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Design of a 5 GHz VCO in CMOS - Integrated Systems Laboratory

Design of a 5 GHz VCO in CMOS - Integrated Systems Laboratory

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Institut für ElektronikPr<strong>of</strong>. H. JäckelSommersemester 2002Semesterarbeit 2002<strong>Design</strong> <strong>of</strong> a 5 <strong>GHz</strong> <strong>VCO</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>CMOS</strong>Thomas Dellsperger¢¡¤£¤¥¤¦§¦©¨¥§¥¥¥¡¤Christian KromerTutorsGion Sialm¢¤¥©! ¤¥¥§¥"¥¡¢©# ©¨¤%$¦&! ¥¥¥"¥¡©'(©


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−g activeR-'"!5−g m'#&% 52¨!'#Tn3$;:3@ 3&!'#&L! &"8|A:'#T#¨!#7}>*J!5Bj|d],Nh}C P MOS = 4C gd,p + C gs,p + C db,pg mng mpg ong op3$ U!5g&L1F#"@S&!'"3J 3& K$;:3u3¨x>B…&L'##X~9ˆ |H\j|ˆ |HN= ¦&!P‚¦u '"T¨#7G 5-M¨"¤>* 1\ƒ3:3!2—G#’’C!533¨VP!M&L¦!¦$ z!5QqŽ+ 6v8?7 …&!'"3#x!3&!'#&L!¦G3$ x!53g o&!1F#@&L'#Kr:;!P3:;DK$;:3u3¨m>4¢&!'##n~%ˆ |Hk.j4ˆ 4HN=!M&LP‚¦!'#T¨#7GD•9" 5¦&!XA:3!'"!'#¦&¦CNMOS C P MOS g m-K$!x&L1F""@S&!'#3r$;¦&!'#}3&L!'#&¨G¤HJ59:K&L%>„¦A:'##'"8 '#:1n@&!'"12P#'">*7m' '"M&|$;?M&41nP3!1n'(&!J!5.$;¦&!'"28KM¨:K&L- 5¨72 ¨P ¦&!¨;$2ŒT¦ A:3f¨ !Mu¤>*&!¨'"##!'#n&E!!:P„!5-12&L ' '#¦$;M&L'#n3&E '"MGT#:M&3$n5-&L1F#"@S&!'"3¦A:'#T#¨'# ¨:'"¤>3!53HI%>*!1m:(!4!53J$¦&!'"m3&L!'#&¨M4'(&¤!M$;:3¨¦$C!%!5-&!'"12P#J1n;$;¦;>ƒK: f—3G ˜3GIHJ5'(&Ž ¦A:'#!M&„ N¦(:( %+-,p¨Q L = ωLsR s5D rP3 "#¨¤3$;:3 K¦&!53C'#3$;:3!.3$V!5mTŒ u r 5BTu J'(&F8g v = 1Q 2 v R v= ω 2 C 2 v R v)t—3G"’Œ/5C¦"¦1n¦ &%>|}#& &!7UqŽ+{ 36O'(&93Rk&E '"5!@h?¨L!'#U:PX¨‰?P3!M&!&!'"3&J>*91 ƒK: B—G`_^8>*!RJ$F>*L tank = 2LC tank = 1 2 (C NMOS + C P MOS + C v + C L + C load )g tank = 1 2 (g on + g op + g v + g L )HJ5N =¨ '"TN¨3$:3u3¨.'(&g active = 1 2 (g mn + g mp )•9& 3$ R-5¦{ 5l¨P3¨'3¨Q>C!53…TŒ u T!7 x53¦&¦g tank3$ 5¨'#%1F‰?'#1C:31 3$V12'#'#1C:1 T#:M&%!C$¨!¦$Q8?7f!5¦J!M&LP‚¦!'#T¦"7Gy,%3x¦p&L53Rw!5K}'">R-' 3$5C tankC tank,max g tank,maxC tank,m<strong>in</strong> g tank,m<strong>in</strong> C v = C v,maxC tank = C tank,max g tank = g tank,maxC tank,max = 1 2 (C NMOS + C P MOS + C v,max + C L + C load )g tank,max = 1 2 (g on + g op + g v,max + g L,max )_i


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