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LEITAR TIKEL should occur as quickly as possible, but fossil fuels will be required to serve the world’s needs until the replacements are ready and our society can pay for them. There are many estimates of the amounts of fossil fuel reserves, and these estimates can vary widely. An estimate in 1922 indicated that existing petroleum reserves would be completely depleted by 1940, while the best current estimates range from 50 to 100 years, with large uncertainties. It is also diffi cult to estimate the future demand for fossil fuels, but demand is growing rapidly, especially in the economically developing world. These issues are important because it tells us how much time we have to build a new energy supply system for the world. Overall, combustion research offers opportunities to help bridge this period during which fossil fuel combustion continues, but the world cannot continue to emit greenhouse gases at its present rate while it burns the fossil fuels that remain. Increased combustion effi ciency can reduce CO2 emissions, and improvements in combustor design can further reduce pollutant emissions. Other greenhouse gas reductions are being studied, including CO2 capture and sequestration strategies, and increasing use of renewables will also have an important impact. This is not a new role for combustion research. For at least the past 50 years, basic science research into combustion fundamentals has made enormous contributions to improving air quality and combustion effi ciency. When I was a student in Los Angeles in the 1960s, it was unusual to be able to see for distances of more than a kilometer due to the famous LA smog. A combination of strict government emissions regulations and much improved scientifi c understanding of the processes of pollutant emissions led to dramatic reductions in air pollution during the 1970s and 1980s. Perhaps the most obvious improvements were in diesel soot emissions; 20 years ago, a big truck would produce a huge cloud of smoke every time it would accelerate, and any auto following it would nearly disappear into the cloud. Today, such emissions are virtually a thing of the past. Scientifi c computing, laser diagnostics and other basic science techniques began to be used in combustion research during the 1960s and rapidly became major features in engine analysis and design. For example, basic science research by combustion scientists discovered the chemical and physical mechanisms leading to production and emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons, and soot in automobile and truck engines. Interactions between turbulent fl ows and chemical reactions were probed in laboratory experiments and then inside an actual engine or industrial burner. Analytical, theoretical and computational tools used today in combustion research are now just as sophisticated as those used in plasma physics or molecular biology research, and soot formation in combustion research is analyzed as a complex multiscale problem, similar in many ways to ion implantation in semiconductor research and many others. These new research tools have led to dramatic advances in combustion systems in recent years. For example, a new internal combustion engine concept, the Homogeneous Charge, Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine is being developed in university and engine laboratories all over the world. This engine, which combines elements of Diesel and spark ignition engine concepts, offers high thermodynamic effi ciency but avoids soot or NOx emissions, using almost any hydrocarbon fuel including 212 BUNSEN-MAGAZIN · 10. JAHRGANG · 6/2008 natural gas, gasoline or Diesel fuel. Advanced laser diagnostics make in situ measurements inside operating engine chambers. Massively parallel computational models for computational fl uid dynamics (CFD) have predicted reactive fl ows inside the engine, and other reactive fl ow computations have examined complex catalyst treatment of exhaust gases. All these developments have made the rate of progress in engine development and optimization much more rapid and more accurate for HCCI combustion than progress of other systems in the past. We can expect other new combustion concepts to appear in the coming years, again motivated by increased legislative pressures to reduce or eliminate emissions of pollutants and CO2, and capture and sequestration of these emissions may be a part of these advances. Even as wind, solar and nuclear energy production become more competitive, some combustion will likely continue, due to the unique properties and energy densities of liquid hydrocarbon fuels, so continued advances in combustion technologies will be required even for the distant future. German combustion scientists have been an important and unique part of combustion research over the past 50 years, and in particular they have led the applications of basic science approaches to combustion problems. In 2004, the Combustion Institute celebrated its 50 th anniversary with plenary papers summarizing current and past accomplishments in the most signifi cant basic science subfi elds infl uencing combustion. The authors of four of these plenary papers included German physical chemists or physicists, including Professors Jürgen Troe (Göttingen) in theoretical chemistry, Katharina Kohse-Höinghaus (Bielefeld) and Jürgen Wolfrum (Heidelberg) in advanced laser diagnostics, Jürgen Warnatz (Heidelberg) in advanced computer simulations, and Norbert Peters (Aachen) in combustion and fl uid mechanics theory. Many of these and other German combustion researchers trace their professional pedigrees through the rich scientifi c line in physical chemistry from Bunsen, Ostwald, Nernst, Bodenstein, Eucken, Jost and Wagner, and German combustion scientists bring a critical component of fundamental physics, chemistry and computer science to this fi eld. These are precisely the tools that are essential in solving the scientifi c challenges of making fossil fuels clean enough and effi cient enough to be acceptable fuels for the next 50 years, and it is very important that Germany maintain this strong and internationally recognized academic reputation in combustion science. Dr. Charles Westbrook is a Senior Scientist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, where he has been a researcher and program leader since 1968. He has studied kinetic modeling of combustion chemistry for the past 30 years. His work emphasizes the role of chemical kinetics and fuel molecular structure on practical systems, particularly in internal combustion engines. He has extended the capabilities of detailed chemical kinetic modeling to very large hydrocarbon molecules characteristic of practical fuels including gasoline, Diesel fuel and jet fuels. He has received awards from the US Society of Automotive Engineers, the Americal Chemical Society, and the Combustion Institute for his studies of hydrocarbon emissions from automotive engines and the chemical basis for engine knock in spark-ignition engines. In August, 2008, he began a four-year term as President of The Combustion Institute.
DEUTSCHE BUNSEN-GESELLSCHAFT LEITAR TIK EL UNTERRICHT A S P E K TE A K TU E L L E S TA G U N G E N NACHRICHTEN P H YS IK A LIS C H E C H E M IE G D C H INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Charles Westbrook The role of combustion in future energy scenarios 211 Christoph Roß, Ralf Detem ple, Heidrun Heinke Das physikalische Praktikum im Chemiestudium 214 Christian Weber, Christian Hellwig, Nils Bartels, Katharina Salffner, Bastian Siepchen, Henning Krassen Solarthermische Kraftwerke 217 Horst Stegem eyer Ein Jahr Flüssigkristall-Ausstellung im Bunsen-Archiv Gießen 221 Gunther W ittstock Electrochemistry 2008: Crossing Boundaries 222 Klaus Funke Grußadresse der Bunsen-Gesellschaft anlässlich der Verleihung 223 der Theodor-Förster-Gedächtnisvorlesung und des Albert-Weller Preises Personalia 224 Veranstaltungen/Events 225 Ankündigungen Manfred-Eigen-Nachwuchswissenschaftler-Gespräch 2009 228 Inhalt Heft 8 und 9 (2008) 229 Studierende in GDCh und VAA 230 Zum Titelbild Anordnung von mehreren hundert Heliostaten, die die Solarstrahlung auf den im Turm eingebauten Receiver konzentrieren, siehe den Artikel über solarthermische Kraftwerke, Seite 217.
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