moswavlis wigni qarTuli ena da literatura
moswavlis wigni qarTuli ena da literatura
moswavlis wigni qarTuli ena da literatura
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Taia cxa<strong>da</strong>ia, <strong>da</strong>rejan kvanWiani, nana kucia,Tamar RonRaZe, nana RonRaZe<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>ena</strong><strong>da</strong><strong>literatura</strong>11<strong>moswavlis</strong> <strong>wigni</strong>gamomcemloba `meridiani~Tbilisi 2012
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>ena</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>literatura</strong>XI klasi<strong>moswavlis</strong> <strong>wigni</strong>avtorebi:re<strong>da</strong>qtoriTaia cxa<strong>da</strong>ia, <strong>da</strong>rejan kvanWiani, nana kucia,Tamar RonRaZe, nana RonRaZenino Toduadizaineri<strong>da</strong>viT kutubiZeISBNgamomcemloba `meridiani~,Tbilisi, al. yazbegis gamz., #47. ( 2 30-96-14; 2 14-77-11599 541 707 kaxaber rusiZeE-mail: <strong>da</strong>videku1@mail.ru, info@meridianpub.com© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2012© T. cxa<strong>da</strong>ia, d. kvanWiani, n. kucia, T. RonRaZe, n. RonRaZeT. Tskha<strong>da</strong>ia, D. Kvanchiani, N. Kutsia, T. Ghonghadze, N. Ghonghadze„Georgian language and literature~, textbook grade 11, in Georgian„Meridiani~ Publishing, Tbilisi _ 2012
sarCevialeqsandre WavWavaZegogCa................................................................................................................................11Tengiz verulavagogCa (aleqsandre WavWavaZes).............................................................................13grigol orbelianiTamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi...............................................................20saRamo gamosalmebisa.............................................................................................22nikoloz baraTaSvilixma idumali..................................................................................................................31sulo boroto.............................................................................................................32nikoloz baraTaSvilis werili grigol orbelianisadmi..................33vpove taZari Sesafari, u<strong>da</strong>bnod mdgari.......................................................35SemoRameba mTawmin<strong>da</strong>zed......................................................................................36merani...............................................................................................................................38jorj gordon baironihgodebdeT.....................................................................................................................43persi biSi Selio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis qarisadmi...................................................................................45jibran xalil jibranipetre mezoblis Sesaxeb (nawyveti romani<strong>da</strong>n „ieso Ze kacisa“).........48ilia WavWavaZemgzavris werilebi....................................................................................................55zogierTi ram (nawyvetebi).....................................................................................73bednieri eri.................................................................................................................76kacia-a<strong>da</strong>miani?!..........................................................................................................79oTaraanT qvrivi.........................................................................................................137gandegili (legen<strong>da</strong>).................................................................................................185TaobaTa brZola me-19 saukunis 60-ian_70-ian wlebSi......................................2024
oriode sityva Tavad Salvas Zis erisTaviskazlovidgan `SeSlilis~ Targmnaze<strong>da</strong>~ (nawyveti).............................................204grigol orbelianipasuxi SvilTa..............................................................................................................205ilia WavWavaZepasuxis pasuxi.............................................................................................................210akaki wereTeliqebaTa-qeba.....................................................................................................................222qebaTa-qeba solomonisa (Tavi pirveli).........................................................226aRmarT- aRmarT..........................................................................................................228gamzrdeli (namdvili ambavi)...............................................................................231aleqsandre yazbegixevisberi goCa.............................................................................................................242nikoloz gogolitaras bulba (amonaridebi)...................................................................................260prosper merimemateo falkone............................................................................................................273akaki baqraZearsebobs maradisobis rRveva, anu Svilis mkvleli mama......................282vaJa-fSavelaalu<strong>da</strong> qeTelauri.....................................................................................................293stumar maspinZeli....................................................................................................306kosmopolitizmi <strong>da</strong> patriotizmi (nawyveti)..............................................323baxtrioni......................................................................................................................326kritika b. ip. varTagavasi (nawyveti)................................................................353ram Semqmna a<strong>da</strong>mianad (simRera)..........................................................................3595
<strong>da</strong>iwyo carizmis mmarTvelobis pirveli umZimesi wlebi saqarTveloSi.~yrma aleqsandreze gansakuTrebuli gavl<strong>ena</strong> hqon<strong>da</strong> biZas, giorgi avaliSvils.1804 w. aleqsandre kamerpaJad Cairicxa imperatoris karze, rac 18 wlisWabukis ruseTSi gar<strong>da</strong>uval wargzavnas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>.1804 welsve farnaoz batoniSvilma mTiuleTis ajanyeba moawyo. mizezi amboxisasaqarTveloSi rusTa Tavgasuloba, erovnuli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gauqmebaiyo.ajanyebulTa taqtikur amocanas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rialis gzis Caketva, raTarusebs maSveli jari ver SemoeyvanaT saqarTveloSi.ajanyeba <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong>. aleqsandre, farnaoz batoniSvilTan erTad, sparseTSiapireb<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>svlas, magram, Tamaz orbelianis ZalisxmeviT, ajanyebulni ruseTsga<strong>da</strong>asaxles.mTiuleTis ajanyebaSi aleqsandre batoniSvilic monawileob<strong>da</strong>.sxva ajanyebulebTan erTad, Wabuki aleqsandre WavWavaZec Seipyres, tambovsga<strong>da</strong>asaxles.garsevan WavWavaZis ZalisxmeviT aleqsande gaaTavisufles.Tanamedroveni ambobdnen: `mokv<strong>da</strong> farnaoz batoniSvilis aleqsandreWavWavaZe. mamamisma is tambovis cixi<strong>da</strong>n gamoasv<strong>ena</strong>.~Tavad aleqsandresac mounaniebia `zogierTi gzaabneuli axalgazrdiscudi gavl<strong>ena</strong>.~mere ase warimarTa poetis cxovreba:1806 w. tambovi<strong>da</strong>n peterburgs Casuli, paJTa korpusSi Caricxes.1809 w. leib-gvardiis (samefo gvardiis) husarTa (msubuqi kavaleriis)polkSia;1811 w. sparselebs ebrZvis erevanSi;1812 w. mTavarmarTebel pauluCTan erTad kaxeTis ajanyebas axSobs, fexSiiWreba.1813 w. general barklai-de-tolis adiutantia (ruseT-safrangeTis omi).gamarjvebul rusul armiasTan erTad parizis aRebisaTvis oqros xmliT jildovdeba.1817 w. polkovnikis Cini miiRo <strong>da</strong> leib-gvardiis husarTa polki<strong>da</strong>n ni-Jegorodis dragunTa polkSi (qveiTi <strong>da</strong> cxenosani kavaleria) ga<strong>da</strong>iyvanes.Semdeg yaraRajSia, winan<strong>da</strong>lTan axlos. iwyebs winandlis mamulis keTilmowyobas,aSenebs zvrebs, araysaxdel qarxnebs, Rvinis sar<strong>da</strong>febs Tbilissa <strong>da</strong>CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.cnobili ingliseli qarTvelologi, oliver uordropi kaxeTs `saqarTvelosbaRs~ uwodeb<strong>da</strong>, alaznis velis xilviT mojadoebuli wer<strong>da</strong>: `zafxuliscxare mze maRla iyo wamosuli lurji cis kamaraze; marcxniv gamwkrivebuliyovaziT morTuli ferdobebi; marjvniv, alaznis iqiT, ayudebuliyvnen TeTrnimTis wverni im mTian kldisa, romelic gaWimuliyo Cemsa <strong>da</strong> evropas Soris.me aRar maxsov<strong>da</strong> arc Cemi Camomavloba, arc Cemi qveyana, arc kacobrioba <strong>da</strong>arc araferi. me <strong>da</strong> Cemi merani gar<strong>da</strong>viqmeniT erT arsebad <strong>da</strong> SeverieniT imdids, cocxal okeaneSi, romelsac hqvia sicocxle! Cemi maja scem<strong>da</strong> TanaxmadTviT bunebis gulis cemisa, mesmo<strong>da</strong> gulis pasuxi Cxriala wyaroebisa, mesmo<strong>da</strong>TviT sityvebi, romelsac CasCurCuleb<strong>da</strong> moZravi haeri xis Sriala foTlebs.me Seviqmen nawili kurTxeul nirvanasi, romelSiac kacs aRar axsovs Tavisi vinaoba<strong>da</strong> hgrZnobs mxolod qveynierebis sulis moZraobas~ (guram SaraZe, iliaWavWavaZe, II, Tb., 1987, gv. 12).1830-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi aleqsandre WavWavaZem axali sasaxle aago. `orsarTulianisasaxlis mosarTavad al. WavWavaZem Zvirfasi aveji gamoiwera ru-9
seTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropi<strong>da</strong>n. amasTanave, did yuradRebas aqcev<strong>da</strong> meurneobisgaumjobesebas. 1835 wels didi Tanxa isesxa banki<strong>da</strong>n oci wlis vadiT. amfuliT gaaS<strong>ena</strong> axali v<strong>ena</strong>xebi, gaxsna Rvinis sar<strong>da</strong>febi Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeTkavkasiaSi, pirvelad man moawyo am mxareSi orTqlis araysaxdeli qarxana <strong>da</strong>Sors gauTqva saxeli kaxur vazs.poets upirvelesad aintereseb<strong>da</strong> Tavisi savanis simSveniere, amitom mamulisSemosavlis did nawils kar-mi<strong>da</strong>mos morTva-mokazmvas axmar<strong>da</strong>. am gulmodginebisa<strong>da</strong> natifi gemovnebis Sedegia winandlis mdi<strong>da</strong>ri parki, romelicsayovelTao aRtacebas iwvev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iwvevs dResac. al. WavWavaZes Tav<strong>da</strong>viwyebiTuyvar<strong>da</strong> buneba, mc<strong>ena</strong>reebi. TviTonve iyo dekoratiuli parkis mosawyobaducxoeTi<strong>da</strong>n mowveuli specialistebis saukeTeso mrCeveli <strong>da</strong> Semwe.aleqsandre WavWavaZis salonSi waukiTxavs pirvelad nikoloz baraTaSvils`bedi qarTlisa~, aq iwerebo<strong>da</strong>, aqve mousmeniaT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>udgamT aleqsandre griboedovis`vai Wkuisagan~.aleqsandre WavWavaZe brwyinvaled flob<strong>da</strong> rusul, frangul, germanul,Turqul enebs.zafxuls winan<strong>da</strong>lSi, zamTars TbilisSi atareb<strong>da</strong>.meuRle poetisa iyo salome orbeliani. aleqsandresa <strong>da</strong> salomes hyav<strong>da</strong>ToTxi Svili: nino (1812-1857), ekaterine (1816-1882), <strong>da</strong>viTi (1818-1889) <strong>da</strong> sofio(1833-1862). aleqsandres umSvenieresi asulebi mwerlebis, mxatvrebisa <strong>da</strong>musikosebis maradiul STagonebad iqcnen.1832 wlis SeTqmulebis dros al. WavWavaZe SeTqmulTa Tanamoasake ar yofila,magram mainc aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> eWvmitanilTa siaSi.SeTqmulTa `aqt goniurSi~ sagangebod mieTiTebinaT: `yovelman mpovnelmanwevrman un<strong>da</strong> ixmaros sifrTxile, raTa ar SemoeparosT kaci vnebuli, znemoSlili,<strong>da</strong>dedlebuli.~mamisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTar <strong>da</strong>msaxurebas amaod axseneb<strong>da</strong> aleqsandre msjavrmdebelT.iseve, rogorc 1804w. 18 wlisa, 1832w. 46 wlis poeti tambovs ga<strong>da</strong>asaxles. 1838wlamdis ruseTs imyofebo<strong>da</strong>.`al. WavWavaZes sjero<strong>da</strong>, rom 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, romelic amboxebaSiun<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>zrdiliyo, <strong>da</strong>amxob<strong>da</strong> ucxoTa batonobas <strong>da</strong> qveyanas erovnul <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas<strong>da</strong>ubruneb<strong>da</strong>.al. WavWavaZe kaxel glexebs Zalian uyvar<strong>da</strong>T. WavWavaZeni arafriT hgavdnenmaxloblad mosaxle gulqva kozmanaSvilebs. niWieri glexi, grigol maisuraZeal. WavWavaZes mxatvar briulovis saxelosnoSi warugzavnia, peterburgSi.glexebs leqsic gamouTqvamT batonisaTvis:`batonia, Tavadia kaxisa, gamkiTxavi Raribisa, glaxisa,aleqsandre WavWavaZe qebuli, xelmwifisgan saxelgandidebuli.~aleqsandre WavWavaZe 1846w. 6 noembers tragikulad <strong>da</strong>iRupa. mefisnacvalvoroncovTan sasaxleSi mimavals cxeni <strong>da</strong>ufrTxo sarkmli<strong>da</strong>n viRac de<strong>da</strong>kacismier gadmoRvrilma wyalma. poetma meetlis miSveleba sca<strong>da</strong>. Sinelis grZelikalTa etlis Tvalma CaiTria, aleqsandre etli<strong>da</strong>n gadmovar<strong>da</strong>, Tavi qvafenils<strong>da</strong>hkra. gonsmousvlelad gar<strong>da</strong>icvala (misi ukanaskneli sityva yofila `araferia~).platon ioseliani wer<strong>da</strong>: `unugeSod mWmunvarebs mTeli saqarTvelo.~aleqsandre WavWavaZe <strong>da</strong>krZalulia SuamTaSi.10
aleqsandre WavWavaZegogCagogCa, tba vrceli, xmovanebiT zRvisa mbaZavi,odesme zvirTTa aRqafebiT hRelavs mrisxaned;zogjer, viT broli gul-ubryvilo, wmin<strong>da</strong>, uZravi,Tvis Soris hxatavs cisa laJvards <strong>da</strong> mTaTa mwvaneT.magram naqcevni misTa kideT ZaZiT mmosvelni,saglovo naSTni SenobaTa kvlav erovanTa,sad hyvavebulan didebulad qalaqni vrcelni<strong>da</strong> sad dRes vhxe<strong>da</strong>vT oden buTa <strong>da</strong> natamalTa.WmunvaTa TvisTa mnaxvelTaca aziarebenu<strong>da</strong>bureba, mCumareba, ara-raoba.Tvalsa <strong>da</strong> gulsa kacisasa sevdiT avseben,<strong>da</strong> uneblieT warmodgeba oxvriT es grZnoba:aha, palatTa didebulTa ngreuli naSTi.aha, qalaqTa CinebulTa xvedri ucilo,aha, Cvenisa momavlisac namdvili xati;mxolod awmyoze ras <strong>da</strong>bmulxar, xedvav brmobilo!ese kamara Zliv sacnobo yofil taZarad,sad kvlav mefeni mowiwebiT idrekdnen muxlTa,sad RvTis dideba morwmuneTa esmo<strong>da</strong>T mtkbarad,<strong>da</strong> cisa mimarT grgvinvidian xmani fsalmunTa, _dRes es naqcevi, saxierad maCrdilobeli,hxe<strong>da</strong>vs Tvis qveSe <strong>da</strong>mCoqvelad oden pirutyvTa,zogjer nadirTa, zogjer mxecTa, <strong>da</strong> xan warmvlelimun Seafarebs saqonelTa, SoriT zidulTa!es grova qvaTa saxe Slilis oTxkuTxedisaadgil ars, sa<strong>da</strong> savaWroni mdidrad wyobilan;somexni, mxneni xelovanni momgeblobisa,pirsa qveynisas ama saqmiT adriv cnobilan.maSin maT Soris xSir yofila qururTa mqoneara-Tu vercxliT, ndobiTaca yovlad mdi<strong>da</strong>rni.aw mtvrad aRgvilan igi Zali <strong>da</strong> igi Rone;maTTa ganTqmulTa SeZlebaTa warSlian kvalni!mixede ama vrcelsa vakes qva-yrilsa bnelad,kvlav asparezsa, sad hqoniaT taiWTa srbola,CogniT taceba Wabuk-mxe<strong>da</strong>rT gamosacdelad,SubTa triali, jiriTT tyorcna <strong>da</strong> isarT srola.11
erTgzis eseca qvani Savni, dRes <strong>da</strong>xavsilni,urTierTTana kavSirobiT amaRlebulan;mkuTvnelni maTni, bednierni <strong>da</strong> kmayofilni,odesme maTSi gancxromilan <strong>da</strong> ganSvebulan.aqaca mj<strong>da</strong>ra Zali maRals taxtsa amayad,wyalobaTa <strong>da</strong> risxvis frqveviT mmarTveli erTa;aqac uRrRniaT Sursa, mtrobas gulebi xarbad;trfialni aqac SemsWvalvian kvlav erTmanerTTa.ravdenT banovanT Svenebani axlad mSlilobniWavlis siwmindes miuzi<strong>da</strong>vs napirs am tbisas;vardni, zambaxni <strong>da</strong> mixakni, <strong>da</strong> giSris mwyobrniravdengzis turfad garduRia sarkesa wylisas.ravdengzis mTvares, Tav-momwones maTTan STaxedviT,ugrZnvia Tvisi Cagrul-yofa <strong>da</strong> moRrublvila!magram ra?!. drosa msrvelis celiT, yovlTa warwymediT,ciurTa mjobi mSveneblobac sxvaTebr mosTvlila!naqcevni _ nangrevebi.natamali _ narCeni,ucilo_ u<strong>da</strong>vo.xati _ aq: suraTi.xedvav brmobilo _ <strong>da</strong>brmavebulo mzerav.saxierad _ lamazad, mSvenierad.xelovanni momgeblobisa _ savaWro saqmis kargi mcodneni.qururi _ qoneba, materialuri simdidre.ganSvebulan _ SvebiT, molxeniT ucxovriaT.Zali _ aq: Zalaufleba, Zalauflebis mqoneni.SemsWvalvian _ siyvaruliT SeerTebulan.banovani _ qalbatoni, mandilosani.STaxedviT _ mayurebels.mSvenebloba _ mSveniereba.drois msrveli celi _ drois gamanadgurebeli momspobi Zala.mosTvlila _ gaqarvebula, waSlila.gogCis (sevanis) tba(mdebareobs somxeTSi)12
gavigoT, gaviazroT, SevafasoT:• imsjeleT rasTan qmnis gogCis lamazi buneba kontrasts <strong>da</strong> ris warmosa-C<strong>ena</strong>d iyenebs am mxatvrul xerxs avtori?• gadmoeciT, rogor cocxldebian al. WavWavaZis poetur warmosaxvaSi warsulissuraTebi.• rogor gesmiT azri striqonisa: `ese kamara Zliv sacnobo yofil taZarad?~• ra fiqrebs aRuZravs poets gogCis <strong>da</strong>ngreuli Semogarenis xilva.• ris simbolod SeiZleba aRviqvaT gogCis iavarqmnili Semogareni?ra ganapirobebspoetis uZiro sev<strong>da</strong>s?• leqsis mixedviT, ra aris yovlismZleveli <strong>da</strong> Tavad uZleveli?• Tqveni azriT, riT SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>upirispirdes a<strong>da</strong>miani warmavlobis ganc<strong>da</strong>s,rom sasowarkveTilebaSi ar Cavardes?teqstis mxatvruli analizisTvis:• gaixseneT ras ewodeba arqaizmi. moZebneT leqsSi arqauli sityvebi. imsjeleTramd<strong>ena</strong>d gamarTlebulia nawarmoebSi arqaizmTa siWarbe?• ra mxatvruli xerxebia gamoyenebuli striqonebSi: `ravdengzis mTvares,Tav-momwones maTTan STaxedviT, ugrZnvia Tvisi Cagrul-yofa <strong>da</strong> moRrublvila?~• <strong>da</strong>asaxeleT metaforebi, romlebiTac qalis silamazea Semkobili. romelinawarmoebi gaxsendebaT, romelSic imave mizniTaa gamoyenebuli msgavsimetaforebi?• romantizmisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel ra niSan-Tvisebebs amCnevT leqsSi?imsje leT.gogCa(aleqsandre WavWavaZes)Tengiz verulavamoquruxebul cas talRebad aCn<strong>da</strong> Rrublebi. mkrTali mze anaTeb<strong>da</strong> Sah<strong>da</strong>Risqeds zemoT, Zlivs atan<strong>da</strong> xeobaSi Camowolil nislebs.yarabaRul be<strong>da</strong>urze amxedrebuli mxe<strong>da</strong>ri miaWeneb<strong>da</strong> mTis ugzo ferdebze.cxenis alRos mihyvebo<strong>da</strong>, midio<strong>da</strong>, magram ar ico<strong>da</strong> sad.sa<strong>da</strong>ve moqaCa, qarafebs miagdo cxeni, mwvane koromebiT <strong>da</strong>farul xevs gadmoxe<strong>da</strong>.qveviT mdinare moarRvev<strong>da</strong> ufskrulebs, magram sqeli nisli farav<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> misi xmauri Zlivs aRwev<strong>da</strong>.Sors moCan<strong>da</strong> kavkasioni, or zRvas Sua goliaTad gawolili, mTaze <strong>da</strong>mdgarimTebis zurgiT mzidveli. yinulovani mwvervalebi<strong>da</strong>n mosq<strong>da</strong> aTaswlovaniTovlisgan Sekruli zvavi. yinul-lodTa borcvebma <strong>da</strong>qanebul ferdebze iwyosriali. cas wvdebo<strong>da</strong> Tovlis mtveri.SavCoxosan mxe<strong>da</strong>rs Savi nabadi wamoegdo mxrebze.uwyalo s<strong>ena</strong>d ga<strong>da</strong>eqca axaldroeba. CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n, kavkass gaRma monaqrolmacivma qarebma gaau<strong>da</strong>bures savaneni, ar <strong>da</strong>toves eSyis walkotebSi saxemtkbarivardebi. Seuwyalebel cecxlis alSi Cavar<strong>da</strong> RvTiT boZebuli patara samoTxe.13
yovlT mawyeni gveli Semoepara edemis baRebs, moaSTo msubuqfrTovani vardebi.mTiebTagan <strong>da</strong>SorebiT sustqmnili bulbulebi aRar ekarebian maradiuli zam-TriT <strong>da</strong>mzral, uSlel vardebs.`wyeul ars is dro, ros samkvidro <strong>da</strong>vkargeT krulni~! _ fiqrob<strong>da</strong> igi <strong>da</strong>WirT mwvelTa gansaqarveblad mieltvo<strong>da</strong> mdeloTa sunsa, mosasurnsa.miagelveb<strong>da</strong> Sav be<strong>da</strong>urs ufskrulebis piras <strong>da</strong>mrecil bilikebze iberielTaZveli, WeSmariti <strong>da</strong>naSTi. mTiebi miiwev<strong>da</strong> moRuSul caze, rogorc ciklopuriTvali, mewamuli melnis uZiro tba. avdris sagubeli bneli Rrublebiga<strong>da</strong>farodnen Saravandis mfen mzes, TiTqos wamwamebia, hindoTa uricxvi jari.aqe<strong>da</strong>n Sors iyo umefo, pativaxdili tfilisi, mTavarmarTeblis svetebianisasaxle, paskeviCis mier monaTluli erevanskis moe<strong>da</strong>ni Tu rusebis jariTgaZeZili ars<strong>ena</strong>li. gamoeqca Cabalaxaxdil, <strong>da</strong>Coqebul, SiSian Jams <strong>da</strong> “siyvaruliTmtkbari” feeriuli zmanebebis samyaros miaSura. qajTagan Tavisufalivard-bulbuliani edemi aw mxolod ocnebaSi SeiZleba ixilos.Tavi mostaces fer<strong>da</strong>kargulma landebma <strong>da</strong> mwir Tvalebs isev moeaxlnendroiT <strong>da</strong>Trgunvili `Zveli xilvebi~. isev <strong>da</strong>iqrola warsuli sicocxlis niavma<strong>da</strong> Wmunvis laxvriT gul-pobils gar<strong>da</strong>sul aCrdilTa xsovniT sitkbo ganuaxla.gza qveviT iwev<strong>da</strong>. mSvenieri sanaxebi iSlebo<strong>da</strong> Tval-sawierze. farTofoTlovanimuxnari ga<strong>da</strong>iara <strong>da</strong> mTebs Soris momwyvdeul gaSlil xeobas miadga.Sah<strong>da</strong>Ris <strong>da</strong> gegamis qedebs Soris livliveb<strong>da</strong> gogCis vrceli tba. misi aRqafebulitalRebi zRvasaviT gamoscemdnen xmas. acerebuli kldi<strong>da</strong>n gadmoxe<strong>da</strong>tbis Tavankara ze<strong>da</strong>pirs. uwyinari sivrciT moinusxa, gairin<strong>da</strong> mefuri didebulebisSemyurem.tbis sarkisebr mkerdze ireklebo<strong>da</strong> cisa laJvardi <strong>da</strong> mwvaniT mosili xeoba.Seucnobad kaeSans moecva uSfoTvelad gawolili tba.kldis qimze samefo palatTa nangrevebi idgnen. uxorco, ConCxadqceuligvamebiviT gadmohyurebdnen Camuqebul tbas. sev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> didebuleba erTad <strong>da</strong>styobo<strong>da</strong>nasasaxlar naSTebs, xavsga<strong>da</strong>krul lodebs, ZaZiT mosil naqcevebs,CaSavebul qvebs.sakvirveli arqiteqturis Can<strong>da</strong> es nageboba. cxadi iyo, Zlierebis Jams aqhyvao<strong>da</strong> qalaqi vrceli, cixe-<strong>da</strong>rbazebiTa <strong>da</strong> mdidrad wyobili savaWroebiT.qaravnebi <strong>da</strong>diodnen uSoresi gzebi<strong>da</strong>n. momgeblobis xelovanni araTu vercxliT,ndobiTac iyvnen ganTqmulni didvaWarTa Soris. aq imarTebo<strong>da</strong> taiWTasrbola, asparezoba, Wabuk mxedrebis gamosacdelad CogniT taceba, SubTa triali,jiriTTa tyorcna <strong>da</strong> isarT srola.axla ki, yvelaferi es tkbili mogonebaa <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>suli didebis mowmed mxolodutyvi nangrevebiRa <strong>da</strong>rCnen. JamTa ukuRma svlas gaeu<strong>da</strong>burebina, odenbuTa TavSesafar adgilad eqcia.taZris morRveul kedlebs Soris xeebs gaewvdinaT totebi. yvavebi SeseodnenCabnelebul xeTa wverokinebs. yrantaliT boinobdnen nangrebebze. maRalibalaxiT <strong>da</strong>faruliyo qvis acvenili iataki. suros moecva naxevradCamoSlilisakurTxevlis mxare. <strong>da</strong>xeTqil kamarebze Ramurebs <strong>da</strong>edoT bina.iyo droeba, roca aq mefeni mowiwebiT idrekdnen muxlebs <strong>da</strong> RvTis didebasaRavlendnen. tkbili xmani fsalmunTa grgvinav<strong>da</strong> cisa mimarT.dRes es naqcevi taZari TavSesafaria mxolod pirutyvTa, nadirTa, mxecTa.zogjer gzadmimavali mejoge aq Seafarebs SoriT moyvanil saqonels.mze <strong>da</strong>salierisken iwurebo<strong>da</strong>. Rame Camowva. varskvlavebma iwyes cimcimifermkrTal cis tatnobze. mTaTa mwvervalebi<strong>da</strong>n mTvare amocur<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> WirisufaliviT<strong>da</strong>adga samyaros, Suqni nelni mohfina mi<strong>da</strong>mos. CasTvlima bunebam <strong>da</strong>am mkv<strong>da</strong>r Zils tbaze moronine Wavlebis msubuqi rxeva akrTob<strong>da</strong> mxolod.cicabod <strong>da</strong>eSva tbisken. cxeni <strong>da</strong>salevad miuSva. peSviT aiRo civi wyali,14
saxe gaigrila. sasoebiT Caacqer<strong>da</strong> vercxlisfrad mocimcime tbis ze<strong>da</strong>pirs.samefo palatTa nangrevni narcisiviT iWvritebodnen wyalSi.isev moeZala sev<strong>da</strong>. swored axla mTeli sicxadiT igrZno, Tu rogor mieqanebo<strong>da</strong>ufskrulisaken warsuli didebis bolo naSTi. naRvlianad gaaqniaTavi. Tvals ver usworeb<strong>da</strong> nangrevTa mzeras mwuxris iisferi tbis sarkeze.ase eCv<strong>ena</strong>, raRac saSinel saidumlos faravso tbaze gakruli landi CamoqceulpalatTa.Rrublebi grovdebodnen tbis Tavze. agruxun<strong>da</strong> ca. naTelma gahkveTa bindi.aty<strong>da</strong> Weqa-quxili.CrdiloeTis veluri tramalebi<strong>da</strong>n movar<strong>da</strong> msusxavi, cofiani qari <strong>da</strong> pirsisxlianiZaRliviT eZgera ZvelTuZveles palatebs.TiTqos raRac mZimed Camoiqcao umrumesi ci<strong>da</strong>n, ngrevis xma gaisma. Ramurebigamofrindnen TaRebi<strong>da</strong>n, bnelSi iwyes riali.Setortman<strong>da</strong> kamara, Seirynen TavwaWrili svetebi, gaibzara <strong>da</strong>vardnilikedlebi. Camoingra saZirkvelmoSlili gumbaTi.Tavbru<strong>da</strong>mxvevi SxuiliT tbaSi cviodnen, iZirebodnen nangrevebi.TiTqos koSmaruli sizmri<strong>da</strong>n gamoerkva, <strong>da</strong>mfrTxal cxens <strong>da</strong>hkivla mxe<strong>da</strong>rma<strong>da</strong> gvelnakbeniviT gaecala xaxa<strong>da</strong>Rebul, yovelTamylapav tbas.Txemze avar<strong>da</strong>. Tavi waarTva borgneul qars <strong>da</strong> ukanasknelad gadmoxe<strong>da</strong>gogCis aquxebul mi<strong>da</strong>mos. mSuSxav grigals ukve moetitvlebina nangrevTa adgili,mrume wylis morevs STaenTqa samefo palatTa ukanaskneli naSTi.• ram STaagona avtors am Txzulebis <strong>da</strong>wera?• rogor fiqrobT, aRwevs avtori, rom al. WavwavaZis fiqrebi, misi gancdebi<strong>da</strong>majereblad gadmosces?• moZebneT TxzulebaSi adgilebi, romlebSic realuri faqtebia mocemuli<strong>da</strong> waikiTxeT. <strong>da</strong>akvirdiT riT gansxvavdeba maTi aRwera saistorioTxrobisagan.• ra <strong>da</strong>matebiT informacias <strong>da</strong> ganc<strong>da</strong>s itevs Tengiz verulavas TxzulebaleqsTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT? imsjeleT.• rogor gaacocxla avtorma erTi leqsis Seqmnis istoria? imsjeleT.<strong>da</strong>valeba #1Tqven Tengiz verulavas TxzulebaSi Segxv<strong>da</strong>T sityvebi (leqsikuri er-Teulebi), romlebsac naklebad vxmarobT metyvelebaSi, magram maTi gamoyenebaamdidrebs mxatvrul <strong>literatura</strong>s.• amowereT yoveli TqvenTvis ucnobi sityva <strong>da</strong> SeadgineT leqsikoni (<strong>da</strong>valebisSesrulebisas gamoiyeneT <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoniarnold Ciqobavas re<strong>da</strong>qciiT. Tb. 1986. <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni,I-II t. Tb. 1990. aseve internetSi ganTavsebuli leqsikonebi).• aRniSnuli Txzulebi<strong>da</strong>n amoiwereT mxatvruli xerxebi. gaixseneT maTiraoba <strong>da</strong> gansazRvreT maTi funqcia.airCieT Tqveni sayvareli romelime leqsi (SegiZliaT rCevahkiTxoT maswavlebelsac) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wereT mxatvruli ese `erTi leqsis Seqmnisistoria.~ SegiZliaT SeurCioT sxva saTauri.15
SegaxsenebT:morfologiur-orTografiuli Secdomebia: ama Tu im sityvis fuZisa<strong>da</strong> TavsarT-bolosarTis marTlwerasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, agreTve, sityvebiserTad, cal-calke an defisiT werasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli umarTebuloformebi.magaliTad: `rogorc ukve avRniSneT, am sakiTxs male ganvixilavT~.avRniSneT morfologiuri Secdomaa. es forma miuRebelia ara mxolod amwina<strong>da</strong>debaSi, aramed nebismier sxva wina<strong>da</strong>debaSi (an Tun<strong>da</strong>c calke aRebuli),radgan aR- zmniswinia <strong>da</strong> ar SeiZleba misi gayofa (avR); sxva tipismorfologiur-orTografiuli Secdomebi: mtkvaris, wleebi, utkbilesi,CumaT, grexva, albad, <strong>da</strong>-Zmoba, me-21, XXI-e <strong>da</strong> a.S.<strong>da</strong>valeba#2teqstSi <strong>da</strong>Svebulia 20 morfologiur-orTografiuli Secdoma. gaasworeTes Secdomebi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wereT teqsti ise, rom arc erTi sxva cvlileba ar SeitanoT.mas Semdeg, rac 1801 w-s ruseTma qarTlkaxeTis samefo gaauqma <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<strong>da</strong>narCeni kuTxeebis <strong>da</strong>byrobas Seudga, qarTvelma xalxma warTmeulisaxelmwifoebriobis <strong>da</strong>brunebis mizniT mravaljer wamoiwyo ajanyeba.erT-erTi aseTi mcdeloba iyo 1832 w-is SeTqmuleba, romelic ruseTSi ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebulbatoniSvilTa wreSi Caisaxa. kerZoT, 1825-26 ww-Si dimitri <strong>da</strong>oqropir bagrationebma Semoikribes ruseTSi saswavleblad Casuli qarTveliaxalgazrdebi <strong>da</strong> Seudgen momzadebas SeiaraRebuli ajanyebisaTvis.1827 w-speterburgi<strong>da</strong>n samSobloSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> didi qarTveli sazogado <strong>da</strong> politikurimoRvawe solomon do<strong>da</strong>Svili <strong>da</strong> SeTqmulebis centrmac TbiliSi gadmoinacvla.solomon do<strong>da</strong>Svili ganaTlebuli pirovneba iyo. mas peterburgisuniversiteti qon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli.ajanyeba mTel kavkasias un<strong>da</strong> modebo<strong>da</strong>, raTa sabolood alagmuliyo amier<strong>da</strong> imierkavkasiaSi rusTa TareSi. magram SeTqmulebs ruseTan politikurikavSiris srulad gawyveta ki ar sur<strong>da</strong>T, aramed ruseT-saqarTvelos SorissaerTo interesebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myareba. swored amas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>georgievskis traqtatic, romelic 1801 w-s ruseTis xelisuflebammzakrulad <strong>da</strong>arRvia.SeTqmuleba didxans mzaddebo<strong>da</strong>. 1832 w-s SeTqmulebs, ajanyebis gegmismixedviT, un<strong>da</strong> moewviaT rusuli biurokratiis moxelebi, ganeiaraRebinaT,Semdeg Tbilisis mosaxleoba aejanyebiaT. saboloo gegmis mixedviT, maT un<strong>da</strong>gamoeyenebinaT Tavad-aznaurobis sagubernio yriloba. ajanyebamde ramdenimedRiT adre SeTqmulebis erTerTma xelmZRvanelma, iese falavandiSvilma,SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb acnoba Tavis Zmas, romelsac ruseTis mefisnacvalisadministraciaSi maRali Tanamdeboba ekava. am ukanasknelma SeTqmulebagasca. SeTqmulebi <strong>da</strong>apatimres <strong>da</strong> maTi „antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobis“gamosakvlevaT sagangebo komisia <strong>da</strong>niSnes, romelmac asormoc<strong>da</strong>xuTi „<strong>da</strong>mnaSave“gamoamJRavna. ruseTis imperatorma yovel maTTagans sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjaga<strong>da</strong>uwyvita, magram Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba Sescvala <strong>da</strong> isini ruseTisSoreul mxareebSi ga<strong>da</strong>asaxla.amiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa mcTeloba, SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis gziT Tavi<strong>da</strong>exwiaT ruseTis imperiis batonobisagan <strong>da</strong> Selaxuli erovnuli RirsebaaRedginaT.16
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