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kMNt´ cMNaM 123
(Oxfordand New York: Berg, 2000), p. 75. bBaHaEdlelIkeLIgkñ úgkarBiPakßaelI®sþ I... nig BuT§sasna eXIjman
enA kñúgkarsikßadUcteTA Khin Thitsa, Providence and Prostitution: Image and Reality for Women in Buddhist Thailand
(London: Change International Reports, 1980), pp. 16 -18; Sukanya Hantrakul, ‘Prostitution in Thailand’, in Development
and Displacement: Women in Southeat Asia, ed. Glen Chandler, Norma Sullivan and Jan Branson (Clayton, Vic:
Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, 1988), pp. 115-17; Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, Thai Women in Buddhism
(Berkeley, CA: Parallax Press, 1991), pp. 22-35; Thanh-Dam Troung, Sex, Money and Morality: Prostitution and
Tourism in South-East Asia (London: Zed Books, 1990), pp. 131-57; and Gross, Buddhism after Patriarchy.
16-G.H. Luce, ‘The Ancient Pyu’, Journal of the Burma Research Society (GMeN¼teTA sresrkat´fa JBRS) , 27
(1937): 251. sUmGan .. Michael Aung Thwin, Pagan. The Origins of Modern Burma (Honolulu: University of Hawaii
Press, 1985), p. 17; Klapna Upreti, ‘Position of Women as Reflected in AvadÁna Ïataka and its Ideological Ramifications’,
in SarvÁstivÁda and its Traditions, ed. Sanghasen Singh (Delhi: Delhi University Dept. of Buddhist Studies, 1994),
pp. 149-55. nikay sv’asþ ivaTin ánEbkecjBInikay efrvaT kalBIBakḱNþal stvtßTI..3 . m un RKisþskraC
.> eyIgándwgBI}T§ iBlén nikay sva’sþ ivaTin áneRcIntamry£esovePArbsélak John S. Strong, The Legend
and Cult of Upagupta: Snskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1992).
17-Ca«TahrN_ RB¼nag Rajnapatni EdláneLIgCa GK:Caya énnKrCVa Majapahit naqñaM.. 1329..án eFVI
smaFi EbbRB¼BuT§ sasna bYsCadUnCI PikçúnI ...nigánekarRB¼eksa ...> .. Mpu Prapanca, DeÐawarnana (NÁgarakrtÁgama
(by Mpy Prapañca, trans. Stuart Robson (Leiden: KILTV Press, 1995), pp. 26, 47; Cuong Tu Nguyen, Zen
in Medieval Vietnam, A Study and Translation of the Thien Uyen Tap Anh (Honolulu: Kuroda Institute/ University of
Hawaii Press, 1997) pp. 197-8, 254; A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago
(A.D. 671-695) by I Tsing, trans. Takakasu Junjiro (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1896), p. 79’Laurence Palmer Briggs, The
Ancient Khmer Empire (Philadephia: Transactions of the American Philisophical Societ, 1951), p. 50. cMeBa¼GMN¼
GMNag sþ IBItYnaTIsasnarbs´®sþ IenA RbeTskm< úCa sm&ymunGg:r sUmGan Michael Vickery, Society, Economics
and Politics in Pre-Angkor Cambodia: The 7 th -8 th Centuries (Tokyo: Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies for UNESCO,
1998), pp. 17-20. Paul, Women in Buddhism, áneFV Iesckþ IGtSa Fib,ay elItYnaTIpÞ úyKñaén dUnCIenARbeTs}NÐa
nigdUnCIenARbeTscin eTa¼Cazan£éndUnCIcin ánFøak´ cu¼ enA stvtß eRkay@ mkeTot.. (TMB&r.. 80).>. cMeBa¼
erOg Edl dUnCICb¨unGacman .. ²GMNackñúgkRmit NamYy³ ..ena¼ sUmGan Bernard Faure, Visions of Power: Imagining
Medieval Japanese Buddhism, trans. Phyllis Brooks (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 41.
18-dUnCIenARbeTsRsIlg;a BIedImeLIy ánTTYl raCUbtSmÖy¨ageRcIn ehIyKNdUnCI k¾ánkarbeg;It
eLIg..>.. enA kñúg nikay vtþmhavihar elakyayCITTYlbnÞúk eFVIBiFIdaMedImeBaFiRBwkß EdlCaRB¼ tMNag én
RB¼BuT§Gg:kñ úgBiFIsasna... >. karbBaÄbńUvraCUbtSmÖRbEhlCamkBIkarRbqaMgmin[ man ®sþ Imk bYsCaPikç únI
layLMCamYyRB¼sgÇ ... >.. R.A.L.H. Gunawardana, ‘Subtle Silk of Ferrous Firmness: Buddhist Nuns in Ancient and
Medieval Sri Lanka and Their Role in the Propagation of Buddhism’, The Sri Lnaka Journal of the Humanities, 14, 1-2