cg'bfg lgb] {lzsfdf dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf ;d"xsf] k|ToIf 

kmfObfsf nflu lhlj;sf] s'n jflif{s ljlgof]hgsf] #) k|ltzt /sd tL ju{sf nflu nlIot 

cfof]hgfx¿df 5'6\ofpg'kg] { Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . sDtLdf s'n jflif{s ljlgof]hgsf] !% 

k|ltzt dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfnfO{ k|ToIf nfe k'Ug] cfof]hgfx¿df vr{ ug'{kg] 

{ / !% 

k|ltzt lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf] k|ToIf nfesf nflu vr{ ug'{ 

kg] { egL lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . 

lgb] {lzsfn] ;8s lgdf{0f, ahf/ ljsf; h:tf cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ n};;f; ;+j]bgzLn agfpg' 

kg] { lbzflgb] {z u/]sf] 5 . To:t}, cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ ckfËtf d}qL agfpg' kg] { / dlxnfx¿sf] 

cfjthfjtsf cj/f]wx¿sf] klxrfg tyf pgLx¿sf j}olQms cfjZostfx¿sf] ;+jf]wg ug'{ 

c;f/ @)^^ 7


kg] { k|fjwfg klg pNn]vgLo 5g\ . o;/L yk cg'bfg lgb] {lzsfdf n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf 

;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f ljifonfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . 

2.1.4 uflj; cg'bfg ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, 2065 

uflj; cg'bfg ;~rfng sfo{ljlwn] dlxnf, blnt tyf hghfltsf ;ª\u7gx¿, u}/;/sf/L 

;+:yfx¿, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltx¿, ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿, /fhgLlts bnx¿ tyf :yfgLo 

sfof{nox¿sf k|ltlglwnfO{ uflj; :t/sf] PsLs[t of]hgf ;ldltdf ;dfj]z u/fpg' kg] { 

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;ldltdf dlxnfx¿sf] Go"gtd ## k|ltzt k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf 

ul/Psf] 5 . cGo k|fjwfgx¿ klg pNn]vgLo 5g\ . 

k'FhLut 

ah]6sf] Go"gtd !% k|ltzt c+z ∗ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, ckfËtf ePsf 

JolQm, dw]zL, d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf hfthflt ;d"x, Ho]i7 gful/s, afnaflnsf / o'jfk|lt 

nlIot sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu tf]lsPsf] 5 . 

2.1.5 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf, 2065 

;dfhsf clt lk5l8Psf kfFr ;d"xsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ∗∗ 

tf]s]sf] /sd ljt/0f ug{sf nflu :yfgLo a}ª\sx¿, x'nfs art a}ª\s tyf a}ª\lsª sf/f]jf/ 

ug{ :jLs[lt k|fKt ;xsf/L ;+:yf ;d]tnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] x'Fbf 

;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr 

;xh 

t'NofOPsf] 5 . ;ldltx¿df k|ltlglwTj ;dfj]zL u/fOPsf] 5 . czQm dflg;x¿sf nflu 

jif{sf] tLg k6s :yfgLo txsf cu'jfx¿sf] pkl:yltdf 3/b}nf]d} /sd lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 

5 . 

2.1.6 Go"gtd zt{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg, 2065 

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 lhlj;x¿nfO{ sfg'gsf] kfngf / ljQLo cg'zf;g sfod ug{ Ps 

k|0ffnL ljsf; ul/Psf] 5, h;cGtu{t lgwf{l/t ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/df pgLx¿n] k|fKt ug] { cÍ 

x]l/G5 . To;/L k|fKt cÍsf cfwf/df cg'bfg /fzLdf yk ug] {, s6f}tL ug] { jf ;dfg :t/df 

/fVg] eGg] lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . 

Go"gtd zt{df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;'lglZrttf sfod 

u/fpg'sf ;fy} lhlj;x¿n] cjnDag ug] { zf;sLo Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug] { nIo /flvPsf] 5 . 

Go"gtd zt{df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g'{ 

cfjZos 5 . 

∗ 

olb uflj; cfkm} + ]n] afn d}qL / dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;f/lxt uflj; 3f]if0ff u5{ eg] of] @%Ü ;Dd j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . 

∗∗ 

-s_ ;fwf/0ftof &) jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf gful/snfO{ / s0ff{nL c~rn / blntsf] xsdf ^) jif{sf gful/snfO{ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] 

¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . 

-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 5'6\ofOPsf !) hfltsf pk;d"xcGtu{t kg] { ;a} gful/sx¿nfO{ klxrfgsf nflu sfuhkq, kmf]6f] cflbsf nflu 

cfjZos vr{sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

-u_ Psn dlxnf -ljwjf, cljjflxt, kf/kfr's] kfPsf_ hf] ^) jif{eGbf a9L pd]/sf 5g\ . 

-3_ ckfËtf ePsf JolQmdf k"0f{ czQm ckfËtf -h;n] b}lgs sfdsfh s;}sf] ;xof]u ljgf ug{ ;Sb}g_ ePsf] JolQmnfO{ dfl;s ?= 

!))).– k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . cf+lzs czQm ckfËtf ePsf] JolQmnfO{ lghsf] pd]/ !^ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dfly 5 eg] dfl;s ¿= #)).– 

k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 8


sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgn] zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 / o;sf nflu ljleGg ;"rsx¿ 

;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . oL ;"rsx¿ n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljifodf ;+j]bgzLn 

5g\ . 

jflif{s of]hgfsf] tof/Ldf tyf ljifout ;ldltx¿sf] a}7sdf dlxnf, afnaflnsf, gful/s 

;dfh, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] ;xeflutf x'g'kg] { Joj:yf 5 . 

cfGtl/s /fh:jaf6 pknAw ;|f]tnfO{ dlxnf, afnaflnsf, Ho]i7 gful/s, ckfËtf ePsf 

JolQm, ljkGg, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt tyf cGo lk5l8Psf ju{x¿sf nflu of]hgf th'{df 

ug] { a]nfdf afF8kmfF8 ug'{kg] 

{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . ;fy} cfof]hgf k"/f ePsf] rf/ dlxgfsf] 

cjlwleq ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, ;fdflhs k/LIf0f h:tf kf/blz{tfsf ljlwx¿ cjnDag ug'{kg] 

{ 

zt{ klg pNn]vgLo 5g\ . sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgdf n}lËs ;dtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] 

b[li6n] yk ;'wf/ / ;dfof]hgsf] cfjZostf 5 . 

2.1.7 n}l·s pQ/bfoL ah]^ lgb]{lzsf, 2064 

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 hf/L ul/Psf] n}lËs pQ/bfoL ah]6 lgb] {lzsfn] :yfgLo lgsfosf] 

of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd th'{df, 

sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog, ;+:yfut Joj:yf / sd{rf/Lx¿sf] bIftf 

cflb n}lËs k/LIf0fsf ljifox¿sf] ;DaGwdf lbzflgb] {z ub{5 . 

of] lgb] {lzsf d"ntM n}lËs ljifodf s]lGb|t /x]sf] x'Fbf 

o;df jl~rtLs/0fsf] ;du| kIfnfO{ 

;d]6\g ;lsPsf] 5}g . g]kfnsf ;a} ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿aLr ljBdfg /x]sf] lje]bsf] n}lËs 

cGt/;DalGwt kIfx¿nfO{ 7DofP/ n};;f;k|lt pQ/bfoL ah]6 s;/L tof/ ug] { eGg] lj:t[t 

ljZn]if0f ug{ cfjZos 5 . 

2.1.8 cGt/f{li^«o k|lta$tf / bft[–;d'bfo;“usf] ;fe]mbf/L 

g]kfnn] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL !^ j6f cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx¿nfO{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 . 

n}lËs ;dfgtfsf cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf l;4fGtx¿ (CEDAW, Beijing Platform of Action, 

UNSCR 1325), afn clwsf/ (CRC), cflbjf;L hghfltsf] clwsf/ (ILO 169), hftLo 

lje]bsf] cGTo (CERD) h:tf ljifox¿ / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIocGtu{t lgwf{/0f ePsf lzIff, 

:jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO, ef]s / ul/aL cflb nIox¿ k|lt /fli6«o k|lta4tf JoQm 

ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf bft[–lgsfox¿n] klg n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f tyf ;fdflhs 

;dfj]zLs/0fdf k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub} { cfPsf 5g\ . tb\cg'¿k g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ n}lËs ;dfgtf 

tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]hgfx¿df bft[–;xof]u k|fKt e}/x]sf] 5 . 

To;} u/L Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;ft j6f ;ldltx¿ dWo] ljsf; ;ldlt / dlxnf, afnaflnsf 

tyf ;dfh sNof0f ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q k|ToIf ¿kdf n}lËs / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf 

;jfnx¿;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 9

2.2 n};;f; ;DaGwL ;+:yfut _f“rf 


s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf txdf n}lËs tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ljleGg 

;+:yfut k|lqmof / ;+/rgfx¿ :yfkgf ul/Psf 5g\ . 

2.2.1 s]Gb|Lo tx 

;+;bLo ;ldlt M ;+ljwfg;efsf !) j6f ljifout ;ldltx¿dWo] b'O{ j6f ;ldltx¿ -df}lns 

clwsf/ tyf lgb] {zs l;4fGt ;ldlt / cNk;ª\Vos tyf ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfosf] xs, clwsf/ 

;+/If0f ;ldlt_ sf sfo{If]q n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . 

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u M n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] ljifo /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf ;fdflhs 

ljsf; dxfzfvfaf6 x]l/G5 . ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{ cfof]usf] s[lif tyf u|fdL0f 

k"jf{wf/ dxfzfvfcGtu{t kb{5 . 

dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno M afnaflnsf, Ho]i7 gful/s, ckfËtf ePsf 

JolQmx¿nfO{ nlIot ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿ dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnon] 

sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf] 5 . o; dGqfnon] dlxnf ljsf; ljefu dfk{mt krxQ/} lhNnfdf dlxnf 

ljsf; sfof{nox¿af6 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . o; dGqfnonfO{ 

n}lËs ;jfnx¿df sfo{ ug] { lhDd]jf/L k|fKt 5 . 

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnoM :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf blnt tyf cflbjf;L hghflt ;dGjo 

;ldltx¿df ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] 5 . n}lËs ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs 

;dfj]zLs/0fsf sfo{nfO{ ;+:yfut u/L sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu gLltut ;'wf/ Pjd\ 

;dGjosf] sfo{ ug{ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf Nf};;f; zfvf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . 

/fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, /fli6«o blnt cfof]u tyf cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu 

/fli6«o k|lti7fgx¿sf] :yfkgfn] dlxnf, blnt tyf hghfltx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ub} { 

b]zsf] zf;g k|0ffnLdf pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9fpgdf ;xfotf k'u]sf] 5 . 

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / ;a} dGqfnodf n}lËs ljifo ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{sf nflu n}lËs ;Dks{– 

JolQmx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . dGqfno leq} kof{Kt lhDd]jf/L tyf ;+:yfut cGt/;DaGwsf] cefj / 

n}lËs ljifo;DaGwL sfo{x¿sf nflu cfjZos sfo{qmd tyf ah]6sf] sdL h:tf ljljw 

;d:ofsf sf/0f n}lËs ;Dks{–laGb'sf] e"ldsf w]/} k|efjsf/L aGg eg] ;s]sf] 5}g . To;} 

qmddf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 xfn} dfq lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo pTyfg ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, 

@)^% hf/L ePsf] 5 . lk58f ju{sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf ;fy} clwstd lxt k|jw{g ug{ o; 

;ldltn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . lk58f ju{sf] a;f]af; ePsf lhNnfdf 

pgLx¿nfO{ g} nlIot u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ah]6sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 10

2.2.2 lhNnf tx 


dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no M lhNnf txdf n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f tyf afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfo{ 

ug{ dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] dlxnf ljsf; ljefu cGtu{t k|To]s 

lhNnfdf dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no 5 . lhNnfsf] n}lËs ;Dks{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf dlxnf ljsf; 

sfof{nonfO{ n}lËs tYofÍx¿ tof/ ug] { / ljifout sfo{qmdx¿sf] n}lËs k/LIf0f ;d]t u/L 

d"nk|jfxLs/0fdf ;xhLs/0f ug] { lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 . 

k|To]s lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{nodf Ps ;fdflhs ljsf; PsfO v8f ul/g' k5{ / 

;fdflhs ljsf; clws[tnfO{ n}lËs ;Dks{–JolQm tf]Sg' kg] {5 . 

ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ul7t lhNnf:t/Lo cflbjf;L hghflt ;dGjo 

;ldlt tyf blnt ju{ pTyfg ;dGjo ;ldlt h:tf ;ldltn] o; ljifodf kx/]bf/L ul//x]sf 

5g\ . lhlj;sf ;efkltsf] cWoIftfdf ljifout sfof{nosf k|ltlglw nufot /x]sf] n}lËs 

d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;dGjo ;ldltn] lhNnfdf n}lËs ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{sf] ;dGjo / 

cg'udg ub{5 . oL ;ldltx¿n] ljleGg a}7sx¿ ug] { u/]sf 5g\ . jl~rtLs/0fsf ljifox¿ 

;Daf]wg ug{ tyf tt\;DaGwdf ;dGjo ug{ jf of]hgf th'{df 

ug{ eg] oL ;ldltx¿ 

ck]Iffs[t k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . 

2.2.3 uflj; tyf gu/kflnsf tx 

uflj; tyf gu/kflnsf txdf n}lËs ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljifonfO{ ljz]if 

lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy x]g] { s'g} ;+:yfut Joj:yf 5}g . 

;d'bfo :t/df ljBdfg ;d"xx¿, dlxnf ;xsf/L÷;~hfn÷dxf;ª\3, clwsf/d'vL ;+:yfx¿, 

blnt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, cflbjf;L hghflt ;ª\u7g / bafa ;d"xx¿n] ljut s]xL jif{b]lv 

;d'bfonfO{ kl/rfng u/L clwsf/sf] bfaL ub} { cfPsf 5g\ . 

o; lsl;dsf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf ePsf lgsfox¿n] klg Go"g ;|f]t / sdhf]/ ;+:yfut 

Ifdtfsf] cj:yf e]mNg' k/]sf] 5 . kmn:j¿k oL lgsfox¿ n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs 

;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug] { sfo{df k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ljleGg cfof]u 

/ dlxnf, blnt tyf hghfltnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug] { ;+:yfx¿aLr n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs 

;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljifodf ;+o'Qm k|of;x¿ cufl8 a9fpg Go"gtd kxnx¿ dfq ePsf 5g\ . 

2.2.4 ah]^ th'{df 

k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf nflu /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 th'{df 

dfu{bz{g / 

;LdfÍ hf/L ub{5, h;sf cfwf/df ljifout dGqfnox¿ / ltgLx¿sf lhNnf sfof{nox¿n] 

cfˆgf] sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 k|:tfj ub{5g\ . cy{ dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ /fli6«o of]hgf 

cfof]un] dGqfno ljz]if / If]q ljz]if ah]6 tof/ ub{5 . 

;+:yfut ¿kdf n}lËs pQ/bfoL ah]6 th'{df 

ug] { sfo{ dGqfno / lhNnfx¿df cem} ;'? geP 

klg s]xL k|of;x¿ eg] ePsf 5g\ . n}lËs ;Í]t lbP/ sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] juL{s/0f ug] { 

c;f/ @)^^ 11


k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jft /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ul/;s]sf] 5 . cy{ dGqfnosf] ah]6 dxfzfvf 

cGtu{t :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, /fli6«o 

of]hgf cfof]unufotsf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] n}lËs pQ/bfoL ah]6 ;ldlt u7g ePsf] 5 . 

ah]6 k/LIf0fsf tLgj6f vr{sf zLif{sx¿ -k|ToIftM dlxnfnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], ck|ToIf 

¿kn] dlxnfnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] / t6:y_ n] dlxnf afx]s hfthflt / If]qLo kIfnfO{ 

;d]6]sf] 5}g . s[lif, lzIff, :jf:Yo, :yfgLo ljsf; / dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f 

dGqfnosf] n}lËs k/LIf0f eO;s]sf] 5 eg] s]xL lhNnfx¿n] klg ;f] k/LIf0f u/]sf 5g\ . 

n}lËs k/LIf0f / ;fdflhs k/LIf0f cnu–cnu ug] { ul/Psf] 5 . 

2.2.5 cg'udg 

/fli6«o cfjlws of]hgfsf] cg'udgsf nflu /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ljsf; u/]sf] ul/aL 

cg'udg tyf ljZn]if0f k|0ffnL (PMAS) / ul/aL cg'udg ;"rgf k|0ffnL (PMIS) n] lglZrt 

;"rgf pknAw u/fP klg n};;f;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 yk kl/dfh{g ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . 

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ljsf; u/]sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg kmf/fdsf cfwf/df :yfgLo 

ljsf; dGqfno nufot ;a} dGqfnon] k|ltj]bg tof/ ub{5g\ . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] 

ul/aL cg'udg dxfzfvfsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L g} oxL ljifodf kb{5 . If]qut ;"rgf Joj:yfkg 

k|0ffnL df}h'b eP klg To;af6 lzIff / :jf:Yo If]q afx]s cGo If]qsf v08Ls[t ;"rgfx¿ 

pknAw x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . 

2.3 ljBdfg oyfy{tf 

g]kfndf ljut b'O{ bzsb]lv qmlds¿kdf gLltut kl/jt{g / pNn]Vo ;'wf/x¿ ePsf 5g\ . 

tyflk ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d"xsf dflg;sf] ljsf; ;"rsx¿df / /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs 

zlQmsf] kx'Frdf 

Jofks cGt/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, dw]zL tyf d'l:nd 

;d'bfo cfly{s cj:yf, :jf:Yo, lzIff, /f]huf/Lsf ;"rsx¿ / /fhgLlts ;xeflutfdf k5fl8 

k/]sf 5g\ . hfthflt, hghflt tyf ef}uf]lns :yfgx¿ ;a}df g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; 

;"rsfª\ssf] cfwf/af6 dlxnf tyf aflnsfx¿sf] cj:yf k'?if tyf afnsx¿sf] t'ngfdf 

Go"g /x]sf] 5 . 

o; v08df dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf] ;]jf kx'Frdf 

/x]sf] ljBdfg l:ylt / gful/ssf] 

x}l;otn] ;fj{hlgs lg0f{ox¿df k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] pgLx¿sf] Ifdtfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} 

;fdflhs kl/rfngsf k|lqmofx¿, nlIot sfo{qmdsf ;jfnx¿ / :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] 

Ifdtfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . 

2.3.1 ;fj{hlgs lg-f{o tyf :yfgLo zf;gdf k|efj kfg{ dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf] Ifdtf 

;d"xdf cfwfl/t ljsf; 

c;f/ @)^^ 12


;d"xnfO{ :yfgLo :t/df hg;fwf/0fsf] cfjfhnfO{ ;ª\ul7t ug] {, pgLx¿nfO{ ;zQm t'Nofpg] 

/ pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug] { Ps dfWodsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . o;n] art tyf 

C0f sfo{x¿eGbf dfly p7L dlxnf tyf jl~rtLdf k/]sf ;d"xnfO{ ljleGg ultljlw dfkm{t 

lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;+nUg u/fO{ ;zQm t'NofpFb5 . 

;d'bfon] sfo{sf/L lgsfox¿, uflj;, lhlj; Pjd\ gu/kflnsf;Fu cfˆgf sfo{qmdx¿ 

;~rfngsf nflu ;|f]t h'6fpg ;Demf}tf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsl;t ul/;s]sf pbfx/0f 5g\ . 

pRr ;zQmLs/0fsf] cj:yf xfl;n ul/;s]sf / ;~hfn, ;xsf/L Pjd\ dxf;ª\3sf ¿kdf 

ljsl;t eO;s]sf ;d"xx¿n] :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ;xof]usf] bfaL ug{ ;an eO;s]sf 5g\ . 

oL ;d"xx¿sf] ;kmntf kof{Kt tYofÍ Pjd\ ;"rgfsf] pknAwtf / kx'Fr, 

;/sf/L sfo{ 

k|lqmofsf] hfgsf/L, :yfgLo lgsfo tyf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿;Fu k/fdz{ ug] { k|lqmof cflbdf 

lge{/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 t/ oL ;kmntfx¿ Jojl:yt / ;+:yfut x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . 

:yfgLo txdf hgtfdf lg0f{o ug] { clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf / :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ hgtfk|lt 

pQ/bfoL agfpg] k|lqmofx¿ k"/} :yflkt eO;s]sf] cj:yf eg] cem} 5}g . To;} u/L 

jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xx¿ nufot ;d'bfo :t/sf ;j{;fwf/0fsf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ k|efj kfg{ 

/ ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] pkof]udf of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] cj:yf klg Go"g g} b]lvG5 . 

of]hgf th'{df 

k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf 

of]hgf k|lqmof ck]Iffs[t ;xeflutfTds aGg ;s]sf] / sfo{d"ns x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . of] k|lqmof 

k"/f ug{ a9L ;do -sl/a rf/ dlxgf_ nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . uflj; tyf Onfsf :t/Lo of]hgf 

th'{df 

uf]i7Ldf dlxnf, blnt Pjd\ hghflt ;d"xsf] kof{Kt ;xeflutf x'g cfjZos 5 . 

;dfj]zL x'g g;Sg'sf sf/0fx¿ 

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ;DaGwdf ul/g] lg0f{o k|lqmof ;dfj]zL x'g g;Sg'sf] k5fl8 w]/} 

sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . a:tL txsf ;d'bfosf] Jofks k|ltlglwTj gx''Fbf 

jl~rt ;d"xsf] cfjZostf 

Pjd\ k|fyldstfx¿ of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfj]z x'g sl7g ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fy} 

ul/aL tyf Hofnf dhb"/L ug'{kg] 

{ afWotfsf] sf/0f of]hgf th'{dfsf] 

nfdf] k|lqmofdf 

;j{;fwf/0f ;xefuL x'gaf6 jl~rt x'G5g\ . 

To:t}, ut jif{ ;Íng ul/Psf sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] dfu k"/f gePsf] cj:yfn] ubf{ 

;j{;fwf/0f hgtf of]hgf th'{df 

uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL x'g / cfˆgf dfu k'gM k]z ug{ lg?T;flxt 

x'G5g\ . of]hgfsf nflu pknAw x'g ;Sg] ;|f]tsf] kof{Kt cfª\sng gu/L k6s–k6s sfo{qmd 

Pjd\ cfof]hgfx¿sf] dfu dfq ;Íng ug] { kl/kf6Ln] of]hgfsf] th'{dfdf 

cK7\of/fx¿ Nofpg 

;St5g\ . 

clwsf+z uflj;sf hgtfdf of]hgf Pjd\ zf;g k|lqmof af/]sf] 1fgdf sdL 5 eg] b'u{d 

If]qsf hgtfdf of] sdL emg\ a9L 5 . dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xx?nfO{ pknAw ;|f]t Pjd\ 

;/sf/sf] sfo{k|0ffnL af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg cfjZos 5 . ufpF jf lhNnf kl/ifb\df ;xefuL 

eO{ cfˆgf k|fyldstfx¿ /fVg] df}sf kfpFbf pQm ;dodf pgLx¿sf egfOx¿ ;'lgG5g\ t/ 

c;f/ @)^^ 13


lg0f{o ug] { a]nfdf pgLx¿sf dfunfO{ ;xh} k~5\ofOG5g\ eGg] s]xL lhlj;÷uflj;x?df 

u'gf;f] klg 5 . 

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gdf klxNofOPsf of]hgfsf !$ r/0fdf pkef]Qmf ;d"x Pjd\ ;~hfn, 

;xsf/L, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf, cWoIf–Joj:yfks e]nf h:tf ;d"x Pjd\ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ 

:ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ug{ cfjZos 5 . gful/s ;dfhsf] Go"g ;+nUgtfn] ;d'bfo txsf dlxnf 

/ k'?ifx¿n] uflj; jf lhlj;sf] of]hgf th'{df 

tyf sfof{Gjogdf k|efj kfg] { df}sf gkfpg 

;St5g\ . ;fy} clwsf+z pkef]Qmf ;d"x, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf Pjd\ ;xsf/Lx¿sf ljBdfg 

;+/rgfn] jl~rt ;d"xsf] cfjZostfnfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . jl~rt 

;d"xsf] ;ª\ul7t cfjfhnfO{ ;dfj]z ug] { / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf k|efj kfg] { cfwf/ ;Lldt /x]sf] 

5 . 

2.3.2 ;fdflhs kl/rfng 

g]kfndf ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] dfWodaf6 ul/g] ;fd'bflos ljsf;nfO{ Ps ;kmn k|of]usf 

¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . ;fwf/0ftof lglZrt ljsf;fTds p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu sfo{qmd Pjd\ 

cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;]jf–k|bfos ;+:yfx¿n] ;d'bfo kl/rfngsf nflu ;d"xx¿sf] 

u7g ug] { u/]sf 5g\ . ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] jt{dfg cjwf/0ff d"ntM ljsf;sf nflu 

cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cfk"lt{ -pbfx/0fsf nflu cfod"ns ultljlwx¿, art tyf C0f_ df 

s]lGb|t 5g\ eg] s'g} lgsfox¿ ;zQmLs/0fdf s]lGb|t 5g\ . ;fdflhs kl/rfngdf ;d"x leq 

gk/]sf 3/–kl/jf/sf] ;]jfdf kx'Fr 

x'g' k5{ eGg] ;'lglZrttf ul/Psf] eg] k|foM kfOFb}g . 

s]xL jif{otf To:tf lgsfosf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltx¿df blnt Pjd\ hghflt h:tf jl~rt 

;d"xaf6 dlxnf tyf ;j{;fwf/0fx¿ ;dfj]z ug] { k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu 

ljs]lGb|t :yfgLo zf;g ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] ul/ad'vL gLlt / dlxnf ;d"xsf] u7g Pjd\ 

;'b[9Ls/0fdf hf]8nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . ;fy} tL ;d"xx¿sf nflu ;dtf Pjd\ ;sf/fTds 

lje]bsf k|fjwfgx¿ nfu" ug{ n}lËs tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f pQ/bfoL lg0f{ox¿ Nofpg] k|of;x¿ 

ul/Psf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;fd'bflos jg sfo{of]hgfdf ul/a tyf jl~rt ;d"xx¿sf 

nflu ;dtfd"ns k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . 

;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] cjwf/0ff, p2]Zo / k|lqmof ;jfn, ljifo If]q / cfof]hgfsf] dfu{lgb] {z 

cg';f/ km/s kb{5 . kl/efiff, ;]jf–k|bfosnfO{ pknAw x'g] ;|f]t / ;do cg';f/ ;fdflhs 

kl/rfngsf] ;dofjlw km/s kb{5 . ;d'bfodf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿ ;lsP/ cfof]hgfx¿ 

aflxl/P kl5 cfof]hgfsf] ;xof]udf ag]sf ;a} ;d"xx¿ lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn /x]sf] eg] b]lvb}g . 

ul/a tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf nflu ;d"xdf cfa4 eP/ kfpg ;Sg] k|ToIf kmfObf g} 

d'Vo ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ePsf] b]lvG5 . bf];|f] txsf] ;d"x÷;+:yf eg] ;fj{hlgs j:t' tyf 

;]jfdf kx'Fr 

j[l4, clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf cyjf pQm If]qdf sfd ug] { s'/fdf s]lGb|t ePsf] 

kfOG5 . 

clwsf+z sfo{qmdsf cf–cfˆgf ;fdflhs kl/rfns cyjf ;xhstf{x¿ 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;d"x 

u7g, art tyf C0f h:tf cfˆgf sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ k|fljlws ;xof]u ub{5g\ . 

c;f/ @)^^ 14


;fdflhs kl/rfnsx¿sf] k|d'v bfloTj jrt tyf C0f kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{sf] 

Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ug'{ 

/ a:tL txdf ;~rfng ul/g] ljleGg ljsf; lqmofsnfkx¿sf] 

;dGjo ug'{ 

/x]sf] 5 . ;d'bfosf ul/a / jl~rt ;d"x nufot ;a}nfO{ uflj; tyf lhlj;sf 

tYofÍ Pjd\ ;"rgfx¿ ;xh 9Ën] pknAw u/fP/ uflj; jf lhlj;sf sfo{qmd Pjd\ ah]6 

th'{df 

;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿df pgLx¿sf] k|efj kfg{ ;Ifd agfpg cfjZos 5 . 

2.3.3 cfwf/e"t ;]jfx?df dlxnf, ul/a Pjd\ jl~rt ;d"xsf] kx'“r 

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @*, (^ / !*( n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;]jf / 

k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ :yfgLo lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v 

u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :t/sf ljifout sfo{x¿ klg :yfgLo lgsfo leq qmdzM lgIf]k0f x'Fb} 

cfPsf 5g\ . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gn] uflj;, gu/kflnsf tyf lhlj;nfO{ :yfgLo :t/df 

ljleGg ljsf; sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug] { clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o:tf sfo{x¿df :jf:Yo s]Gb|, 

:jf:Yo rf}sL, pk:jf:Yo rf}sL tyf k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] k|aGw ug] {, rkL{ lgdf{0f nufot 

hg:jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt lgdf{0f sfo{x¿ ug] {, hn;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug] {, e"ld s/ tyf e"– 

;Dkbfsf] Joj:yfkg ug] {, s[lif k|;f/ tyf kz' ljsf; ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug] {, hGd d[To' btf{, 

kl/jf/ lgof]hg, dft[ tyf lzz' :ofxf/ ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ug] { cflb k/]sf 5g\ . 

P]gsf] bkmf @* / (^ n] uflj; / gu/kflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] c+z k|fylds 

:jf:Yo, lzIff h:tf ;fdflhs ;]jfsf If]qdf nufpg lgb] {z u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ;fd'bflos 

ljsf; k|of;x¿df d2t k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf hghflt 

Pjd\ eflifs ;+:yf, ;ldlt tyf cfof]ux¿nfO{ ;an Pjd\ ;Ifd agfpg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . 

uflj; tyf pk:jf:Yo rf}sL Pjd\ ljBfnox¿sf] ;~rfngsf nflu dlxnf, blnt tyf 

hghflt nufot ;j{;fwf/0fsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L :jf:Yo tyf lzIffsf Joj:yfkg 

;ldltx¿ v8f ul/Psf 5g\ . :jf:Yo Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf jl~rt ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ 

clgjfo{ u/fOPsf] 5 . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf xsdf eg] To:tf] k|fjwfg 5}g . 

jl~rt ;d"xsf nflu ;]jf, ;'ljwfx¿sf] ckof{Kt Joj:yfsf sf/0f lzIff, :Jff:Yo, /f]huf/L, 

vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cflb ljsf; ;"rsx¿ sdhf]/ b]lvG5g\, h;n] oL ;d"xsf] kof{Kt 

dfqfdf ;]jf, ;'ljwf dfly kx' Fr sd ePsf] b]vfpF5 . o;f] x'g'df hgtfsf] cfjZostfsf 

t'ngfdf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfsf/ clt ;fgf] x'g', ah]6 lgsf;f l9nf x'g', b/aGbL cg';f/ 

sd{rf/L cfk"lt{ gx'g', ljBdfg sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf kof{Kt gx'g', s]xL sd{rf/Lx¿ ;'/Iffsf] 

sf/0fn] sfo{:yn jf sfo{:ynaf6 lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf klg hfg grfxg', ;]jf–k|bfos ;/sf/L 

tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ aLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo x'g g;Sg' cflb sf/0fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . 

dlxnf :Jff:Yo :jod\ ;]ljsfx¿sf] ;lqmotfn] ubf{ dlxnf, afnafnlnsf / jl~rt ;d"xsf 

;b:ox¿sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr 

a9]sf] 5 – oBlk :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] :t/ / ;]jf k|jfx gk'u 

5 . aflnsf / dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;fnfO{ x6fpg yf]/} dfq ;+:yfut k|of; ePsf 5g\ . of]hgf 

th'{df 

/ ah]6 afF8kmfF8df dlxnf tyf al~rt ;d'xx?sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] sdLn] ubf{ :yfgLo 

lgsfoaf6 ul/a tyf jl~rt ;d"xdf x'g] ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efljt ePsf] cj:yf klg 5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 15

2.3.4 ;d'bfo tyf :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf 


;fd'bflos ljsf; tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] kl/k| ]Ioaf6 n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs 

;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljifodf ;d'bfo Pjd\ :yfgLo lgsfosf] Ifdtf s]xL kIfaf6 ;an / s]xL 

kIfaf6 sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

-s_ cjwf/0ffTds 1fg 

;an kIf M ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf ljleGg ;ldlt tyf d~rx¿df dlxnf, blnt tyf 

hghfltsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'k5{ eGg] ljifodf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;xdt x'g'sf ;fy} 

cfjZos k|fjwfgx¿ /flvPsf] kfOG5 . lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;d'bfosf ljBfdfg ;a} ;d"xsf] 

;xeflutf x'g'k5{ eGg] ljifodf ;d'bfosf dlxnf, k'?if Pjd\ ;Da4 sd{rf/Lsf] dfGotf 

ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;jfnnfO{ klg ;a}n] :jLsf/ ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . 

s]xL jif{otf n}lËs ljifonfO{ ljsf; k|of;sf] Ps cª\usf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 / n}lËs 

;jfnx¿nfO{ cem ;zQm ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug'{kg] 

{ dfGotf :yflkt e}/x]sf] 5 . 

sdhf]/ kIf M n}lËs ljifodf ;Lldt 1fg dfq /x]sf] kfOG5 / of] dlxnf / k'?if aLrsf] zlQm 

;DaGweGbf klg dlxnfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿ dfq xf] eGg] e|d klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

;fy} k|foM ;a} ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿ ljBdfg n}lËs ;DaGwaf6 ;dfg¿kn] k|efljt x'G5g\ 

eGg] a'emfO 5 . s]xL ;d'bfo, hfthflt / :yfgsf dlxnfn] yk lje]bsf/L Jojwfgx¿ - 

hfltut / efiffut lje]bx¿_ ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ . To:t}, hghflt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs 

;+nUgtf a9L ePsf] x'Fbf 

o;nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;antfsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . 

;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;Gbe{df d'Votof of] blntx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj jf blnt, hghflt 

k|lt nlIft lqmofsnfk dfq xf] eGg] ;ª\s'lrt ;f]r 5 . o; lsld;sf] e|d jl~rtLs/0fdf 

k/]sf sf]–sf] x'g\ eGg] klxNofpg] qmddf klg kfOG5 . kl/0ffdtM jl~rt ;d"xsf] kl/k| ]Ioaf6 

;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt, lgod, cfr/0f Pjd\ ;f]rsf] kl/jt{gdf lge{/ ub{5 eGg] 

a'emfOdf ;Lldttf /x]sf] 5 . 

-v_ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf n}l·s d"nk|jfxLs/0f tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL ;Lk Pj+ 

;dGjo 

;an kIf M gLltut k|fjwfgx¿sf] Joj:yf gu/L n};;f;sf kIfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ 

;lsFb}g . clwsf+z lgsfo Pjd\ sfo{qmdx¿n] dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xn] ef]u]sf ljz]if 

JojwfgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug] { k|fjwfg, cfwf/ tyf dfu{bz{gx¿ tof/ u/]sf 5g\ . n};;f;nfO{ 

d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{sf nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

n};;f;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 sfo{qmd tyf ah]6sf] ljZn]if0f ug] { qmd lg/Gt/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 / 

o;nfO{ ljleGg dGqfno tyf cGo lgsfox¿n] cg'z/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . 

sdhf]/ kIf M gLltut Joj:yfx¿df d"ntM k|ltlglwTjsf] ljifodf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 t/ 

k|ltlglwTj afx]ssf ;jfntkm{ yk Wofg lbg'kg] { ;f]rdf sdL kfOG5 . kmn:j¿k n};;f;sf] 

c;f/ @)^^ 16


;+:yfut d"nk|jfxLs/0f ck]Iffs[t ¿kdf k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu 

sfo{ljj/0f Pjd\ sfo{lgb] {z, egf{, a9'jf, ;?jf tyf Ifdtf j[l4 ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿ dfgj 

;+;fwg gLltx¿df :ki6 ¿kdf /flvPsf 5}gg\ . To:t}, lg0f{o ug] { k|lqmofdf ;d"x jf ;+:yf 

leq jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . n};;f;sf] 

b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, of]hgf clws[t / gu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/L 

clws[tx¿sf] sfo{ljj/0fdf of]hgf th'{df 

k|lqmofdf dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf] ;xeflutf 

;DjGwL ljifox?sf] ;'lglZrt u/fpg'sf ;fy} of]hgf th'{df 

tyf cg'udgsf nflu v08Ls[t 

tYofÍsf] ;Íng tyf k|of]u, ah]6 ljZn]if0f / n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;d]t ;d]6\g' cfjZos 

b]lvPsf] 5 . 

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf sd{rf/L egf{ / dfgj ;+;fwg gLltsf cGo kIfx¿ x]g] { lhDd]jf/L 

/x]sf] x'Fbf 

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 dfq oL ;jfnx¿ ;Daf]lwt x'Fb}gg\ 

. t}klg ;Dej 

eP;Dd :yfgLo lgsfox¿df tL ljifox¿ klxrfg ug] { Ifdtf x'g'kg] { / ljBdfg ;jfnx¿sf] 

;dfwfgsf nflu k|of; ug{ ;lsg] dfGotf /fVg'kg] { b]lvG5 . 

:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cg'udg kIf sdhf]/ 5 . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 lhlj;sf nflu 

cg'udg kmf/fd tof/ ul/Psf] 5 eg] :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 5'§} klg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . 

s]xL lhlj;n] klg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / dGqfnosf kmf/fd / lgb] {zg;Fu tfnd]n gldnfO{ 

cfˆgf] 5'§} cg'udg lgb] {lzsf tof/ u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy} ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L 

lgsfox¿n] ;fdflhs kl/rfng k|lqmofsf] ;~rfngsf nflu leGg–leGg lgb] {lzsf tof/ u/]sf 

5g\ . lhlj; / :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf df}h'bf cg'udg lgb] {lzsfx¿ klg /fd|/L sfof{Gjogdf 

cfPsf 5}gg\ . :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f lgb] {lzsf th'{df 

ul/Psf] 5 – 

oBlk To; af/] lhNnf:t/df kof{Kt hfgsf/L e}g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf] 

k|ltlglwTj gx'Fbf 

;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f sfo{ cf}krfl/stf lgjf{x dfq ePsf] klg 5 . 

-u_ ;+:yfut Ifdtf tyf dfgj ;+;fwg 

;jn kIf M n};;f;sf nflu lhNnf:t/df ljleGg ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ . 

lhNnf:t/df blnt ;dGjo ;ldlt / cflbjf;L hghflt ;dGjo ;ldlt /x]sf 5g\, h;n] cfˆgf 

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] kIfdf sfd ub{5g\ . lhlj;df Ps ;fdflhs ljsf; PsfO :yfkgf ul/Psf] 

5 . o;df ;+nUg ;fdflhs ljsf; clws[tnfO{ n};;f;sf] ljifo x]g] { lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] 5 . 

lhNnfdf dlxnf ljsf; sfof{nonfO{ n}lËs ;Dks{ lgsfo tf]lsPsf] 5 . n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f 

;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ n};;f;sf ;jfnx¿nfO{ x]g] { d~rsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . lhlj; 

;efkltsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t of] ;dGjo ;ldltdf dlxnf ljsf; clws[t ;b:o–;lrj /xg] 

u/L tf]lsPsf] 5 . 

pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf df]/ªsf] n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;dGjo ;ldltsf] a}7s k|To]s b'O{ dlxgfdf 

a:g] u/]sf] 5 . o; ;ldltdf lhNnf :t/Lo ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ nufot ckfËtf ePsf 

JolQm, dlxnf tyf blnt ;+:yfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] u/]sf] 5 . o; ;ldltn] n}lËs ljifodf 

lhlj; / cGo lgsfox¿n] u/]sf sfdx¿sf] ;dLIff ug] { ub{5 . oL ;+:yfx¿ aLrsf] 

cGt/;DaGw a9]sf] / eO/x]sf sfddf ;dembf/L ag]sf] kfOG5 . dlxnf ljsf; clws[tsf] 

c;f/ @)^^ 17


;dGjodf 3/]n' tyf s[lif sfof{nox¿sf aLr ;+o'Qm sfo{ ePsf] 5 . dlxnf tyf ljleGg 

;fdflhs ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿af/] lhNnfsf] of]hgf th'{df 

ug] { sfddf cfjZos tYofÍ Pjd\ 

;"rgf pknAw u/fpg lhlj;n] dlxnf ljsf; clws[tnfO{ tf]s]sf] 5 . 

oL ;a} ljBdfg ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf sd{rf/L, /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw / cGo ;+:yfx¿sf] 

;xeflutf x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . w]/} jif{b]lv lhNnfsf ljleGg cfof]hgfx¿df ;fdflhs 

kl/rfnsx¿ /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

uflj; txdf eg] n};;f;sf] lhDd]jf/L lng] s'g} ;ldlt jf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5}g . 

sdhf]/ kIf M n};;f; x]g] { ;+/rgfx¿ ljBdfg eP tfklg logLx¿ k"0f{tM lqmofzLn Pjd\ 

k|efjsf/L ug{ cfjZos 5 . n};;f; ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] 1fg / ;Lkdf leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . 

cjnDag ul/Psf ljlw / k|lqmofx¿ n};;f; kIfLo x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ah]6sf] sl7gfOsf 

sf/0f cg'udg tyf k|ltj]bg sfo{ lgoldt Pjd\ j:t'ut ¿kn] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g / kl/0ffdtM 

k|efjsf/L klg aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . cg'udgaf6 b]lvPsf ;d:of Pjd\ sdL, sdhf]/Lx¿df 

;|f]tsf] cefj, sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] :ki6tfsf] cefj / pQ/bfoL agfpg] 

k4ltsf] cefj k|d'v 5g\ . 

lg0f{o / sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf ljleGg ;d"xx¿sf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj Pjd\ 

;xeflutf x'g'kg] { cfjZostfnfO{ ;a} txaf6 dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 . o:tf] dfGotfsf] ljsf;df 

ljleGg ;d"xsf] ljrf/nfO{ lnP/ sfd u/]df pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] :jLs[ltsf ;fy} jl~rt 

;d"xsf] bafasf] klg k|efj /x]sf] 5 . 

tL; lhlj; tyf @* uflj;af6 k|fKt @,&(* sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0fnfO{ v08Ls[t u/]/ x]bf{ 

a|fDx0f / If]qLsf] ;ª\Vof kxf8 / t/fO{ b'j} If]qdf pgLx¿sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kfteGbf w]/} g} 

/x]sf] b]lvG5 . blntx¿ -kxf8 / t/fO{ b'j} u/L_ @=@ k|ltzt tyf hghfltx¿ -kxf8 / t/fO{ 

b'j} u/L_ !!=* k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfx¿ kfFr k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] kfOG5 . 

lhlj;x¿df gf} k|ltzt / uflj;x¿df Ps k|ltzt dfq dlxnf sd{rf/L b]lvg cfpF5 . 

dlxnf leq klg 5 k|ltzt kxf8L a|fDx0f If]qL / !* k|ltzt g]jf/ /x]sf 5g\ . 

2.3.4.1 ;d'bfo tx 

of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6sf] th'{df 

/ cg'udg ;DaGwL ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf] k|lqmof 

af/] jl~rt ;d"x nufotsf dlxnf tyf k'?ifnfO{ hfgsf/L sdL /x]sf] 5 . ljut s]xL 

jif{b]lv ;d"xdf ;+nUg /xL lqmofzLn /xg]x¿n] art tyf C0f af/] / ljifout k|fljlws 

;xof]usf] pkof]u af/] eg] hfgsf/L lng ;s]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;Demf}tf Pjd\ 

;xsfo{ ug{ ;Sg] agfpg ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5 . 

n}lËs, ;dfj]zLs/0f Pjd\ jl~rtLs/0fsf cjwf/0ffx¿sf] af/]df ;j{;fwf/0fdf ce}m låljwf 

5 . ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f hfltut ¿kdf dfq x'G5 eGg] unt wf/0ff klg /x]sf] 5, h;n] 

ubf{ jl~rt ;d"xn] kfpg] ;'ljwfk|lt k|foM ;'ljwf ;DkGg ju{df pbf;Lgtf /xg] u/]sf] 

b]lvG5 . o;}sf sf/0f jl~rt ;d"xsf] kIfdf ;sf/fTds sfo{x¿ cfjZos 5g\ eGg] 

;DaGwdf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf / gk/]sf hg;d'bfox¿aLr Psn ;f]r aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . 

c;f/ @)^^ 18

2.3.4.2 uflj; Pjd\ gu/kflnsf tx 


:yfgLo :t/df lg/Gt/ lhDd]jf/Lsf] lj:tf/, leGg–leGg ljifo If]q cg'¿ksf sfo{x¿df j[l4 

/ ;a} u/L @$ dGqfno;Fu k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kn] sfo{ ug'{kg] 

{ ePsf] x'Fbf 

uflj; ;lrjx¿sf] 

sfo{af]em cToflws 5 . kl/jlt{t kl/j]zdf gofF–gofF cjwf/0ff / ljifox¿df sfd ug'{kg] 

{ oL 

;lrjx¿df ljifout k|fljlws 1fgsf] sdL 5 . obfsbf hgk|ltlglwsf] cefjdf yk 

pQ/bfloTj axg ug'{kg] 

{ cj:yf klg /xg] u/]sf] 5 . 

sfo{af]emsf] t'ngfdf uflj;df ;lrj / k|fljlws ;xfossf] b/jGbL gk'u e};s]sf] 5 . 

sltko uflj;n] 5'§f5'§} jf ;+o'Qm ¿kdf k|fljlws / n]vf ;xfos egf{ u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg 

ug] { u/]sf 5g\ . uflj;sf] ;"rgf k|0ffnL sdhf]/ 5 . 

sltko uflj;df s'g–s'g ;+:yfx¿ sfo{/t 5g\ eGg] cflwsfl/s hfgsf/L ;d]t /x]sf] 5}g . 

3/–kl/jf/ txsf] v08Ls[t tYofÍ ;d]t pknAw 5}g . o:tf ;d:ofsf sf/0f klg uflj;n] 

;+of]hgsf/L, g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . 

uflj; :t/df :jf:Yo / x'nfs ;]jf afx]s cGo ;]jf–k|bfos ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] lgsfo 

gePsf] x'Fbf 

jl~rt ;d"x nufotsf gful/ssf] ;]jf kx'Fr 

;'ud x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 

pko'{Qm 

;d:ofx¿af6 s]xL gu/kflnsf d'Qm eP klg w]/}h;f] gu/kflnsfdf tL ;d:ofx¿ 

df}h'b} 5g\ . 

2.3.4.3 lhlj; tx 

lhNnf :t/sf ljleGg ;ldltx¿ cf–cfˆgf ljifodf dfq s]lGb|t 5g\ . n};;f;sf ljifodf 

pNn]Vo k|ult ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;dGjofTds ¿kn] sfd ug{ ] k4lt ljsf; x'g' kb{5 . 

lhlj;sf] ;fdflhs ljsf; PsfOnfO{ n};;f; ;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L lbOP klg cGo sfo{x¿sf] 

af]emn] ubf{ n};;f;sf] sfd k|efjsf/L ¿kn] ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;fy} n};;f;sf 

;jfndf / jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;Gbe{df cfjZos tYofÍ Pjd\ ;"rgf 

;Íng ug] { kl/kf6L al;;s]sf] 5}g . lhNnf :t/sf ljleGg ;ldltx¿df gful/s ;dfhsf] 

k|ltlglwTj klg Go"g g} 5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 19


cWofo 3 M n}l·s ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/-f /-fgLlt 

n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f PsfÍL ¿kdf x'g ;St}g . 

o;sf nflu ljs]lGb|t zf;g k|0ffnL, s'zn ;]jf k|jfx / ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . 

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, ;xeflutfTds ljsf; / ;fdflhs jx;s} k|lqmofaf6 n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf 

;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . o; /0fgLltdf :yfgLo zf;g 

tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;du| ;+/rgf / sfo{qmdn] ;'wf/ ug{ rfx]sf] If]q leq kg] { 

sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{ c? a9L n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f d}qL agfpg cfjZos 

sfo{;"rL lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . 

3.1 sfo{qmdsf] ljifo If]q 1 

k|ltkmn txsf] p2]Zo M :yfgLo ;/sf/df ;DalGwt gful/s tyf ;d'bfox¿ ;lqmo ¿kn] ;+nUg 

ePsf / pQ/bfoL aGg ;s]sf x'g]5g\ . 

3.1.1 pknlAw 1 

;d'bfo tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ :yfgLo zf;g k|lqmofdf ;lqmo ¿kn] ;xefuL ePsf x'g]5g\ . 

:yfgLo zf;g k|lqmofdf ;a} ;fdflhs ;d"xsf gful/sx¿sf] clwsflws ;xeflutf 

;'lglZrt ug{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf ;+:yfut ;+oGq, k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL / sfo{If]qut zt{ lgwf{/0f 

ul/g]5g\ M 

-s_ uflj; tx 

uflj; cg'bfg ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^% df PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

;ldlt -Pof];_ df 

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ tyf dlxnf, blnt Pjd\ cflbjf;L hghflt 

;ª\u7gx¿af6 k|ltlglwTj x'g'kg] { / dlxnfx¿sf] ## k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug'{kg] 

{ 

Joj:yf 5 . ;fy} of]hgf th'{df 

tyf sfof{Gjogdf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xnufot 

;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}sf] cem km/flsnf] ;xeflutf /xg] u/L j8f / uflj; b'a} :t/df gful/s 

d~rsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . 

PsfO ;+:yfut ;+oGq k|ltlglwTj 

c;f/ @)^^ 20


uflj; ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ;ldlt :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ 

adf]lhd u7g ul/g] o; ;ldltdf ;a} 

/fhgLlts bn, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;fd'bflos 

;+:yf, dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, 

;]jfu|fxL, :yfgLo kqsf/ / u}//fhgLlts 

:yfgLo ;fdflhs sfo{stf{x¿ h:tf gful/s 

;dfhsf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj 

/xg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . 

uflj; PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

;ldlt 

-Pof];_ 

• dlxnf tyf cGo jl~rt ;d"xsf 

dflg;x¿n] Pof];df cfˆgf k|ltlglwx¿ 

cfkm} 5fGg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . 

• uflj;sf ;a} dlxnf ;ª\u7gx¿sf] 

tkm{af6 5gf}6 u/L Pof];df k|ltlglwTj ug] { 

k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . 

• u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf, blnt 

tyf cflbjf;L hghflt ;ª\u7gx¿n] 

Pof];df cfˆgf] k|ltlglw k7fpgsf nflu 

klg 5gf}6 ljlw to ul/g]5 . 

• jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf] cg'ej u/]sf d'l:nd 

tyf dw]zLnufotsf cGo ;d'bfosf 

dflg; uflj;df a;f]jf; ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] 

Pof];df To:tf ;d'bfosf] klg k|ltlglwTj 

x'g] tyf To;/L k|ltlglw k7fFpbf ;DalGwt 

{ 

ufpF gful/s d~r -ufgfd_ 

;d'bfosf JolQmx¿sf] e]nfaf6 5gf}6 ug{ 

;xhLs/0f ug] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . 

• ufpF gful/s d~rdf k|To]s j8f gful/s 

d~rsf ;fy} uflj;:t/df ;Ël7t 

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;a}y/L ;+:yf, 

clwsf/sdL{ nufPt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ 

dWo]af6 ;fwf/0ftof #) b]lv $% hgf;Dd 

k|ltlglw /xg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . 

• ufpF gful/s d~rdf sDtLdf ## k|ltzt 

dlxnf k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . 

• ufpF gful/s d~rsf] cWoIftf uflj; 

cWoIf jf cWoIfsf] sfd ug{ tf]lsPsf] 

JolQmn] ug] {5 . 

j8f j8f gful/s d~r -jgfd_ • j8f gful/s d~rdf j8fleqsf ;a} 

c;f/ @)^^ 21


jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ljleGg ;d"x, 





• j8f gful/s d~rdf sDtLdf ## k|ltzt 


• j8f gful/s d~rsf] cWoIftf j8f cWoIf 

jf j8f cWoIfsf] sfd ug{ tf]lsPsf] 


• s'g} ;d"xdf gk/L 5'6 ePsf dflg;x¿sf 

nflu Ps 5'§} ;d"x v8f u/L j8f gful/s 

d~rdf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] Joj:yf 

ldnfOg]5 . 

j8f gful/s d~r, ufpF gful/s d~r / PsLs[t of]hgf th' 

{df ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q lgDgfg';f/ 

x'g]5 M 

c;f/ @)^^ 22

PsfO sfo{If]q 

j8f 

gful/s 

d~r 


� sfo{qmdx¿sf] th'{df 

tyf k|fyldstfdf ul/a / jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf 

JolQmx¿ nufot ;a} dlxnf Pjd\ k'?ifsf] cfjfhsf] ;'lglZrttf u/fpg] . 

� ufpF gful/s d~r tyf ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ;ldltnfO{ cg'udgsf 

nflu cfˆgf] ufpFdf dlxnf Pjd\ jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf JolQmx¿sf] l:ylt 

–h:t}– n}lËstfdf cfwfl/t lx+;f / lje]bo'Qm k|rngx¿_ af/] ;"rgf k|bfg 

ug] { . 

� sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog cg'udg ug] { / j8fdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf 

ljleGg cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;dGjodf ;xhsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug] { . 

� n};;f; ;+j]bgzLn dfkb08 Pjd\ k|lqmofdf cfwfl/t pko'Qm 

k|fyldsLs/0fsf] ljlwnfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg] . 

� ufpF gful/s d~rsf nflu k|ltlglwx¿ k7fpg] . 

c;f/ @)^^ 23

ufpF 

gful/s 

d~r 


� j8faf6 5gf}6 ePsf of]hgfx¿ dfly d~rsf ;b:o tyf gful/s;Fu 

v'Nnf 5nkmn ug] { . 

� ;xeflutfTds of]hgf th'{df 

k|lqmofaf6 cfPsf] k|fyldstf ;lxtsf] 

of]hgf k|:tfj PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

;ldltdf k]z ug] { . 

� ufpF kl/ifb\df k|:tfljt of]hgf÷sfo{qmdx¿ PsLs[t ;ldltn] k]z u/] 

cg'¿k eP, gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug] { . 

� ;~rflnt of]hgf÷sfo{qmdsf] cg'udgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . 

� j8f gful/s d~r;Fu ;dGjo u/L :yfgLo lgsfox¿df gful/sx¿sf] 

cfjfh ;'g'jfO x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . 

� ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf sfo{qmd tyf 

cfof]hgfx¿df n};;f; ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿ /fVg clwjfrg (Advocacy) 

ug] { . 

� sfo{qmdx¿df bf]xf]/f]kgf cfPdf jf hg;/f]sf/ aflemPdf ljleGg 

lgsfox¿aLr dWo:ytf u/fpg] . 

� clt cfjZos If]q / dflg;x¿sf nflu ljifout lgsfox¿af6 ;]jfsf] 

k|fjwfg ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug] { . 

� ;~rfngdf /x]sf ljsf; ultljlw Pjd\ kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿sf] 

uflj; txsf] ljj/0f tof/ ug{ uflj;nfO{ ;xof]u ug] { . 

� cfly{s ¿kn] ul/a / ;fdflhs ¿kn] lje]b ul/Psf dflg;x¿sf] klxrfg 

ug{ ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0f, ‘Proxy means-testing’ 

h:tf ljlwx¿sf] cjnDagdf ;'lglZrttf Nofpg] . 

� uflj;sf] sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 th'{dfsf 

;fy} If]qut ;]jfx¿sf] Joj:yfsf 

nflu pko'Qm tYofÍ Pjd\ ;"rgfx¿ h'6fpg j8f gful/s d~rx¿;Fu 

;dGjo ug] { . 

� ;fd'bflos ;xhstf{ / ;fdflhs÷gful/s kl/rfnssf] sfo{;Dkfbg 

;dLIff ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ug] { . 

c;f/ @)^^ 24

PsLs[t 

of]hgf 

th'{df 

;ldlt 

;'kl/j]If0f 

tyf 

cg'udg 

;ldlt 


� ;dfj]zL of]hgf th'{df 

k|lqmof / k|fyldstfqmd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 

of]hgfx¿ ufpF kl/ifb\df k|:t't ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug] { . 

� n};;f;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] dfGotf /fvL of]hgfx¿sf] 

th'{df 

ug] { . 

� ;xeflutfd"ns tj/af6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf of]hgfx¿nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f 

u/L ;"rLs[t ug] { . 

� k|fKt x'g cfPsf of]hgfx¿nfO{ If]qut ?kdf 5'§ofO{ ;d"xLs[t ug] { . 

� ufpF ljsf; ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df k|fKt 

of]hgfx¿nfO{ ah]6 ;Ldf leq /xL k|fyldsLs/0f u/L ufpF ljsf; 

;ldltdf l;kmfl/; ug] { . 

� cg'ejaf6 cflh{t 1fgsf] k|a4{g ug] { . 

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod ^( sf] pklgod -@_, - 

#_, -$_ cg';f/ x'g]5 . 


sfof{Gjogdf ;dGjo ug'{sf 

;fy} cg'udg ug] { . 

jgfd, ufgfd tyf Pof];sf a}7sx¿ rf}dfl;s ¿kdf a:g]5g\ / a}7ssf lg0f{ox¿ 

clen]vdf /fvL uflj;df k]z ul/g]5g\ . 

cg'udgdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf 

� :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ adf]lhd cfof]hgfsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg 

;ldlt dfkm{t ufpF ljsf; of]hgfsf] cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f ul/g]5 . ;fy} o; ;ldltdf 

gful/s ;dfhsf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;j{kIfLo k|ltlglwTj /xg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . 

� pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfkm{t\ ;~rfng x'g] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf cfof]hgfx¿sf nflu pkef]Qmf 

;ldltsf] Ifdtf ljsf; Pjd\ Joj:yfkg sfo{sf nflu s"n nfutsf] a9Ldf # k|ltzt 

/sd 5'6\ofpg ;lsg] k|fjwfg uflj; cg'bfg ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^% df /x]sf] 5 . 

To; afx]s @ k|ltzt /sd cg'udg ;ldltsf] Joj:yfksLo vr{sf nflu ;DalGwt 

cfof]hgfaf6 5'6\ofpg ;lsg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . 

� uflj;sf] vr{ / sfo{ k|ultsf] cg'udg sfo{df ufpF gful/s d~rsf ;b:ox¿sf] 

k|ltlglwTj u/fO{ ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, …l;l6hg :sf]/ sf8{Ú / 

cg'udgsf cGo ljlwx¿ k|of]udf NofOg]5g\ . uflj; txdf ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfosf dlxnf tyf 

k'?ifx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf jif{sf] b'O{ k6s ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO x'g] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . 

� j8f gful/s d~raf6 ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs kl/rfnsx¿sf] 

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug] { Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 25

-v_ gu/kflnsf tx 

6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf 


k|To]s j8fdf 6f]n–6f]nsf ;a} 3/–kl/jf/x¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L 6f]n txsf] ;fd'bflos ;+:yf 

u7g ul/g]5 . 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf ljBdfg ePsf] 6f]ndf ;f]nfO{ g} ;'b[9 ub} { nlug]5 / 

gePsf] 6f]ndf gofF u7g ul/g]5 . 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{If]q uflj; cGtu{t j8f 

gful/s d~rx¿sf] h:t} x'g]5 . 


gu/kf 

lnsf 

gu/kf 

lnsf 

;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ;ldlt :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ 








PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

;ldlt 

-Pof];_ 

• dlxnf tyf cGo jl~rt ;d"xsf 

dflg;x¿n] Pof];df cfˆgf k|ltlglwx¿ 

cfkm} 5fGg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . 

• gu/kflnsfsf ;a} dlxnf ;ª\u7gx¿sf] 

tkm{af6 5gf}6 u/L Pof];df k|ltlglwTj ug] { 

k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . 

• u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf, blnt 

tyf cflbjf;L hghflt ;ª\u7gx¿n] 

Pof];df cfˆgf] k|ltlglw k7fpgsf nflu 

klg 5gf}6 ljlw to ul/g]5 . 

• jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf] cg'ej u/]sf d'l:nd 

tyf dw]zLnufotsf cGo ;d'bfosf 

dflg; gu/kflnsfdf a;f]jf; ul//x]sf 

5g\ eg] Pof];df To:tf ;d'bfosf] klg 

k|ltlglwTj x'g] tyf To;/L k|ltlglw 

k7fFpbf ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿sf] 

e]nfaf6 5gf}6 ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug] { 

Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . 

gu/ gful/s d~r -ggfd_ • gu/ gful/s d~rdf k|To]s j8f gful/s 

d~rsf ;fy} gu/kflnsf:t/df ;Ël7t 

c;f/ @)^^ 26



gu/kf 

lnsf 

;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ;ldlt :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ 












• gu/ gful/s d~rdf sDtLdf ## k|ltzt 


• gu/ gful/s d~rsf] cWoIftf 

gu/kflnsfsf cWoIf jf cWoIfsf] sfd 

ug{ tf]lsPsf] JolQmn] ug] {5 . 

j8f j8f gful/s d~r -jgfd_ • j8f gful/s d~rdf j8fleqsf ;a} 

jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ljleGg ;d"x, 





• j8f gful/s d~rdf sDtLdf ## k|ltzt 


• j8f gful/s d~rsf] cWoIftf j8f cWoIf 

jf j8f cWoIfsf] sfd ug{ tf]lsPsf] 


• s'g} ;d"xdf gk/L 5'6 ePsf dflg;x¿sf 

nflu Ps 5'§} ;d"x v8f u/L j8f gful/s 

d~rdf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] Joj:yf 

ldnfOg]5 . 

j8f gful/s d~r, gu/ gful/s d~r / PsLs[t of]hgf th' 

{df ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q lgDgfg';f/ 

x'g]5 M 

c;f/ @)^^ 27

PsfO sfo{If]q 

j8f 

gful/s 

d~r 


� sfo{qmdx¿sf] th'{df 

tyf k|fyldstfdf ul/a / jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf 

JolQmx¿ nufot ;a} dlxnf Pjd\ k'?ifsf] cfjfhsf] ;'lglZrttf u/fpg] . 

� gu/ gful/s d~r tyf ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ;ldltnfO{ cg'udgsf 

nflu cfˆgf] gu/df dlxnf Pjd\ jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf JolQmx¿sf] l:ylt 

–h:t}– n}lËstfdf cfwfl/t lx+;f / lje]bo'Qm k|rngx¿_ af/] ;"rgf k|bfg 

ug] { . 

� sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog cg'udg ug] { / j8fdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf 

ljleGg cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;dGjodf ;xhsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug] { . 

� n};;f; ;+j]bgzLn dfkb08 Pjd\ k|lqmofdf cfwfl/t pko'Qm 

k|fyldsLs/0fsf] ljlwnfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg] . 

� gu/ gful/s d~rsf nflu k|ltlglwx¿ k7fpg] . 

c;f/ @)^^ 28

gu/ 

gful/s 

d~r 


� j8faf6 5gf}6 ePsf of]hgfx¿ dfly d~rsf ;b:o tyf gful/s;Fu 

v'Nnf 5nkmn ug] { . 

� ;xeflutfTds of]hgf th'{df 

k|lqmofaf6 cfPsf] k|fyldstf ;lxtsf] 

of]hgf k|:tfj PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

;ldltdf k]z ug] { . 

� gu/ kl/ifb\df k|:tfljt of]hgf÷sfo{qmdx¿ PsLs[t ;ldltn] k]z u/] 

cg'¿k eP, gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug] { . 

� ;~rflnt of]hgf÷sfo{qmdsf] cg'udgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . 



� ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf sfo{qmd tyf 

cfof]hgfx¿df n};;f; ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿ /fVg clwjfrg (Advocacy) 

ug] { . 

� sfo{qmdx¿df bf]xf]/f]kgf cfPdf jf hg;/f]sf/ aflemPdf ljleGg 

lgsfox¿aLr dWo:ytf u/fpg] . 

� clt cfjZos If]q / dflg;x¿sf nflu ljifout lgsfox¿af6 ;]jfsf] 

k|fjwfg ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug] { . 

� ;~rfngdf /x]sf ljsf; ultljlw Pjd\ kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿sf] 

gu/kflnsftxsf] ljj/0f tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug] { . 

� cfly{s ¿kn] ul/a / ;fdflhs ¿kn] lje]b ul/Psf dflg;x¿sf] klxrfg 

ug{ ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0f, ‘Proxy means-testing’ 

h:tf ljlwx¿sf] cjnDagdf ;'lglZrttf Nofpg] . 

� gu/kflnsfsf] sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 th'{dfsf 

;fy} If]qut ;]jfx¿sf] 

Joj:yfsf nflu pko'Qm tYofÍ Pjd\ ;"rgfx¿ h'6fpg j8f gful/s 

d~rx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug] { . 

� ;fd'bflos ;xhstf{ / ;fdflhs÷gful/s kl/rfnssf] sfo{;Dkfbg 

;dLIff ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ug] { . 

c;f/ @)^^ 29

PsLs[t 

of]hgf 

th'{df 

;ldlt 

;'kl/j]If0f 


cg'udg 

;ldlt 


gu/kflnsf :t/df klg PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

;ldlt u7g ug] { Joj:yf 

ldnfOg]5 . o; ;ldltdf j8f gful/s d~r / ljleGg ;~hfnaf6 k7fOPsf 

;b:ox¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]5 . o;sf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g\ M 

• gu/kflnsfsf ul/a, dlxnf Pjd\ jl~rt ;d"xsf] ;/f]sf/sf sfo{sf nflu 

ah]6 5'6\ofpg k|:tfj ug] { . 

• Hofb} lk5l8Psf] 6f]n tyf dflg;x¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ 

of]hgf / ah]6 th'{df 

ug{ ;xof]u ug] { . 

• n};;f;sf] kIfaf6 of]hgfx? ;dfj]z eP gePsf] osLg ug] { . 



� ;dfj]zL of]hgf th'{df 

k|lqmof / k|fyldstfqmd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 

of]hgfx¿ gu/ kl/ifb\df k|:t't ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug] { . 


th'{df 

ug] { . 

� ;xeflutfd"ns tj/af6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf of]hgfx¿nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f 

u/L ;"rLs[t ug] { . 

� k|fKt x'g cfPsf of]hgfx¿nfO{ If]qut ?kdf 5'§ofO{ ;d"xLs[t ug] { . 

� gu/kflnsfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df k|fKt of]hgfx¿nfO{ 

ah]6 ;Ldf leq /xL k|fyldsLs/0f u/L gu/kflnsfdf l;kmfl/; ug] { . 

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ adf]lhd u7g ul/g] o; ;ldltdf 

dlxnf, al~rt ;d'x, kqsf/ / /fhgLlts bnsf kbflwsf/L nufPtsf k|d'v 

;/f]sf/jfnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . o; ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q 

lgod !#( sf] pklgod -@_, -#_ / -$_ adf]lhd x'g]5 . 


sfof{Gjogdf ;dGjo ug'{sf 

;fy} cg'udg ug] { . 

jgfd, ggfd tyf Pof];sf a}7sx¿ rf}dfl;s ¿kdf a:g]5g\ / a}7ssf lg0f{ox¿ clen]vdf 

/fvL gu/kflnsfdf k]z ul/g]5g\ . 

-u_ lhlj; tx 

n};;f; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt 

c;f/ @)^^ 30


lhlj;sf] ;fdflhs ;ldlt cGtu{t /xg] u/L n};;f; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 . o; 

;ldltsf] cWoIfdf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L / pkfWoIfdf dlxnf ljsf; clws[t /xg] Joj:yf 

ul/g]5 . o; ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno lhlj;sf] ;fdflhs ljsf; PsfO x'g] / ;b:o–;lrjdf 

;fdflhs ljsf; clws[t /xg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . o; ;ldltsf] u7gdf lgDgfg';f/sf 

k|ltlglwx¿ x'g]5g\ M 

• lhNnf :t/Lo blnt tyf cflbjf;L hghflt ;dGjo ;ldltx¿ k|To]saf6 Ps–Ps hgf / 

n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;dGjo ;ldltaf6 Ps hgf . 

• d'l:nd, dw]zL tyf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿ h:tf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf cGo 

;d"xx¿af6 Ps–Ps hgf . 

• lhNnfdf btf{ ePsf / dlxnf tyf ;dfj]zL÷;zQmLs/0fdf sfo{ ul//x]sf u}/;/sf/L 

;+:yfx¿ dWo]af6 Ps hgf . 

• afn Snax¿dWo]af6 Ps hgf . 

• ;fdflhs kl/rfng x]g] 

{ lhlj;sf] PsfO÷zfvfsf] Ps hgf . 

• lhlj;sf] of]hgf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg zfvfsf] Ps hgf / 

• ljleGg sfof{nosf n}lËs ;Dks{ JolQmx¿ . 

c;f/ @)^^ 31

n};;f; sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M 

PsfO sfo{If]q 

n};;f; 

sfof{Gjog 

;ldlt 


� cfjlws tyf jflif{s of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6df n};;f;sf 

ljifox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;xof]u ug] { . 

� lhNnfdf k|f/De ePsf ljsf; k|of;x¿ / dlxnf tyf jl~rtLdf k/]sf 

;d"xx¿sf] tYofª\s pknAw u/fpg] . 

� of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 th'{df 

Pjd\ cg'udg sfo{sf nflu v08Ls[t 

9fFrf tof/ ug] { . 

� n};;f;sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf nflu pkof]uL ljlw Pjd\ k|lqmofx¿sf] 

klxrfg ug{ ljsf; ;f´]bf/x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug] { . 

� lhNnf ;"rgf s]Gb|;Fu ;dGjo u/L tYofª\s ;ª\sng Pjd\ ljZn]if0f ug] { . 

� :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgoldt ¿kdf n} +lËs ah]6 k/LIf0f ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug] { 

. 

� lhNnfsf] jflif{s of]hgf, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog, ah]6 afF8kmfF6 tyf vr{sf] 

n]vfhf]vf n};;f;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x'g] u/L sfo{qmd tyf ah]6sf] ;dLIff 

ug] { . 

� n};;f;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 lhlj;sf] of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog 

Pjd\ cg'udgsf nflu lgoldt ¿kdf k|fljlws ;'emfj lbg] . 

� blnt, hghflt tyf dlxnfx¿ h:tf jl~rt ;d"xsf] ;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{ 

;Daf]wg ug] { lhNnf txsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ aLr ;xsfo{ u/fpg] k|of; 

ug] { . 

� blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:ndsf ;ldltx¿ / n}lËs 

d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;dGjo ;ldltaLr ;dGjo ug{ ;xof]u ug] { . 

blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:nd / n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;dGjo ;ldltn] ljleGg 

36gf / ;jfnx¿sf cfwf/df clwjfrg ug] {5g\ / va/bf/Lsf] e"ldsfnfO{ lg/Gt/ 

a9fpg]5g\ . lhNnf l:yt sfof{nox¿af6 nlIot ;d"xx¿sf nflu ;~rfng ug] { sfo{qmd 

tyf ah]6sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu oL ;ldltn] ;dGjosf ;fy} k|ultsf] cg'udg ug] {5g\ . 

of]hgf th'{df 

ug] { p2]Zosf nflu uflj; jf gu/kflnsfx¿sf blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt tyf 

dlxnfx¿sf] oyfy{ l:ylt klxrfg ug{ oL ;dGjo ;ldltx¿n] ;fd'bflos ;ª\u7gx¿, 

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, dlxnf ;d"xx¿ / PsLs[t of]hgf ;ldltx¿;Fu ;Dks{ :yflkt ug] {5g\ . 

o:tf ;dGjo ;ldltx¿sf] a}7s ;DalGwt lgb] {lzsf jf u7g cfb]zdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd 

a:g]5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 32



gful/sx¿, ;d'bfox¿ tyf l;dfGtLs[tx¿sf] clwsf/ ;'b[9 ug{ pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 

ePsf] x'g]5 / :yfgLo ;/sf/ hjfkmb]xL ag]sf] x'g]5 . 

:yfgLo ;/sf/df ;+nUg ePsf dlxnf tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf dflg;x¿sf] Ifdtf 

clej[l4 ug] { sfo{x¿ ul/g]5g\ . 

s= jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf JolQmx¿sf ;fy} ;j{;fwf/0f gful/sx¿ tyf dlxnfx¿sf] 1fg 

clej[l4 ul/g]5 . 

/fhgLlts bnx¿, ;d'bfosf dlxnf–k'?ifx¿, o'jf tyf afnaflnsf;Fusf] lg/Gt/sf] 

cled'vLs/0f Pjd\ cGt/lqmofaf6 ;fj{hlgs j:t'x¿sf] kx'Frdf 

c;/ ug] { vf; u/L 

lje]bsf/L k|rngx¿ h:tf n};;f;sf ;jfnx¿df ;dembf/L ljsf; ul/g]5 . 

;fd'bflos /]l8of], ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, afn Snax¿, dlxnf ;d"xx¿ / 

o'jf Snax¿ h:tf ljleGg dfWodx¿af6 leGg–leGg ;fdflhs klxrfg ePsf dlxnf tyf 

k'?if ;d'bfox¿nfO{ :yfgLo lgsfox¿ -lhlj;, uflj; tyf gu/kflnsf_ df pknAw sf]if 

Pjd\ ;|f]tsf ;fy} ltgsf] :jLs[t sfo{qmd / ah]6sf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L u/fOg]5 . 

;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] dfWodaf6 lgDg sfo{x¿ ul/g]5g\ M 

• :yfgLo lgsfosf] of]hgf th'{df 

k|lqmof, ;do ;Ldf, dlxnf tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf 

k/]sfx¿sf nflu ljBdfg k|fjwfgx¿ / :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] lhDd]jf/Lsf ;DaGwdf 

;d'bfonfO{ ;'–;"lrt u/fpg r]tgfd"ns tyf cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmdx¿ ;3g Pjd\ 

lg/Gt/ ;~rfng ug] { . 

• k|lzIf0f ljlw, ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx¿, efiff Pjd\ ;do tflnsf dlxnf tyf 

jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf dflg;x¿sf nflu pko'Qm x'g] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ug] { . 

• klxnf cjnDag ul/Psf ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf k|of;x¿df ;dfj]z gePsf ljkGg Pjd\ 

jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf dflg;x¿sf] klxrfg u/L pgLx¿sf] 5'§} ;d"x v8f ug{ jf cGo 

;d"xx¿;Fu ;+nUg u/fpg nufpg] . 

• gofF u7g ePsf / ljBdfg ;d"xx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ;xof]u lbg] M 

– dxTjk"0f{ ;/sf/L sfo{ k|0ffnL ;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Ldf pgLx¿sf] 

kx'Fr 

a9fpg] . 

– uflj; jf gu/kflnsfx¿df :yfkgf ePsf j8f gful/s d~rx¿df 

k|ltlglw k7fpg pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug] { . 

– cfˆgf cfGtl/s k|fyldstfx¿sf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn / lg0f{o ug{ Pjd\ 

cGo ;d"xx¿;Fu tL k|fyldstfx¿ af/] ;Demf}tf ug{ ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] 

1fg a9fpg] . 

– ;d"x leq kf/bzL{ Pjd\ ;dfj]zL zf;gsf nflu dfGo ljlw / k|lqmofx¿ 

cjnDag ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug] { . 

c;f/ @)^^ 33


;fd"lxs k|ltlglwTj gePsf / vf; u/L jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d'bfox¿;Fu ;3g ¿kn] 

sfo{ ug] { Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . o; sfo{af6 zf;g k|lqmofsf af/]df / ;fy} :yfgLo 

lgsfox¿n] ef}lts k"jf{wf/, If]qut ;]jfx¿, ;fj{hlgs j:t'sf] kx'Frdf 

cj?4 ug] { lje]bsf/L 

k|rng cflb / pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf Pjd\ cfsf+Iffsf af/]df ;dembf/L a9\g]5 . 

v= sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 th'{df 

/ cg'udgdf dlxnf tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d'xx¿sf] 

cfjfhsf] ;'lglZrtfsf nflu ;lqmo gful/ssf ¿kdf pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . 

dlxnf tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; /0fgLlt Pjd\ sfo{of]hgf tof/ 

u/L nfu" ul/g]5 . 

;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] dfWodaf6 dlxnf tyf k'?ifx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf 

Joj:yf ldnfOg]5g\ M 

• :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] pknAw ;|f]t / hgtfsf] k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df cfˆgf ;d"xx¿sf] 

cfjZostf tyf dfu ;Íng ug{ j8f txsf gful/s d~rx¿sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;lqmo 

u/fpg] . 

• ljleGg ;dfj]zL ljlwx¿ k|of]udf NofO{ :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] clwstd pkof]u ug{ a:tL tyf 

j8fsf cfjZostfx¿sf] klxrfg / k|fyldsLs/0f ug] { . 

• dlxnf, blnt, hghflt tyf cGo jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xx¿sf nflu nlIot ljz]if 

sfo{qmdx¿df !% k|ltzt ah]6 5'6\ofpg] ;DaGwdf ;dembf/L a9fpg ;xof]u ug'{sf 

;fy} afFsL *% k|ltzt ah]6af6 klg pQm ;d"xx¿sf] cfjZostf Pjd\ rfxgfnfO{ kof{Kt 

dfqfdf Vofn u/L sfo{qmd agfpg' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf ;d'bfosf ;a} gful/sx¿df 

ljsf; ug] { . 

• cfjZostfx¿sf] k|fyldsLs/0f tyf of]hgf th'{df 

k|lqmofnfO{ ;+jf]wgfTds agfpg 

lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{k|0ffnL tyf k|lqmofx¿ lgwf{/0f ug] { M 

;d"xx¿sf k|fyldstfx¿sf] klxrfg 

– pknAw ;|f]t tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf gLltut k|fjwfgx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L 

u/fpg] . 

– dlxnf tyf cGo jl~rtLdf k/]sf ;d"xx¿sf] cfly{s–;fdflhs cj:yfdf 

;'wf/ Nofpg] sfo{qmdx¿ klxrfg u/L k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug{ j:tL÷;d"x 

:t/df x'g] 5nkmndf ;xhLs/0f ug] { . 

– cf–cfˆgf] j8fsf] 5'§f5'§} sfo{qmdx¿sf] t]l/h tof/ ug{ ;fdflhs ;d"xsf 

dlxnf tyf k'?ifx¿nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug] { . 

– a:tLsf blnt, hghflt / jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf cGo ;d"xsf hgtfnfO{ 

cfˆgf] k|fyldstf klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u ug] { . 

– dlxnf, k'?if, blnt, hghflt tyf cGo jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xsf] 

cfk;L 5nkmnaf6 ;femf ;jfnx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ / ;"rL tof/ ug{ 

;xof]u ug] { . 

– dlxnf tyf k'?ifx¿nfO{ 5'§f5'§} k|yd ltgj6f sfo{qmdx¿ klxrfg ug{ 

nufpg] . 

c;f/ @)^^ 34


j8f gful/s d~r :t/sf k|fyldstfx¿sf] klxrfg 

– cGt/lqmof Pjd\ k|fyldstf lgwf{/0fsf nflu uflj; txdf j8f gful/s 

d~rnfO{ / gu/kflnsf txdf 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfnfO{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 

k|fyldstfx¿ k]z ug{ k|To]s ;d"xsf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug] { . 

– j8f txsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|fyldstf to ug{sf nflu cÍ tyf qmd 

lgwf{/0f ljlw k|of]u ug] { . 

– cfˆgf k|fyldstfx¿sf] klxrfg Pjd\ k|j4{g ug{ dlxnf tyf cGo 

jl~rtLdf k/]sf ;d"xx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] of]hgf Joj:yfkg ug] { ;LknfO{ 

;jn kfg] { t/ ;d"xsf] ;Í'lrt :jfy{af6 p7L j8f / uflj;sf] ;dli6ut 

ljsf;tkm{ sfo{ ug{ clek| ]l/t ug] { . 

– ;d"xx¿sf] a}7sdf ;xefuL x'g g;Sg] jf ;do h'6fpg g;Sg]x¿;Fu 

cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd /fVg] . 

of]hgf th'{df 

k|lqmof / cg'udgdf k|efj 

– n};;f;sf af/]df PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

;ldltsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ 

cled'vLs/0f tflnd lbg] . 

– n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljifox¿nfO{ vf; u/L of]hgf 

th'{dfsf] 

r/0fdf ;dGjo ug{ PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ 

nufot dlxnf tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf dflg;x¿sf k|ltlglwx¿ /x]sf] 

Ps sfo{bn u7g ug] { . 

– ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f, …l;6Lhg :sf]/ sf8{Ú, :yfgLo 

lgsfox¿nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg vr{sf] n]vfhf]vf h:tf ;fdflhs 

pQ/bfoL k|lqmofx¿ cjnDag ug{ j8f gful/s d~r tyf cg'udg 

6f]nLx¿sf] 1fg / ;Lkdf clej[l4 ug] { . 

u= ;~hfn, dxf;ª\3 tyf k|ltlglwTjd"ns ;ª\u7gx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . 

• ljleGg ;~hfnx¿, ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿, cWoIf–Joj:yfks e]nfx¿ Pjd\ dxf;ª\3x¿ / 

;d"xx¿sf] Ifdt ljsf;df hf]8 lbO{G5 . o;af6 oL ;d"xx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿n] PsLs[t 

of]hgf th'{df 

;ldltdf, uflj;, gu/kflnsf tyf lhlj; kl/ifb\x¿df k|fyldstf ;lxtsf] 

k|:tfj k|:t't u/L ;xdltdf Nofpg ;Sg]5g\ . 

• uflj; txsf PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

;ldltdf / :yfgLo lgsfosf cGo d~rx¿df 

;d'bfo leqaf6} cfˆgf k|ltlglwx¿sf] rog u/L k7fpgsf nflu ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿n] 

k|ltlglw rog k|0ffnL ljsf; ug] { Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . 

• k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx¿n] uflj;, gu/kflnsf jf lhlj;sf kl/ifb\x¿df 5nkmn x'g] 

sfo{qmdx¿ ;d'bfo÷j8f txdf 5gf}6 eP/ cfP, gcfPsf] ;'lglZrt u/fpg] kl/kf6L 

a;flng]5 . 

• ljifout If]qsf ;]jfdf ;dGjo ug{sf nflu k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx¿;Fu pgLx¿sf vf; 

;d"xx¿sf] ;fdflhs cfly{s l:ylt ;DaGwL tYofÍ pknAw x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . 

• cfof]hgfx¿ 5gf}6 ug{sf nflu cfwf/ dfkb08x¿ klxrfg ug{ pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 

ul/g]5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 35



k|ltkmn txsf] p2]Zo M :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿sf] ;|f]tx¿ tyf cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿sf] k|jfx ;dfj]zL 

tyf ;dtfd"ns ¿kdf Joj:yf ug] { Ifdtf clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 . 


:yfgLo ;/sf/x¿sf] Gofof]lrt Pjd\ pko'Qm ¿kdf ljQLo ;|f]tx¿df kx'“r 

j[l4 x'g]5 . 

uflj; cg'bfg ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^% sf] ljBdfg Joj:yf cg'¿k nlIot sfo{qmdx¿sf 

nflu 5'6\ofOg] !% k|ltzt k" FhLut ah]6 !) ;d"xx¿ -dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, 

ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿, dw]zL, d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf hflt ;d"xx¿, Ho]i7 gful/s, 

afnaflnsf / o'jfx¿_ sf nflu tf]lsPsf] 5 . dlxnf Pjd\ jl~rt ;d"xsf nflu clxn]sf] !% 

k|ltztsf] uflj; ljsf; cg'bfgsf] /fzL @% k|ltzt;Dd j[l4 ul/g]5 . ;f]sf] ] afF8kmfF8 

Joj:yf lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M 

• 5'6\ofOPsf] @% k|ltzt dWo] !) k|ltzt dlxnfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt lglZrt sfo{qmdx¿sf 

nflu / afFsL !% k|ltzt jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xx¿sf nflu (uflj;df ePsf jl~rt 

;d"xnfO{ cfwf/ u/]/) 5'6\ofOg]5 . 

• ufpF jf gu/ kl/ifb\df of]hgfsf] k|:tfj k]z ug'{ 

cufl8 of]hgfsf] ;Defljt nfut, 

nlIot ;d"x / sfof{Gjog k|lqmof cWoog u/L ;f]sf] ljj/0f ;d]t k]z ug'{kg] 

{ k|fjwfg 

/flvg]5 . 

• bfdf;fxLsf cfwf/df j8f–j8fnfO{ ah]6 ljt/0f gu/L ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf / 

k|fyldstf cg';f/ cg'bfg ljlgof]hg ul/g]5 . 

• a:tL x'Fb} 

j8faf6 dfu eO{ cfPsf of]hgf÷sfo{qmdsf] k|:tfjnfO{ dfq n]vfhf]vf u/L ufpF 

tyf gu/ kl/ifb\af6 kfl/t ug] { kl/kf6L a;flng]5 . 

Go"gtd zt{x¿ kfngf ug{ lhlj;nfO{ kl//x]sf] sl7gfOnfO{ larf/ u/]/ n};;f; ;DaGwL 

Go"gtd zt{x¿ dWo] Pp6f dfq clgjfo{ u/L 5nkmn tyf b:tfj]hsf] n]vfhf]vfsf cfwf/df 

qmdzM yk Go"gtd zt{x¿ cjnDag ug] { Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . :yfgLo lgsfon] k'FhLut 

cg'bfgsf nflu kfngf ug'{kg] 

{ Go"gtd zt{x¿ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgdf lgDglnlvt a'Fbf 

yk 

ul/g]5 M 

-!_ lhlj;sf] Go"gtd zt{sf ;"rsx¿ 

of]hgf tyf ah]6 th'{df 

� k'FhLut 

ah]6af6 sDtLdf @% k|ltzt dlxnf tyf cGo 

jl~rt ;d"xsf of]hgf÷sfo{qmdsf nflu 5'6\ofpg] tyf 

To;/L 5'6\ofOPsf] @% k|ltztdWo] !) k|ltzt dlxnf;Fu 

;DalGwt lglZrt sfo{qmdsf nflu / afFsL !% k|ltzt 

jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xx¿sf nflu pkof]u x'g] Joj:yf 

ldnfpg cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 36


-@_ sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg -lhlj;sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf If]q, ;"rs / k'i6\ofO“sf cfwf/x¿_ 

sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgsf ;"rsx¿nfO{ n};;f; ;+j]bgzLn agfOg]5 . To;sf nflu klxnf] jif{df 

b]xfosf Joj:yf k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf nfu" u/L ;f]sf] l;sfOsf cfwf/df cfufdL jif{x¿df 

;dfof]hg ul/g]5 M 

-s_ of]hgf th'{df 


sfo{qmd 

Joj:yfkg Ifdtf 

lhlj;n] uflj;÷gu/kflnsfnfO{ n}lËs tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf 

;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ah]6 ;Ldf, /0fgLlt;Fu} ul/aL 

Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL] gLlt k7fpg' kb{5 . 

� sfo{qmd 5gf}6sf cfwf/ ;dfj]zL -dlxnf tyf jl~rt 

;d"xsf JolQmx¿nfO{ k|ToIf kmfObf lbg]_ / ul/ad'vL x'g' 

kb{5 . 

� ljifout ;ldltx¿df dlxnf, blnt, hghflt tyf cGo 

jl~rt ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g' kb{5 . 

� lhlj;n] nlIot sfo{qmd th'{df 

ug'{kb{5 

/ lhNnfsf] jflif{s 

of]hgfdf n};;f; ;+j]bgzLn p2]Zox¿, ultljlwx¿ tyf 

ah]6 Joj:yf ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . 

� lhlj;sf] of]hgf th'{df 

k|lqmof afn d}qLk"0f{ x'g' kb{5 . 

� pk–;ldltx¿df dlxnf -;a} ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿_ blnt, 

hghflt tyf cGo jl~rt ;d"xx¿ Pjd\ gful/s ;dfhsf] 

k|ltlglwTj x'g' kb{5 / pk;ldltx¿sf] sfo{ljj/0fdf n}lËs 

tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;jfnx¿nfO{ cg'udg ug] { 

lhDd]jf/L k|i6;Fu pNn]v ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . 

� jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bgn] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf 

pknlAwx¿ tyf sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ pNn]v ubf{ tYofÍ Pjd\ 

;"rgfx¿nfO{ n}lËs, hftLo, hghftLo, :yfgut Pjd\ 

ul/aLsf] cfwf/df v08Ls[t¿kdf k|:t't ug{ ] kl/kf6L qmdzM 

a;flng]5 . 

-v_ ah]6 Joj:yfkg � Go"gtd !% k|ltzt ah]6 dlxnf tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf 

dflg;x¿nfO{ nlIot u/L vr{ ul/g]5 . 

� lhlj;sf sfo{qmdx¿sf] n}lËs ah]6 k/LIf0f clgjfo{ 

u/fOg]5 / jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf cGo slDtdf tLg j6f 

;d"xx¿sf] ah]6 k/LIf0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fOg]5 . 

� ;+ej ePsf 7fpFx¿df n}lËs / ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ;Fu} ug] 

{ 

Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . 

� cfGtl/s /fh:j Go"g ePsf] / jl~rt ;d"xsf nflu 

sfo{qmdx¿ k|:tfj gul/Psf] cj:yfdf j}slNks pkfox¿ 

cjnDag ul/g]5g\ . 

c;f/ @)^^ 37

-u_ ;~rf/ tyf 

kf/blz{tf 

-3_ cg'udg tyf 

d"Nof°g 

-ª_ ;ª\u7gfTds 

9f“rf, ;]jf k|jfx 

tyf pko'Qm 

Joj:yfkg 


� dlxnf tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sfx¿n] j'‰g] u/L oL 

;d"xx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug] { ;+:yf Pjd\ ;~hfnx¿sf] 

dfWodaf6 sfo{qmd tyf ah]6sf] ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/L ;|f]tsf] 

pknAwtf cg';f/ leGg–leGg efiffx¿df u/fOg]5 . sfo{qmd 

ah]6, sfo{ k|lqmof, lgod pNn]v ul/Psf] ljj/0f ;/n 

efiffdf tof/ u/L ;a} gful/snfO{ pknAw u/fOg]5 . 

� lhNnf ;"rgf tyf clen]v s]Gb|df /x]sf] ;"rgf tyf 

clen]vnfO{ ljifout ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df v08Ls[t ¿kdf 

/flvg]5 . 

� ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ;ldltdf dlxnf tyf 

jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj lglZrt 

u/fOg]5 . 

� ;ldltsf] sfo{ljj/0fnfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f ;+j]bgzLn agfOg]5 . 

� dfl;s tyf jflfif{s k|ult ljj/0fdf dlxnf tyf jl~rt 

;d"xsf] v08Ls[t tYofÍ /flvg]5 . 

� k|efj d"NofÍgdf dlxnf Pj+ jl~rt ;d"xsf] ;zQmLs/0fsf] 

v08Ls[t tYofÍ ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . 

� pknlAwx¿sf] ;dLIff tyf ;jfn Pjd\ r'gf}ltx¿sf] klxrfg 

ubf{ n}lËs, hfthflt, ef}uf]lnstf, wfld{s b[li6sf]0faf6 klg 

ul/g]5 . ;dLIffaf6 cfPsf lgrf]8x¿sf af/]df lhNnf 

:t/Lo ;DalGwt ;+:yf Pjd\ ;~hfnx¿, uflj;x¿, 

gu/kflnsfx¿ tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿nfO{ hfgsf/L 

u/fOg]5 . 

� :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/Lx¿ gePsf] 

cj:yfdf klg ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ;ldltsf] u7g 

ul/g]5 . 

� n}lËs tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt k|d'v lhDd]jf/L / k"/f 

ug'{kg] 

{ sfo{x¿ klxrfg u/L ;f] s'/fnfO{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ 

ljj/0fdf ;dfj]z ug] { Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . 

� lhlj;sf] Ifdtf ljsf; of]hgfdf n};;f; ;DaGwL 

ljifox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . sfo{ljj/0fsf cfwf/df 

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ul/g]5 . ;fy} n}lËs 

tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ 

sd{rf/Ln] b]vfPsf] tbf¿stfnfO{ dfkg ug] { cfwf/ ;dfj]z 

ul/g]5g\ . 

� sfo{:yndf x'g] of}ghGo lx+;fsf ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ 

u'gf;f] ;dfwfg k4ltsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 38


r= n}l·s ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ k|ToIf¿kdf hf]8 lbg sfo{;Dkfbg 

dfkgsf] Ps yk If]q /flvg]5 . 

;|f]t / nfedf ;dfg � jl~rt ;d"x nufot ;a}sf afnaflnsfx¿df vf]k nfpg] 

kx'“r 

b/df ;'wf/, dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf] vfg]kfgL kx'Frdf 

;'wf/, jl~rt ;d"x nufot ;a} dlxnfx¿sf] k|hgg\ 

:jf:Yodf ;'wf/, u7g x'g] ;a} ;ldltx¿ tyf pk– 

;ldltx¿df ## k|ltzt dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj h:tf 

;"rsx¿ ;dfj]z ul/g]5g\ . 

-#_ gu/kflnsfsf] Go"gtd zt{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg 

gu/kflnsfsf] Go"gtd zt{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg tof/ ubf{ lgDg Joj:yf cjnDag 

ul/g]5g\ M 

s= Go"gtd zt{x¿ � ;ldltsf] u7g M ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ;ldlt ;dfj]zL 

x'g]5 . 

� sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ljj/0f M sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ljj/0fn] 

;dfj]zLs/0fsf] lhDd]jf/L ;d]6\g]5 . 

� ;ª\u7gfTds ljsf; of]hgf M ;ª\u7gfTds 9fFrfdf n};;f; 

zfvf tf]lsg] jf ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . 

� sd{rf/L egf{ M sd{rf/L egf{df dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L 

hghflt tyf ;fdflhs¿kn] jl~rt cGo ;d"xsf nflu 

;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . 

v= sfo{;Dkfb dfkg � ;xeflutfTds of]hgf th'{df 

k|0ffnL M of]hgf k|lqmofdf 

dlxnf tyf j~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf cGo ;d"xx¿sf] ;xeflutf 

;'lglZrt u/fOg]5 . 

� ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO M dlxnf tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf cGo 

;d"x¿ nufot ;a} ;/f]sf/ /fVg] JolStx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf 

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ul/g]5 . 

� cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg M cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg kmf/fd, 

;"rgf ;Íng k/LIff–;"rL tyf k|ltj]bgx¿df dlxnf 

-n}lËs lx+;f ;d]t_ tyf cGo jl~rt ;d"xnfO{ k|efj kfg] { 

ljifox¿sf] v08Ls[t tYofÍ tyf ljZn]if0f clgjfo{¿kdf 

;dfj]z ug] { Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 39



;a} txsf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;]jf k|jfx k|0ffnLdf pko'Qm Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . 

n};;f;sf nflu ;+:yfut tyf JolQmut b'a}y/L Ifdtf ljsf;sf If]q klxrfg ul/g]5 . 

-s_ n};;f; pQ/bfoL ;]jfsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf; 

;a} txx¿ 

• :yfgLo lgsfox¿, ljifout sfof{nox¿, ljleGg ;ldltx¿ tyf cGo ;/sf/L 

lgsfox¿sf ;a} sd{rf/L Pjd\ ;b:ox¿nfO{ n};;f;sf] d"ncjwf/0ffaf/] k|lzlIft 

u/fOg]5 . 

• :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf ;fy} ljifout sfof{nox¿nfO{ of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6sf] 

th'{dfdf 

/ cg'udg tyf k|ltj]bgdf n};;f;sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{sf nflu :yfgLo 

ljsf; clwsf/L, gu/ k|d'v, uflj; ;lrj, ;fdflhs ljsf; clws[t, lhlj;sf] of]hgf 

tyf cg'udg clws[t, n}lËs ;Dks{ JolQmx¿, ;]jf k|jfxdf ;+nUg ;DalGwt lgsfosf 

sd{rf/Lx¿, blnt ;dGjo ;ldlt Pjd\ cflbjf;L hghflt ;dGjo ;ldltx¿ tyf n}lËs 

d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;dGjo ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ h:tf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;Lk ljsf; ul/g]5 . 

• :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf k|d'v Pjd\ /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltgLlwx¿nfO{ Nf};;f;sf] 

d"ncjwf/0ff / o; ;DjGwLsf] cg'lzIf0f k|bfg ul/g]5 . 

• cGtlqm{ofx¿af6 ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Pjd\ sfo{z}nLdf ;'wf/ 

ul/g]5 . 

• sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf k|of;x¿ cufl8 a9fOg]5g\ M 

n};;f;af/] cjwf/0ffTds :ki6tf 

!= dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf] ljBdfg l:ylt, n}lËs ;DaGw, ;zQmLs/0f, ;fdflhs 

jl~rtLs/0f tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;dfj]zLs/0fsf cj/f]w cflb hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df 

;fdflhs k|lqmofsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; . 

n};;f; cfwfl/t ljZn]if0f Pjd\ sfo{ ug] { ;Lk 

@= gLlt ljZn]if0f, ;+:yfut ljZn]if0f, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6sf] ljZn]if0f h:tf 

n};;f;;DaGwL ;Lk / ljlwsf] pkof]udf clej[l4, n};;f; ;+j]bgzLn cg'udg 

Pjd\ k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] 9fFrf Pjd\ k|lqmofx¿sf] ljsf; / uflj; ah]6 vr{sf] 

cg'udg ;+oGq Pj+ ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf ;+oGq ;DaGwdf tflnd . 

;xeflutfTds u|fdL0f ljZn]if0f ljlwsf] k|of]u 

#= ;fdflhs ljZn]if0f, ljifos]lGb|t ;d"x 5nkmn, nlIot cGtjf{tf{, zlQm ljZn]if0f 

h:tf ;xeflutfTds ljZn]if0f ljlwx¿sf] pkof]uÙ 'REFLECT' sf l;4fGtx¿ Pj+ 

k|lqmofx¿ 

c;f/ @)^^ 40


sfo{cfr/0f kl/jt{g tyf ;Lk ljsf; 

$= sfo{z}nL M jl~rt ;d"xnfO{ lbOg] k|fyldstf sNof0fsf/L efjgfaf6 geO{ 

pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ xf] eGg] ljZjf;df clej[l4Ù dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf] 

k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf tyf pgLx¿sf] ;]jf kx'Frdf 

;'wf/ Nofpg] ;DefJo 

;sf/fTds sfo{x¿ cjnDag ug{ pTk| ]/0ff . 

%= cfr/0f M jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf dlxnf tyf ;j{;fwf/0fx¿ k|ltsf] k"jf{u|x Pjd\ 

oyfl:yltjfbL ;f]rsf] klxrfg / c;dfg JolQmut cfu|xdf lgoGq0f . 

^= cfk;L ;Lk / ;~rf/ M 5'jf5't tyf lje]bsf/L ;fdflhs ;jfnx¿df dlxnf tyf 

jl~rt ;d"x;Fu ug] { s'/fsfgLsf] z}nL / ;Lksf] ljsf; . 

&= ;xhLs/0f ;Lk M sdhf]/ ;j{;fwf/0f dflg;x¿sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfosf 

sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL Pjd\ 5nkmn ug{ ;xh jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf . 

;|f]t kl/rfng tyf ;dGjo 

*= n};;f;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ljleGg ;|f]tx¿af6 ;|f]t 

kl/rfng tyf ljleGg ;fe]mbf/x¿;Fu ;dGjog . 

-v_ ;dfj]zL of]hgfsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf; tyf dlxnf Pjd\ jl~rt ;d"xsf] ;]jf 

;'ljwfx¿df kx'“r 

;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] sfo{ uflj; cg'bfg ;~rfng sfo{ljlw adf]lhd ;]jf–k|bfos 

;+:yfx¿sf] dfWodaf6 u/fOg]5 . ;fdflhs kl/rfng lgb] {lzsfn] ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] 

k|lqmof / ;+oGq klxrfg ug] {5g\ . ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] cg'udg gful/sx¿af6 u/fpg'kg] { 

k|fjwfg /flvg]5 . 

;]jfx¿df kx'Fr 

a9fpg] tyf :yfgLo zf;g ;~rfngdf k|efj kfg] { p2]Zon] ;d"xx¿nfO{ 

;ª\ul7t ug{ Pjd\ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ k|To]s uflj;÷gu/kflnsfdf slDtdf Ps ;fdflhs 

kl/rfns /xg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . To;sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] Joj:yf ;fdflhs kl/rfng 

lgb] {lzsfdf ul/g]5g\ M 

• ;a} cfof]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf lgsfox¿n] cfˆgf sfo{qmd÷ultljlw ;DaGwL ljj/0f -vf; 

u/L nlIot ;d"x, ljifo If]q tyf j8f, uflj;÷gu/kflnsf ;DaGwL_ :yfgLo lgsfodf 

clgjfo{ ¿kdf k7fpg] 5g\ . 

• uflj;÷gu/kflnsf÷lhlj;n] ljkGgtf gS;fÍgsf ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df cfˆgf sfo{qmdx¿ 

;~rfng ug{ ;DalGwt cfof]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf lgsfox¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug] {5g\ . ;d"x 

u7g tyf Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ;fdflhs kl/rfng;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ 

Jojl:yt¿kdf cl3 a9fpg k|of; ul/g]5 . jrt tyf C0f kl/rfng;DaGwL sfo{x¿ 

;xsfl/tfsf] dfWodaf6 k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿ tyf j:tL txsf 

;d"xx¿n] k|fljlws If]qsf ljifox¿ tyf ;]jfx¿nfO{ hf]8 lbg]5g\ . 

• lhNnf÷ufpF kl/ifb\df ;xeflutfsf nflu jl~rt ;d"x nufot ;d'bfox¿sf] k|ltlglwTj 

ug] { ;d"xx¿nfO{ lhlj;, uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfx¿af6 cf}krfl/s cfdGq0f k7fOg]5 . 

5nkmnx¿df cfˆgf] k|:tfj tyf ah]6;lxt ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . ;fy} lhlj;, 

c;f/ @)^^ 41


uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfx¿n] of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ jl~rt ;d"x / cGo ;~hfn Pjd\ 

;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{ cf}krfl/s cfdGq0f k7fpg]5g\ . 

• uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfx¿n] ;a} ljifo If]q / ;d:ofx¿ ;d]6L PsLs[t cfjlws of]hgf 

th'{df 

ug] {5g\ . cfjlws of]hgfsf] cfwf/df PsLs[t jflif{s of]hgf th'{df 

ul/g]5 . oL 

of]hgfx¿ j8f gful/s d~rx¿dfk{mt j:tL txaf6 k|fKt ljj/0fx¿df cfwfl/t x'g]5g\ . 

rfn" jif{sf] of]hgf ut jif{sf] of]hgf ;dLIff tyf j:tL txsf] ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t x'g]5 . 

• k|fyldstf lgwf{/0fsf ljleGg ljlwx¿sf] pkof]usf nflu lhlj; tyf lhNnf l:yt 

sfof{nox¿sf] ;Lk clej[l4 ul/g]5 . uflj;, gu/kflnsf tyf Onfsf txdf x'g] of]hgf 

th'{df 

sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ldf pknAw ah]6sf] cfwf/df dfq cfof]hgfx¿ 5gf}6 ul/g]5g\ . oL 

cfof]hgfx¿dWo] Go"gtd Ps cfof]hgf ul/a tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf nflu / Ps 

dlxnfx¿sf nflu rog ul/g]5g\ . oL cfof]hgfx¿ uflj;, gu/kflnsf tyf Onfsf 

txsf] k|fyldstf tyf ah]6 ;Ldfdf cfwfl/t x'g]5g\ . 

• lhlj;, uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfx¿n] cfˆgf] If]qleqsf ljsf; sfo{x¿sf] cg'udg ug] {5g\ 

. uflj;, gu/kflnsf tyf lhlj; txdf sfof{Gjog ul/g] cfof]hgfx¿sf ;DaGwdf 

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ tyf cGo lgsfox¿n] :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ 

hfgsf/L lbg'sf ;fy} ;dGjo ug] {5g\ . oL lgsfox¿n] lhNnfleq cf–cfˆgf ljsf; 

lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug'{ 

k"j{ lhlj;af6 :jLs[lt lng]5g\ . 

uflj; tyf gu/kflnsf tx 

• uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfx¿n] ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0f / ‘Proxy means-testing’ b'j} ljlwsf] 

pkof]u u/L ;j{;fwf/0fsf] v08Ls[t tYofÍ ;Íngsf nflu j:tL txsf ;d"xx¿nfO{ 

kl/rfng ug] {5g\ . uflj; tyf gu/kflnsf txdf ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0f ul/g]5g\ / tTkZrft 

;d'bfo txdf x'g] 5nkmnsf qmddf tL ;"rsx¿ ldnfg ul/g]5g\ . To:tf] ljkGgtf 

gS;fª\sgsf nflu ;fdflhs kl/rfng lgb] {lzsf / ljkGgtf 3/w'/L gS;fª\sg lgb] {lzsf 

cjnDag ul/g]5g\ . 

• uflj; cg'bfg ;~rfng sfo{ljlwn] rfn" vr{sf] @% k|ltzt c+z uflj; Ifdtf ljsf;sf 

nflu vr{ ug{;Sg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] pkof]u lgDgfg';f/ ul/g]5 M 

– uflj;sf hgtfx¿ / vf; u/L jl~rt ;d"xsf] tYofÍ Joj:yf ug{ 

;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug] { . 

– uflj; txdf cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cBfjlws tYofÍsf] clen]v 

/fVg] . 

– of]hgf tyf ah]6 th'{df 

tyf cg'udgdf n};;f;sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf 

nflu cfjZos kmf/dx¿ tyf ljlwx¿sf] ljsf; ug] { . 

• tYofÍ tyf ;"rgfx¿nfO{ ;lhn} k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] kmfOnx¿df e08f/0fsf ;fy} 

cBfjlws ul/g]5 . 

• ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, efiff, lnË, hfthflt, hghfltdf cfwfl/t lje]bsf/L k|rngx¿ tyf 

vf; ;fdflhs ;d"xsf] ljz]if cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ jfwf k'¥ofpg] ;fdflhs cfly{s 

;d:ofx¿ n]vfhf]vf ug{ uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfx¿sf] ;Lk÷Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 42


• ljutsf pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿n] u/]sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;dLIff ug] { Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 

ul/g]5 . ;dLIffdf ;j{;fwf/0f tyf ;d"xx¿sf sfd u/fOdf ;dodf sfo{ k"/f ug] { Ifdtf 

/ ;d'bfosf hgtfsf] ;Gt'li6 eP, gePsf] x]l/g]5 . 

• k|fljlws ;xof]u rflxg] ljz]if sfo{x¿sf nflu uflj;x¿ ldnL lghL ;+:yfx¿af6 

;+o'Qm¿kdf k|fljlwsx¿ /flvg]5g\ . 

lhNnf tx 

• lhNnfleqsf hg;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s l:ylt af/] v08Ls[t tYofÍ tyf ;"rgf 

;Íng Pjd\ Joj:yf ug{ lhNnf l:yt ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] k| |fljlws Ifdtf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . 

• lhlj;sf] ;fdflhs ljsf; PsfO / ;fdflhs ljsf; clws[tsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 / 

n};;f;;DaGwL of]hgf tyf k/LIf0fsf] lgoldt sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;|f]t pknAw u/fOg]5 . 

• blnt ;dGjo ;ldlt, cflbjf;L hghflt ;dGjo ;ldlt tyf n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f 

;dGjo ;ldltx¿aLr ;dGjo ug] { lhlj;sf] Ifdtf lgoldt Pjd\ ;+o'Qm sfo{dfk{mt\ ;'b[9 

ul/g]5 . 

• sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ljBdfg of]hgf tyf ah]6 th'{df 

/ cg'udg lgb] {lzsfx¿af/] tflnd 

lbOg]5 / n};;f; d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ pgLx¿sf] ;Lkdf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . vf; u/L 

;fdflhs ljsf; clws[t, dlxnf ljsf; clws[t tyf ljleGg sfof{nox¿sf n}lËs 

;Dks{ JolQmx¿sf] ;Lk clej[l4df hf]8 lbOg]5 . 

• lhlj;n] :yfkgf u/]sf] lhNnf ;"rgf tyf clen]v s]Gb|n] v08Ls[t tYofÍ tof/ ug] {5 . 

;fy} cGo ;+:yfx¿n] ;Íng u/]sf tYofÍx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lotf lglZrt u/L dfGotf k|bfg 

ug] {5 . 


:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;]jf k|jfx ;+oGq tyf k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ 

of]hgf k|lqmof M :yfgLo lgsfox¿, ljifout sfof{nox¿ tyf bft[ ;fe]mbf/x¿sf leGg–leGg 

of]hgf rqmx¿n] ubf{ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;Gt'lnt tyf ;dGjofTds ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg jfwf 

k/]sf] 5 . ctM uflj;, gu/kflnsf tyf lhlj;sf] PsLs[t of]hgfsf nflu k|of; ;'b[9 u/L 

lhNnfl:yt ljifout sfof{nox¿sf sfo{qmdx¿ tyf ah]6nfO{ :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] of]hgfdf 

;dflxt ul/g]5 . 

;d'bfo / vf; u/L jl~rt ;d"xx¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/fpg j:tL txdf x'g] 

of]hgf th'{dfsf] 

;dofjlwnfO{ a9fOg]5 . 

jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf / b'u{d If]qdf j;f]jf; ug] { hg;d'bfox¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg 

ug{ kof{Kt ;do / ;|f]t gh'6fO{ cfof]hgfx¿ k"/f ug{ xtf/ ug'{kg] 

{ x'Fbf 

cfof]hgfx¿sf] 

:jLs[lt tyf ah]6sf] lgsf;fdf x'g] l9nfOnfO{ sd ul/g]5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 43


ah]6sf] jfF8kmfF8, nlIot ;d"x tyf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f nufot cfof]hgf 

k|:tfjsf] ;DefJotfsf] n]vfhf]vf ufpF jf gu/ kl/ifb\x¿sf] a}7s j:g' k"j{ g} ul/g]5 . j8f 

tyf j:tL txaf6 cfpg] k|:tfjx¿sf] ;dLIff dfq ufpF jf gu/ kl/ifb\df ul/g]5 . 

cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿ ;DaGwL ;+oGq 

uflj;:t/Lo ufpF gful/s d~rn] lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO, e"ld -s/ tyf 

;Dklt_, /f]huf/L, s[lif k|;f/ tyf kz' ;]jf, vfB tyf ;'/Iff Pjd\ hGd, d[To' btf{ h:tf 

;]jfx¿ uflj; Pjd\ j:tL txdf k'¥ofpg] Joj:yfsf nflu ;/sf/L lgsfox¿;Fu ;xsfo{ / 

;dGjo ug] {5 . 

lgDgfg';f/sf ljifo If]qx¿df sDtLdf v08Ls[t tYofÍx¿sf] nut tof/ ul/g]5 M 

• dlxnfx¿sf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] hUufsf] nut, 

• hGd, d[To', ljjfx, kf/kfr's] h:tf 36gfx¿sf] btf{ tyf gful/stfsf] nut, 

• k|fylds ljBfnox¿sf] ;ª\Vof tyf :yfg, :jf:Yo ;]jf, ;'ljwf tyf s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfx¿sf] 

nut . 

a:tL txdf ;]jf, ;'ljwfx¿df dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"x nufot ;j{;fwf/0f gful/sx¿sf] 

kx'Fr 

af/] ;fdflhs kl/rfnsn] ufpF gful/s d~r / j8f gful/s d~rx¿sf] ;xof]udf 

tYofÍ ;Íng ug] {5g\ . oL v08Ls[t tYofÍx¿ of]hgf tyf ah]6 th'{dfdf 

/ sfof{Gjogdf 

pkof]u ul/g]5g\ . 

lhNnf l:yt lgsfox¿n] k|bfg ug] { ;]jfx¿df b]lvPsf sdL k'/f ug{ :yfgLo lgsfox¿af6 

k|To]s jif{ s]xL sfo{x¿ cufl8 a9fOg]5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu dlxnfx¿sf nflu 3'lDt :jf:Yo 

6f]nL, ue{jtL dlxnfx¿sf nflu rf/ k6ssf] k|hgg\ hfFr ;'ljwf lj:tf/, n}lËs, hfthflt, 

hghflt, efiffdf cfwfl/t lje]bsf lj?4 k|rf/ cleofg h:tf sfo{x¿ ul/g]5g\ . 

;d'bfo txsf] n};;f; pQ/bfoL ;]jfx¿sf nflu lgb] {lzsf tyf ;~rfng k'l:tsf tof/ 

ul/g]5 . 


k|ltkmn txsf] p2]Zo M lgIf]k0f tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf nflu gLlt tyf /fli6«o ;+:yfut 

9f“rfsf] ;'b9Ls/0f ePsf] x'g]5 . 


k|efjsf/L, ;dfj]zL, kf/bzL{ tyf pQ/bfoL :yfgLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf nflu ;an jftfj/0fsf] 

lgdf{0fåf/f ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] gLltut 9f“rfdf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . 

:yfgLo zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg gLltx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5 . 

gLltut ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ n};;f;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 lgDgfg';f/ cufl8 a9fOg]5 M 

c;f/ @)^^ 44


-s_ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, If]qut lgIf]k0f gLlt tyf :jfk (SWAP) ljlwx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ubf{ 

lgDglnlvt s'/f Vofn ul/g]5 M 

• dlxnf tyf cGo jl~rt ;d"xsf ljz]if cfjZostfx¿ -dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f 

;d]t_ nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug] { / 

• ;'ljwf ;DkGg / jl~rt ;d'bfoaLrsf] ljBdfg zlQm ;DaGw ¿kfGt/0f ug{ 

of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] . 

-v_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ lgDg ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g]5 M 

• ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ lhNnfsf] 

hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df tf]lsPsf] lglZrt ;ª\Vof cfjZostfeGbf clt Go"g 

ePsfn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{ljlwdf ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] 

cfˆgf] ;|f]taf6 /sd yk u/L ;ª\Vof j[l4 ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ;dfj]z ug] { . 

• k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿ ;a}nfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] bfo/fleq 

kfg] { . 

• cfGtl/s ;|f]t kof{Kt gePsf] cj:yfdf :yfzf;flj sfo{qmdsf] cg'bfg /sd 

lglZrt c+z;Dd k|of]u ug] { Joj:yf ug] { . 

• nf]kf]Gd'v hghfltsf nflu kl/rokq tof/ ug{ pknAw u/fOPsf] h:t} ;xof]u 

ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu klg pknAw u/fpg] . 

• ;DaGw ljR5]b jf ljwjf ePsf Psn dlxnfsf] xsdf pd]/sf] xbaGbL g/fvL 

cfly{s cj:yf d"NofÍg u/]/ ;f]xL cg';f/ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;xof]u ug] { Joj:yf 

ldnfpg] . 

-u_ gLltsf] th'{df 

tyf ;+zf]wgn] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ k|efj kfg] { u/L lgDgfg';f/ ;fdflhs 

ljifox¿sf] ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 M 

• ul/aLsf] pRr rfk tyf o;n] ;fdflhs If]qsf] cfjZostfdf kfg] { k|efj, 

• :jf:Yo h:tf ;fdflhs ;]jfsf If]qx¿df k|lt JolQm Go"g ah]6, 

• ;]jf k|bfg ug] { sfo{df t'ngfTds ¿kn] lghL If]qsf] ;Lldt e"ldsf, 

• ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] k|fljlws Ifdtf, 

• zx/L–u|fdL0f Pjd\ wgL–ul/aaLrsf] cGt/;DaGwdf c;dfgtf, 

• lhNnfdf b]lvg] hfthflt tyf hghfltsf] jgfj6df / ljleGg ;d'bfox¿sf] efiff, 

;f+:s[lts k|rngx¿ tyf ck]Iffx¿df cGt/, 

• :yfgLo x'g]vfg] tyf cu'jfx¿sf] bjfj, 

• ;fd'bflos ;d"xx¿sf] ljBdfg ;~hfn . 

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f;Fu ;DaGwL gLlt ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ ubf{ pko'Qm kIfx¿nfO{ b[li6ut ul/g]5 . 

:yfgLo :JffoQ zf;g P]gsf] k|fjwfg cg'¿k lhNnfsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ lhlj;sf] ljifout 

zfvf vf]Ng] sfo{ cufl8 a9fOg]5 . 

dlxnf, afnaflnsf, Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ tyf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu ul/g] of]hgf, 

sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{x¿sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] cfjZos ljQLo tyf 

c;f/ @)^^ 45


dfgj ;+;fwgsf] kl/rfng ug] {5g\ . ;fy} cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf Pjd\ 

;x;|fJbL ljsf; nIosf :yfgLo ;"rsx¿sf] pkof]u ug] {5g\ . 

:yfgLo :t/df ljleGg lgsfox¿n] sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|bfg ug] { ;]jfdf ;dGjo ug] { sfo{sf] 

lhDd]jf/L :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] lng]5g\ . 

:yfgLo lgsfoaf6 lnOg] sd{rf/L;DaGwL gLltx¿ n};;f; ;+j]bgzLn x'g]5g\ . 

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] egf{, a9'jf, ;?jf tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 ubf{ dlxnf Pjd\ jl~rt ;d"xsf ljz]if 

;jfnx¿nfO{ Vofn ul/g]5 . 


:yfgLo ;/sf/x¿sf nflu pko'Qm ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ tyf /fli6«o txsf 

lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 . 

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;ª\3, gu/kflnsf ;ª\3 tyf uflj; dxf;ª\3 h:tf lgsfox¿nfO{ 

pgLx¿sf] lgoldt sfo{;Dkfbg ug] { qmddf n};;f; d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf nflu k|fljlws ;xof]u 

pknAw u/fOg]5 . ;fy} xfn;Dd sfof{Gjogdf cfpg g;s]sf n};;f; ;+j]bgzLn gLltx¿sf] 

;dLIff u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿aLr ;+o'Qm of]hgf th'{df 

ug{ 

k|f]T;fxg lbOg]5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 46


cWofo 4 M n}l·s ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/-f /fgLltsf] 

sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg 

4.1 n};;f; /-fgLltsf] sfof{Gjog 

4.1.1 n};;f; d"nk|jfxLs/-fsf nflu ;+:yfut ;+oGq 

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf n};;f; zfvfsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ n}lËs tyf 

;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;jfnx¿sf] ;+jf]wg ug{ ;'ud ePsf] 5 . zfvfsf nflu 

sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf 

;fy} cfjZos ;|f]tsf] klg Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . 

s]Gb|b]lv lhNnf, gu/kflnsf, uflj; Pjd\ ;d'bfo :t/;Dd n};;f;sf] cjwf/0ffaf/] 

ck]Iffs[t :ki6tf cem} 5}g . oL ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;dGjofTds tyf k|efjsf/L¿kn] sfof{Gjog 

ug{sf nflu kof{Kt k|fyldstf lbg g;lsPsf] cj:yf klg 5 . ;fy} ljZn]if0f ug] { / ;f] 

cg'¿k sfo{ ug] { ;Lksf] sdL /x]sf] 5 . ctM of] /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+:yfut 

tof/L ug{ / :yfzf;flj sfo{qmddf ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;dflxt ug{ ' cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . 

:yfzf;flj sfo{qmdsf lqmofsnfkx¿ tyf k|ltkmn cg'¿ksf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf rflxg] x'+bf 

n};;f; /f0fgLltsf nflu 5'§} ;+/rgf Pjd\ ;+oGq agfpg' cfjZos 5}g . :yfzf;flj 

sfo{qmdsf nflu lnOg] n};;f; /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjog ;fdflhs kl/rfng, :yfgLo 

lgsfox¿sf] ah]6 th'{df, 

hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;+oGq :yfkgf, :yfgLo lgsfosf ;fy} s]Gb|Lo txsf 

;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; Pjd\ gLltx¿sf] ;'wf/ h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] nflu lgodlt 

sfo{k|0ffnLsf] ¿kdf ul/g]5 . 

o; sfo{qmdsf nflu cjnDag ul/g] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfaf6 of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6sf] 

th'{df 

tyf cg'udg h:tf :yfgLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf k|lqmofx¿df hg;xeflutf ;'lglZrt 

ul/g]5 . ljz]iftM lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{x¿ ;d]l6g]5g\ M 

• :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf n};;f; zfvfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, 

• lhlj;df blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt Pjd\ n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;ldltx¿df tyf cGo 

s'g} ;dGjo ;ldltx¿df -pbfx/0fsf nflu d'l:nd jf cGo lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo_ n};;f; 

sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] :yfkgf, 

• uflj; jf gu/kflnsfdf ;dfj]zL PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

;ldltsf] u7g / 

• gful/s d~rx¿ -h:t}– ufpF gful/s d~r, ;a} a:tL :t/sf ;d"xx¿ / j8f gful/s 

d~rx¿_ df n};;f; d"nk|jfxLs/0f ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf 

c;f/ @)^^ 47

:yfgLo tx 


:yfgLo txdf gful/s d~r, PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

;ldlt, n};;f; sfof{Gjog 

;ldltnufotsf ;+:yfut ;+oGqaf6 /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjog k|lqmof k|efjsf/L x'g] ck]Iff 

ul/Psf] 5 . k|:tfljt Joj:yfsf] km/flsnf] cfwf/ tn lbOPsf] uflj; txsf] ;+:yfut 

;+oGqsf] /]vflrqaf6 klg k|s6 x'G5 . 

s]Gb|Lo tx 

s]Gb|df :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnocGtu{tsf] n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f 

zfvfn] ;dGjo–laGb'sf] sfo{ ug] {5 . n};;f; zfvfsf sd{rf/Lx¿df oyfzSo dlxnf tyf 

jl~rt ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fOg]5 . n};;f; zfvfsf] p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M 

• n};;f; d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf nflu :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf ljleGg dxfzfvfx¿ tyf 

zfvfx¿sf ;fy} :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u lbg] . 

c;f/ @)^^ 48


• :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf ljleGg dxfzfvfx¿ tyf zfvfx¿aLr / o;sf ;/sf/L Pjd\ 

u}/;/sf/L ;fe]mbf/x¿;Fu n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ;dGjo 

sfod u/fpg] . 

• :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;DalGwt gLltx¿nfO{ n};;f; ;+j]bgzLn 

agfpg ;"rgfx¿ k|bfg ug] { . 

• 

n};;f; zfvfn] lgDgfg';f/sf ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]6\g]5 M 

• :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] cjnDag ug] { n};;f; ;xof]uL 

gLltx¿sf] ;'wf/ Pjd\ sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;xof]u lbg] . 

• :yfzf;flj sfo{qmdnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbO{ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf 

;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf nflu ;+:yfut k|0ffnL, ljlw Pjd\ k|lqmofx¿ 

j;fNg ;xof]u ug] { . 

• :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, :yfgLo lgsfox¿, /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, cflbjf;L hghflt 

dxf;ª\3÷k|lti7fg Pjd\ pTkLl8t blnt pTyfg ;dGjo ;ldlt h:tf lgsfo tyf 

;ldltx¿df n};;f;sf b[li6sf]0fn] sfo{qmd th'{df 

ug{ ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; ug] { . 

• :yf:jf;lj sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 th'{df 

Pjd\ cg'udg tyf k|ltj]bgdf 

n};;f;sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf nflu :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf ljleGg dxfzfvfx¿ Pjd\ 

zfvfx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug] { . 

• :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / vf;u/L :yfzff;flj sfo{qmdaf6 ul/g] n};;f; ;Da4 

sfo{x¿sf] k|efjsf/L ;Dkfbgsf nflu ;/sf/L Pjd\ u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿;Fu ;fe]mbf/L 

k|jw{g ug] { . 

pko{ 'Qm sfo{x¿sf nflu cfjZos Ifdtf Pjd\ ;Lksf] ljsf;sf nflu Ifdtf ljsf; /0fgLlt 

leq /x]/ Ps Ifdtf ljsf; of]hgf th'{df 

ul/g]5 . 

4.1.2 ;fe]mbf/L Pjd\ ;dGjo 

n};;f; /0fgLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljleGg ;/sf/L Pjd\ u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿, 

bft[ ;fe]mbf/x¿, ;fd'bflos ;d"xx¿ tyf gful/sx¿aLr ;fe]mbf/L cfjZos x'G5 . o; 

sfo{sf nflu ljleGg lgsfox¿n] lgDgfg';f/ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]5g\ M 

;fem]bf/L tyf ;xsfo{sf 

nflu ;+efJo ;+:yfx¿ 

sfo{÷e"ldsf 

c;f/ @)^^ 49




sfo{÷e"ldsf 

{ 

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u � ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f tyf ;fdflhs kl/rfng 

;DaGwL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt th'{df 

ug] . 

dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf 

;dfhsNof0f dGqfno 

� n};;f;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 of]hgf th'{df 

/ cg'udg 

9fFrfx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug] { . 

� :yfzf;fljsf] cg'udg sfo{nfO{ lhNnf ul/aL cg'udg 

tyf ljZn]if0f k|0ffnL (DPMAS) / ul/aL cg'udg tyf 

ljZn]if0f k|0ffnL (PMAS) ;Fu tfnd]n ug] { . 

� n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL 

lqmofsnfkx¿sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf nflu s]Gb|Lo txdf 

Pjd\ lhNnf txdf k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ug] { / ljleGg 

ljifout lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjo sfod ug] { . 

{ 

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno � ;sf/fTds lje]bsf nflu egf{ gLlt, sfo{ljj/0f tyf 

lgb] {lzsfx¿sf] ;+zf]wg ug] . 

:jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof 

dGqfno, lzIff dGqfno, 

s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, 

ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f 

dGqfno 

� ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf nflu ljifout ;dGjo ug] { / 

dlxnf tyf jl~rtLdf k/]sf hg;fwf/0fnfO{ n}lËs 

;+j]bgzLn PsLs[t ;]jf, ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] . 

{ 

ljifout lgsfox¿ � dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"x nufot ;a}sf nflu ;]jf 

;'ljwfdf kx'Fr 

k'¥ofpg sfof{Gjog txdf ljifout 

;dGjo sfod ug] . 

lhNnf:t/Lo ;dGjo 

;ldltx¿ -blnt, 

cflbjf;L hghflt, 

lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf d'l:nd 

cflb jl~rt ;d"xx¿sf]_ 

dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf 

;Da4 ;+:yfx¿ 

� vf;–vf; ;/f]sf/sf ;d"xx¿ / pgLx¿sf ;d:of tyf 

cfjZostfx¿sf ;DaGwdf v08Ls[t tYofÍ Pjd\ 

ljZn]if0f ul/Psf ;"rgf ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw u/fpg], 

kof{Kt lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{ of]hgf tyf ah]6 

;'lglZrt ug] { / sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg ug] { . 

� lje]bsf/L ;fdflhs k|rngsf] ljkIfdf / 

� ;|f]t tyf k|ltkmnx¿sf] ;dfg ljt/0fsf] kIfdf cfjfh 

p7fpg] . 

c;f/ @)^^ 50




sfo{÷e"ldsf 

{ 

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf � dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf nflu ;zQmLs/0f tyf 

;fdflhs kl/rfngsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] th'{df, 

sfof{Gjog Pjd\ cg'udg ug{ ;xof]u ug] . 

� ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;jfnx¿df cfjfh p7fpg] tyf 

;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwdf ePsf sfo{ut l;sfOx¿sf] 

clen]v /fVg] . 

lghL If]q � dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu 

cfly{s, k|fljlws / Jofj;flos ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . 

{ 

;d'bfo � sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;fe]mbf/sf] ¿kdf 

sfd ug] . 

4.2 n};;f;sf] cg'udg tyf k|ltj]bg 

� cfˆgf] a:tL txsf kl/jf/x¿sf] v08Ls[t ;"rgfx¿sf] 

clen]v /fVg] . 

� k|ult Pjd\ r'gf}ltx¿sf] cfk}m cg'udg ug] { . 

� ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;'lglZrtsf nflu ;]jf–k|bfossf] 

Jojxf/, sfo{z}nL / lqmofsnfkx¿df lgu/fgLsf] e"ldsf 

lgjf{x ug] { . 

� dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;Lldt ug] { 

ljBdfg lje]bsf/L k|rngx¿sf lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg'sf 

;fy} 5nkmn u/fpg ;xof]u ug] { . 

cg'udg d"ntM :yfzf;flj sfo{qmdsf] n};;f; ;+j]bgzLn ;"rsx¿ / ultljlwx¿ ePsf] 

;f]r tflnsfdf cfwfl/t x'g]5 . 

cg'dug tyf k|ltj]bgsf kmf/ddf lgDgfg';f/sf ljifox¿ ;d]l6g]5g\ M 

• ul/aL, lnË, hfthflt, hghflt tyf :yfgsf cfwf/df v08Ls[t tYofÍ Pjd\ ;"rgfx¿ 

• n};;f; ;DalGwt cg'udg tyf k|ltj]bg sfo{ lgDg tLg ljifo If]qdf s]lGb|t x'g]5g\ M 

– ;Dklt tyf ;]jf, ;'ljwfx¿df kl/jt{g, 

– k|efj kfg] { cfjfh Pjd\ Ifdtfdf kl/jt{g / 

– cf}krfl/s Pjd\ cgf}krfl/s gLltx¿ tyf Jojxf/df kl/jt{g . 

oL sfo{x¿af6 dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xx¿sf] ;]jf, ;'ljwfdf kx' 

Fr, dlxnf lj?4 x'g] 

HofbtLsf ;fy} lje]bsf/L ;fdflhs k|rngdf sdL, hfthfltdf cfwfl/t lje]bdf sdL, 

c;f/ @)^^ 51


jl~rt ;d"xx¿sf] lg0f{o ug] { Ifdtfdf clej[l4, lk5l8Psf ju{sf nflu lbOg] ;xof]uk|lt 

;DkGg ju{sf] :jLsf/f]lQm h:tf k|of;x¿ cufl8 a9\g]5g\ . 

n};;f;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ah]6sf] cg'udg M dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xx¿sf ;Gbe{df s'n 

ljlgof]lht /sdsf] slt k|ltzt oL ;d"xsf nflu k|ToIf kmfObf k'Ug] u/L, slt k|ltzt 

cf+lzs¿kdf kmfObf k'Ug] u/L / slt k|ltzt t6:y /x]sf] 5 ;f]sf] n]vfhf]vf ul/g]5 . 

cg'udg 6f]nLdf ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ;ldlt / n};;f; sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf] 

k|ltlglwTj u/fOg]5 . ;fy} dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;d]t ;'lglZrt x'g]5 . 

;fd'bflos dlxnf Pjd\ k'?ifx¿;Fu k/fdz{ lng] kl/kf6LnfO{ cg'udgsf] Ps cleGg cª\u 

agfOg]5 . jl~rt ;d"xx¿, ;fdflhs kl/rfnsx¿, j8f gful/s d~r, k|ltlglwd"ns 

;+:yfx¿ tyf PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

;ldltsf ;b:ox¿;Fu k/fdz{ ul/g]5 . 

4.2.1 n};;f; zfvf, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno 

n};;f; zfvfn] of]hgf cg'¿k lgoldt ¿kdf k|ultsf] ;'kl/j]If0f / n]vfhf]vf ug] {5 . 

cg'udgn] kl/jt{gsf tLg If]qx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ;d]6\g]5 M 

-s_ ;j{;fwf/0f gful/sx¿ / vf;u/L dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf nflu ;Dklt tyf 

;]jfx¿df kx'Fr 

. 

-v_ dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xnfO{ k|efj kfg{;Sg] cfjfh Pjd\ Ifdtf . 

-u_ n};;f; ;+j]bgzLn gLlt, ;f] +r / cfr/0f . 

kl/jt{gsf tLg If]qx¿ 

;a} -ul/a Pj+ 

al~rt ;d]t_ sf] 

hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ 

;DklQ / ;]jfsf] 

kx'“rdf 

;'wf/ 

;dfj]zL gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ / 

;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g Nofpg 

;xof]u 

;a} -ul/a Pj+ 

al~rt ;d]t_ 

sf] cfjfh / 

k|efj j[l4 

n};;f; zfvfn] v08Ls[t tYof+Í ;Íngsf nflu cg'udg tyf k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf ljsf; 

ug] {5 . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] cg'udg tyf ;"rgfsf] 9fFrfn] v08Ls[t tYofÍ ;Íng ug{ 

c;f/ @)^^ 52


g;Sg] x'+bf 

n};;f; zfvfn] ;Dej eP;Dd lhNnf txdf v08Ls[t tYofÍ klxrfg ug{ 

lhNnfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug] {5 . o;n] ljleGg ljifosf] cWoog ug'{sf 

;fy} clen]vx¿ /fVg]5 / 

cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] lgb] {lzsf tof/ ug] {5 . 

n};;f; zfvfn] uflj; tyf lhlj;x¿af6 k|fKt hfgsf/L tyf k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug] {5 

/ dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d"xx¿sf nflu kmfObf ;'lglZrt u/fpg cfjZostfg';f/ 

/0fgLltx¿sf] ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ug]5 . o;n] k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf nflu ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng 

/ ;fe]mbf/L ljsf; ug] {5 . 

4.2.2 n};;f; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt÷;fdflhs ;ldlt, lhlj; 

n};;f; sfof{Gjog ;ldltn] uflj; Pjd\ PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

;ldltsf k|ltj]bgx¿sf] 

ljZn]if0f ug] {5 . ;f]af6 k|fKt sfo{ cg'ejx¿nfO{ ljsf; sfo{df ;dfof]hg ug] {5 . ljZn]if0fn] 

d'ne"t ¿kdf lgDg tLg If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g]5 M -s_ ;Dklt / ;]jfx¿df kx'Fr, 

-v_ dlxnf tyf 

jl~rt ;d"xsf] cfjfh tyf Ifdtfdf k|efj / -u_ cf}krfl/s Pjd\ cgf}krfl/s gLlt, cfr/0f 

/ ;f] +rdf kl/jt{g . 

o;n] sfo{qmdsf] nIo cg'¿k sfof{Gjog eP, gePsf] / ck]Iff cg'¿k k|ltkmn÷kl/0ffd 

cfpg ;s], g;s]sf] cg'udg ug] {5 . o;n] ;a} ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿sf dlxnfx¿ / 

jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf cGo ;d"x¿sf] l:ylt b]vfpg] v08Ls[t tYofÍsf] Joj:yf ug] {5 . 

n};;f; sfof{Gjog ;ldltn] uflj;x¿nfO{ n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f Pjd\ ;fdflhs 

;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljifox¿df ;w} F dfu{ lgb] {z u/fO{ /fVg]5 . cfjZostf cg';f/ o;n] 

;xof]usf nflu ljleGg cfwf/x¿ / sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgb] {lzsf tof/ ug] {5 . 

dlxnfx¿ tyf jl~rt ;d"xsf nflu x'g] ah]6 vr{, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿sf] k|ult Pjd\ 

k|ltj]bg cflbsf] v08Ls[t ljj/0f tof/ u/fpg]5 . jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf ljZn]if0fnfO{ 

lqmofsnfksf] kl/lwleq ;Lldt g/fvL dlxnf tyf jl~rt ;d'bfodf ePsf] ;du| 

pknlAwx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dflgg]5 . 

c;f/ @)^^ 53

4.2.3 ;'kl/j]If-f tyf cg'udg ;ldlt (uflj; ÷gu/kflnsf tx) 


;''kl/j]If0f 

tyf cg'udg ;ldltaf6 gu/kflnsf / ufpF ljsf; of]hgfsf] cg'udg / 

;'kl/j]If0f ul/g]5 . ;ldltn] ;+o'Qm cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u ug'{sf 

;fy} leGg–leGg 

dfux¿sf] ljjfbdf ;Demf}tf ug{ ;d'bfonfO{ d2t ug] {5 . o;n] cg'udgsf ljleGg 

ljlwx¿sf] pkof]u ug] {5 . :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnocGtu{tsf] n};;f; zfvf / lhlj;sf] 

n};;f; sfof{Gjog ;ldltn] ljsf; ug] { cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{;~rfng lgb] {lzsfdf 

lj:t[t ljj/0f pNn]v ul/g]5 . cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf dfly plNnlvt kl/jt{gsf tLg 

ljifo If]qx¿sf cfwf/df k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/g]5 / To;sf] k|ltlnlk lhlj;sf] n};;f; 

sfof{Gjog ;ldltdf k7fpg] u/L uflj;df k]z ug] { Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . k|ltj]bgn] uflj;df 

ljBdfg lnË, hfthflt, hghflt tyf wd{sf cfwf/df x'g] lje]bx¿sf] cfjlws 

kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug] {5 . 

4.2.4 j*f gful/s d~r (j*f tx) 

j8f gful/s d~rn] j8fsf ;a} hg;d'bfosf] v08Ls[t tYofÍ tyf ;"rgfx¿ /fVg] Joj:yf 

ug] {5 . o; ;ldltn] lhlj;sf] n};;f; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L ;d'bfosf dlxnf tyf 

k'?ifx¿ Pjd\ ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|ultsf] v08Ls[t tYofÍ Pjd\ ;"rgf ;Íng ug{ gofF 

kmf/dx¿ tof/ ug] {5 . o;n] hfthflt, hghflt, lnË / wd{sf cfwf/df x'g] lje]bx¿ tyf 

jl~rt ;d"xsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] kmfObfsf] kx'Frdf 

x'g] cj/f]wx¿sf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug] {5 . 

4.2.5 ljleGg lgsfox?sf] e"ldsf 

ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf tyf cg'udg Joj:yfsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M 

;do 

tflnsf 

j8f gful/s d~r 

-j8f tx_ 

ufp“ gful/s d~r, 


;ldlt -uflj;_ 

n};;f; sfof{Gjog 

;ldlt÷;fdflhs ;ldlt 

-lhlj;_ 

n};;f; zfvf 

-:yfgLo ljsf; 

dGqfno_ 

/fli6«o of]hgf 

cfof]u 

s]Gb|Lo tyf 

lhNnf :t/Lo 

ul/aL 

cg'udg tyf 

n]vfhf]vf 

k|0ffnL 

(PMAS, 

DPMAS): 

9fFrf tyf 

k|lqmofdf 

n};;f; kIf 

c;f/ @)^^ 54

;do 

tflnsf 

j8f gful/s d~r 

-j8f tx_ 

rf}dfl;s ;d"xsf] ;xeflutfdf k|ultsf] 

cg'udg÷ ;]jfdf kx'Fr, 

lje]bsf/L pbfx/0fx¿, 

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] 

v08Ls[t tYofÍsf] 

Joj:yfkg, :jcg'udg k4lt 

rf}dfl;s kl/jt{gsf tLg If]qx¿ -;]jf, 

cfjfh tyf ult_ df hf]8 lbO{ 

k|ultsf] ;dLIff 

cw{ jflif{s sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog tyf 

;fdflhs kl/rfngsf 

lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs 

;'g'jfO 

ufp“ gful/s d~r, 


;ldlt -uflj;_ 

lgoldt a}7s, 

;fdflhs kl/rfng / 

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] 

cg'udg 

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, 

;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f 

jflif{s n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs k/LIf0f n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs 

k/LIf0f 


n};;f; sfof{Gjog 

;ldlt÷;fdflhs ;ldlt 

-lhlj;_ 

lgoldt ;'kl/j]If0f, 

of]hgfsf] cfwf/df k|ultsf] 

n]vfhf]vf, tLg kl/jt{g 

If]qsf cfwf/df cg'udg 

:ynut cg'udg, 

kl/jt{gsf If]qx¿sf] 

v08Ls[t tYofÍLo cfwf/df 

;dLIff 

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO tyf 

k/LIf0fdf ;xeflutf, 

n};;f;;DaGwL rf}dfl;s 

k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L Pjd\ 

n};;f; zfvf 

-:yfgLo ljsf; 

dGqfno_ 

lgoldt 

;'kl/j]If0f, 

of]hgfsf] 

cfwf/df k|ultsf] 

n]vfhf]vf, tLg 

kl/jt{g If]qsf 

cfwf/df cg'udg 

uflj;sf 

k|ultx¿sf] 

ljZn]if0f, 

/0fgLlts 

kl/jt{gsf nflu 

lg0f{ostf{x¿nfO{ 

l:ylt lrq0f 

u/fpg k|ult 

tyf cg'ejx¿sf] 

;dfof]hg, 

kl/jt{gsf tLg 

sfo{If]qx¿sf] 

cfwf/df l:ylt 

lrq0f 

/fli6«o of]hgf 

cfof]u 

c;f/ @)^^ 55 

k|:t'lt 

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO tyf 

k/LIf0fdf ;xeflutf, 

n};;f;;DaGwL rf}dfl;s 

k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L Pjd\ 

k|:t'lt

n}l·s ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/-f /-fgLlt

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