G, GORT, ivy in the Ogham alphabet. The bird ... - Rodney Mackay
G, GORT, ivy in the Ogham alphabet. The bird ... - Rodney Mackay
G, GORT, ivy in the Ogham alphabet. The bird ... - Rodney Mackay
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G, <strong>GORT</strong>, <strong>ivy</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ogham</strong> <strong>alphabet</strong>. <strong>The</strong> <strong>bird</strong> geis, <strong>the</strong> mute<br />
swan; <strong>the</strong> colour gorm, blue; <strong>the</strong> dates: September 30 until<br />
October 27.<br />
GAB, a tattl<strong>in</strong>g mouth, from Scot. gab, gabbach, garrulous,<br />
scold<strong>in</strong>g, talkative, a gossip<strong>in</strong>g female, MEng. gabben , to<br />
chatter, mock, gab. <strong>The</strong> Norse gabb, mockery. <strong>The</strong> Eng. gab.<br />
GÀBAIRT, a transport ship, cf. Scot. gabert, a lighter,<br />
possibly from Fr. gabarre, a ship carry<strong>in</strong>g stores.<br />
GÀBHADH, danger, peril, emergency, jeopardy, surprise,<br />
wonder, obs. gabhadach, artful, cunn<strong>in</strong>g, EIr. gád, danger.<br />
Lat. hé-res. See next.<br />
GABHADH-BHEI, “<strong>in</strong> danger from fire,” <strong>the</strong> druidical ordeal<br />
by fire as a proof of honesty of <strong>in</strong>tent or <strong>in</strong>nocence. Survival<br />
from <strong>the</strong> flames was considered to v<strong>in</strong>dicate <strong>the</strong> applicant.<br />
<strong>The</strong> next word is related.<br />
GABHANN, flattery, word magic, gossip, from gabh, “to take<br />
<strong>in</strong>.” Gab, a tattle-tale, gabhadh, danger, peril, gabhar, a goat.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Eng. gab, gabby. See boc and <strong>the</strong> words immediately<br />
below. See next.<br />
GABHD, to take, a crafty trick from Sc. gaud, a trick, from<br />
Lat<strong>in</strong> gaudium. <strong>The</strong> Eng. give. See above and below.<br />
GABHLAN, a wanderer devoid of care, a trickster, a “goatman.”<br />
Strangers were credited with honour<strong>in</strong>g "crafty" gods<br />
and were thought apt to cheat people s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>y had no
obligations <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> community <strong>the</strong>y visited. See above<br />
entries. <strong>The</strong> goat is particularly associated with <strong>the</strong><br />
nature-spirit known as Cernu.<br />
GABHRA CATHA, <strong>the</strong> Battle of Gowra, Ireland; <strong>the</strong> last great<br />
conflict <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> Fé<strong>in</strong>n took part and were<br />
exterm<strong>in</strong>ated. Cairbre, <strong>the</strong> high-k<strong>in</strong>g, hop<strong>in</strong>g to curb <strong>the</strong><br />
power of what had become a private army follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
death of Fionn mac Cumhail, provoked a quarrel. <strong>The</strong> Fé<strong>in</strong>n,<br />
led by Osgar, fought aga<strong>in</strong>st Clan Morna, who sided with <strong>the</strong><br />
k<strong>in</strong>g. In <strong>the</strong> battle Cairbre and Osgar killed one ano<strong>the</strong>r. <strong>The</strong><br />
site of this battle is usually given as Garristown, County<br />
Dubl<strong>in</strong>.<br />
GACHANNACH. Any dr<strong>in</strong>k strong enough to make one gasp.<br />
Harsh.<br />
GAD, a wi<strong>the</strong>, thong, cord, iron bar, <strong>in</strong>herent <strong>in</strong> a bad sense;<br />
Lat. hasta, a spear, Eng. gad, a bar, also our word yard. <strong>The</strong><br />
Gaelic spear was reusable be<strong>in</strong>g attached to <strong>the</strong> wrist with<br />
a thong. Gadlu<strong>in</strong>n, a slender human, a feeble fellow, a<br />
salmon after spawn<strong>in</strong>g. <strong>The</strong> Dao<strong>in</strong>e sidh or “little people”<br />
were not small but tall and slender. Thus a device used by<br />
<strong>the</strong>se folk. <strong>The</strong> cliabhan or creel was made by twist<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
<strong>in</strong>terweav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> gad. In days past a newly married couple<br />
was supplied with two creels filled with stones which were<br />
set upon <strong>the</strong> back of “a steady horse.” <strong>The</strong> animal was<br />
encouraged to wander and when some of <strong>the</strong> gad snapped<br />
under <strong>the</strong> stones and <strong>the</strong> baskets fell to earth this was<br />
understood to be <strong>the</strong> place where <strong>the</strong> new couple should<br />
build a home and raise a family. As <strong>the</strong> proverb says “<strong>The</strong><br />
land that comes must be accepted!” Before <strong>the</strong> wi<strong>the</strong>s could<br />
be used to make baskets <strong>the</strong>y had to be steeped <strong>in</strong> water;<br />
thus Is mithich a bhi bogadh nan gad, “It is time to wet <strong>the</strong><br />
wi<strong>the</strong>s,” implies any preparations made for a journey.<br />
GAE BULG, GAE BOLG a “belly spear,” a “bag spear,” <strong>the</strong><br />
"magical" weapon carried by Cúchulla<strong>in</strong>. Said to be "a<br />
notched spear" made from "<strong>the</strong> bones of a sea-monster." Gad,<br />
gath, a dart, a st<strong>in</strong>g, a rod made of metal, bulas, hooked,
also, bolla, a bowl or vessel. similar to Eng. buoy. Rolleston<br />
says <strong>the</strong> weapon was foot-propelled.<br />
Cúchulla<strong>in</strong> was given his gae bolg by one of <strong>the</strong> Dao<strong>in</strong>e<br />
sidh, <strong>the</strong> warrior queen known as Aoife, who he seduced<br />
while <strong>in</strong> tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> Isle of Skye, Scotland. In his first<br />
encounter with it Cu Cúchulla<strong>in</strong> killed his own son Connla,<br />
born of this "fairy-maiden." Thus <strong>the</strong> balanc<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong><br />
tables; men who were given great advantages by <strong>the</strong> Baf<strong>in</strong>ne<br />
or “Fates” were led to expect equal disadvantages.<br />
Cúchulla<strong>in</strong> also used this weapon to kill his friend Ferdiad<br />
and Queen Mebd’s champion Loc mac Mofebis. Although <strong>the</strong><br />
rod made one entry wound it opened <strong>in</strong>to thirty <strong>in</strong>dividual<br />
hooks with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> body, “fill<strong>in</strong>g every limb and crevice with<br />
wounds.”<br />
This mystery weapon was probably of two dist<strong>in</strong>ct<br />
parts, viz. <strong>the</strong> Scot. bools, a pot hook consist<strong>in</strong>g of two<br />
articulated parts, <strong>the</strong> Eng. bow, which has a similar<br />
construction. <strong>The</strong> word also confers with bolt and bag, and<br />
may bear some relationship with <strong>the</strong> people who were<br />
called <strong>the</strong> Firbolge. It is known that <strong>the</strong> active part of <strong>the</strong><br />
weapon was bounced beneath body armour from <strong>the</strong> ground,<br />
so it may have resembled <strong>the</strong> catapults which were used by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Norse, and are mentioned <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gs Mirror.<br />
<strong>The</strong>y had a long lever-arm, at <strong>the</strong> outer end of which<br />
was a bowl or sl<strong>in</strong>g. In it was laid a heavy round stone, or<br />
more rarely a conta<strong>in</strong>er for combustible matter. It is stated<br />
that <strong>the</strong> armament was jarthkol, or “coal ground <strong>in</strong>to<br />
sulphur. <strong>The</strong> so-called “cast<strong>in</strong>g-stones” were baked clay<br />
with pebbles embedded <strong>in</strong> it. When <strong>the</strong>se clay balls were<br />
slung out, “<strong>the</strong>y burst <strong>in</strong> pieces and <strong>the</strong> enemy was left<br />
with noth<strong>in</strong>g to throw back.” In <strong>the</strong> literature <strong>the</strong> “great<br />
black ball” used as shot is referred to as “a sheep’s<br />
paunch,” which suggests it may have been conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> a<br />
lea<strong>the</strong>r bag.<br />
When <strong>the</strong> Norse used it aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Greenlanders it<br />
made <strong>the</strong> dist<strong>in</strong>ctive herbrestr, or “war-crash, which has
een likened to <strong>the</strong> explosion of a volcano. One was<br />
demonstrated at <strong>the</strong> court of Eric Magnusson, <strong>in</strong> Bergen, at<br />
<strong>the</strong> Yule <strong>in</strong> 1294. “It gives such a loud report that few men<br />
can bear to hear it, women who are with child and hear <strong>the</strong><br />
crash are prematurely delivered, and men fall from <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
seats to <strong>the</strong> floor, or have various fits.” A local named<br />
Thrand showed Laurentius (bishop of Iceland, 1323-30)<br />
what was necessary to produce <strong>the</strong> crash: fire, brimstone,<br />
parchment and tow (apparently saltpetre). Men often take<br />
recourse to this weapon as those unfamiliar with it are<br />
likely to take to flight.” As aruebusts or firearms were not<br />
yet <strong>in</strong>vented this device was called <strong>the</strong> prandar fisiler. This<br />
may relate to <strong>the</strong> ON. fusillus, a device for strik<strong>in</strong>g fire. <strong>The</strong><br />
word herbrestr is likely to confer with vábretr, “a crash<br />
announc<strong>in</strong>g great news or disaster, i.e. any production that<br />
causes supernatural fear.”<br />
It would seem that <strong>the</strong> gae bulg was <strong>the</strong> Celtic<br />
precursor of this weapon, which may have passed from <strong>the</strong>m<br />
or <strong>the</strong> Norse to <strong>the</strong> Algonqu<strong>in</strong> Indians of eastern North<br />
America. Schoolcraft mentions <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong><br />
aborig<strong>in</strong>als had “a weapon of war <strong>in</strong> ancient times, a great<br />
round stone which was sewed <strong>in</strong>to a piece of raw hide and<br />
fastened <strong>the</strong>reby to <strong>the</strong> end of a long wooden shaft.” <strong>The</strong><br />
Skael<strong>in</strong>gs, encountered by <strong>the</strong> Norse on <strong>the</strong>ir first recorded<br />
visits to America had a similar device but it seems to have<br />
lacked <strong>the</strong> explosive <strong>in</strong>gredients although <strong>the</strong> sound of <strong>the</strong><br />
hide-bags pass<strong>in</strong>g through <strong>the</strong> air was terrify<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong><br />
Europeans.<br />
Anne Ross has noted that this weapon could not be<br />
extracted from <strong>the</strong> body “without tear<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>the</strong> guts.” She<br />
compares <strong>the</strong> device with <strong>the</strong> Celtic javel<strong>in</strong> described by<br />
Diordotus Siculus: “Some of <strong>the</strong>ir spears are forged with a<br />
straight head, while some are spiral with breaks throughout<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir entire length so that <strong>the</strong> blow not only cuts but tears<br />
<strong>the</strong> flesh, and recovery of <strong>the</strong> spear tears open <strong>the</strong> wound.”<br />
GAE RUADH. <strong>The</strong> “Red Javel<strong>in</strong>,” <strong>the</strong> spear of <strong>the</strong> ocean-god<br />
Manann mac Ler.
GAFANN, henbane, gaf, a hook, gafal, a nerve, gabhann.<br />
gossip, from gabh, “taken <strong>in</strong>,” tricked by word-play. A fetid<br />
Old World herb, a deadly poison to fowls. From this property<br />
it is called “black henbane” and is <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> preparations<br />
such as <strong>the</strong> witch “fly<strong>in</strong>g-o<strong>in</strong>tment,” and <strong>in</strong> medic<strong>in</strong>es<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g properties similar to that of belladonna.<br />
GÀG CEUD, Prime Gap, “Beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g Cleft,” <strong>the</strong> first place of<br />
life and be<strong>in</strong>g, An Domha<strong>in</strong>. ON. G<strong>in</strong>nungugap. Gàg, a cleft, a<br />
ch<strong>in</strong>k, Eng. gap and gape. Greek abyss from which <strong>the</strong> Eng.<br />
chaos, Lat. fauces, <strong>the</strong> throat, Cy. gag, possibly <strong>the</strong> Eng. jag.<br />
GAIAR. <strong>The</strong> son of Manann mac Ler whose affair with<br />
Bécuma caused her exile from <strong>the</strong> western Atlantic land of<br />
Tir Tairnigri.<br />
GAIDHLIG, Gàidheal. Ir. Gaoidhilig, Gaedhilig, <strong>the</strong> Erse and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Irish language. Gàidheal, a highland Scot; Gaoidheal, an<br />
Irishman, EIr. Góedel, (1100 AD). Also seen as Gaideli. <strong>The</strong><br />
Cy. Gwyddel, Irishman. <strong>The</strong> root may be ghâdh, <strong>the</strong> Eng. good,<br />
god, thus “god-like,” Germ. gud, etc. <strong>The</strong> word has been<br />
compared with <strong>the</strong> Gaul. Geidumni, which confers with <strong>the</strong><br />
Lat. hoedus, a goat or “goat man.” Notice that <strong>the</strong> Scots<br />
were, <strong>in</strong> historic times, referred to as “goat-men by<br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>entals. See boc. <strong>The</strong> Gaelic root-word appears to be<br />
ghadh from which <strong>the</strong>ir word gabhar and gabhlan, a<br />
wander<strong>in</strong>g man, one devoid of care.<br />
Gaelic is currently considered to be <strong>the</strong> name of <strong>the</strong><br />
language and people of <strong>the</strong> Scottish Highlands. <strong>The</strong> oldest<br />
foreign reference to Ireland, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sixth century before<br />
Christ, gives it <strong>the</strong> name Ierna. Aristotle <strong>in</strong> his Book of <strong>the</strong><br />
World also favoured this name. In <strong>the</strong> first half of <strong>the</strong> first<br />
century Pomponius Mela called it Iuvernia, but <strong>the</strong> Romans<br />
preferred Hibernbia or Scotia. <strong>The</strong> Scottish matter is<br />
probably <strong>the</strong> most confus<strong>in</strong>g element <strong>in</strong> Irish history, s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
<strong>the</strong> related word Scotland was eventually applied to<br />
Ireland’s northwestern neighbour, <strong>the</strong> land at first called<br />
Alba. Scotia is a name from literate times but was claimed
to be derived from Scota, <strong>the</strong> first queen-mo<strong>the</strong>r of <strong>the</strong><br />
Milesians (and thus a counterpart of Danu). <strong>The</strong> term Scoti<br />
was def<strong>in</strong>itely preferred by cont<strong>in</strong>ental writers as <strong>the</strong> name<br />
for <strong>the</strong> people of Eiru. Thus it is expla<strong>in</strong>ed that “Hibernia is<br />
<strong>the</strong> nation of <strong>the</strong> Scots,” Scotia be<strong>in</strong>g a name “which l<strong>in</strong>ks<br />
itself to no land on earth.” As late as <strong>the</strong> seventh century,<br />
we f<strong>in</strong>d native “Irishmen” referr<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>mselves as Scots<br />
when <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>in</strong> exile. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, as time passed, <strong>the</strong>y even<br />
began to designate <strong>the</strong>ir homeland as “<strong>the</strong> land of Scots.”<br />
In <strong>the</strong> third century <strong>the</strong> Scots began a colonization of<br />
<strong>the</strong> southwestern pen<strong>in</strong>sula of Dal Riada <strong>in</strong> Alba. <strong>The</strong> first<br />
colonies <strong>in</strong> this new place received military help from Tara<br />
<strong>in</strong> order to put down <strong>the</strong> neighbour<strong>in</strong>g Picts.In <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
century, a Munsterman, Lugaid mac Conn, flee<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
enemies, made himself <strong>the</strong> chief power <strong>in</strong> this new land.<br />
From his son came <strong>the</strong> ancestors of <strong>the</strong> lords of Argyle; <strong>the</strong><br />
MacAllens, Campbells and <strong>the</strong> MacCallums. A hundred years<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r on Cabri Riata established k<strong>in</strong>gdoms <strong>in</strong> both Ireland<br />
and Scotland. <strong>The</strong> Picts were not enamoured of any of this<br />
and would have driven <strong>the</strong> Scots from <strong>the</strong>ir land, except for<br />
<strong>the</strong> efforts of <strong>the</strong> high-k<strong>in</strong>g Niall of <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>e Hostages. <strong>The</strong><br />
effect of all this was <strong>the</strong> establishment of a huge military<br />
presence <strong>in</strong> Alba by <strong>the</strong> sixth century, when it became an<br />
<strong>in</strong>dependent k<strong>in</strong>gdom under Aedh ard-righ. For a time it was<br />
powerful enough to hold Antrim, <strong>in</strong> Ireland proper, as an<br />
appanage. That was <strong>the</strong> state of th<strong>in</strong>gs until <strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong><br />
eight century when began to pressure <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> Argyllshire<br />
and Dalriada. Look<strong>in</strong>g for a more secure place <strong>the</strong>y marched<br />
<strong>in</strong>to Pictland and conducted campaigns aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong>se people<br />
until 850 A.D., when C<strong>in</strong>ead (Kenneth) mac Alpe<strong>in</strong><br />
completely overthrew <strong>the</strong> Picts by very devious means, and<br />
became high-k<strong>in</strong>g of all Scotia, Some claim that he even<br />
subdued <strong>the</strong> Britons on his sou<strong>the</strong>rn borders and <strong>the</strong> Anglo-<br />
Danish population of <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>ast.<br />
At this time, with <strong>the</strong> Scotic people <strong>in</strong> a position of<br />
power, Ireland was called Scotia Major and Scotland,<br />
Scotia M<strong>in</strong>or, but <strong>the</strong> title fell away from Ireland as <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
power waned. In <strong>the</strong> eleventh century, when all Scotland
was dom<strong>in</strong>ated by Gaelic-speakers (except<strong>in</strong>g headlands,<br />
and <strong>the</strong> western and nor<strong>the</strong>rn islands which were under <strong>the</strong><br />
Norse), <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>gship passed to Mylcollum (Malcolm) who<br />
married Margaret, a daughter of K<strong>in</strong>g Edmund, an Anglo-<br />
Saxon monarch. Unfortunately for <strong>the</strong> Scots, he was easily<br />
swayed by her, and <strong>the</strong>ir son Edgar was entirely English <strong>in</strong><br />
name and outlook. When he was crowned k<strong>in</strong>g, a division<br />
developed between <strong>the</strong> highland tribes and <strong>the</strong> lowland<br />
English k<strong>in</strong>sman of <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> thirteenth century, Gaeldom flickered and went<br />
out as a force <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> north, <strong>the</strong> old Irish l<strong>in</strong>e becom<strong>in</strong>g<br />
ext<strong>in</strong>ct with Alisdair (Alexander III) <strong>in</strong> 1297. Afterwards<br />
<strong>the</strong>re began <strong>the</strong> long wars for succession which ended with<br />
<strong>the</strong> old-English families of Bruce and Balliol firmly on <strong>the</strong><br />
throne of Old Scotland. <strong>The</strong>re is some correspondence<br />
between <strong>the</strong> old warrior-magicians of pre-Milesian times<br />
and <strong>the</strong> Scots:<br />
When <strong>the</strong> Scots <strong>in</strong>vaded Alba <strong>the</strong>y found present-day<br />
Scotland divided <strong>in</strong>to seven territories, and <strong>the</strong>y cont<strong>in</strong>ued<br />
with <strong>the</strong>se divisions. “Each district was termed a Tuath or<br />
tribe; several Tuaths formed a Mortuath (sea-tribe) or<br />
great tribe, two or more Mortuaths a Coicidh or prov<strong>in</strong>ce, at<br />
<strong>the</strong> head of which was <strong>the</strong> righ, or K<strong>in</strong>g. Each prov<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
contributed a portion of its territory at <strong>the</strong>ir junctions to<br />
form a central district, which was <strong>the</strong> capital of <strong>the</strong> whole<br />
country, and <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>g who was elected to be its sovereign<br />
had his seat of government here. <strong>The</strong> central district, where<br />
<strong>the</strong> four sou<strong>the</strong>rn met was Perthshire and counted Scone as<br />
its capital. <strong>The</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Tuaths adjo<strong>in</strong>ed at Moraigh (near<br />
<strong>the</strong> sea).<br />
In <strong>the</strong> twelfth century <strong>the</strong> system was modified and<br />
<strong>the</strong> righ was no longer held by <strong>the</strong> heads of <strong>the</strong> Tuath and<br />
Mortuath. but at <strong>the</strong> head of <strong>the</strong> former was <strong>the</strong> toiseeach<br />
(<strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g or front one) and of <strong>the</strong> Mortuath, <strong>the</strong><br />
mormaer (<strong>the</strong> great mayor or major, <strong>the</strong> sea-ruler, or great<br />
steward).” It is possible that <strong>the</strong>se designations were<br />
picked up from <strong>the</strong> Picts, but it is more likely <strong>the</strong>y were
names visited upon <strong>the</strong> Scots by <strong>the</strong>ir Irish enemies. If this<br />
is so, it is likely that sea-far<strong>in</strong>g Scots numbered survivors<br />
from <strong>the</strong> old Fomorian sea-k<strong>in</strong>gdoms <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> west. It is<br />
almost a homely to say that pre-Roman Brita<strong>in</strong> was<br />
<strong>in</strong>habited by a people “who were ma<strong>in</strong>ly Celtic and that <strong>the</strong><br />
Celts reached this country <strong>in</strong> three pr<strong>in</strong>cipal waves of<br />
immigration. One wave came to <strong>the</strong> east coast by way of<br />
<strong>the</strong> North Sea, ano<strong>the</strong>r by way of <strong>the</strong> Gaul to <strong>the</strong> South of<br />
England, and <strong>the</strong> third from <strong>the</strong> Cont<strong>in</strong>ent by way of<br />
Irealand.” This is <strong>the</strong> view of most historians, although<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is no written magic to back up <strong>the</strong> idea that all <strong>the</strong><br />
peoples of <strong>the</strong> islands arrived from <strong>the</strong> east. In <strong>the</strong> black<br />
well of times long past historians are as much adrift as<br />
mythologists, and many of <strong>the</strong>se have a contrary op<strong>in</strong>ion.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se is <strong>the</strong> problem of Irish Gaelic, which is still<br />
considered <strong>the</strong> most antique of all <strong>the</strong> Celtic tongues.<br />
Aryan scholars say that <strong>the</strong> Indo-European tongues started<br />
<strong>in</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn India and spread slowly from <strong>the</strong>re westward.<br />
Professor Schleider (1874) that this Celtic tongue has <strong>the</strong><br />
appearance of a separation from <strong>the</strong> supposed root<br />
(Sanskrit) at a later date than <strong>the</strong> Cymric and Brythonic<br />
tongues, but <strong>the</strong>y are supposedly of more recent evolution.<br />
Worse still, Gaelic has <strong>the</strong> look of be<strong>in</strong>g more closely allied<br />
with Lat<strong>in</strong> than any of <strong>the</strong> supposed Indo-European<br />
affiliates. <strong>The</strong>se idiosyncracies suggest that Gaelic might<br />
have spread from Ireland to <strong>the</strong> east, where it collided<br />
with, and became associates of <strong>the</strong> west-bound language<br />
which is now preserved <strong>in</strong> English, German and <strong>the</strong><br />
Scand<strong>in</strong>avian tongues.<br />
We are <strong>the</strong>n left with <strong>the</strong> question of where <strong>the</strong> Gaelic<br />
vocabulary orig<strong>in</strong>ated and are led back to <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong><br />
Celto-Iberian tongues have “more analogies with American<br />
types than with any o<strong>the</strong>r.” In his book, On <strong>the</strong> Phenomena<br />
of Hybridity <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Genus Homo,, Paul Broca (1869) said that<br />
“Of all Europeans, we must provisionally hold <strong>the</strong> Basques<br />
to be <strong>the</strong> oldest <strong>in</strong>habitants of our quarter of <strong>the</strong> world.” He<br />
said that <strong>the</strong>ir language, <strong>the</strong> Euscara, “has some common<br />
traits with <strong>the</strong> Magyr (Hungary), Osmanli, and o<strong>the</strong>r dialects
of <strong>the</strong> Altai family, as for <strong>in</strong>stance, with <strong>the</strong> F<strong>in</strong>nic, on <strong>the</strong><br />
old cont<strong>in</strong>ent, as well as <strong>the</strong> Algonqu<strong>in</strong>-Lenape languages<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>in</strong> America.”<br />
Gaelic has been given similar attachments both from<br />
a shared vocabulary with <strong>the</strong> Algonqu<strong>in</strong> languages and with<br />
parallels <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> myths of <strong>the</strong> two people. Folklorist Mary L.<br />
Fraser has exam<strong>in</strong>ed some of <strong>the</strong>se correspondences and<br />
concludes that, “<strong>The</strong> closeness of <strong>the</strong> (mythic) parallels<br />
show that <strong>the</strong> Indians and <strong>the</strong> Celts <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> far distant past<br />
were <strong>in</strong> direct communications with one ano<strong>the</strong>r, or were <strong>in</strong><br />
touch with <strong>the</strong> same source of <strong>in</strong>spiration. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
Indian tradition, <strong>the</strong> white man came from <strong>the</strong> East, and <strong>the</strong><br />
Indians from <strong>the</strong> West, yet <strong>the</strong>re must have been a (very<br />
early) common meet<strong>in</strong>g-ground somewhere, sometime.<br />
“<strong>The</strong>re are few rema<strong>in</strong>s of <strong>the</strong> Gaulish or Cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
branch of <strong>the</strong> Celtic vocabulary and grammar, what words<br />
<strong>the</strong>re are be<strong>in</strong>g place-names or <strong>in</strong>scriptions on tombs. <strong>The</strong><br />
tongues of <strong>the</strong> (British) islands were two: Gaelic and<br />
Brythonic. <strong>The</strong> Britons have <strong>the</strong>ir name from <strong>the</strong> Crui<strong>the</strong> ,<br />
who <strong>the</strong> Romans called <strong>the</strong> Picts. Gaelic itself has three<br />
dialects: <strong>the</strong> Irish tongue, <strong>the</strong> Erse (spoken <strong>in</strong> Scotland) and<br />
Manx which is considered a degenerate, more modern form,<br />
of early Irish. <strong>The</strong> Breton tongue is sub-divided <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong><br />
Welsh of Wales and that of Cornwall, <strong>the</strong> latter be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
practically ext<strong>in</strong>ct. <strong>The</strong> Bas-Breton is closely ak<strong>in</strong>, be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> speech of tribes who migrated from sou<strong>the</strong>rn England at<br />
<strong>the</strong> time of <strong>the</strong> Anglo-Saxon <strong>in</strong>vasions. <strong>The</strong>y settled that<br />
part of France anciently called Armoricia, and now Brittany,<br />
<strong>the</strong> latter <strong>in</strong> view of <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong> ancient language of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Breatanns is still <strong>in</strong> use <strong>the</strong>re. It is usually assumed<br />
that Irish and Scottish Gaelic represent an older form than<br />
Welsh, and that all three are more antique than any of <strong>the</strong><br />
British tongues.<br />
If folklore is believed <strong>the</strong> “goat-men” arrived <strong>in</strong><br />
Brita<strong>in</strong>, forced <strong>the</strong> aborig<strong>in</strong>als <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> north and west, and<br />
were similarly treated by successive waves of <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ental k<strong>in</strong>dred, who also arrived without <strong>in</strong>vitation.
<strong>The</strong> Indo-Europeans, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Brythonic speakers, had<br />
no difficulty handl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> pronunciation of words<br />
<strong>in</strong>corporat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> letter “p” but <strong>the</strong> early Celts had a<br />
peculiar <strong>in</strong>ability to deal with <strong>the</strong> letter. As a result <strong>the</strong>y<br />
often dropped it from <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of words. An example<br />
would be <strong>the</strong> old Indo-European pare, <strong>the</strong> Lat<strong>in</strong> par, mean<strong>in</strong>g<br />
“by.” <strong>The</strong> Celts <strong>in</strong>terpreted this as are, and we see it thus<br />
<strong>in</strong> Are-moricia, <strong>the</strong> Amoricians, those who lived “by <strong>the</strong><br />
sea; Are-dunum, Ardun,those who lived “by <strong>the</strong><br />
fortress,”and similar place-names. When <strong>the</strong> letter was not<br />
entirely neglected it was changed to <strong>in</strong>dicate a slightly<br />
different sound. Usually <strong>the</strong> replacement letter was a “c,<br />
k,” or “g.” In <strong>the</strong> sixth century, <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ental or Brythonic<br />
speakers rega<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> use of this lost sound, and <strong>in</strong> some<br />
cases replaced <strong>the</strong> hard sounds of <strong>the</strong>se letters with <strong>the</strong><br />
softer “p.” Thus <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al name for old England was<br />
Cruithne, <strong>the</strong> land of “pictured (or tattooed) men among <strong>the</strong><br />
early Irish. <strong>The</strong>ir Brythonic compatriots, <strong>the</strong> Cymri, better<br />
known as <strong>the</strong> Welsh of Wales, understood <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g<br />
letter as a “p” and thus referred to <strong>the</strong> eastern lands as<br />
Pryda<strong>in</strong>. <strong>The</strong> Romans restructured this word as Brittan. An<br />
often used example of <strong>the</strong> difference between “q”-speakers<br />
and “p”-speakers is found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Celtic equivalents of <strong>the</strong><br />
English word “son.” <strong>The</strong> Gaels represent this as mac, <strong>the</strong><br />
Welsh as map. <strong>The</strong>re is obviously no prejudice aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ental “p” <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Welsh version, but <strong>the</strong>y found it<br />
impossible to voice <strong>the</strong> “m” <strong>in</strong> this particular word, and<br />
dropped it creat<strong>in</strong>g ap as <strong>the</strong>ir version. Eventually even <strong>the</strong><br />
“a” was seen as redundant and was elim<strong>in</strong>ated. This<br />
expla<strong>in</strong>s <strong>the</strong> evolution of many Welsh family names, for<br />
example ap Rhys, which was ultimately converted to Price;<br />
ap Howell, which was contracted to Powell, and ap Ownen,<br />
which became Pown<strong>in</strong>g. <strong>The</strong> difference between <strong>the</strong> Gaelic<br />
mhic and mhac are those of a plural as aga<strong>in</strong>st a s<strong>in</strong>gular<br />
form. It is noteworthy that early Irish <strong>in</strong>sisted on<br />
destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> letter “p” even <strong>in</strong> historic times: Adopt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> Lat<strong>in</strong> Pasch, a name for Easter, <strong>the</strong>y changed it to Casg.<br />
Similarly purpur, a word mean<strong>in</strong>g purple, became corcair.<br />
"<strong>The</strong> Gaelic," remarked Arland Ussher, "is a language
of prodigious diversity of sound and expressiveness of<br />
phrase...It has about twice <strong>the</strong> number of sounds that o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
European languages can boast..."1 Ano<strong>the</strong>r Celt, agreed that<br />
Gaelic has spell<strong>in</strong>gs which are highly poetical, but labels<br />
this diversity as "a learner's labyr<strong>in</strong>th".2 <strong>The</strong> trouble comes<br />
from <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong> Gaels were a verbal ra<strong>the</strong>r than a<br />
literate people. <strong>The</strong> magical b<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g of words to paper,<br />
from which <strong>the</strong>y might be re<strong>in</strong>carnated, was never a part of<br />
<strong>the</strong> ancient Gaelic crafts. When <strong>the</strong>ir words were f<strong>in</strong>ally<br />
set to paper, <strong>the</strong>y reflected many pronounciations, and <strong>the</strong><br />
Gaels had no writers of <strong>the</strong> status of Chaucer and<br />
Shakespeare, whose work might serve as a standard. As a<br />
result, "English render<strong>in</strong>gs of ancient Irish names,<br />
naturally, vary considerably, and of course <strong>the</strong>re is no<br />
"official" or "correct" spell<strong>in</strong>g of any of <strong>the</strong>m."3 One<br />
example: In ancient Irish Gaelic what we refer to as <strong>the</strong><br />
leprachaun was entitled <strong>the</strong> lubark<strong>in</strong>. In Ulster this sidhman<br />
was <strong>the</strong> lucharman; <strong>in</strong> Cork, <strong>the</strong> claurican; <strong>in</strong> Kerry, <strong>the</strong><br />
luricaun; and <strong>in</strong> Tipperary, <strong>the</strong> lurigaudaun.<br />
GAINSIG, GAINISG, GAINNISG. GAINISGEAG, sedge, also a<br />
m<strong>in</strong>or div<strong>in</strong>ity of marsh and sedge-lands; a banshee, "always<br />
moan<strong>in</strong>g for deaths to come." <strong>The</strong> plant used to create <strong>the</strong><br />
smudge for <strong>the</strong> Quarter-Day fires. Literally an “elf-arrow.”<br />
“Thus, when Donald Gorm awaited death by hang<strong>in</strong>g at Creag<br />
Asdu<strong>in</strong>n <strong>in</strong> North Uist, he was observed <strong>in</strong> obsessive predawn<br />
conversation with his ga<strong>in</strong>nisg. No man could hear all<br />
of what passed between <strong>the</strong> condemned and his <strong>in</strong>visible<br />
partner, but <strong>the</strong> man was heard to say "Little do I envy <strong>the</strong><br />
red-headed one and <strong>the</strong> couple." At daylight he was hanged,<br />
but before dusk, his hangman, a red-haired <strong>in</strong>dividual, was<br />
found drowned near rocks known as “<strong>The</strong> Couple.” See<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g entry.<br />
1Padraic Colum, A Treasury of Irish Folklore, preface, xiv.<br />
2Mikael Madeg, "Celtic Spell<strong>in</strong>gs", For A Celtic Future, p. 114.<br />
3Padraic Colum, A Treasury of Irish Folklore, p. 52.
GAINNE-SITH, GAINSIG, an elf-arrow or dart. “It was<br />
claimed that <strong>the</strong> sigh carried "quivers of "adder-slough"<br />
(snake cast<strong>in</strong>g) and bows made of <strong>the</strong> ribs of a man buried<br />
where three laird's lands meet; <strong>the</strong>ir arrows are made of<br />
bog reed, tipped with white fl<strong>in</strong>ts and dipped <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> dew of<br />
hemlock (which was poisonous)...With <strong>the</strong>ir arrows <strong>the</strong>y<br />
shoot <strong>the</strong> cattle of those who offend <strong>the</strong>m; <strong>the</strong> wound is<br />
<strong>in</strong>visible to common eyes, but <strong>the</strong>re are gifted personages<br />
who can discern and cure it." (Gnomes Fairies Elves and<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r Little People, pp. 351-352). <strong>The</strong>se elf-arrows<br />
actually exist as triangular bits of fl<strong>in</strong>t, supposedly <strong>the</strong><br />
heads of arrows used by <strong>the</strong> Neolithic men of Brita<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Though more plentiful <strong>in</strong> Scotland, <strong>the</strong>y are also found <strong>in</strong><br />
England and Ireland, and <strong>in</strong> those places are associated with<br />
<strong>the</strong> "fairies." <strong>The</strong> wounds <strong>the</strong>y make are said <strong>in</strong>visible to<br />
<strong>the</strong> ord<strong>in</strong>ary physician but dangerous <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> extreme. In <strong>the</strong><br />
early Anglo-Saxon epics, <strong>the</strong>y are referred to alternately as<br />
<strong>the</strong> "arrows of <strong>the</strong> elfs” or "arrows of <strong>the</strong> gods," suggest<strong>in</strong>g<br />
that earlier men made few dist<strong>in</strong>ctions between <strong>the</strong>se two<br />
species of creature from <strong>the</strong> Unseen World.<br />
GAIRM-OLC, gairm, call; Bry. garm, a shout; olc, bad, one<br />
br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> wrath of a vengeful spirit. It was a tenet of<br />
Gaelic wisdom that <strong>the</strong> name of an <strong>in</strong>dividual was<br />
<strong>in</strong>timately associated with his spirit, thus a god could be<br />
called at <strong>the</strong> mere mention of his name. Similarly, it was<br />
tabooed to mention <strong>the</strong> names of certa<strong>in</strong> th<strong>in</strong>gs that<br />
happened to be associated with questionable spirits. It was<br />
also bad form to give one's own name to a stranger, or<br />
mention <strong>the</strong> names of certa<strong>in</strong> animals after dark for fear<br />
that <strong>the</strong> spirit of that person or animal might fall under <strong>the</strong><br />
sway of some dark lord. When a Hebridean drover noticed<br />
that <strong>the</strong> local priest was pastur<strong>in</strong>g sheep on a field known<br />
to be "bad for cattle" he had to approach <strong>the</strong> subject<br />
obliquely, thus: "It's tell<strong>in</strong>g this matter to <strong>the</strong> stones I am<br />
and not to you, fa<strong>the</strong>r..." It was supposed that <strong>the</strong> evil spirit<br />
of this patch of land would not be <strong>in</strong>different to any<br />
mention of his do<strong>in</strong>gs. <strong>The</strong> speaker did not wish to<br />
<strong>in</strong>advertently <strong>in</strong>jure <strong>the</strong> priest or his flock of animals, thus<br />
this address, which was <strong>in</strong>tended to mislead this "devil of
<strong>the</strong> land."<br />
Nei<strong>the</strong>r will <strong>the</strong> Gaels speak openly of <strong>the</strong> "kiln-fire"<br />
but address it euphemistically as "a<strong>in</strong>geal" or "light" of <strong>the</strong><br />
kiln. <strong>The</strong> first metal-smelt<strong>in</strong>g kilns were known to be <strong>the</strong><br />
work<strong>in</strong>gs of master-magicians, such as <strong>the</strong> goddess Brigit<br />
and it was not considered rational to draw supernatural<br />
attention by mention<strong>in</strong>g her bus<strong>in</strong>ess activities. <strong>The</strong>re is a<br />
proverb: "Ill will come if mentioned."<br />
<strong>The</strong> same holds for <strong>the</strong> matter of speak<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
"bathadh" or drown<strong>in</strong>g, which is termed "<strong>the</strong> clean death",<br />
"spoil<strong>in</strong>g" or "destroy<strong>in</strong>g" for fear of draw<strong>in</strong>g a similar fate<br />
through <strong>the</strong> unwise use of language. <strong>The</strong> Devil is never<br />
given any real title, or named as a pagan god. He is always<br />
"<strong>the</strong> great fellow," "<strong>the</strong> black one, "<strong>the</strong> nameless creature,"<br />
"<strong>the</strong> br<strong>in</strong>dled one," or "<strong>the</strong> evil one." Freer tells of a priest<br />
who gave an even<strong>in</strong>g hymn to an elder, one <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> word<br />
"diabhol" (devil) was actually spelled out. He took each copy<br />
and carefully annotated <strong>the</strong> text, <strong>in</strong>sert<strong>in</strong>g a euphemism<br />
where required. <strong>The</strong> man afterwards expla<strong>in</strong>ed that <strong>the</strong><br />
deletions were necessary because he could not go to bed<br />
with such a word <strong>in</strong> memory. Hell was, necessarily, "<strong>the</strong> hot<br />
place," "<strong>the</strong> cold place," "<strong>the</strong> bad place," or even "<strong>the</strong> good<br />
place," <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same way that <strong>the</strong> sigh are "<strong>the</strong> good folk;" all<br />
classic cases of whistl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> dark.<br />
It was never suggested that a cow or horse had died,<br />
<strong>the</strong> proper form be<strong>in</strong>g, "it was lost." In ask<strong>in</strong>g a question it<br />
was always thought prudent to preface <strong>the</strong> question with,<br />
"It is not for myself I am ask<strong>in</strong>g this..." If an evil presence<br />
happened to be <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> news it was hoped that <strong>the</strong><br />
attention of this spirit would be directed elsewhere.<br />
GAIS, a lance, a wisp of straw, wisdom, plenty, a torrent,<br />
craft, cunn<strong>in</strong>g, to shrivel, blast, corrupt, spear, weapon.<br />
See gaisde. In some places it was claimed that <strong>the</strong> fay rode<br />
<strong>the</strong> night w<strong>in</strong>ds on wisps of straw.<br />
GAISE, a daunt<strong>in</strong>g, wi<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g, flaw, blemish, <strong>in</strong>jury,
last<strong>in</strong>g, a qualm, cf. gais, shrived. See above and below.<br />
Gaist, ensnare, deceive, trick. See gaisde.<br />
GAISGEACH NA SGEITHE DEIRGE, “<strong>The</strong> Knight of <strong>the</strong> Red<br />
Shield,” a character <strong>in</strong> Walter Scot’s Gaelic folklore. In<br />
this tale a local k<strong>in</strong>g was hunt<strong>in</strong>g with his ret<strong>in</strong>ue and chose<br />
to rest on a grave-mound. While he was <strong>the</strong>re a head<br />
encircled by fire approached him. A second head also<br />
approached, s<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g as it came. Out of fear, or some o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
emotion, <strong>the</strong> ard-righ arose and struck <strong>the</strong> s<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g-head <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> mouth. This dislodged a tooth and gold and silver<br />
showered from <strong>the</strong> mouth. This supernatural returned to<br />
this spot for three consecutive years before f<strong>in</strong>ally<br />
retreat<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> O<strong>the</strong>rworld. See ceann, for related matter<br />
concern<strong>in</strong>g disembodied heads.<br />
GAISDE, a magical trap, a trap, gaiste, ensnare, g<strong>in</strong>, wisp of<br />
hay or straw, wile, a cunn<strong>in</strong>g trick; OIr. goiste, a noose,<br />
from gaoisd, horse-hair. "<strong>The</strong> horsehair charm or countercharm;"<br />
a wisp of straw used <strong>in</strong> magic and counter-magic.<br />
<strong>The</strong> hair from a black stallion’s tail was commonly used as<br />
a token <strong>in</strong> Atlantic Canada dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> last century. Those<br />
who sought <strong>the</strong> remedy were advised to tie <strong>the</strong> hair <strong>in</strong> a<br />
pocket of black silk and wear this about <strong>the</strong> neck. A<br />
resident at Norton, New Brunswick (prior to 1923) has said<br />
that hair from a cow’s tail has no virtue, “I had to get a<br />
black stallion’s hair and I’ve never had a sore throat <strong>in</strong> all<br />
<strong>the</strong>se seven years, except once about two months ago when I<br />
mislaid my cord. My throat got sore but I found <strong>the</strong> cord<br />
soon after and now I am well aga<strong>in</strong> (Highways & Byways, p.<br />
5).<br />
GAL. obs., valour, smoke, vapour, gale, puff, blast of flame,<br />
burn<strong>in</strong>g straw, k<strong>in</strong>dred, warfare, slaughter, Cy. galla, Bry.<br />
galloet, Cor. gallos, might. From this <strong>the</strong> national name<br />
Galatae, a Galatian as well as Gallus, a Gaul. See gall, a<br />
stranger. Note <strong>the</strong> current secondary mean<strong>in</strong>g, “weep<strong>in</strong>g,”<br />
Indo-European root, gel, pa<strong>in</strong>, suggest<strong>in</strong>g unhappy relations<br />
between Celts. But notice that galan <strong>in</strong>dicates a good or<br />
brave girl. Galli was a name which <strong>the</strong> Romans applied
generally to <strong>the</strong> Celts. See next.<br />
GALAD, womanish, homosexual, an expression of pity: “Poor<br />
girl!””<br />
GALAR BAN-SITH. galar, disease, distemper, malady, Illness<br />
of <strong>the</strong> sidh-women. Sickness <strong>in</strong> men and animals generated<br />
bt <strong>the</strong> magic of <strong>the</strong> side-hill folk.<br />
GALAR NOITID, obs.. pregnancy. H<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g on an old, an <strong>in</strong>valid<br />
idea, that such “diseases” were caused by spiritual<br />
possession.<br />
GALATAE, from gal, valourous. Eng. Galatian, a Gaelic throne<br />
name, also rendered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> lowland dialect as Galashan,<br />
Goloshan, Gallashen, Galashun, and occasionally as<br />
Galgacus. <strong>The</strong> leader of gighise, mummers, or disguisers, at<br />
<strong>the</strong> time of Samha<strong>in</strong>, or Hogmanay.<br />
This semi-legendary hero is supposed to have routed a<br />
"superior" Roman army sent <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> northlands to subdue<br />
him. <strong>The</strong> root-word is gal, valour, war; Cor. gallos, might;<br />
from <strong>the</strong> same source, Gallus, a Gaul (<strong>the</strong> Celts of France<br />
and parts of England). Noteworthy is gall, a lowlander, a<br />
stranger (see separate entry), <strong>the</strong> Gauls be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> first<br />
foreigners to visit <strong>the</strong> Gaels. <strong>The</strong> root may be ghas, a guest,<br />
similar to <strong>the</strong> Lat<strong>in</strong> hos-tis, a guest, and thus Gallus.<br />
Galatae may have been a visit<strong>in</strong>g god-hero. In any <strong>in</strong>stance,<br />
he represents <strong>the</strong> sun, summer, and all th<strong>in</strong>gs of worth.<br />
His antagonist <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> medieval playlets was often "<strong>the</strong><br />
admiral of <strong>the</strong> hairy caps." Clearly, this was an annual<br />
rerun of <strong>the</strong> god Lugh's fight aga<strong>in</strong>st Cromm <strong>the</strong> Crooked and<br />
his Fomorian shape-changers, <strong>the</strong> latter represent<strong>in</strong>g<br />
darkness, w<strong>in</strong>ter, plague, blight and generally disagreeable<br />
th<strong>in</strong>gs. "To <strong>the</strong> primitive m<strong>in</strong>d it seems that you can make a<br />
th<strong>in</strong>g happen by act<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>the</strong> deed itself. If you wish to<br />
destroy your enemy, you melt a wax image of him; if you<br />
want ra<strong>in</strong>, you splash water about; if you want your crops to<br />
grow tall, you perform a dance where you leap high <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>
air. When <strong>the</strong> dark barren days of w<strong>in</strong>ter come and you want<br />
to br<strong>in</strong>g back <strong>the</strong> sun and fruitful fields, you enact <strong>the</strong> birth<br />
of <strong>the</strong> new year by kill<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>the</strong>n restor<strong>in</strong>g life to an actor<br />
who represents life itself. And every "guisers play consists<br />
of three parts that symbolize <strong>the</strong> death of <strong>the</strong> old year and<br />
<strong>the</strong> birth of <strong>the</strong> new one - a fight, <strong>the</strong> death of <strong>the</strong> hero and<br />
his restoration to life."<br />
It has been guessed that <strong>the</strong> first guiser-plays were<br />
<strong>in</strong>stituted at <strong>the</strong> Samha<strong>in</strong>, but <strong>the</strong> lowland Scots tend to<br />
follow <strong>the</strong> notice that "What is played at Yule is also useful<br />
at Pasch (Easter)." In Galloway <strong>the</strong> guisers are known as<br />
<strong>the</strong> Yule boys and <strong>the</strong>ir appearance is at Christmas<br />
Elsewhere <strong>the</strong> Hogmanay has been shifted to New Year's Eve<br />
or New Year's Day. Wherever <strong>the</strong>y went people tended to be<br />
impressed by <strong>the</strong>ir ghost-like appearance: "<strong>The</strong> Gysarts<br />
always dress <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> white. <strong>The</strong>y appear like so<br />
many dead persons robed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir shrouds, who have risen<br />
from <strong>the</strong>ir narrow homes, and <strong>the</strong> simile is improved<br />
because <strong>the</strong>ir faces are all pa<strong>in</strong>ted black or dark blue. <strong>The</strong>ir<br />
mutches (moustaches) are sometimes adorned with ribbons<br />
of diverse colours, but <strong>the</strong>se seldom enter <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong>ir dress."<br />
In addition <strong>the</strong>se "first-footers" wore Klu Klux Klan-like<br />
"casques of brown paper, shaped like a mitre" on <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
heads, and wore masks to hide <strong>the</strong>ir identity. <strong>The</strong>y were<br />
led by K<strong>in</strong>g Golashan whose costume was suitable to <strong>the</strong><br />
role. His immediate followers were appropriately attired<br />
as "<strong>the</strong> admiral of Sa<strong>in</strong>t George of England," <strong>the</strong> Black<br />
Knight, <strong>the</strong> Farmer's Son, <strong>the</strong> Doctor, and a devil-beast,<br />
dressed as a baobh. This pack made its rounds of <strong>the</strong> homes<br />
s<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g doggerel verse <strong>in</strong> an expressionless monologue (to<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r disguise <strong>the</strong>ir identities). At <strong>the</strong> door, <strong>the</strong><br />
traditional entrance was begged:<br />
Rise up guidewife, and shak your fea<strong>the</strong>rs,<br />
D<strong>in</strong>na th<strong>in</strong>k that we are beggars;<br />
We're only bairns got up to play.<br />
Rise up and gie's oor Hogmanay.<br />
After an <strong>in</strong>troduction of <strong>the</strong> characters, <strong>the</strong> Gaelic k<strong>in</strong>g and
his English cous<strong>in</strong> pair off immediately <strong>in</strong> a duel, fight<strong>in</strong>g<br />
with wooden staffs until Golashans falls "dead" on <strong>the</strong> floor.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Black Knight is accused of <strong>the</strong> crime, but be<strong>in</strong>g a "true<br />
Sassunaich" <strong>in</strong>sists:<br />
Oh no, it was not I sir, I'm <strong>in</strong>nocent of <strong>the</strong> crime,<br />
Twas <strong>in</strong>deed <strong>the</strong> lad beh<strong>in</strong>d me that drew his<br />
sword so f<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
Suspicion centres for a moment on <strong>the</strong> Farmer's Son, but at<br />
last, a doctor is called <strong>in</strong>, who resurrects <strong>the</strong> hero,<br />
<strong>the</strong>reafter referred to as "Jack", <strong>the</strong> English equivalent of<br />
<strong>the</strong> god Eochaid, <strong>the</strong> Horseman of Heaven. <strong>The</strong> company<br />
concludes <strong>the</strong> play by chant<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
Now we will all be bre<strong>the</strong>rn, and ne'er fight no<br />
more,<br />
But we will march toge<strong>the</strong>r, as we have done<br />
before.<br />
We thank <strong>the</strong> mistress of this house, likewise<br />
<strong>the</strong> master too,<br />
As well, <strong>the</strong> little bairns that round <strong>the</strong> table<br />
grew.<br />
This done, <strong>the</strong> Nathair, sometimes entitled “Beelzebub” or<br />
“Judas,” plays his brief role, menac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> onlookers and<br />
s<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
tongue.<br />
Here come I, old Beelzebub,<br />
And o'er my shoulder I carry a club,<br />
And <strong>in</strong> my hand a dripp<strong>in</strong>g pan.<br />
I fancy myself a right jolly ol' man.<br />
I have a little box that can speak without a<br />
If you have any coppers, <strong>the</strong>n drop <strong>in</strong> one.<br />
An observer wrote: "<strong>The</strong> common reward of <strong>the</strong><br />
enterta<strong>in</strong>ment is a halfpenny; but many persons fall upon<br />
<strong>the</strong> unfortunate guizards and beat <strong>the</strong>m out of <strong>the</strong> house."
Never<strong>the</strong>less, this oft' repeated play was a sufficiently<br />
welcome diversion for most people to come through with<br />
payment <strong>in</strong> cash or k<strong>in</strong>d. When <strong>the</strong> men of <strong>the</strong> village<br />
abandoned this high ritual it was taken over by boys, who<br />
used <strong>the</strong> money to buy materials for <strong>the</strong> Samha<strong>in</strong> bonfire. It<br />
has been suggested that Biggar, Scotland, was <strong>the</strong> last<br />
village to pay attention to <strong>the</strong>se rites. <strong>The</strong> bonfire <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
middle of <strong>the</strong> burgh’s ma<strong>in</strong> street was put out by Hitler's<br />
blitz. After <strong>the</strong> war several attempts were made to revive<br />
poor dead Golashan but by <strong>the</strong>n television had supplanted it<br />
as New Year's Eve enterta<strong>in</strong>ment. <strong>The</strong>atre workshops<br />
revived <strong>the</strong> essence of <strong>the</strong> play, but it had less impact <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> month of April (which <strong>the</strong>y have chosen for it) and less<br />
suspense <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hands of children.<br />
GALC, <strong>the</strong> full<strong>in</strong>g of cloth, from <strong>the</strong> English wauk, waulk or<br />
walk. In Atlantic Canada, <strong>the</strong> cloth used to be milled us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
an "ancient formula:" "Three consecrators placed <strong>the</strong> web of<br />
cloth on <strong>the</strong> mill<strong>in</strong>g table. <strong>The</strong>n <strong>the</strong> eldest revolved it once<br />
<strong>in</strong> a sunwise direction (counterclockwise <strong>in</strong> pagan times)<br />
say<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
I make a sunwise turn<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> service of <strong>the</strong> Fa<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
<strong>The</strong>n <strong>the</strong> second eldest (repeated <strong>the</strong> action), say<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
I make a sunwise turn<br />
In <strong>the</strong> service of <strong>the</strong> Son.<br />
And <strong>the</strong> youngest followed, say<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
I make a sunwise turn<br />
In <strong>the</strong> service of <strong>the</strong> Spirit.<br />
<strong>The</strong>n <strong>the</strong> three toge<strong>the</strong>r said:<br />
And each sunwise turn<br />
In <strong>the</strong> service of <strong>the</strong> Tr<strong>in</strong>ity,<br />
And each rotation made on it
For <strong>the</strong> sake of <strong>the</strong> Tr<strong>in</strong>ity.<br />
And each sunwise turn<br />
In <strong>the</strong> service of <strong>the</strong> Tr<strong>in</strong>ity.<br />
GALIAN, GÁLIOIN, ometimes Fir Gálio<strong>in</strong>, one of <strong>the</strong> three<br />
sub-tribes of <strong>the</strong> Firbolgs. Also one of <strong>the</strong> ancient names<br />
for <strong>the</strong> prov<strong>in</strong>ce of Le<strong>in</strong>ster. Galida, strange, foreign, See<br />
Laigh<strong>in</strong>.<br />
GALL, place-name, lowlander, any stranger to <strong>the</strong> highlands<br />
of Scotland. An Englishman. EIr. gall, a foreigner, from<br />
Galluis, a Gaul, <strong>the</strong> first outlanders to visit or be visited by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Irish <strong>in</strong> pre-Roman times. Gal, valour. Similar to Cy,<br />
gal, an enemy. May relate to AS. gast, spirited, and <strong>the</strong><br />
English word ghastly or ghostly, <strong>the</strong> Lat. hostis, a guest or<br />
hostage, a lowlander, a stranger, from Gallus, <strong>the</strong> Celticspeak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Gauls (of France) <strong>the</strong> first to visit <strong>the</strong> Gaels <strong>in</strong><br />
pre-Roman times. See Galatae. Later an Alban, a Norse<br />
visitor, an Anglo-Norman, and f<strong>in</strong>ally an Englishman. Note<br />
galloglaigh, babbl<strong>in</strong>g stranger, which <strong>the</strong> Irish used to label<br />
<strong>the</strong> Gaels who had emigrated to Alba and returned as<br />
mercenary soldiers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fourteenth century. Identified <strong>in</strong><br />
English as <strong>the</strong> gallowglasses, <strong>the</strong> clans <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong>cluded:<br />
MacCable, MacSweeney, MacShechy, MacSorely, MacDonald,
MacNeill and <strong>the</strong> MacAllen. See above entries.<br />
GALLAN, a youth, stand<strong>in</strong>g stones, <strong>the</strong> artifacts which<br />
archaeologists have named monoliths or menhirs,. from gall,<br />
a lowlander or stranger. Alternately dallán. In former<br />
times circles of stone were referred to as <strong>the</strong> crommliagáe,<br />
or “cromlechs,” <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>y were dedicated to <strong>the</strong> dark<br />
lord Cromm or “Crumb.” O’Riorda<strong>in</strong> says <strong>the</strong>se structures<br />
are not easily placed <strong>in</strong> time: “<strong>The</strong> span of dat<strong>in</strong>g evidence<br />
- from Bronze Age burials to Early Christian <strong>in</strong>scriptions -<br />
shows that <strong>the</strong> stand<strong>in</strong>g stones of Ireland cannot be<br />
ascribed to any one period...”<br />
GAMHAINN, a year-old calf, a stirk. Ir. gamhu<strong>in</strong>, EIr. gamu<strong>in</strong>,<br />
from gam, w<strong>in</strong>ter, "one w<strong>in</strong>ter old. S<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> Gaelic year<br />
commenced with Samha<strong>in</strong> it was said: "On Samhu<strong>in</strong>n eve all<br />
calves become stirks." <strong>The</strong> male lord of <strong>the</strong> Samha<strong>in</strong> often<br />
dressed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> gamha<strong>in</strong>n sk<strong>in</strong> as an expression of his<br />
regenerate virility and capacity to impregnate <strong>the</strong> Samh,<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>violate earth-moon-goddess.<br />
GAMHANRHIDE, GAMANRAD, see above, + riadh, a snare. <strong>The</strong><br />
Connacht military elite, <strong>the</strong>ir equivalent of <strong>the</strong> Ulster Red<br />
Branch. <strong>The</strong>se were <strong>the</strong> “stirk-folk,” whose connection with<br />
<strong>the</strong> “side-hill folk” was very close. <strong>The</strong> wondrous, evergiv<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
cow of <strong>the</strong> sidh was <strong>the</strong>ir tribal div<strong>in</strong>ity.<br />
GAMHLAS, malice, from gann, scarce. See gamha<strong>in</strong>n.<br />
GAN CEANN, gan, pursu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m + cean, genius. A spirit<br />
from <strong>the</strong> sidh which filled young girl’s heads with sexual<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r fantasies, prevent<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m from accomplish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
any work. See next.<br />
GANCOMER. <strong>The</strong> amorous but <strong>in</strong>visible Tuathan who spent his<br />
days mak<strong>in</strong>g love to shepherdesses and milkmaids. Gangaid,<br />
a deceit, craft, falsehood, light-headed female, naughty<br />
female, mean. Note above entry.<br />
GAOID, a blemish, <strong>the</strong> only disqualification for k<strong>in</strong>gship.
Also sta<strong>in</strong>, disease, flaw,, especially <strong>in</strong> cattle, rarely,<br />
flatulence, w<strong>in</strong>d, from EIr. góet, a sta<strong>in</strong>, a wound. In <strong>the</strong><br />
Gaelic k<strong>in</strong>gdoms any physical blemish <strong>in</strong>dicated a man out of<br />
favour with <strong>the</strong> gods and one banished from k<strong>in</strong>gship. <strong>The</strong><br />
Tuathan k<strong>in</strong>g Nuada of <strong>the</strong> Silver Hand was named from <strong>the</strong><br />
loss of his right-hand <strong>in</strong> battle aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Firbolgs.<br />
Proscribed from k<strong>in</strong>gship he was briefly supplanted by <strong>the</strong><br />
parsimonious Breas, but rega<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> crown when his<br />
"leech" managed to grow a replacement from <strong>the</strong> stump.<br />
GAOIDHAL GLAS, <strong>the</strong> name of <strong>the</strong> mythical patriarch of <strong>the</strong><br />
Scots race gaoil, family, k<strong>in</strong>dred, violent anger; <strong>the</strong><br />
language formerly used <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> highlands of Scotland. G.<br />
gaidhlig, gaidheal, Ir. gaoidhilig, gaedhilig, EIr. goedel (1100<br />
AD), Cy. gwyddel, formerly applied to an ancient <strong>in</strong>habitant<br />
of Ireland. Root: ghad. similar to <strong>the</strong> German gut and <strong>the</strong><br />
English good and god. Perhaps relat<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Lat<strong>in</strong> hoedus,<br />
goat-men. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Seumas MacManus, <strong>the</strong> first Gael<br />
was Gaoidhal Glas who came out of Scythia to live <strong>in</strong> Egypt.<br />
His grandson Niul (Nile or Neal) married a daughter of <strong>the</strong><br />
Pharaoh, whose name was Scota. Niul and his descendants<br />
grew rich and powerful, but <strong>the</strong> clan was not well-liked by<br />
latter-day k<strong>in</strong>gs of that realm. As a result, <strong>the</strong>y had to flee<br />
through North Africa to Spa<strong>in</strong>, where <strong>the</strong>ir leader was Mil.<br />
It was <strong>the</strong> sons of Mil, termed Milesians, who <strong>in</strong>vaded<br />
Ireland and established a k<strong>in</strong>gdom at Tara. In <strong>the</strong> latter<br />
days <strong>the</strong>y were forced from Lat. Scotia Major (Ireland) by<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn Irish tribesmen. <strong>The</strong>ir f<strong>in</strong>al place was <strong>the</strong> land<br />
that <strong>the</strong> Romans entitled Scotia M<strong>in</strong>or, which is now<br />
Scotland. Most anthropologists th<strong>in</strong>k that <strong>the</strong> Celts came to<br />
Ireland from England by way of Gaul but take note of <strong>the</strong><br />
fact that <strong>the</strong> Gaels had trade connections with <strong>the</strong> old<br />
Celto-Iberian k<strong>in</strong>gdom of Tartesssos is sou<strong>the</strong>rn Spa<strong>in</strong>,<br />
immediately north west of Gibraltar. See boc.<br />
GAOISTEAN, a crafty fellow, gaois. obs. Wisdom, prudence,<br />
discretion, science, cf. gaisde, a trap.<br />
GAOITHEAN, a fop, an empty-headed chap, from gaoth, w<strong>in</strong>d.<br />
Gaoithreag, a blast, a whirlw<strong>in</strong>d.
GAOL, love, fondness, a beloved, a lover, Ir. gaol, k<strong>in</strong>,<br />
family, EIr. gael, a relationship, Germ. geil, wanton. See<br />
Gaifhheal, a Gael, an <strong>in</strong>habitant of <strong>the</strong> Scottish highlands.<br />
Supposedly based on <strong>the</strong> name of <strong>the</strong>ir ultimate patriarch.<br />
GAOTH, shoot<strong>in</strong>g pa<strong>in</strong>, a stitch, vanity, flatulence, from gai,<br />
also seen as vei, same as ON. ve, <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d. Related are <strong>the</strong><br />
Gaelic gaibheach, stormy, bluster<strong>in</strong>g; gailbh<strong>in</strong>n, a storm at<br />
sea, a storm of snow; gaile, excitement; gaillionn, a w<strong>in</strong>dstorm,<br />
<strong>the</strong> Scand. galen, <strong>the</strong> English gale and ghost.<br />
<strong>The</strong> elemental gods of Scand<strong>in</strong>avia were sometimes<br />
given as Lokki (fire); Vili (water) and Ve (w<strong>in</strong>d). <strong>The</strong> latter<br />
two are represented <strong>in</strong> Teutonic myth as Hler and Kari. <strong>The</strong><br />
Gaelic fire-god was Lugh, <strong>the</strong>ir sea-god Ler and <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>dgod<br />
Meirneal, who <strong>the</strong> English called Merl<strong>in</strong>. Hence<br />
gaoistean, an crafty fellow, a “trapper,” and gaois<strong>the</strong>an, a<br />
fop, a w<strong>in</strong>d-head. <strong>The</strong> family name Vey is from this root. It<br />
has been suggested that under <strong>the</strong> will of <strong>the</strong> creator-god<br />
<strong>the</strong>y co-operated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> creation of man; <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d-god<br />
gift<strong>in</strong>g humans with motion and <strong>the</strong> six senses. In later<br />
Norse mythology Od<strong>in</strong> is often substituted for Ve as Lord of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mounta<strong>in</strong>s.<br />
It has been claimed that <strong>the</strong> bro<strong>the</strong>rs, Vili and Ve,<br />
annually usurped <strong>the</strong> power of Od<strong>in</strong>, tak<strong>in</strong>g his throne and<br />
rap<strong>in</strong>g his wife Frigga. Each May, Od<strong>in</strong> was said to return<br />
from his w<strong>in</strong>ter journeys and leadership of <strong>the</strong> Asgarderia,<br />
or Host of Soul-Catchers. F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g his realm reduced to<br />
unhapp<strong>in</strong>ess, he always drove off his bro<strong>the</strong>rs. Thus, <strong>the</strong><br />
w<strong>in</strong>d is a male personification of <strong>the</strong> Cailleach bheurr,<br />
similarly driven <strong>in</strong>to exile at <strong>the</strong> end of w<strong>in</strong>ter. <strong>The</strong><br />
Samha<strong>in</strong>, or May Day festivities, were partly a celebration<br />
of <strong>the</strong> failure of <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter-spirit. In Scand<strong>in</strong>avia, until<br />
very recent times, <strong>the</strong> May Ride was celebrated on <strong>the</strong> first<br />
day of this month. In it a flower-bedecked human<br />
representative of K<strong>in</strong>g Od<strong>in</strong> was required to drive off a furenveloped<br />
figure represent<strong>in</strong>g K<strong>in</strong>g Uller (W<strong>in</strong>ter) by pelt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
him with fresh blossomed flowers. In England this day is
celebrated <strong>in</strong> a similar way, <strong>the</strong> Woden-figure be<strong>in</strong>g termed<br />
Jack-In-<strong>The</strong>-Green, or someth<strong>in</strong>g of that ilk.<br />
Note <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
W<strong>in</strong>d from <strong>the</strong> west, fish and bread;<br />
W<strong>in</strong>d from <strong>the</strong> North, cod and flay<strong>in</strong>g;<br />
W<strong>in</strong>d from <strong>the</strong> East, snow on <strong>the</strong> hills;<br />
W<strong>in</strong>d from <strong>the</strong> South, fruit on trees.<br />
<strong>The</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d was formerly considered animate, and with good<br />
reason: "Every high w<strong>in</strong>d, <strong>in</strong> many Places of <strong>the</strong> Highlands,<br />
is a Whirlw<strong>in</strong>d. <strong>The</strong> agitated Air, pour<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> narrow<br />
and high Spaces between <strong>the</strong> Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, be<strong>in</strong>g conf<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong><br />
its Course...I say, <strong>the</strong> Air, <strong>in</strong> that violent Motion, is <strong>the</strong>re<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ually repelled by <strong>the</strong> opposite Hill, and rebounded<br />
from o<strong>the</strong>rs, till it f<strong>in</strong>ds a Passage, <strong>in</strong>somuch that I have<br />
seen <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Western Highlands, some scatter<strong>in</strong>g of Oaks,<br />
with <strong>the</strong>ir Bark twisted almost as if it had been done with a<br />
lever." (Letters From <strong>The</strong> North of Scotland, pp. 79-80).<br />
W<strong>in</strong>d and ra<strong>in</strong> may be knocked from a rag and that <strong>the</strong><br />
former can be bound <strong>in</strong> knots. <strong>The</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn w<strong>in</strong>d was<br />
mythologically associated with Loki and <strong>the</strong> north w<strong>in</strong>d at<br />
first with Thor and later with Od<strong>in</strong>. <strong>The</strong> latter rode <strong>the</strong><br />
Wild Hunt southward on this w<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong> his search for souls.<br />
<strong>The</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d of w<strong>in</strong>ter was as much feared <strong>in</strong> Brita<strong>in</strong> where <strong>the</strong><br />
Cailleach Bheur and Herla <strong>the</strong> Huntsman rode aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
mank<strong>in</strong>d. <strong>The</strong> Celts were always circumspect with <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d<br />
believ<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> sidh travelled <strong>in</strong> whirlw<strong>in</strong>ds, and<br />
adress<strong>in</strong>g any pass<strong>in</strong>g gust of w<strong>in</strong>d with words such as,<br />
"May God speed you, gentlemen." <strong>The</strong> idea that <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d<br />
represented a god-demon was as widespread as <strong>the</strong> belief<br />
that <strong>the</strong> sun and <strong>the</strong> moon were gods. Those not content<br />
with avoid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> notice of <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d sometimes warred<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st it and it Eastern Africa it was once said that "no<br />
whirlw<strong>in</strong>d ever sweeps across <strong>the</strong> path without be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
pursued by a dozen savages with drawn creeses, who stab<br />
<strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> centre of <strong>the</strong> dusty column <strong>in</strong> order to drive away<br />
<strong>the</strong> evil spirit that is believed to be hid<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> blast."
Witches were sometimes considered a variety of<br />
demon<br />
and it was generally known that <strong>the</strong>y created w<strong>in</strong>d to<br />
damage <strong>the</strong>ir enemies and to transport <strong>the</strong>mselves from<br />
place to place. <strong>The</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d was ,laterally, considered an<br />
<strong>in</strong>ferior spirit, more easily <strong>in</strong>timidated, killed or driven<br />
away than sun and ra<strong>in</strong> gods.<br />
<strong>The</strong> relationship of <strong>the</strong> witch to her w<strong>in</strong>d-demon, who<br />
<strong>the</strong> German settlers called <strong>the</strong> geisboch (he-goat) is<br />
revealled <strong>in</strong> a tale from Lunenburg County which was<br />
collected by Dr. Creighton: "Every night after tea a woman<br />
used to take a broomstick and put it between her legs and go<br />
to <strong>the</strong> chimney and <strong>the</strong>n she'd go up <strong>the</strong> chimney. She'd say<br />
words, "no straffe he, no straffe go..." A servant <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
house, observ<strong>in</strong>g this decided to try <strong>the</strong> magic brromstick<br />
after hours. On a subsequent night he followed <strong>the</strong><br />
procedure and found himself above <strong>the</strong> chimney <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> night<br />
air. Know<strong>in</strong>g someth<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> usual procedure, he utter an<br />
<strong>in</strong>cantation for <strong>the</strong> geisboch and it arrived and took him on<br />
his back. Unfortunately, his education was <strong>in</strong>complete and<br />
he didn't know how to control this "devil", which took him<br />
out over <strong>the</strong> Atlantic Ocean and dumped him.<br />
Fly<strong>in</strong>g through <strong>the</strong> air classifies as wonder-work<br />
ra<strong>the</strong>r than sympa<strong>the</strong>tic magic or div<strong>in</strong>ation. Traditionally,<br />
most of <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn gods could shape-change <strong>in</strong>to eagles,<br />
crows or ravens and take flight. <strong>The</strong> god Od<strong>in</strong> flew aboard a<br />
magical stallion and his Valkyries followed on similar<br />
steeds. <strong>The</strong> fairies always flew from place to place and so<br />
did <strong>the</strong> baobhs, <strong>the</strong> druids, witches and Christian angels.<br />
Some of my ancestors probably believed that David<br />
Rae's wife, a resident of Tullibody, Scotland was spirited<br />
<strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> air by fairies. Twenty years after, <strong>the</strong>re were<br />
Scots who attested to see<strong>in</strong>g her "sitt<strong>in</strong>g on a dark cloud<br />
drift<strong>in</strong>g over a peak of Dumyat." She was supposedly<br />
abducted after "stray<strong>in</strong>g from her a<strong>in</strong> man's side."
Equally traditional was <strong>the</strong> tale of <strong>the</strong> herdsman's son<br />
who supposedly lived at Waweig, N.B. He had a double part<br />
<strong>in</strong> his hair and was able to "see <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d and fairies". More<br />
significantly he once found himself lost <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods after<br />
dark, and like Hansel and Gretel sought refuge with three<br />
elderly women <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir small cottage. <strong>The</strong>y agreed to hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
him as a guest provided that he stayed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> back room and<br />
m<strong>in</strong>ded his bus<strong>in</strong>ess. That night he went quickly to sleep<br />
but was awakened by <strong>the</strong> sound of activity <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> kitchen.<br />
"Nae, he's asleep", responded one woman to <strong>the</strong> question of<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r, at which <strong>the</strong> boy put on a commendible act of<br />
snor<strong>in</strong>g. Creep<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> closed door, he crept to <strong>the</strong> crack<br />
and watched as <strong>the</strong> naked women la<strong>the</strong>red <strong>the</strong>mselves with<br />
"grease" from a bottle. Hav<strong>in</strong>g done this <strong>the</strong>y chanted "Fly<br />
away, Here go you and I, I and you, here go we!" Suddenly<br />
<strong>the</strong>y vanished from sight.<br />
Mystified by this, <strong>the</strong> lad crept out <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> larger<br />
room, greased himself and repeated what he had heard.<br />
Instantly he found himself sitt<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> roof of <strong>the</strong> cottage<br />
side by side with <strong>the</strong> three witches. <strong>The</strong>y argued what<br />
should be done with him, but f<strong>in</strong>ally supplied him with a red<br />
cap, which was <strong>the</strong>ir only wear<strong>in</strong>g apparel. This gave <strong>the</strong>m<br />
control over <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d demons and without benefit of<br />
broomstick <strong>the</strong>y were able to fly to <strong>the</strong> nearby town of<br />
Sa<strong>in</strong>t Andrews. Here <strong>the</strong>y squeezed through <strong>the</strong> keyhole of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Beacon Press and amused <strong>the</strong>mselves by scatter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
type and <strong>in</strong>k. After that <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>vaded a general store,<br />
dropped bugs <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> flour barrells, pulled <strong>the</strong> plug on <strong>the</strong><br />
molasses and kerosene puncheons, and snatched <strong>the</strong> red cap<br />
from <strong>the</strong>ir flight companion. <strong>The</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g this<br />
unfortunate was left with expla<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> damage and how he<br />
happened to stand naked with<strong>in</strong> a locked mercantile store.<br />
Fly<strong>in</strong>g seems a magical act, but few witches claimed<br />
to have been carried through <strong>the</strong> air as directly as those<br />
mentioned above. More often, <strong>the</strong>y said that <strong>the</strong>y "rode <strong>the</strong><br />
air" on a forked stick, a staff or a broomstick. Exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong><br />
context confessions of fly<strong>in</strong>g often <strong>in</strong>dicated swift,<br />
effortless movement as opposed to actual flight. Thus
Isabel Gowdie said, quite pla<strong>in</strong>ly, "I had a little horse, and<br />
would say, :Horse and Hattock, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Divellis name!" And<br />
<strong>the</strong>n he would fly away, where he would even as straws fly<br />
upon <strong>the</strong> high-way." Witches lacked w<strong>in</strong>gs, and so did<br />
honest fairies until co-opted by <strong>the</strong> tale- writers.<br />
J.F. Campbell, research<strong>in</strong>g Popular Tales of <strong>the</strong> West<br />
Highlands, lived for a time with <strong>the</strong> Lapps. He thought that<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir manners and customs were similar to those ascribed<br />
to elves. He located a nor<strong>the</strong>rn dwell<strong>in</strong>g, "round, about<br />
twelve feet <strong>in</strong> diameter, and sunk three feet <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground,<br />
<strong>the</strong> roof made of sticks and covered with turf", which he<br />
thought answered <strong>the</strong> description of a fairy, elf, or sidh hill.<br />
He noted that this "hollow-hill" looked like a conical green<br />
mound. At home <strong>in</strong> Scotland he found a very similar<br />
abandoned dwell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sand dunes at South Uist. This<br />
made him suspect that <strong>the</strong> fay-people must have had human<br />
counterparts. He was particularly struck by <strong>the</strong> fact that<br />
<strong>the</strong> average Lapp, "even wear<strong>in</strong>g a high peaked hat", fit<br />
neatly beneath his armpit. Most significantly he said that<br />
<strong>the</strong>y moved from place to place us<strong>in</strong>g long birch vault<strong>in</strong>g<br />
poles.<br />
<strong>The</strong> tradition that witches flew probably has<br />
someth<strong>in</strong>g like this at its base. It is noteworthy that<br />
witches usually departed <strong>the</strong>ir hovels through <strong>the</strong> chimney,<br />
like <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d-god Od<strong>in</strong> and Fa<strong>the</strong>r Christmas, who can be<br />
traced to him. Exit<strong>in</strong>g through a modern chimney would be a<br />
considerable feat, but house construction has changed s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
<strong>the</strong> days of weems, or sod huts. <strong>The</strong> souterra<strong>in</strong>s of <strong>the</strong><br />
Gaels <strong>in</strong> Ireland and Scotland were beehive shaped chambers<br />
made of rock covered with earth. Many of <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>corporated<br />
long underground entryways protected by traps or<br />
obstructions. Almost all had secondary exits for an<br />
emergency, but <strong>the</strong>re must have been cases where residents<br />
"magically" vanished up <strong>the</strong> hearth-chimney. Surpris<strong>in</strong>gly,<br />
local "Scots" still claim that if you enter by one door and<br />
leave by ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
strangers will come to visit and bad luck will follow.
If it is assumed that witches and fairies took <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
common characteristics from a prehistoric race who lived<br />
beneath ground, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>ir sudden exits <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> face of an<br />
enemy might have been misconstrued as "fly<strong>in</strong>g". Aga<strong>in</strong>,<br />
this may have resulted from an altered state, for <strong>the</strong><br />
witches who flew always ano<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>the</strong>mselves with a<br />
"Fly<strong>in</strong>g O<strong>in</strong>tment". One recipe required "<strong>the</strong> fat of yoong<br />
children" see<strong>the</strong>d "<strong>in</strong> a brasen vessell". Almost <strong>in</strong>cidentally<br />
<strong>the</strong> recorder noted that aconite, and one or two herbs should<br />
be blended <strong>in</strong>. No known chemical can countermand <strong>the</strong> law<br />
of gravity, and fat from any source has no effect when<br />
rubbed on <strong>the</strong> sk<strong>in</strong>. Aconite, commonly called monkshood,<br />
yields a white crystall<strong>in</strong>e alkaloid from its leaves and<br />
roots, a chemical described as a respiratory and cardiac<br />
sedative." In high concentrations it is a lethal poison when<br />
<strong>in</strong>troduced <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> human circulatory system. At least, it<br />
produces an irregular heartbeat and even small doses br<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on dizz<strong>in</strong>ess and a sense of fall<strong>in</strong>g or tread<strong>in</strong>g water. O<strong>the</strong>r<br />
recipes <strong>in</strong>coroprate belladonna, which derives from <strong>the</strong><br />
plant called deadly nightshade. "Persil" recommended by<br />
some "pharmacists" was deadly hemlock. <strong>The</strong>se drugs are as<br />
bad as <strong>the</strong>y sound, small amounts be<strong>in</strong>g capable of produc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
excitment and delerium. Rubb<strong>in</strong>g such mixtures on <strong>the</strong> sk<strong>in</strong><br />
was an <strong>in</strong>efficient way of gett<strong>in</strong>g it <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> blood, but<br />
much more plausible <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r times, when people were<br />
manual labourers and verm<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>fested, and had a body<br />
surface peppered with scratches and bites.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Fly<strong>in</strong>g O<strong>in</strong>tment may expla<strong>in</strong> why some witches<br />
said that only <strong>the</strong>ir astral bodies went to sabats, while<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir physical body rema<strong>in</strong>ed at home <strong>in</strong> bed. This is alos<br />
consistent with fairy-lore. When a fairy-rade carried off<br />
Orfeo's queen to <strong>the</strong>ir land, <strong>the</strong>y left her mortal body<br />
swoon<strong>in</strong>g under a tree.<br />
Witches did not have to leave <strong>the</strong>ir bodies recumbent<br />
when <strong>the</strong>y "flew away" but a woman who visited with a<br />
witch several times each week noted that her friend was<br />
often present <strong>in</strong> body while "her soul would be wander<strong>in</strong>g".
On one of <strong>the</strong>se ocassions, while <strong>the</strong> witch was wait<strong>in</strong>g for<br />
her husband to return she went to <strong>the</strong> stove to stoke <strong>the</strong><br />
fire. Suddenly she gasped, "I've got an awful pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> my<br />
side." Half an hour later her husband arrived to say he had<br />
seen her figure on <strong>the</strong> road and had accidently driven his<br />
wagon over her. This had happened, <strong>the</strong>y decided, at <strong>the</strong><br />
exact time when she had first noticed <strong>the</strong> stitch <strong>in</strong> her side.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>in</strong>gredients listed above are not as esoteric as one<br />
might th<strong>in</strong>k. Monkshood and deadly nightshade cont<strong>in</strong>ue to<br />
grow on our premises at Sussex, and we did not plant <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
It is fairly likely that halluc<strong>in</strong>atory comb<strong>in</strong>ations of drugs<br />
caused witches to remember episodes with vault<strong>in</strong>g poles<br />
or hobby-horse brooms as actual <strong>in</strong>cidents of flight.<br />
Alchemy was a branch of wonder-work<strong>in</strong>g where <strong>the</strong><br />
amount used often determ<strong>in</strong>ed whe<strong>the</strong>r one got prophylactic<br />
or kill<strong>in</strong>g effect. Belladonna was not usually recommended<br />
by apo<strong>the</strong>caries, but <strong>the</strong>y did prescribe it to <strong>in</strong>hibit <strong>the</strong><br />
muscular contractions of <strong>the</strong> womb where <strong>the</strong>re was<br />
possible miscarriage dur<strong>in</strong>g pregnancy.<br />
GARACH CATH. <strong>The</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al battle of <strong>the</strong> Ta<strong>in</strong> war, <strong>the</strong> armies<br />
of Mebd and Ailill faced off with those of Conchobhar mac<br />
Nessa on <strong>the</strong> Pla<strong>in</strong> of Garach. Fergus mac Roth battl<strong>in</strong>g for<br />
<strong>the</strong> former host was <strong>in</strong> sight of victory at midday when<br />
Cuchula<strong>in</strong>n arrived at <strong>the</strong> battlefield. <strong>The</strong> Ulster hero<br />
rem<strong>in</strong>ded Fergus of his oath not to oppose him <strong>in</strong> time of<br />
war, and <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rner retired from <strong>the</strong> field. His go<strong>in</strong>g<br />
caused <strong>the</strong> men of Munster and Le<strong>in</strong>ster to follow and by<br />
even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Connaughtmen were defeated.<br />
GARADH, GARAIDH, GARRADH, wall, dike, mound, gratuity,<br />
<strong>the</strong> last is considered “<strong>the</strong> better spell<strong>in</strong>g,” Also, a garden,<br />
Ir. garan, Indo-European gher, scratchy, stiff, tear, cf.<br />
garbh, rough. <strong>The</strong> worlds created by <strong>the</strong> gods were<br />
<strong>in</strong>dividually referred to as gardens. <strong>The</strong> name given a giant<br />
who lived near Ruthven, Scotland. This ill-tempered vandal<br />
had his hair pegged to <strong>the</strong> ground by local women while he<br />
slept. Awak<strong>in</strong>g constra<strong>in</strong>ed, he soon broke loose and felled a
number of trees. Sett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m ablaze he attacked his<br />
tormentors. Warriors of <strong>the</strong> tribe, return<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> hunt,<br />
discovered Garraidh’s lapse <strong>in</strong>to a frenzy and tracked and<br />
killed him at <strong>the</strong> place known as Glenn Garraidh, or<br />
Glengarry. S<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> women Garraidh had killed were those<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Fionn he guaranteed <strong>the</strong>ir eventual ext<strong>in</strong>ction.<br />
GARADH TOLL, den, copse, thicket, a garden, cf. Eng. yard,<br />
ON gardr. Toll, <strong>the</strong> Eng. hole, ON hol, AS howe (pronounced<br />
garah howl). <strong>The</strong> place of a dolmen-like holed-rock near<br />
D<strong>in</strong>gwall, Scotland. Here div<strong>in</strong>ation rites were performed<br />
and children taken to be cured of ailments. “A fire was lit;<br />
<strong>the</strong> ail<strong>in</strong>g child was stripped and passed through <strong>the</strong> hole.”<br />
Additionally <strong>the</strong> mo<strong>the</strong>r baked bannock and left this offer<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on <strong>the</strong> top of <strong>the</strong> rock. If it was gone <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g this<br />
was taken as a sign that <strong>the</strong> child might recover.<br />
GARRACH, glutton, <strong>The</strong> Battle of Garrach. See entry<br />
immediately below, <strong>The</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al event <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tá<strong>in</strong> war, when<br />
<strong>the</strong> forces of Queen Mebd met those of Conchobhar on <strong>the</strong><br />
Pla<strong>in</strong> of Garrach. Fergus mac Roth, of <strong>the</strong> south, was <strong>in</strong><br />
command of <strong>the</strong> situation when Cúchulla<strong>in</strong> arrived at midday.<br />
Cúchulla<strong>in</strong> rem<strong>in</strong>ded Ferghas of an oath that both had<br />
taken never to fight aga<strong>in</strong>st each o<strong>the</strong>r. As a result Ferghas<br />
and his followers left <strong>the</strong> field, and <strong>the</strong> men of Munster and<br />
Le<strong>in</strong>ster followed him. By even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Ulster army had<br />
decimated what rema<strong>in</strong>ed of <strong>the</strong> armies of Connacht. In<br />
chas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m from <strong>the</strong> field Cúchulla<strong>in</strong> cornered Mebd ,<br />
shelter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> her overturned chariot. A geis prevented him<br />
from kill<strong>in</strong>g women so she was allowed safe conduct to her<br />
own l<strong>in</strong>es.<br />
GARRAG, a young crow, garr, a gorbelly, starvel<strong>in</strong>g, a<br />
spoiled child, glutton, wretch, worthless creature, cf with<br />
<strong>the</strong> English, gorby and gore. Eng. gorecrow. A borrowed<br />
word. In North America <strong>the</strong> dialectic form is corby; similar<br />
to <strong>the</strong> French corbeaux. Cf. G. garrach, Throughout Europe<br />
<strong>the</strong> members of <strong>the</strong> crow family were considered<br />
sacrosanct s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>the</strong> preferred familiars of<br />
witches and some of <strong>the</strong> old pagan deities. <strong>The</strong> crows were
totem animals of all <strong>the</strong> Gaelic Fomors or sea-giants and<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir relations, especially <strong>the</strong> Tuathan-Milesians god known<br />
as <strong>the</strong> Dagda and his daughter/sister/spouse, Mhorrigan, <strong>the</strong><br />
goddess of fate. Folklorist<br />
Edward D. Ives had no difficulty assembl<strong>in</strong>g more than<br />
a hundred versions of nor<strong>the</strong>astern American folk tales<br />
suggest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> disadvantages fall<strong>in</strong>g upon men who offended<br />
<strong>the</strong>se <strong>bird</strong>s. To beg<strong>in</strong>, it has to be noted that <strong>the</strong> garrag<br />
family is more extensive <strong>in</strong> Maritime Canada and Ma<strong>in</strong>e than<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Old World. With<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> crow family one f<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>the</strong><br />
ravens, and <strong>the</strong> jays, <strong>the</strong> latter group be<strong>in</strong>g subdivided <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Blue Jays and Canada Jays. Any one of <strong>the</strong>se may be<br />
entitled a "corby" or "gorby," but <strong>the</strong> Canada Jay has a vast<br />
number of nicknames. We have seen him referred to as <strong>the</strong><br />
moose <strong>bird</strong>, <strong>the</strong> meat-<strong>bird</strong>, <strong>the</strong> grease-<strong>bird</strong>, <strong>the</strong> greaser, <strong>the</strong><br />
whisky-jack, <strong>the</strong> jack-whisky, <strong>the</strong> whisky john, <strong>the</strong> john<br />
whisky, Hudson's Bay <strong>bird</strong>, caribou <strong>bird</strong>, venison hawk, grey<br />
jay, woodsman's friend, moose<strong>bird</strong>, and camp-robber. Most<br />
people are fairly familiar with a crow; <strong>the</strong> raven is an<br />
enlarged version with laryngitis. <strong>The</strong> Canada Jay has been<br />
described as a little like a rob<strong>in</strong>, but with grey fea<strong>the</strong>rs,<br />
except<strong>in</strong>g a white throat and forehead and a black cap. Its<br />
cous<strong>in</strong>, <strong>the</strong> Blue Jay is essentially a similar <strong>bird</strong> but blue <strong>in</strong><br />
colour. All this tribe are known for <strong>the</strong>ir audacity, thiev<strong>in</strong>g<br />
characteristics, bottomless appetites and ability to<br />
"supernaturally" signal, to one ano<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>the</strong> presence of food.<br />
It has been suggested that <strong>the</strong>se are <strong>the</strong><br />
characteristics of lumbermen, which may account for <strong>the</strong><br />
superstition that <strong>the</strong> gorbys re<strong>in</strong>carnate <strong>the</strong> souls of dead<br />
woods-workers. Those who are better <strong>in</strong>formed suspect<br />
that <strong>the</strong>ir bodies enclose <strong>the</strong> spirits of malevolent m<strong>in</strong>or<br />
deities or that <strong>the</strong>y are simply <strong>the</strong> totem-animals of<br />
witches. Whatever <strong>the</strong> belief, few woodsman will<br />
know<strong>in</strong>gly <strong>in</strong>jure any of <strong>the</strong>se <strong>bird</strong>s. "Anyth<strong>in</strong>g that happens<br />
to a garbie is likely to happen to you...I know a woodsman<br />
who kicked at one which was steal<strong>in</strong>g his lunch. He broke<br />
its leg; a day after that, this same man got his foot caught<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> trace-cha<strong>in</strong> of a scoot and suffered a fractured leg."
<strong>The</strong>re are also records of men who baited <strong>the</strong> Canada<br />
Jay with<strong>in</strong> catch<strong>in</strong>g distance, often feed<strong>in</strong>g him beer or<br />
whisky. When <strong>the</strong>y plucked out his w<strong>in</strong>g fea<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>the</strong>y soon<br />
found <strong>the</strong>mselves denuded of all hair. In a one <strong>in</strong>stance, a<br />
man <strong>in</strong> Nelson, N.B., performed this cruel act and seemed to<br />
survive without harm, but his children never developed hair<br />
on <strong>the</strong>ir heads. Interest<strong>in</strong>gly, <strong>the</strong>re are few stories of this<br />
sort <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> old country although Professor Ives is almost<br />
certa<strong>in</strong> that <strong>the</strong> corby-stories orig<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>in</strong> Scotland or <strong>the</strong><br />
English north-country travell<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong>re to New<br />
Brunswick and <strong>the</strong>nce to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Maritime Prov<strong>in</strong>ces and<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong>e. He says <strong>the</strong>re are no exact parallels <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Motif-<br />
Index for <strong>the</strong> Old World although he did f<strong>in</strong>d two analogies.<br />
A resident of Canterbury, England recalled his fa<strong>the</strong>r's story<br />
of a sparrow which was stripped of its fea<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>the</strong><br />
torturer suffer<strong>in</strong>g hair-loss. He also heard an Ayrshire<br />
story about Quent<strong>in</strong> Young, "<strong>the</strong> man who plucked a rob<strong>in</strong>"<br />
and awoke <strong>the</strong> next morn<strong>in</strong>g to f<strong>in</strong>d hair "ly<strong>in</strong>g strewn about<br />
on his pillow." (Ives, "<strong>The</strong> Man Who Plucked <strong>the</strong> Gorbey",<br />
1961. an article repr<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> Fowkes, Folklore, pp. 174-<br />
188)<br />
GATH, a dart or st<strong>in</strong>g, spoke of a wheel, shat, as a beam of<br />
sunlight, EIr. gae, gai, as <strong>in</strong> gae bolg, ON. geirr, spear, AS.<br />
gar, Eng. gar-lic, Skr. heshas, missile. Lugh used one of<br />
<strong>the</strong>se to kill Balor. Notice that all weapons were considered<br />
extensions of <strong>the</strong>ir owners, spirited th<strong>in</strong>gs capable of<br />
<strong>in</strong>dependent action. <strong>The</strong> existence of f<strong>in</strong>e “parade” weapons<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> graves of warriors suggests <strong>the</strong>y expected to use<br />
<strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> worlds beyond death.<br />
GATH-BOLG, a fiery arrow, a common arrow shaft fitted<br />
with a bag of combustibles.<br />
GATH-DOINIONN, <strong>the</strong> stump of a ra<strong>in</strong>bow seen at <strong>the</strong> horizon<br />
<strong>in</strong> stormy wea<strong>the</strong>r. Also known as <strong>the</strong> dog’s tooth, referr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to <strong>the</strong> dogs of Cromm. <strong>The</strong>se creatures are said <strong>in</strong> pursuit of<br />
<strong>the</strong> sun which <strong>the</strong>y will devour at <strong>the</strong> end of time.
GATH-DUBH, <strong>the</strong> “Storm Riders,” a beard of oats, <strong>the</strong><br />
foundation of a sheaf. <strong>The</strong> unsely host, <strong>the</strong> dark riders of <strong>the</strong><br />
Death god. <strong>The</strong>se were said seen <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> undulat<strong>in</strong>g currents<br />
of ra<strong>in</strong> gusted and scattered <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d.<br />
GATH-FRUIGHE, a poisoned arrow.<br />
GATH-GEALAICH, a Moonbeam; gath-gre<strong>in</strong>e, a sunbeam,<br />
F<strong>in</strong>gal’s banner; gath-l<strong>in</strong>n, <strong>the</strong> Pole Star.<br />
GATH-TETH, teth, hot, warm, sultry, impetuous, a fiery dary.<br />
GATH-NIMH, a poisonous st<strong>in</strong>g or dart, usually <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> form of<br />
a thorn. <strong>The</strong>se were placed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> bedd<strong>in</strong>g of guests,<br />
produc<strong>in</strong>g seem<strong>in</strong>g death or a coma. <strong>The</strong> voodoo-like state<br />
could only be alleviated when <strong>the</strong> thorn was removed from<br />
<strong>the</strong> flesh. <strong>The</strong> tale is told of a jealous pr<strong>in</strong>cess who<br />
poisoned her bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> this manner. His faithful hunt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
dogs be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> only ones to understand his condition<br />
unea<strong>the</strong>d him and one removed <strong>the</strong> thorn with his teeth. He<br />
recovered “although he had been buried for three days.”<br />
GEALACH, <strong>the</strong> Moon, from geal, white, EIr. gel, clear,<br />
sh<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, Eng. gleam, glow, yellow. Achadh, field, an expanse.<br />
<strong>The</strong> moon is particularly attached to <strong>the</strong> god Nuada , <strong>the</strong><br />
“New-One,” and he is <strong>the</strong> alter-ego of <strong>the</strong> sun-god Lugh. It<br />
is also symbolic of <strong>the</strong> summer-goddess In <strong>the</strong> Hebrides it<br />
is said: “<strong>The</strong>re is <strong>the</strong> new moon, <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> elements,<br />
bless it!” Allied with Samh. Or Summer. On Pictish slatestones<br />
at Luss, Stobo and Paisley, Scotland, we f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong><br />
curious engrav<strong>in</strong>gs of a pair of crescent moons arranged<br />
back to back, an ancient symbol of immortality,<br />
represent<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> old moon and <strong>the</strong> first quarter of <strong>the</strong> new<br />
moon. This po<strong>in</strong>ted out <strong>the</strong> monthly death and rebirth of that<br />
“goddess” <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sky. It is said that <strong>the</strong> druids carried on<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir persons a crescent symbolic of <strong>the</strong> risen moon.<br />
Specimens of this crescent made from gold have been found<br />
<strong>in</strong> Ireland where <strong>the</strong>y are referred to as <strong>the</strong> cornan.<br />
GEALACH AN ABACHAIUDH, “<strong>The</strong> yellow (September) moon
which helps <strong>the</strong> corn (gra<strong>in</strong>s) to ripen.”<br />
GEALACH A’BRUIC. <strong>The</strong> “badger’s moon,” <strong>the</strong> October moon,<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g which <strong>the</strong> badger is said to collect and dry grass for<br />
its nest. It is said that wea<strong>the</strong>r will change with <strong>the</strong><br />
badger’s moon.<br />
GEALACH BHUIDHE, BUAIUN A’ CHOIRC, <strong>The</strong> yellow moon of<br />
<strong>the</strong> oats-harvest. In Su<strong>the</strong>rland. Same as <strong>the</strong> above, an<br />
October moon.<br />
GEALACH UR, <strong>the</strong> New Moon. ur, fresh, new, recent, <strong>in</strong>fant,<br />
and related to Nuada, <strong>the</strong> “New One.”<br />
GEALBHAN, a fire, little fire, fire-balls. Indo-European<br />
ghel, glow, gleam, cf. geal, white. Generally considered<br />
forerunners of evil.<br />
An Ed<strong>in</strong>burgh physician stay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> temporary quarters<br />
at Broadford Scotland sighted a bright light on <strong>the</strong> water<br />
and took it to be a flare ignited by a fisherman <strong>in</strong> distress.<br />
<strong>The</strong> light came smoothly and steadily towards him and was<br />
seen to be a perfect globe of light, or “ball-lightn<strong>in</strong>g.” When<br />
<strong>the</strong> light touched <strong>the</strong> shore, it vanished, and a woman<br />
hold<strong>in</strong>g a child <strong>in</strong> her arms appeared <strong>in</strong> its place and<br />
immediately vanished. When <strong>the</strong> doctor took this tale to <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>nkeeper, <strong>the</strong> man expla<strong>in</strong>ed that this apparition was <strong>the</strong><br />
backrunner of a woman and child whose bodies had been<br />
washed ashore at exactly that place. He expla<strong>in</strong>ed that <strong>the</strong><br />
ghost was often seen by o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> district and about <strong>the</strong><br />
time of year when <strong>the</strong> shipwreck had occurred.<br />
A similar “fetch” is associated with Loch Rannoch;<br />
aga<strong>in</strong> a ball of energy is seen skimm<strong>in</strong>g across <strong>the</strong> water. It<br />
is said that <strong>the</strong> light always orig<strong>in</strong>ates at <strong>the</strong> same place on<br />
<strong>the</strong> loch, travels over <strong>the</strong> same route and disappears at <strong>the</strong><br />
same place. Infrequently <strong>the</strong> ball has been seen to roll up<br />
<strong>the</strong> hill-side known as Meall dubh.<br />
Loch Ness has a light known as “<strong>The</strong> Old Man of
Inverfargaig” <strong>in</strong> addition to its sea-serpent. Known to <strong>the</strong><br />
highlands as “<strong>The</strong> Bodach,” it is often seen <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> woods and<br />
travell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> rocky shore. Dur<strong>in</strong>g w<strong>in</strong>ter storms this ghost<br />
may be heard shriek<strong>in</strong>g amidst <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d. Breadalba<strong>in</strong> has<br />
two globes of fire, both resident upon Loch Tay. One of <strong>the</strong>se<br />
appeared at Tayside as a foreunner of future events. Two<br />
Cameron boys died on a small farm at Morenish and were<br />
buried <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> churchyard at Kenmore. When a surviv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
bro<strong>the</strong>r arrived home from army-leave he decided <strong>the</strong>y<br />
should by exhumed and carried by water to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r end of<br />
<strong>the</strong> loch for re-burial at Kill<strong>in</strong>. On <strong>the</strong> night before this<br />
move took place two bright balls of light were seen cruis<strong>in</strong>g<br />
across <strong>the</strong> water on <strong>the</strong> course set <strong>the</strong> next day by <strong>the</strong> boat<br />
carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> two coff<strong>in</strong>s. Aga<strong>in</strong>, a ferryman liv<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong><br />
north side of <strong>the</strong> Tay heard a shrill whistle from <strong>the</strong><br />
opposite bank and suppos<strong>in</strong>g someone wanted passage he<br />
rowed to <strong>the</strong> south side. On arrival he could not f<strong>in</strong>d anyone<br />
but as he watched a huge ball, which he thought resembled a<br />
sack of wool, came roll<strong>in</strong>g down <strong>the</strong> hillside and toppled<br />
itself <strong>in</strong>to his boat. Too terrified to question what he was<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g asked to carry, he rowed home with great haste. As<br />
<strong>the</strong> boat touched <strong>the</strong> far side <strong>the</strong> strange cargo dissolved<br />
<strong>in</strong>to a huge white <strong>bird</strong>, which soared away and came to rest<br />
at <strong>the</strong> burial-grounds of Lawers. Shortly after, <strong>the</strong> ferryman<br />
found himself employed to carry <strong>the</strong> corpse of a young<br />
woman across <strong>the</strong> water so that it could be buried at<br />
Lawers.<br />
GEALL. pledge, mortgage, love. Prize, reward, desire. See<br />
next.<br />
GEALL--CINNIDH, head-pledge. <strong>The</strong> f<strong>in</strong>e paid by one guilty of<br />
manslaughter to <strong>the</strong> relatives of <strong>the</strong> deceased. At one po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
an earl was recompensed at <strong>the</strong> rate of 66 2/3 cows. An<br />
earl’s son brought 44 cows, a thane’s son 11 cows, and so on<br />
downward accord<strong>in</strong>g to social rank. F<strong>in</strong>es imposed for<br />
murder were considered as eirig.<br />
GEALTA, a man under a geall, a pledge or proscription. Such<br />
a person was doomed to pass a year and a day <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>
isolation of <strong>the</strong> O<strong>the</strong>rworld or <strong>in</strong> a wilderness-retreat.<br />
Those who died <strong>in</strong> battle frequently departed without<br />
appropriate rites of passage. It was said that <strong>the</strong>y assumed<br />
<strong>bird</strong>-form and had to flit about <strong>in</strong> a pugatorial place until<br />
<strong>the</strong> O<strong>the</strong>rworld opened its gates to <strong>the</strong>m. Liv<strong>in</strong>g cowards,<br />
who fled from battle, were also forced to a year of madness<br />
<strong>in</strong> a secluded glen. Gealtair, a coward, a timorous person<br />
(with reason).<br />
GEALTAN, <strong>the</strong> harlequ<strong>in</strong>, a quarter-day fool. Gealtach,<br />
timorous, skittish, fearful, cowardly.<br />
GEAMAIR, gamer, game-keeper. A name sometimes visited<br />
on <strong>the</strong> Cailleach bheurr or “W<strong>in</strong>ter Hag.” geamanta, tricky,<br />
crafty, see next two entries.<br />
GEAMH, a pledge, compensation. See next entry. To<br />
compensate <strong>the</strong> Cailleach for <strong>the</strong> loss of her wild animals<br />
taken <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hunt, gamesters collected pledges which were<br />
used to purchase crim<strong>in</strong>als from <strong>the</strong> jails for “use” <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Quarter-Day fires.<br />
GEAMHRADH, GEAMRADH, W<strong>in</strong>ter personified. gean, obs.<br />
Woman, <strong>the</strong> Cailleach bheurr. EIr. gemred; OIr. gaimred.<br />
From gam, chaste, cold, unproductive, <strong>the</strong> W<strong>in</strong>ter Hag (or<br />
Gamekeeper). Cy., gaem, Br. goam, Skr. hima, cold, ON hrym,<br />
frosted, geamnaidh, chaste, virg<strong>in</strong>al, cold. <strong>The</strong> word is<br />
allied with gaoth, <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d, <strong>the</strong> root be<strong>in</strong>g gai, driven.<br />
Confers with <strong>the</strong> Gaelic vei, <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>d and with <strong>the</strong> Old<br />
Norse god Ve, whose name is a synonym for w<strong>in</strong>d. A common<br />
Gaelic form of this god is Ghei which corresponds with <strong>the</strong><br />
English ghost. Radh, say<strong>in</strong>g, speak<strong>in</strong>g, br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g about.<br />
Gamanrad, <strong>the</strong> “stirk-folk of Connaught.” Rad is a<br />
collective, fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>e when <strong>in</strong> used <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> last sense. <strong>The</strong> Bry.<br />
Stem may be giamo, w<strong>in</strong>ter; Lat. hiems. In <strong>the</strong> Celtic<br />
Calendaer this was <strong>the</strong> mid-w<strong>in</strong>ter month of Giamonios,<br />
twenty-n<strong>in</strong>e days <strong>in</strong> length (roughly December) follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Cutios and followed by Simivionnios. With<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first<br />
quarter of w<strong>in</strong>ter, <strong>the</strong> second quarter commenc<strong>in</strong>g with<br />
Equos. Note <strong>the</strong> next related note.
GEANAIR, gean. obs. woman; now, good humour, love,<br />
approbation, a smile, also, greed; air, high, lofty, most<br />
important. Formerly, <strong>the</strong> month now called January <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
English realms. Geanamh, obs. A sword, geanas, chastity, <strong>in</strong><br />
a good humour, pure, w<strong>in</strong>ter-like, cold and distant but goodwilled.<br />
GEANTRAIGHE, gean + treaghaid, good humour +<br />
transpierc<strong>in</strong>g (creat<strong>in</strong>g a stitch <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> side), magical music.<br />
<strong>The</strong> spell of music was considered a magic gifted on<br />
<strong>in</strong>dividual men by <strong>the</strong> gods. <strong>The</strong> first musician was Dagda,<br />
who possessed <strong>the</strong> Harp of <strong>the</strong> North. His talents were<br />
bequea<strong>the</strong>d to his son Lugh. When <strong>the</strong> Dagda's wife Boann<br />
was <strong>in</strong> labour, he used <strong>the</strong> three types of music: goltraighe<br />
(cry<strong>in</strong>g music), geantrighe (laugh<strong>in</strong>g music) and suantrighe<br />
(sleep<strong>in</strong>g music) to give her respite. Musical spells were<br />
used by <strong>the</strong> Dagda and his sons to subdue <strong>the</strong> Fomors when<br />
<strong>the</strong>y ravaged <strong>the</strong> Undersea World.<br />
GERAROID IARLA, Gerald Fitzgerald. Third Earl of Desmond<br />
(1359 -1598). This historical figure appears here due to <strong>the</strong><br />
myth that his fa<strong>the</strong>r cohabited with <strong>the</strong> love-goddess A<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
It is said Maurice Fitzgerald raped <strong>the</strong> unfortunate mortalgoddess<br />
and that Gerald was <strong>the</strong>ir son. Apparently Maurice<br />
had some desirable characteristics for at his death <strong>the</strong><br />
legend arose that he was not dead but sleep<strong>in</strong>g and would<br />
arise from <strong>the</strong> waters of Loch Guirr to assist Ireland <strong>in</strong> a<br />
time of danger. O<strong>the</strong>r stories <strong>in</strong>sist that he arises from <strong>the</strong><br />
Loch every seven years, survey<strong>in</strong>g his lands on a white<br />
steed. Loch Guirr is generally stated to be <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al rest<strong>in</strong>g<br />
place of A<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
GEARR, short, hare, a favoured familiar of <strong>the</strong> baobh. Also a<br />
weir for catch<strong>in</strong>g fish, short, transient, laconic, deficient,<br />
grilse. <strong>The</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al form was geirrfhiadh, a "short deer", <strong>the</strong><br />
last word is now omitted.<br />
"When I was a child <strong>the</strong>re was a superstition that one<br />
should say <strong>the</strong> word "hares" last th<strong>in</strong>g at night on <strong>the</strong> last
day of each month, and <strong>the</strong> word "rabbits" first th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
next morn<strong>in</strong>g to usher <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> new month. I have always<br />
understood that this was because witches were supposed to<br />
turn <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong>to hares, so by say<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se "magic"<br />
words one got rid of all <strong>the</strong> witches at <strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> month<br />
and ensured that dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> next month all witches would<br />
turn out to be mere rabbits." (Dr. Gertrude Cormack, Scots<br />
Monthy, p. 550). In <strong>the</strong> ancient tale of Cian mac Maelmuaidh<br />
we are <strong>in</strong>troduced to a man who cornered a hare with his<br />
greyhound, which as he was about to kill it, shape-changed<br />
<strong>in</strong>to a beautiful woman.<br />
<strong>The</strong> rabbit and <strong>the</strong> hare are both of <strong>the</strong> species<br />
Leporidae; small swift-footed mammals with gnaw<strong>in</strong>g<br />
teeth. <strong>The</strong> European "rabbit" was <strong>the</strong> ancestor of modern<br />
domesticated rabbits and <strong>the</strong> Belgian hare, both be<strong>in</strong>g small<br />
timid burrow<strong>in</strong>g animals. <strong>The</strong> European "hare" is of a<br />
separate genus; it does not burrow, liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>in</strong><br />
thickets and <strong>in</strong> open<strong>in</strong>gs between rocks. Except for <strong>the</strong><br />
genus "Lepus timidus" it is a wide-forag<strong>in</strong>g somewhat<br />
obnoxious animal.<br />
All animals, of this general type, are referred to as<br />
rabbits <strong>in</strong> North America. In times past <strong>the</strong> sight<strong>in</strong>g of a<br />
hare on <strong>the</strong> back of a cow always alerted herdsmen to <strong>the</strong><br />
fact that witchcraft was <strong>in</strong> action. Caesar identified this<br />
animal, <strong>the</strong> goose and <strong>the</strong> cock as <strong>the</strong> creatures hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
greatest significance <strong>in</strong> Celtic cult practises. It was noted<br />
that Queen Boudicca of <strong>the</strong> Brythonic Iceni released a hare<br />
before sett<strong>in</strong>g out on any campaign of warfare. <strong>The</strong> hunter<br />
gods of <strong>the</strong> Gaels are frequently pictured as pursu<strong>in</strong>g or<br />
hold<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> animal.<br />
GEARRAN (ger-an), <strong>the</strong> geld<strong>in</strong>g, from gearr, to cut, <strong>the</strong> short<br />
month, orig<strong>in</strong>ally four weeks start<strong>in</strong>g March 15. It ended<br />
with "Cailleach's Week", <strong>the</strong> last days given over to <strong>the</strong><br />
"W<strong>in</strong>ter Hag." Corresponds with <strong>the</strong> old Brythonic Equos, or<br />
“horse month.” <strong>The</strong> thirty days follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> first quarter<br />
of w<strong>in</strong>ter. <strong>The</strong> duration varies with <strong>the</strong> authority; some say<br />
March 15 until, April 11, o<strong>the</strong>rs say <strong>the</strong> entire month of
February, still o<strong>the</strong>rs <strong>in</strong>sist iit is <strong>the</strong> n<strong>in</strong>e days follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
faoillteach, or <strong>the</strong> last half of February. Any help?<br />
Gearranach, horse-like or clownish, a quarter-day fool.<br />
Gearr-sporran. A cut-purse or pick-pocket.<br />
GEAS, GEISE (gaysh, pl. gaysha), oath, vow, metamorphic<br />
enchantment, a bond, spell, charm. taboo, prohibition. EIr.<br />
geis, a tabooed act, spell, taboo, charm, <strong>the</strong> root is ged, <strong>the</strong><br />
Eng. god, as it appears <strong>in</strong> guidh, to pray, guidhe, a prayer, a<br />
wish, OIr. guidiu, Eng. guide. AS. biddan, <strong>the</strong> Eng. bid. Any<br />
magical <strong>in</strong>junction <strong>the</strong> violation of which lead at least to<br />
misfortune, at worst to death. Every Gael had geise related<br />
to <strong>the</strong> nature of <strong>the</strong>ir baf<strong>in</strong>ne, or “guardians,” to demands of<br />
chivalry, or to <strong>the</strong> impositions of a powerful enemy.<br />
Thus, Cúchulla<strong>in</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g one of <strong>the</strong> dog-clan was<br />
tabooed from eat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> flesh of that animal. When he did<br />
so, although <strong>in</strong>advertently, he paid with his life. He was<br />
first paralyzed on one side and was <strong>the</strong>n murdered by a host<br />
of enemies. Those who had ravens as <strong>the</strong>ir bef<strong>in</strong>ne had to<br />
take care not to <strong>in</strong>jure <strong>the</strong>m, for <strong>the</strong> damage was reflected<br />
on <strong>the</strong>ir own person. K<strong>in</strong>g Conory could not kill a small grey<br />
<strong>bird</strong> because this was his totem. When he almost acted<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st some of <strong>the</strong>m, a flock materialized <strong>in</strong>to human<br />
warriors, who warned <strong>the</strong> hero of his geas and his danger. In<br />
some <strong>in</strong>stances <strong>the</strong> geise are <strong>the</strong> birthright of an <strong>in</strong>dividual,<br />
taboos placed on him by <strong>the</strong> gods.<br />
Diarmuid of <strong>the</strong> Love Spot had two geise: <strong>the</strong> first was<br />
that he should not reject a lady <strong>in</strong> distress; <strong>the</strong> second that<br />
he should never pass by night through a wicket-gate.<br />
Grannia, <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tended wife of Fionn, requested that Diarmuid<br />
remove her from her from an unwanted impend<strong>in</strong>g marriage.<br />
By <strong>the</strong> rules of <strong>the</strong> game Diarmuid could not refuse, but his<br />
only way out of Fionn's redoubt was through a wicket-gate<br />
travell<strong>in</strong>g by night. <strong>The</strong> pair became enmeshed <strong>in</strong> a fate<br />
that had to end tragically.<br />
It is not clear why <strong>the</strong> gods imposed strange demands:<br />
Conary, <strong>in</strong> addition to honour<strong>in</strong>g <strong>bird</strong>s was forbidden to
follow three red horsemen. Fergus mac Roy could not turn<br />
down <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>vitation to any feast, and when he did <strong>the</strong> tale of<br />
his life devolved <strong>in</strong>to a tragedy for him and <strong>the</strong> sons of<br />
Usnach. In short, <strong>the</strong>se were sacred obligations. T.W.<br />
Rolleston has suggested that <strong>the</strong>se impositions were once<br />
regarded as a means of keep<strong>in</strong>g one's spirit <strong>in</strong> a "proper"<br />
relationship with <strong>the</strong> Unseen World of <strong>the</strong> si<strong>the</strong>. In addition<br />
to <strong>in</strong>dividual taboos, <strong>the</strong>re were general prohibitions that<br />
extended to all men and women:<br />
Miss Goodrich-Freer mentions <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Scottish<br />
dodg<strong>in</strong>g about <strong>the</strong> word ua<strong>in</strong>e, or “green.” "I remember be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
perplexed <strong>in</strong> my early wander<strong>in</strong>gs about <strong>the</strong> Hebrides by<br />
hear<strong>in</strong>g green th<strong>in</strong>gs be<strong>in</strong>g constantly spoken of as "blue"<br />
until it suddenly dawned upon me that green must not be<br />
mentioned, lest it should call up <strong>the</strong> fairies." (Celtic<br />
Monthly, 1901, p. 141). It is never thought wise to call a dog<br />
by his name after dark, because that allowed <strong>the</strong> si<strong>the</strong> to<br />
call him and control his spirit to <strong>the</strong> detriment of <strong>the</strong><br />
human owner. Numerous o<strong>the</strong>r prohibitions h<strong>in</strong>ged on <strong>the</strong><br />
idea that one should never speak of any devil for fear he<br />
might be drawn by <strong>the</strong> mention of his name.<br />
<strong>The</strong> most wide-rang<strong>in</strong>g curse (possibly still <strong>in</strong> operation)<br />
was that of <strong>the</strong> goddess Macha. Her tale, told <strong>in</strong> Ta<strong>in</strong> Bo<br />
Cuailnge, pictured her reborn<br />
as a dark-haired beauty who appeared mysteriously on <strong>the</strong><br />
doorstep of <strong>the</strong> widower named Crunniac MacAgnma<strong>in</strong>. He<br />
welcomed her <strong>in</strong>to his Ulster home, and found her a<br />
consummate lover and wife, who supplied him with magical<br />
food and cloth<strong>in</strong>g as well as heirs. He began to suspect she<br />
was a deity when he observed her successfully rac<strong>in</strong>g<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st wild deer. While she placed him under a "geis" not<br />
to reveal her special skill, he got drunk and accepted a<br />
wager to race her aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g's horses. In spite of a<br />
pregnancy, Macha won <strong>the</strong> bet for her husband, but collapsed<br />
at <strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> track where she bore <strong>the</strong> "ema<strong>in</strong>" or tw<strong>in</strong>s,<br />
thus giv<strong>in</strong>g name to Ema<strong>in</strong> Macha, where <strong>the</strong> event took<br />
place. Angered at <strong>the</strong> men who had forced her to race<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st pa<strong>in</strong>s of labour, <strong>The</strong> Macha left Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Ireland
curs<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> land with civil unrest for "n<strong>in</strong>e times n<strong>in</strong>e<br />
generations". In addition she promised <strong>the</strong> Ulster warriors<br />
that <strong>the</strong>y would be "<strong>in</strong>convenienced" by similar pa<strong>in</strong>s on a<br />
monthly basis. Thus <strong>the</strong> outlander Cu Chula<strong>in</strong>n, a mercenary<br />
to K<strong>in</strong>g Conor, was <strong>the</strong> only man <strong>in</strong> condition to hold <strong>the</strong><br />
Ford of Ulster when Queen Medb's forces marched north from<br />
Connaught.<br />
GEAS BOC, a Guy’s buck. A quater-day victim. It is recorded<br />
that Samhu<strong>in</strong>n eve was <strong>the</strong> time when men battled <strong>the</strong> dark<br />
forces while Samhu<strong>in</strong>n itself (November 1) was <strong>the</strong> day<br />
when mortals made peace with <strong>the</strong> spirit world. "On this<br />
day <strong>the</strong> feast of Tara was held, and it was probably on this<br />
day that <strong>the</strong> high-k<strong>in</strong>g of Tara celebrated his ritual<br />
marriage with <strong>the</strong> goddess of <strong>the</strong> earth, to ensure <strong>the</strong><br />
prosperity of his reign." Remember<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> Mhorrigan<br />
was one of <strong>the</strong> banshee tribe, recalls Keats poem "La Belle<br />
Dame Sans Merci", which is based on <strong>the</strong> old tale that <strong>the</strong><br />
Irish bean-sidh were beautiful sidh-woman who, at<br />
Samhu<strong>in</strong>n, went search<strong>in</strong>g for mortal lovers. This implies a<br />
male victim.<br />
In Denmark, <strong>the</strong> person to cut <strong>the</strong> last sheath was<br />
always a woman, and <strong>the</strong> male "geis buc" fashioned from <strong>the</strong><br />
corn became her partner at <strong>the</strong> harvest dance. She was<br />
greeted <strong>the</strong>re as "<strong>the</strong> widow" and wept symbolic tears<br />
because she knew herslf to be wed to a mythical be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
bound to be killed for <strong>the</strong> good of <strong>the</strong> land.<br />
Honest k<strong>in</strong>gs went to ashes more rapidly than frauds<br />
as <strong>the</strong>y had <strong>the</strong> disadvantage of actually believ<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
represented a l<strong>in</strong>k between men and <strong>the</strong> creator-god. <strong>The</strong>y<br />
submitted <strong>the</strong>mselves more readily to a role <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
sacrificial rite of <strong>the</strong> div<strong>in</strong>e k<strong>in</strong>g, while sleazier<br />
compatriots talked <strong>the</strong>ir way around failures <strong>in</strong><br />
command<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> elemental gods who were <strong>the</strong> real<br />
representatives of <strong>the</strong> Ahair. At that, all of <strong>the</strong> Celtic<br />
k<strong>in</strong>gs had short reigns s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>variably showed<br />
weaknesses of spirit <strong>in</strong> allow<strong>in</strong>g floods, fam<strong>in</strong>e, fire or <strong>the</strong><br />
ravages of war.
Incarnate human gods were truly between a rock and a<br />
hard place when <strong>the</strong>ir "magic" failed. Those seen to be<br />
ravaged by advanc<strong>in</strong>g age were knifed <strong>in</strong> battle by a close<br />
relative. Some peoples though it unsafe to wait for this<br />
season of decay, preferr<strong>in</strong>g to return <strong>the</strong> god-k<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong><br />
circles of be<strong>in</strong>g while he was still vigorous. Thus <strong>the</strong><br />
Swedes put a legal limit of n<strong>in</strong>e years on <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>gship of<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir god. K<strong>in</strong>g Aun circumvented this by not<strong>in</strong>g that his<br />
sons shared his spirit and at <strong>in</strong>tervals had <strong>the</strong>m put to death<br />
<strong>in</strong> his place. He was prevented from do<strong>in</strong>g down a tenth son<br />
when his adherents po<strong>in</strong>ted to his decrepit health and<br />
<strong>in</strong>sisted that he should be <strong>the</strong> one to die. <strong>The</strong> Celtic k<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
were not as "progressive" but some of <strong>the</strong>m did offer<br />
relatives as substitutes. When <strong>the</strong> process was no longer<br />
understood, men and women cont<strong>in</strong>ued to be put to death<br />
"for <strong>the</strong> good of <strong>the</strong> land", but royal blood was no longer<br />
required. In those latter days enemies of <strong>the</strong> clan,<br />
prisoners and murderers were burned alive along with<br />
plants and animals which were considered to be familiars<br />
of <strong>the</strong> bhoabhs and bhodachs.<br />
This was a very ancient practice as a poem <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Books of Le<strong>in</strong>ster, Lecan, and Ballymote and also <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Rennes D<strong>in</strong>dsenchas records <strong>the</strong> sacrifice at Samhu<strong>in</strong>n of<br />
one-third of <strong>the</strong> new-born children born dur<strong>in</strong>g Samhradh to<br />
<strong>the</strong> stone idol known as Crom (<strong>the</strong> crooked) at Mag Sleacht<br />
(<strong>the</strong> pla<strong>in</strong> of prostrations) <strong>in</strong> County Cavan, Ireland. This<br />
must have been dur<strong>in</strong>g a season of vast crop failure when it<br />
was felt that <strong>the</strong> soil needed a special <strong>in</strong>fusion of godspirit,<br />
but even at <strong>the</strong> best of times this savage stone idol<br />
demanded "<strong>the</strong> firstl<strong>in</strong>g of every issue and <strong>the</strong> chief scions<br />
of every clan." K<strong>in</strong>g Tighernas and his people prostrated<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves before this nathair with such force that "<strong>the</strong><br />
tops of <strong>the</strong>ir foreheads and <strong>the</strong> gristle of <strong>the</strong>ir noses and<br />
<strong>the</strong> caps of <strong>the</strong>ir knees and <strong>the</strong> ends of <strong>the</strong>ir elbows broke."<br />
On that occasion two-thirds of <strong>the</strong> population went to<br />
ground and did not arise. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to a persistent myth<br />
this day god was killed by Lugh of <strong>the</strong> Long Arm. Some<br />
<strong>in</strong>sist that <strong>the</strong> idol fell to <strong>the</strong> magic of Sa<strong>in</strong>t Patrick.
People who were sacrificed were often ritually<br />
burdened with <strong>the</strong> evil spirits currently plagu<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
neighbourhood, it be<strong>in</strong>g supposed that <strong>the</strong>y would not m<strong>in</strong>d<br />
<strong>the</strong> brief <strong>in</strong>convenience before death. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>the</strong>re seems<br />
to have been a Celtic belief <strong>in</strong> spiritual checks and<br />
balances, attempts hav<strong>in</strong>g been made to pass <strong>the</strong> evil-spirit<br />
which caused illness from a valuable citizen to one of less<br />
importance. This type of magic was seen <strong>in</strong> operation as<br />
late as 1589 when Hector Munro of Foulis called on a local<br />
bhoabhs to save his ail<strong>in</strong>g life by transferr<strong>in</strong>g a spirit of<br />
illness on to his half bro<strong>the</strong>r George Munro. Witnessses to<br />
<strong>the</strong> procedure said that <strong>the</strong> chief witch dug a grave <strong>in</strong> which<br />
Hector lay at midnight, wrapped <strong>in</strong> blankets and covered<br />
over with grass sods, <strong>the</strong> later fastened <strong>in</strong> place with<br />
rowan branches. After certa<strong>in</strong> rites "<strong>the</strong> chief literally<br />
returned from <strong>the</strong> grave to Foulis castle. His bro<strong>the</strong>r George<br />
duly died <strong>in</strong> 1590 while Hector, recovered from his long<br />
illness, stood trial for murder and witchcraft." He was<br />
found not guilty but <strong>the</strong> bhoabh that performed <strong>the</strong> ceremony<br />
was burned alive.<br />
This same attitude is seen <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> marriage rites of<br />
Mebd's people. Ward Ru<strong>the</strong>rford writes: "At Sama<strong>in</strong> men<br />
from all over Ireland converge on Cruacha<strong>in</strong>, <strong>the</strong> royal<br />
centre of Connaught to woo a maiden. For each suitor, one<br />
of his people was secretly sla<strong>in</strong> (thus releas<strong>in</strong>g a spirit to<br />
<strong>the</strong> land of Mebd while ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g surrender<strong>in</strong>g a spirit for <strong>the</strong><br />
clan of <strong>the</strong> male partner). <strong>The</strong> maiden must be <strong>the</strong><br />
territorial goddesses whose goodwill is secured by <strong>the</strong>se<br />
sacrifices and it is <strong>in</strong> this sense that we must understand<br />
Queen Mebd's thirty lovers; <strong>the</strong>y were sacrificial victims."<br />
Where <strong>the</strong> woman was not killed along with her<br />
partner she was raped with <strong>the</strong> full consent of <strong>the</strong><br />
community, and this victim was often called <strong>the</strong> "carl<strong>in</strong>", a<br />
word also used to describe <strong>the</strong> lott<strong>in</strong>g device used <strong>in</strong> her<br />
selection. Carl<strong>in</strong>, or carl<strong>in</strong>e, is derived from <strong>the</strong> Old Norse<br />
"karl<strong>in</strong>g", a man-like woman, hence an aged crone or a witch.<br />
At first virg<strong>in</strong>al women were required for <strong>the</strong> rites, but it
was later realized that any woman might serve, her<br />
virg<strong>in</strong>ity restored by an <strong>in</strong>fusion of goddess-spirit.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> Hebridean island of Tiree, <strong>the</strong> Rev. J.G.<br />
Campbell found that: "In harvest <strong>the</strong>re was a struggle to<br />
escape from be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> last done with <strong>the</strong> shear<strong>in</strong>g (of <strong>the</strong><br />
gra<strong>in</strong>) and when tillage <strong>in</strong> common existed, <strong>in</strong>stances were<br />
known of a ridge be<strong>in</strong>g left unshorn (no person would claim<br />
it) because of it be<strong>in</strong>g beh<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>in</strong> growth. <strong>The</strong> fear<br />
enterta<strong>in</strong>ed was that of hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> "ghort a bhaile" (fam<strong>in</strong>e<br />
of <strong>the</strong> farm <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> shape of an imag<strong>in</strong>ary old woman<br />
(cailleach) to feed till <strong>the</strong> next harvest. Much emulation and<br />
amusement arose from <strong>the</strong> fear of this old woman...<strong>The</strong> last<br />
act of <strong>the</strong> harvest home was to fashion a doll, which was<br />
called <strong>the</strong> "carl<strong>in</strong>" (old wife) and this was sent by <strong>the</strong><br />
farmer to his nearest neighbour. He <strong>in</strong> turn (when his crops<br />
came <strong>in</strong>) passed it to ano<strong>the</strong>r still less expedious and <strong>the</strong><br />
person it f<strong>in</strong>ally harboured with had <strong>the</strong> calleach to keep for<br />
<strong>the</strong> year."<br />
Similar habits were reported from Wales, where <strong>the</strong><br />
old lady was termed <strong>the</strong> "wrach" (hag). She was fashioned<br />
as a plaited "kern" doll six to twelve <strong>in</strong>ches <strong>in</strong> height. When<br />
she was complete men took turns throw<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir sickles at<br />
this representative of w<strong>in</strong>ter and <strong>the</strong> reaper who first<br />
"brought blood" received a jug of home brewed ale. <strong>The</strong><br />
wrack was <strong>the</strong>n hurridly transferred to ano<strong>the</strong>r farm by <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> ploughman. He was very careful to go unobserved on<br />
this errand, for if he was caught he would be roughly routed<br />
by farmhands. At <strong>the</strong> next farm this visitor attempted to<br />
impale <strong>the</strong> old woman on <strong>the</strong> blade of <strong>the</strong> foreman's sickle,<br />
and <strong>the</strong>n made a hasty retreat be<strong>in</strong>g lucky to escape <strong>in</strong>jury<br />
from <strong>the</strong> fly<strong>in</strong>g edged-tools that were thrown after him. In<br />
more conservative neighbourhoods, <strong>the</strong> spirit of <strong>the</strong> gra<strong>in</strong><br />
was simply brought home to <strong>the</strong> farmhouse, <strong>the</strong> ploughman<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g to escape <strong>the</strong> wrath of <strong>the</strong> residents who greeted<br />
him with pails charges with ice-cold water, If he managed<br />
this unobserved he was given ale from "<strong>the</strong> cask next to <strong>the</strong><br />
wall" or <strong>the</strong> master of <strong>the</strong> house had to pay him a small f<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
"<strong>The</strong> hag was carefully hung on a nail <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> hall or
elsewhere and kept <strong>the</strong>re all year.<br />
GEASCHAD, enchantment, charm. Conjuration, vow,<br />
astrology, a superstition. Geaseachd, enchantment, sorcery.<br />
GEASADAIR, wizard, charmer, conjurer, sorcerer. Geasach,<br />
enchant<strong>in</strong>g, charm<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
GEASA DROMA DRAIOCHTA , (gay sha dro ma dru hok tah),<br />
droman, <strong>the</strong> alder tree; draoi, a magician. An enchantment of<br />
<strong>in</strong>violable power enacted by a master-magician. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
spells were cast by envision<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al effect on <strong>the</strong> geisbearer.<br />
<strong>The</strong> magician <strong>the</strong>n chanted appropriate words which<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased <strong>in</strong> volume to a f<strong>in</strong>al crescendo.<br />
GEASA GRA, (gay sh graw), a love enchantment, but note<br />
grab, an <strong>in</strong>terference with normal events, a h<strong>in</strong>drance, <strong>the</strong><br />
Eng. grab, to take by improper means. EIr. ghr, gut, a cord,<br />
suggest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> use of <strong>the</strong> “blue clew of witchcraft” to<br />
obta<strong>in</strong> a desired end. Eng. cord. Alternately greathlach, an<br />
<strong>in</strong>spector of cyl<strong>in</strong>ders or entrails of animals (a witch).”<br />
GEAS DIOMA, dioma, on me; a proscription (on me). A druidic<br />
enchantment.<br />
GEASA DRAOIDACHT, “<strong>the</strong> sorceries of <strong>the</strong> druids.”<br />
GEBANN. <strong>The</strong> fa<strong>the</strong>r of Cliodhna, <strong>the</strong> Irish goddess of beauty.<br />
GEIS, GEAS, custom, prohibition, a proscription through<br />
magic, geisneach, enchanted, like a charm. Enchant<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
conjur<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
GEILT, terror, fear, a distracted person, wild, made mad<br />
through fear, shell-shocked. cowardice. geill, yield, submit,<br />
Norse vertha at gjalti. Same word as Eng. jell, to turn solid,<br />
freeze <strong>in</strong> terror.<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> battle of Venntry when Fionn mac Cumhail<br />
fought Daire Don, <strong>the</strong> “K<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> World,” one of his
warriors named Goll retreated to Gleann na nGealt, <strong>the</strong><br />
“Glen of <strong>the</strong> Guilty,” <strong>the</strong> only place where lunatics and<br />
cowards could dwell. <strong>The</strong>re he consumed water-cresses and<br />
drank from Tobergalt, <strong>the</strong> “Well of <strong>the</strong> Guilty,” and<br />
recovered his senses. Suibhne Geilt, similarly reactive to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Battle of Moyrath also went <strong>the</strong>re.<br />
Cowardly men, suffer<strong>in</strong>g from “shell-shock,” were<br />
said to retreat from o<strong>the</strong>r men and <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> forest acquired a<br />
coat of fea<strong>the</strong>rs. Although <strong>the</strong>y were unable to fly it was<br />
noted that <strong>the</strong>y could run faster than a greyhound and skip<br />
among <strong>the</strong> trees “as swiftly as monkeys or squirrels.” It is<br />
said that <strong>the</strong> spirit of Suibhne hav<strong>in</strong>g descended to madness<br />
flew up <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> air “as a <strong>bird</strong>” and only arrived at his glen<br />
of delight “after long and arduous wander<strong>in</strong>gs.” See gealta.<br />
GEIM DRUATH, geim, from below; <strong>the</strong> Druath’s Lever or<br />
Spear, a druid’s weapon, <strong>the</strong> druid’s “cry,” geim, a dart, <strong>the</strong><br />
word is based on gobhal, a forked stick. <strong>The</strong> “Druath’s Cry.”<br />
Skr. dru, to melt or run, from draoi, a druid. This weapon<br />
was thrust at <strong>the</strong> genitals. Ir. draoi, genitive case, druadh.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Eng. true, an “artist.” Geimh, fetter, cha<strong>in</strong>s. In <strong>the</strong><br />
medieval period <strong>the</strong> druath was def<strong>in</strong>ed as a set of court<br />
enterta<strong>in</strong>er, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs be<strong>in</strong>g professional jesters, or standup<br />
comics, jugglers and buffons, or experts at slapstick. It<br />
is said <strong>the</strong> druath was often dismissed as a buffon but he<br />
was “of a superior order.”<br />
Of particular note was druath Ua Maighl<strong>in</strong>ne who<br />
belonged <strong>the</strong> court at Ailech <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth century. On <strong>the</strong><br />
eve of <strong>the</strong> great battle at Alma<strong>in</strong> (Allen) he enterta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn warriors by recit<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> battles and triumphs<br />
of <strong>the</strong>ir forefa<strong>the</strong>rs. When he was taken prisoner, and about<br />
to be beheaded, he was asked to give <strong>the</strong> geim druath, or<br />
“druith’s cry” one more time before dy<strong>in</strong>g. So loud,<br />
beautiful, and melodious was this peculiar sound that for<br />
three days and nights echoes of it reverberated from <strong>the</strong><br />
spot where he had stood. Ano<strong>the</strong>r “enterta<strong>in</strong>er” named<br />
Donnbo was killed <strong>in</strong> this same conflict, and it was later<br />
agreed that he was not only handsome “but <strong>the</strong> best at
s<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g amus<strong>in</strong>g verses and tell<strong>in</strong>g royal stories, <strong>the</strong> best to<br />
equip horses, and to mount spears, and to plait hair; and his<br />
<strong>in</strong>tellect was acute.” In short, a Rennaissance man.<br />
Weighted down with a sad prescience of disaster Donnbo did<br />
not feel like enterta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> troops on <strong>the</strong> eve before<br />
battle, but made way for Ua Maighl<strong>in</strong>ne promis<strong>in</strong>g to provide<br />
<strong>the</strong> victory amusements on <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g night. As it<br />
happened his head was severed <strong>in</strong> battle <strong>the</strong> next day. <strong>The</strong><br />
victorious k<strong>in</strong>g of Le<strong>in</strong>ster sent a warrior to <strong>the</strong> battlefield<br />
dar<strong>in</strong>g him to br<strong>in</strong>g home <strong>the</strong> head of this man. In <strong>the</strong> dead of<br />
night he heard a voice from <strong>the</strong> heavens demand that Donnbo<br />
make good his pledge of enterta<strong>in</strong>ment and <strong>the</strong> astounded<br />
warrior heard “dead s<strong>in</strong>gers and trumpeters and harpers<br />
render music <strong>the</strong> like of which he had never heard before. or<br />
after. And f<strong>in</strong>ally he heard <strong>the</strong> head of Doonbo give <strong>the</strong> dordfiansa,<br />
<strong>the</strong> sweetest of all music <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> world. When <strong>the</strong><br />
warrior made as if to lift <strong>the</strong> head it demanded reunion with<br />
its body and <strong>the</strong> warrior did not dare to defer.<br />
GEINTLEACH. ge<strong>in</strong>, obs. a sword, <strong>The</strong> Gaels called <strong>the</strong><br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn vik<strong>in</strong>g-raiders ge<strong>in</strong>tleach, “gentiles,” or hea<strong>the</strong>ns.<br />
Later <strong>the</strong>y revived <strong>the</strong> old word gaill or goill, a “Gaul”, or<br />
stranger, those of “<strong>the</strong> surly looks” to describe <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
unwanted visitors. Sometimes <strong>the</strong> Irish referred to <strong>the</strong><br />
newcomers as Lochlannaigh, although this was also visited<br />
upon <strong>the</strong> neighbour<strong>in</strong>g Scots. Later still, Irish writers,<br />
wish<strong>in</strong>g to dist<strong>in</strong>guish between <strong>the</strong> earlier and later<br />
<strong>in</strong>vaders limited <strong>the</strong> latter name to <strong>the</strong> Norwegians and<br />
called <strong>the</strong> Danes <strong>the</strong> Danair. More commonly <strong>the</strong> vik<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Norse were seen as “white” while those of Danish descent<br />
were seen as <strong>the</strong> “black hea<strong>the</strong>ns.” This difference had<br />
noth<strong>in</strong>g to do with complexions, but took note of <strong>the</strong> fact<br />
that <strong>the</strong> “whites” fought <strong>in</strong> commonplace l<strong>in</strong>en albas<br />
similar to those worn by <strong>the</strong> Gaels while <strong>the</strong> “blacks”<br />
favoured dark metal coats-of-mail.<br />
GELBAN. A son of <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g of Lochlann, or Scotland, who<br />
spied on <strong>the</strong> Red Branch Hostel for his k<strong>in</strong>g. <strong>The</strong> ard-righ<br />
Conchobhar mac Nessa wished to know if Deirdre’s looks<br />
had faded. Naoise was play<strong>in</strong>g fidchell with Deirdre when
this peep<strong>in</strong>g-tom peered through a w<strong>in</strong>dow. He hurled one of<br />
<strong>the</strong> fids up at <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>truder and put out his eye. Gelban,<br />
never<strong>the</strong>less, saw enough to report that <strong>the</strong> woman was<br />
still a famed beauty. Elsewhere Trendorm is spoken of as<br />
“<strong>the</strong> spy who lost one of his eyes.”<br />
GEOC, wry-necked. to grimace, a gouk or gowk, <strong>the</strong> cuckoo<br />
<strong>bird</strong>. "So <strong>the</strong> cuckoo came with its cheat<strong>in</strong>g, soft-like call,<br />
now here now <strong>the</strong>re...but seldom seen by any...To see <strong>the</strong><br />
gowk <strong>in</strong> sleep was to dream of uncanny th<strong>in</strong>gs. To be gowkit<br />
body was to be a fool. A gowket's spittle was <strong>the</strong> frothy<br />
matter so often seen on plants. A gowk's storm was <strong>the</strong><br />
sudden com<strong>in</strong>g of storm and bad wea<strong>the</strong>r at <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
April, when <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> midst of sunny wea<strong>the</strong>r, none was<br />
expect<strong>in</strong>g a w<strong>in</strong>ter storm." "So <strong>the</strong> cuckoo <strong>bird</strong> was a daft,<br />
cheat<strong>in</strong>g uncanny time - <strong>the</strong> real beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> Daft Days<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> year. <strong>The</strong> bairns, who have aye taken <strong>the</strong>ir cue from<br />
<strong>the</strong> old folks, caught up <strong>the</strong> ancient superstition and began<br />
to send one ano<strong>the</strong>r on gowk's errands whenever April came<br />
<strong>in</strong>. <strong>The</strong> hunt<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> gowk is one of <strong>the</strong> few old tricks of<br />
ancient times left to our bairnies yet." Geocach,<br />
gluttonous, ravenous, voracios; geocair, a reveller,<br />
vagabond, debauchee, a quarter-Day fool. See gocaman.<br />
GEOLA, ship’s boat, yawl, from Scand<strong>in</strong>avian models, <strong>the</strong><br />
modern Norse jula, Swed. julle, Dan. jolle, Scot. yolle, A<br />
jolly-boat. Cf. Eng. yell, Yule.<br />
GEOLACH, a wooden bier, shoulder bands for <strong>the</strong> dead, giulan,<br />
carry<strong>in</strong>g, root ges, to carry.<br />
GEUG, a sapl<strong>in</strong>g, a nymph, a very beautiful woman, <strong>the</strong> Sun’s<br />
rays, a sprig, a branch, to propogate.<br />
GHEOIDH, goose. Cy. gwydd. <strong>The</strong> destructive magical <strong>bird</strong>s<br />
that grazed <strong>the</strong> grasses and herbs of Ema<strong>in</strong> Macha to <strong>the</strong><br />
bare ground are thought to have been geese. See cadal a’<br />
gheoidh. Caesar said that <strong>the</strong> goose, <strong>the</strong> hare and <strong>the</strong> cock<br />
were <strong>the</strong> three most important Celtic cult-animals. As <strong>the</strong><br />
goose was less than retir<strong>in</strong>g it was considered to represent
spirits of war. Draw<strong>in</strong>gs of this animal have been found <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Fife caves of Scotland, and <strong>the</strong>se are sometimes<br />
ascribed to <strong>the</strong> Bronze Age. A goose, of high artistic merit,<br />
appears on a slab of Eastertom from Roseisle, and ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
is seen on a memorial from Tillytarmont <strong>in</strong> Aberdeenshire.<br />
Aga<strong>in</strong>, a goose is seen fly<strong>in</strong>g at <strong>the</strong> head of a warrior on a<br />
stone from Aberlemno. In <strong>the</strong> “Book of Carmar<strong>the</strong>n”<br />
reference is made to a warrior who lost his eye to a goose.<br />
We know that ravens were tra<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> exactly this art, so<br />
possibly geese might have been similarly employed. In <strong>the</strong><br />
Gaelic realms it was considered a bad omen to spot a goose<br />
cruis<strong>in</strong>g a lake after dark. If <strong>the</strong> sight<strong>in</strong>g was on a first<br />
Thursday of <strong>the</strong> lunar month <strong>the</strong>se creatures were assumed<br />
to be shape-changed baobhe . In Celto-Roman lore this <strong>bird</strong><br />
of ill-omen was attached to <strong>the</strong> god Jupiter who is allied<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Gaelic thunder-deity named Tar or Thor. Rice says<br />
that he goose was associated with war-gods <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early<br />
stages of mythology “and with witch-like, metamorphosed<br />
women at a later period.” <strong>The</strong> Irish goddess A<strong>in</strong>e was<br />
implicated <strong>in</strong> alter<strong>in</strong>g Gearoid Iarla so that he became a<br />
goose.<br />
GIALL, obs. a hostage, a pledge, Cy. gwyll, hostage, Bry.<br />
goestl, Gaul Co-estios, Germ. gisl, AS. gisel, Eng. ghost.<br />
GIBLEAN (gep-l<strong>in</strong>), April, giblion, entrails, <strong>the</strong> leav<strong>in</strong>gs,<br />
grease from a goose’s stomach. A time of expected<br />
privation. Gibeach, rough, hairy, untidy but active, gibeg, a<br />
rag, a gypsy, giob, a tail, <strong>the</strong> “tail of <strong>the</strong> year.” See next.<br />
GIBEAN, a poor ragged fellow, a person soaked through with<br />
ra<strong>in</strong>,hunch-backed. Probably related to <strong>the</strong> next entry.<br />
GIGEAN, gig, tickler, gigeach, hard-muscled, <strong>the</strong> master of<br />
<strong>the</strong> death-house, <strong>the</strong> wake-master, a dim<strong>in</strong>utive man,<br />
anyth<strong>in</strong>g of small mass, from ceige<strong>in</strong>, a fat man, ON kaggi, a<br />
cask, G. gighis, a masquerade, cf. gysar. a masker, a “disguiser.”<br />
See next entry. <strong>The</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual who guarded <strong>the</strong> door<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Aog and relieved wake-comers of <strong>the</strong>ir alcohol<br />
(<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest of decorum). He led <strong>the</strong> funeral procession,
which was always on foot, and doled out dr<strong>in</strong>ks to <strong>the</strong><br />
wake-procession, usually <strong>in</strong> proportion to <strong>the</strong>ir need. See<br />
next.<br />
GIGHIS, a masquerader from SIr, gyis, a mask and AS.<br />
gysard, one who disguises his identity especially at <strong>the</strong><br />
Yule. <strong>The</strong>se <strong>in</strong>dividuals usually took charge of "do<strong>in</strong>g-down"<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual selected to die <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fire-festivals, thus<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir need for disguise. At a later date <strong>the</strong> travell<strong>in</strong>g<br />
"guisers" enterta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> neighbourhood with a playlet that<br />
reflected <strong>the</strong> old time do<strong>in</strong>g down of evil and rejuvenation<br />
of a sun-god at <strong>the</strong> apex of w<strong>in</strong>ter. This exercise<br />
degenerated <strong>in</strong>to a revenge of <strong>the</strong> lower classes upon <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
upper-class bosses, thus <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g need for a secure<br />
disguise. See <strong>the</strong> associated entry Galatae.<br />
GILLEABART, Gillebride, Gilbert, AS. Gislebert. In Gaelic,<br />
<strong>the</strong> servant of <strong>the</strong> goddess Bridd.<br />
GILLE-DHU, gillie, pl. gillean, boy, lad; dhu, black, referr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to his sub-browned sk<strong>in</strong> and perhaps his disposition.<br />
Confers with <strong>the</strong> Anglo-Saxon cild from which we have<br />
child. May be borrowed from <strong>the</strong> Old Norse gildr, stout,<br />
brawny, full of merit. Also note <strong>the</strong> similar Anglo-Saxon<br />
gild, from which guild, a payment <strong>in</strong> k<strong>in</strong>d or money, and<br />
gilda, one who pays, a common fellow. <strong>The</strong> lowland fairies<br />
are always described as hav<strong>in</strong>g black complexions, while<br />
<strong>the</strong> Gaelic sidh were described as white-faced. Corresponds<br />
with <strong>the</strong> English spirit known as <strong>the</strong> brown man of <strong>the</strong><br />
moors, a protector of <strong>bird</strong>s and small animals. In English<br />
"gill" is taken as an abbreviation of gillian, a girl or wench<br />
of uncerta<strong>in</strong> reputation, thus a wanton person as well as<br />
malt liquor medicated with ground <strong>ivy</strong>. <strong>The</strong> soapwort plant<br />
of England had a habit of grow<strong>in</strong>g without bounds and was<br />
called gill-run-by-<strong>the</strong>-street, a nice expression of <strong>the</strong><br />
contemptuous slant given this Gaelic word.<br />
<strong>The</strong> black lad is precisely <strong>the</strong> equal of <strong>the</strong> brownie or<br />
bodach, a menial spirit who served households <strong>in</strong> return for<br />
a modest keep. He was like <strong>the</strong> hobgobl<strong>in</strong>s and goodfellows
of sou<strong>the</strong>rn England, "those that would gr<strong>in</strong>d corn for a mess<br />
of milk, cut wood, or do any manner of drudgery work."<br />
Some were engaged <strong>in</strong> "sweep<strong>in</strong>g houses, <strong>in</strong> exchange for<br />
sett<strong>in</strong>g of a pail of good water, victuals, and <strong>the</strong> like,<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g which <strong>the</strong>y (<strong>the</strong> householders) should not be<br />
p<strong>in</strong>ched, but f<strong>in</strong>d money <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir shoes, and be fortunate <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>ir enterprises." Those liv<strong>in</strong>g apart from men walked,<br />
"about midnight, on heaths and desert places, and draw men<br />
out of <strong>the</strong>ir way and lead <strong>the</strong>m all night a by-way, or quite<br />
barre <strong>the</strong>m of <strong>the</strong>ir way..." Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Keightley all of<br />
this breed were cleared from England about <strong>the</strong> reign of<br />
Elizabeth I, "or that of her fa<strong>the</strong>r at <strong>the</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>st."<br />
<strong>The</strong> gillie dubh is partially remembered <strong>in</strong> our eastern<br />
prov<strong>in</strong>ces of Canada as <strong>the</strong> gilloc, jillick, jillock or jullic,4<br />
phonetic spell<strong>in</strong>gs for a word that also used to be employed<br />
to describe a quantity of alcohol, or its conta<strong>in</strong>er, <strong>the</strong><br />
measure be<strong>in</strong>g related to <strong>the</strong> Scottish gill, which is less<br />
than a quarter p<strong>in</strong>t. Also recalled <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> lumber<strong>in</strong>g<br />
expression "jill-poke", "Any log or tree that <strong>in</strong>terfered with<br />
<strong>the</strong> movement of timber while yard<strong>in</strong>g on sleds or <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
drive."5 Canadian tales of this creature are common:<br />
Su<strong>the</strong>rland Hall at Bonny River were reasonably large for<br />
<strong>the</strong> year seventeen eighty-three, when <strong>the</strong>y were built by a<br />
gentleman who had been a major <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Queen's Rangers.<br />
This former soldier was one of <strong>the</strong> Scots who fought as<br />
mercenaries for <strong>the</strong> British <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Revolutionary War. A one<br />
time resident of Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, he lost his estates <strong>the</strong>re and was<br />
<strong>in</strong> "reduced circumstances" when his regiment was<br />
disbanded <strong>in</strong> New Brunswick. His "growth-potential" was<br />
sufficient for a "gillie dubh" to move with him to British<br />
North America. Nicknamed <strong>the</strong> "cold lad" for <strong>the</strong> breeze that<br />
he carried about him, <strong>the</strong> gillie was a peculiar houseservant.<br />
Every night, <strong>the</strong> regular staff heard him<br />
disassembl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> kitchen, and knock<strong>in</strong>g th<strong>in</strong>gs about if <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were left too neatly. <strong>The</strong> workers soon saw <strong>the</strong> advantage<br />
4Pratt, Dictionary Of Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward Island English, p. 65,<br />
5Smith, George, Timber, p. 25.
of leav<strong>in</strong>g a bit of work to be done, for gillie was an<br />
efficient arranger where <strong>the</strong>re was disorder. Unfortunately,<br />
<strong>the</strong> local Anglican priest was conv<strong>in</strong>ced of <strong>the</strong> necessity of<br />
banish<strong>in</strong>g this brownie, and tried a number of exorcisms,<br />
which were met with a hollow r<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g laughter. <strong>The</strong> clerics<br />
own human gillie remembered that this clan was <strong>in</strong>variably<br />
offended by pretensions, so <strong>the</strong>y laid out new cloth<strong>in</strong>g and a<br />
vast feast for <strong>the</strong> spirit. <strong>The</strong> gillie responded with a<br />
couplet: What have we here? Hemten, hemten. Here will I<br />
no more tread or stampen." He vanished <strong>in</strong> a whirl of w<strong>in</strong>d<br />
that ext<strong>in</strong>guished <strong>the</strong> candles and took <strong>the</strong> luck of<br />
Su<strong>the</strong>rland Hall with him. Although Colonel Hugh did manage<br />
to prosper without brownie, Su<strong>the</strong>rland Hall was lost to<br />
fire.<br />
GILLE-GLAS, <strong>the</strong> “Grey Servant.” He appears <strong>in</strong> a traditional<br />
Scottish tale as a widow’s son who aspired to, an obta<strong>in</strong>ed,<br />
good fortune through physical prowess and his “iron sh<strong>in</strong>ty.”<br />
Like Od<strong>in</strong> and <strong>the</strong> Gaelic gods he was beset by giants but<br />
killed <strong>the</strong>m all with this iron hockey club. Afterwards it is<br />
noted that he “ga<strong>the</strong>red up <strong>the</strong> grey skirts of his garmets.”<br />
Notice that Od<strong>in</strong> wore similar apparel? This same creature<br />
is often described as <strong>the</strong> haunt of remote mounta<strong>in</strong>-tops.<br />
GILLE-GNO, <strong>the</strong> “Gruff Servant.” Gille, lad, servant, from<br />
EIr. gilla, a child, <strong>the</strong> AS. cild, Eng. child. Used to identify<br />
Norsemen converted to Christianity and held as hostages<br />
with<strong>in</strong> Gaelic communities, This word was preferred over<br />
maol, slave. Also one of <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>gs of <strong>the</strong> Undersea World<br />
who took this form to enter <strong>the</strong> camp of <strong>the</strong> Fionn where he<br />
purportedly sought employment. When some of <strong>the</strong> warriors<br />
"tried out" <strong>the</strong> wea<strong>the</strong>r-beaten mare he had with him, she<br />
carried <strong>the</strong>m off <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> western sea. After numerous<br />
adventures, Fionn and his companions agreed to assist <strong>the</strong><br />
Fomorian <strong>in</strong> battles with his enemies. <strong>The</strong> nag was f<strong>in</strong>ally<br />
revealed as <strong>the</strong> shape-changed queen of <strong>the</strong> Undersea<br />
K<strong>in</strong>gdom.<br />
GILLEOSA, servant of osag, <strong>the</strong> breeze, ultimately <strong>the</strong> god<br />
Ve. In <strong>the</strong> latter days “<strong>the</strong> servant of Jesus.” From M’A-
Lios is derived <strong>the</strong> anglicized Lees and McLeish.<br />
GIN, GAN, beget, anyone, be<strong>in</strong>g, substance, production, k<strong>in</strong>d,<br />
obs. <strong>the</strong> mouth, g<strong>in</strong>eadan, <strong>the</strong> genitals, g<strong>in</strong>eal, offspr<strong>in</strong>g, Ir.<br />
ge<strong>in</strong>em, MIr. genar, was born, OIr, ge<strong>in</strong>, birth, Cy. geni, Bry.<br />
ganet, born, <strong>the</strong> supposed root geno, Lat. gigno, begat, Eng.<br />
k<strong>in</strong>, Skr. jano, race, stock, janami, beget, Thus G. g<strong>in</strong>,<br />
anyone. Frequently seen as a suffix, as <strong>in</strong> Mhorri-gan,<br />
begotten of Mhor-ri or Mur-ray, <strong>the</strong> “great queen.” See<br />
gionach.<br />
GINEAMHAIR, obs. January. <strong>The</strong> month of high begett<strong>in</strong>g<br />
(s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong>re was little else to do). Also implies “begi<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g.”<br />
G<strong>in</strong>ean, a foetus, any dim<strong>in</strong>utive creature. G<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>n, <strong>the</strong> act of<br />
procreation.<br />
GINEAS, <strong>the</strong> seat of emotions, emotions as opposed to<br />
<strong>in</strong>tellect. <strong>The</strong> subconscious m<strong>in</strong>d. Ge<strong>in</strong>em, begetter. In<br />
ancient times it was suspected that this spirit was<br />
resident <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> heart, and was constantly at odds with <strong>the</strong><br />
spirit of <strong>the</strong> head.<br />
GIOBAN-IORTACH, goose-grease, good for <strong>the</strong> ills or man or<br />
beast.<br />
GIOLLA GRÉINE. <strong>The</strong> daughter of a human fa<strong>the</strong>r and a<br />
sunbeam. Told of her supernatural side she jumped <strong>in</strong>to Loch<br />
Gré<strong>in</strong>e and was drowned.<br />
GION-BHAIR, syn. January, gion, hav<strong>in</strong>g an excessive love of<br />
leisure (but what is <strong>the</strong>re to do <strong>in</strong> this dark cold month?)<br />
avarice, voscacity. See <strong>the</strong> next.<br />
GIONACH, greed, MIr. g<strong>in</strong>ach, crav<strong>in</strong>g, from <strong>the</strong> obs. g<strong>in</strong>,<br />
mouth, thus a “taste” for th<strong>in</strong>gs, OIr. gen, Lat. gena, <strong>the</strong><br />
cheek, Eng. ch<strong>in</strong>.<br />
GIOINE NAN DRIUIDH, gio<strong>in</strong>e, glass, dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g glass, “<strong>the</strong><br />
druidic glass,” an amulet worn by members of <strong>the</strong> druidic<br />
order. Also known as <strong>the</strong> “serpent’s egg” it was supposedly
obta<strong>in</strong>ed that it was retrieved from among <strong>the</strong>se animals by<br />
toss<strong>in</strong>g it <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> air with a scared stick. <strong>The</strong> eggs were<br />
caught on a l<strong>in</strong>en sheet before <strong>the</strong>y could touch <strong>the</strong> ground.<br />
<strong>The</strong>y were <strong>the</strong>n passed to a man on horseback who raced<br />
<strong>the</strong>se pooisonous snakes to <strong>the</strong> nearest runn<strong>in</strong>g water. Here<br />
<strong>the</strong> snakes could not pass or pursue. <strong>The</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual “eggs”<br />
were mounted <strong>in</strong> gold and worn on <strong>the</strong> breast. <strong>The</strong>y were<br />
observed as <strong>the</strong> sizre of a small apple and were said to have<br />
a cartilag<strong>in</strong>ous surface. <strong>The</strong> magic of <strong>the</strong>se eggs was<br />
resorted to <strong>in</strong> solv<strong>in</strong>g lawsuits and <strong>in</strong> ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g access to <strong>the</strong><br />
k<strong>in</strong>gs of <strong>the</strong> land. Some of <strong>the</strong>se amulets “of glass and<br />
stone” rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Scotland where Pl<strong>in</strong>y said <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
“conveyed for <strong>the</strong> cure of disease...”<br />
GIOS, creak, crack, a "putt<strong>in</strong>g up" song, mill<strong>in</strong>g song.<br />
Giosgan, creak<strong>in</strong>g, gnash<strong>in</strong>g. “When a mill<strong>in</strong>g frolic was<br />
complete and <strong>the</strong> cloth fulled it was wound upon forms to<br />
set. This process called for <strong>the</strong> "gios", a song <strong>in</strong> keep<strong>in</strong>g<br />
with <strong>the</strong> usual completion hour of five or six <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g;<br />
<strong>the</strong> metre tended to be erratic, although more playful than<br />
that of <strong>the</strong> "mill<strong>in</strong>g song."<br />
"<strong>The</strong> more know<strong>in</strong>g matrons would pair off <strong>the</strong> various<br />
girls present with <strong>the</strong> men dest<strong>in</strong>ed to become <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
husbands. <strong>The</strong>re were many forms of "pair<strong>in</strong>g song" and<br />
many <strong>in</strong>genious impromptu modifications." Usually a lead<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ger would start ask<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> question, "What young girl<br />
stands here without a husband?" Ano<strong>the</strong>r s<strong>in</strong>ger would<br />
answer <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same metre, pick<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> name of a girl for<br />
general consideration. <strong>The</strong> leader would <strong>the</strong>n ask, "What<br />
young man shall I choose for you?" <strong>The</strong> young girl might<br />
tentatively reply, "Won't you give to me my swee<strong>the</strong>art?"<br />
<strong>The</strong> leader would <strong>the</strong>n suggest a boy by name, for example:<br />
"<strong>The</strong>n it's Malcolm that I'll send your way?" If <strong>the</strong> girl had<br />
no <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> Malcolm she was likely to be blunt: "That<br />
dirty boor, who falls down under <strong>the</strong> cloud of dr<strong>in</strong>k?" O<strong>the</strong>r<br />
suggestions would be offered, circumvent<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> "true love."<br />
Left without recourse <strong>the</strong> leader would at last be forced to<br />
name <strong>the</strong> correct swa<strong>in</strong>, at which <strong>the</strong> girl was expected to<br />
s<strong>in</strong>g his praise. If she was very pleased with him she might
<strong>in</strong>tone: "Ah, that is <strong>the</strong> lad with <strong>the</strong> pure heart <strong>in</strong> his<br />
bosom," but if she was less certa<strong>in</strong> she would s<strong>in</strong>g, "If he<br />
came begg<strong>in</strong>g I'd perhaps offer alms." This was repeated for<br />
all <strong>the</strong> available young women at <strong>the</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g, and probably<br />
reflects a mode of pair<strong>in</strong>g anciently used at quarter-day<br />
festivals. When <strong>the</strong> cloth was put up it was consecrated<br />
with <strong>the</strong> deasalt (which, see), or sunward turn ceremony <strong>in</strong><br />
all but pagan communities.” (Highland Settler, pp. 41-43).<br />
GIS, GISEAG, GISREAG, charm, spell, superstitious<br />
ceremony, witchcraft <strong>in</strong> Su<strong>the</strong>rland, orig<strong>in</strong>ally a fiery spell<br />
backed by supernatural forces, a blast of light energy; later<br />
a charm; a magic formula; a fret, any superstition. See geas.<br />
<strong>The</strong> classic burst of light and heat energy used to reduce a<br />
foe to black ash; an elder day laser-beam.<br />
GIUGA, a goose, a fat silly <strong>in</strong>dividual, one “ripe for<br />
pluck<strong>in</strong>g,” a victim, related to gugail, <strong>the</strong> cluck<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
poultry. similar to gogail, cackl<strong>in</strong>g.
GIUTHAS, fir, EIr. gius, root gis, see geas; OIr. gae, bristl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
as <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> weapon gae bulge. Res<strong>in</strong>ous Fir tips were burned as<br />
torches at <strong>the</strong> Quarter-Days.<br />
GLAISTIG, GLAISTIC, GLAISRIG, glas + tighil, grey, greygreen,<br />
pale, wan, ash-like, sallow; Ir. glass, Germ. glas,<br />
sheen + + teaghlach, family. Female sidh, a gorgon. A female<br />
water imp with a vampire-like taste for human blood; she<br />
had <strong>the</strong> body of a goat from <strong>the</strong> waist downward. A<br />
beansith. or grugach. <strong>The</strong> male equivalent is <strong>the</strong> urusig. <strong>The</strong><br />
Manx glashtyn, also known as <strong>the</strong> tangie or kelpie. This<br />
female sidh approaches descriptions of <strong>the</strong> classic vampire<br />
except that her lower extremities were described as those<br />
of a goat. <strong>The</strong>se features identify her as <strong>the</strong> mate of <strong>the</strong><br />
bocan, pocan, or phooka, <strong>the</strong> he goat of Gaelic mythology.<br />
<strong>The</strong> cornbucks, or goat-people had charge of <strong>the</strong> growth of<br />
field crops, and actually dwelt with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> gra<strong>in</strong>, be<strong>in</strong>g cut<br />
down at <strong>the</strong> harvest. One of <strong>the</strong>ir k<strong>in</strong>d, <strong>the</strong> "corn-mo<strong>the</strong>r"<br />
(see cailleach bheurr) was overw<strong>in</strong>tered and returned to <strong>the</strong><br />
field to <strong>in</strong>spirit it <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> summer.<br />
<strong>The</strong> glaistig was benign and gentle towards women,<br />
children and <strong>the</strong> elderly, and was even observed herd<strong>in</strong>g<br />
cattle for senior citizens. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, she often took<br />
a position near a ford and stopped younger men who tried to<br />
pass. Her goat-like attributes were hidden beneath a long<br />
flow<strong>in</strong>g green gown, so most men were less suspicion than<br />
<strong>the</strong>y should have been when she <strong>in</strong>vited <strong>the</strong>m to dance. Once<br />
this seductress held <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong> "glamour" <strong>the</strong>y were unable to<br />
break away as she fed vampire-fashion on <strong>the</strong>ir life-blood.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se are not unlike <strong>the</strong> white women and <strong>the</strong> green women<br />
of English myth, creatures equated with <strong>the</strong> korrid-gwen<br />
and <strong>the</strong> morrigan. <strong>The</strong> dames vertes, who seem to have been<br />
Anglo-Norman spirits led men astray, "destroy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m with<br />
<strong>the</strong> violence of <strong>the</strong>ir emotions and <strong>the</strong> exuberance of <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
lovemak<strong>in</strong>g."<br />
<strong>The</strong> Occult Reader has said...dogs hold <strong>in</strong> greatest<br />
terror certa<strong>in</strong> spots <strong>in</strong> Skye...rumoured to be haunted by <strong>the</strong>
glaistigs, local spirits, once popularly held responsible for<br />
<strong>the</strong> deaths and mutilation of members of <strong>the</strong> can<strong>in</strong>e race."<br />
Only one Scottish clan benefitted materially from an<br />
association with <strong>the</strong> glaistig, and this was <strong>the</strong> Kennedys of<br />
Lianachan, who lived on <strong>the</strong> moor at <strong>the</strong> foot of Aonach Mor<br />
<strong>in</strong> Lochabar. <strong>The</strong> family had fled to <strong>the</strong>se wilds pursued by<br />
hostile neighbours. This branch of <strong>the</strong> family known as<br />
Clann Ualraig (<strong>the</strong> descendants of Walrick) fought under <strong>the</strong><br />
Macdonells of Keppoch and f<strong>in</strong>ally became a military power<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own right. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to legend, <strong>the</strong> Kennedys, at<br />
first, had little wealth and no possessions. Walrick<br />
Kennedy was often tempted <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> fens by will o' <strong>the</strong> wisp<br />
lights but he took <strong>the</strong> precaution of hav<strong>in</strong>g his coal-black<br />
horse shod with iron, and always wore a powerful belt as<br />
protection aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> Dao<strong>in</strong>e sidh. He was rid<strong>in</strong>g this<br />
steed when he came up[on <strong>the</strong> river Curr. <strong>The</strong>re he found an<br />
elderly woman, who unable to cross <strong>the</strong> river unaided (or so<br />
she claimed) asked Kennedy for help. Kennedy agreed but<br />
became suspicious when she attempted to mount beh<strong>in</strong>d him.<br />
"I'll take you over safe," he noted, "but I'd much prefer to<br />
have you <strong>in</strong> front." When she shifted places he seized her<br />
hands and us<strong>in</strong>g his magic belt tied <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong> saddle. She<br />
immediately began to barga<strong>in</strong> for her release but he turned<br />
down a number of tempt<strong>in</strong>g propositions until she promised<br />
to build him, "<strong>in</strong> one night and one day" a moat-guarded<br />
castle which no element could breach. When she fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
promised to remove herself and all of her subjects from <strong>the</strong><br />
fenns, Mac Cuaraig agreed: "Before dawn <strong>the</strong> roof was on<br />
<strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ished build<strong>in</strong>g, fire on <strong>the</strong> hearth and blue smoke<br />
from every chimney. Meantime Mac Curaig kept a<br />
ploughshare <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fire to defend himself from her<br />
witcheries as he well knew what ricks fairies play.<br />
Afterwards he loosened <strong>the</strong> girdle that bound <strong>the</strong> hag, but<br />
kept her outside <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>dow, and when she bid him goodbye<br />
with <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tention of carry<strong>in</strong>g himself and <strong>the</strong> castle <strong>in</strong>to<br />
fairyland he gave her <strong>the</strong> hot ploughshare, Mad with pa<strong>in</strong><br />
and fury she leapt away from him and tak<strong>in</strong>g up her position<br />
on <strong>the</strong> grey stone of Foich, she hurled at him <strong>the</strong> curse<br />
which has become a household word <strong>in</strong> Lochebar with<br />
reference to <strong>the</strong> Kennedys: "Grow as <strong>the</strong> rashes, And with
as <strong>the</strong> bracken. Turn grey <strong>in</strong> childhood, And die <strong>in</strong> your<br />
strength." This was a prediction as well as a curse for <strong>the</strong><br />
Kennedys of LIanachan are no more. Quotes are from Celtic<br />
Monthly, 1901.<br />
GLAM, GLAIM DICEND, "devour<strong>in</strong>g howl." glam, seize by <strong>the</strong><br />
throat, ravenous, devour, bawl, cry out. "Forms of verse<br />
were many and complex, and <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tend<strong>in</strong>g poets had to go<br />
through an elaborate tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to achieve <strong>the</strong> status of ollam.<br />
When <strong>the</strong>y reached that stage <strong>the</strong>y would wield a weapon of<br />
fearful authority: Satire. This ranged from <strong>the</strong> simple<br />
"<strong>in</strong>sult<strong>in</strong>g speech without harmony" to <strong>the</strong> glam dicend<br />
(satire from <strong>the</strong> hilltops, an elaborate ritual of magic."<br />
supposedly generat<strong>in</strong>g a "gisreag", or jet of destroy<strong>in</strong>g fire.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Anglo-Normans divided <strong>the</strong>ir "wordsmi<strong>the</strong>ry" <strong>in</strong>to<br />
charms and spells, <strong>the</strong> former chanted, <strong>the</strong> latter, less<br />
poetic and paper-bound. <strong>The</strong> gisreag obviously corresponded<br />
with <strong>the</strong> charm but <strong>the</strong> English product was less worldshak<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
When <strong>the</strong> Tuatha dao<strong>in</strong>e had been harassed by <strong>the</strong><br />
"sea-giants", all of <strong>the</strong>ir craftsmen had ga<strong>the</strong>red to do war.<br />
<strong>The</strong> magicians had promised to chant up a storm which<br />
would create landslides "roll<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> summits aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
ground" and over <strong>the</strong>ir enemies. <strong>The</strong>y also said that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
would raise "showers of fire to pour upon <strong>the</strong> Fomorian<br />
host" and create charms that would "take out of <strong>the</strong>ir bodies<br />
two-thirds of <strong>the</strong>ir strength."6 If <strong>the</strong> word-magic<br />
succeeded, its secrets are lost, and today "giseagan" is<br />
preserved <strong>in</strong> Gaelic as <strong>the</strong> equivalent of "superstition".<br />
Caer ard-righ of Connaught illustrates <strong>the</strong> effects of<br />
this magic: His wife fell <strong>in</strong> love with <strong>the</strong>ir foster-son<br />
Nede, who happened to be a tra<strong>in</strong>ed poet. She suggested that<br />
Nede should disfigure <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g so that he would be displaced<br />
under <strong>the</strong> law that allowed rulers no physical<br />
imperfections. Nede thought this might be difficult s<strong>in</strong>ce it<br />
was required that <strong>the</strong> satirist must be refused a boon by<br />
his victim, and K<strong>in</strong>g Caer was known for his generosity to<br />
6Ka<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>e Scherman, <strong>The</strong> Flower<strong>in</strong>g of Ireland, pp. 55-56.
his adopted son. <strong>The</strong> disloyal wife po<strong>in</strong>ted out his one<br />
weakness: a knife which he could not give up because it<br />
represented his personal geas. Nede, <strong>the</strong>refore, requested<br />
<strong>the</strong> knife, was regretfully refused, and composed a bit<strong>in</strong>g<br />
satire suggest<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g was parsimonious. <strong>The</strong> next<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> hapless victim awoke to f<strong>in</strong>d his face blistered<br />
with a red, a green and a white blister. He fled <strong>in</strong> shame<br />
and Nede was elected k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> his place. Later Nede, feel<strong>in</strong>g<br />
pangs of conscience sought his fa<strong>the</strong>r-<strong>in</strong>-law and found him<br />
hid<strong>in</strong>g, hermit-like, <strong>in</strong> a cleft <strong>in</strong> a rock. Nede approached<br />
with words of atonement but <strong>the</strong> unhappy man died of<br />
humiliation at be<strong>in</strong>g seen. At this, <strong>the</strong> rock of his hid<strong>in</strong>g<br />
place "boiled up and burst", and a spl<strong>in</strong>ter flew off, entered<br />
one of Nede's eyes and exploded <strong>in</strong> his bra<strong>in</strong>.<br />
GLAS, sallow, poor, ill-look<strong>in</strong>g, grey from Ir. glas, green,<br />
pale, blue-green, a synonym for blue, which was never<br />
named <strong>in</strong> Gaelic because it was considered a colour<br />
dedicated to <strong>the</strong> powerful, and dangerous, gods of <strong>the</strong> Upper<br />
Air. Br. glas, green, Germ. glast, hav<strong>in</strong>g a sheen; Eng. gleam,<br />
glitter, glimmer, glass. <strong>The</strong> gods were often observed as<br />
“blue men,” and <strong>the</strong>re type is not unknown among <strong>the</strong><br />
present-day Gaels. My late wife, <strong>the</strong> former Anne Torey of<br />
new Glasgow, Nova Scotia, remembers that <strong>the</strong> Reverend Dr.<br />
Fraser of <strong>the</strong> United Presbyterian Church at Bernard Street<br />
had <strong>the</strong> genotype. She described him as hav<strong>in</strong>g “a blue-grey<br />
sk<strong>in</strong>, light <strong>in</strong> tone and wax-like <strong>in</strong> appearance.” Note <strong>the</strong><br />
alternate mean<strong>in</strong>g, a “lock,” said from <strong>the</strong> root glapsa,<br />
correspond<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> Eng. clasp.<br />
GLAS GHAIBHNEACH, GHAIBHLEANN, GAIBLEANN, (Glas Govan),<br />
<strong>the</strong> grey cow of Goibnui, a provider of unend<strong>in</strong>g milk.<br />
Offended by <strong>the</strong> Scand<strong>in</strong>avians this spirit moved to<br />
Scotland. Glas. grey; gabbh + leann, prodigious + ale. Balor<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Evil Eye promised this cow to <strong>the</strong> smith, Goibnui, <strong>in</strong><br />
return for work on his redoubt of Torr Mor (Great Thor’s<br />
Island) off <strong>the</strong> northwestern coast of Ireland. Balor failed<br />
to <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>the</strong> magical "byre" with which <strong>the</strong> animal needed<br />
to be te<strong>the</strong>red if it were to rema<strong>in</strong> long <strong>in</strong> one place.<br />
Consequently <strong>the</strong> creature returned to Tory Island, pursued
y Cian, an apprentice to <strong>the</strong> smith. She was f<strong>in</strong>ally<br />
restored to <strong>the</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>land, but ill-feel<strong>in</strong>gs were generated<br />
between <strong>the</strong> sea-giants and <strong>the</strong> men of Ireland. Port na<br />
Glaise is said to have been <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al residence of <strong>the</strong> grey<br />
cow and some say she is still seen <strong>in</strong> that vic<strong>in</strong>ity.<br />
Wherever she treads <strong>the</strong>re is always an abundance of grass,<br />
and occasionally a poor farmer has had <strong>the</strong> animal arrive<br />
unannounced at his homestead. <strong>The</strong>re she has rema<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
enrich<strong>in</strong>g that person, until she is <strong>in</strong>variable stuck <strong>in</strong> anger,<br />
and reacts by disappear<strong>in</strong>g like fog on a sunny mounta<strong>in</strong>-top.<br />
See also Gobhan Saor. This animal confers with <strong>the</strong> Old<br />
Norse cow called Audhulma, <strong>the</strong> “Nourisher” who provided<br />
milk for <strong>the</strong> giant Ymir <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> days immediately after <strong>the</strong><br />
Creation.<br />
GLEANN NA BODHAR, “Valley of <strong>the</strong> Deaf.” Here Cúchulla<strong>in</strong><br />
recovered from his enchantment at <strong>the</strong> hands of <strong>the</strong><br />
daughters of Clann Calat<strong>in</strong>.<br />
GLEANN SHEILEACH, Glen of <strong>the</strong> Si<strong>the</strong> or fay-folk, with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
town of Oban, Scotland. A place occupied for perhaps n<strong>in</strong>e<br />
thousand years. In 1894 quarrymen construct<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
present George Street discovered caves conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
rema<strong>in</strong>s of Azilian man (6000 B.C.) <strong>The</strong>se Middle Stone Age<br />
hunters migrated to Brita<strong>in</strong> just after it had become<br />
separated from <strong>the</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ent. Along with human skulls, a<br />
score of fl<strong>in</strong>ts, three stone hammers, harpoons, and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
implements of horn and bone were unear<strong>the</strong>d.<br />
GLIC, wise, sagacious, prudent, steady, cunn<strong>in</strong>g, cautious,<br />
glice, more or most wise.<br />
GLISOGANACH UD A STIGH, <strong>the</strong> “imp that shimmers.” a haunt<br />
of Aberfeldy, Scotland. Described as dressed <strong>in</strong> a black<br />
frock-coat, tall and swarthy with an hypnotic gaze.<br />
Answers to <strong>the</strong> name “devil.” Two handred years ago Robert<br />
MacLean is said to have wrestled this spirit for three hours.<br />
Aftrerwards he was so saturated with evil-<strong>in</strong>fluences his<br />
horses would no longer approach him and he became<br />
melancholy. He was f<strong>in</strong>ally exorcisized by a m<strong>in</strong>ister from
Weems.<br />
GLOG, GLOC, to swallow, a soft lump, glogair, a clown, a<br />
stupid person, a Quarter-Day fool, literally an “unstable<br />
one,” cf. glug, <strong>the</strong> noise made by a liquid <strong>in</strong> a vessel on be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
moved, Ir. glugal, <strong>the</strong> cluck<strong>in</strong>g of a hen. Also glugach,<br />
stammer<strong>in</strong>g or cluck<strong>in</strong>g, gloc, <strong>the</strong> noises made by a hen, Eng.<br />
cluck, clock, cf. Scot. glugger, <strong>the</strong> noise made <strong>in</strong> swallow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
a liquid.<br />
GNU, parsimonious, surly, mean. In <strong>the</strong> old Scottish<br />
k<strong>in</strong>gdoms a lack of k<strong>in</strong>gly patronage was considered <strong>the</strong><br />
ultimate evil. Breas was <strong>the</strong> first monarch accused of this<br />
crime.<br />
GO, a lie, a fault, a fraud, a liar. Guile, grudge, blemish, obs.,<br />
<strong>the</strong> sea, a spear. Said to confer with gag, a ch<strong>in</strong>k, “hav<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
bit miss<strong>in</strong>g,” Persian zur, false.<br />
GOBHA, gow, a smith, now more often gobha<strong>in</strong>n, from which<br />
Mac-cowan. Mac-gowan and Cowan. This craft was<br />
considered magical. <strong>The</strong> div<strong>in</strong>e smith-warrior is commonly<br />
seen <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Celtic sett<strong>in</strong>g. <strong>The</strong> div<strong>in</strong>e smith not only<br />
fashioned weapons for <strong>the</strong> gods but presided over <strong>the</strong><br />
O<strong>the</strong>rworld Feast. This god is sometimes identified as Tar<br />
but is more often said to be <strong>the</strong> land-form of Manann mac<br />
Ler. See next.<br />
GOBHAN SAOR (go-uh), gobha<strong>in</strong>n, a smith; saor (sawr), a<br />
sawyer or carpenter; a jack-of-all-trades. <strong>The</strong> builder to<br />
Balor of <strong>the</strong> Evil Eye. When he and his son constructed <strong>the</strong><br />
crystal-castle ofTorr Mor on Tory Island, Balor tried to<br />
cheat <strong>the</strong>m of <strong>the</strong>ir fee by strand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong> ramparts<br />
when he ordered <strong>the</strong> scaffold<strong>in</strong>g removed. <strong>The</strong> carpenters<br />
quickly began to dismantle <strong>the</strong>ir wood and stone work and<br />
<strong>the</strong> sea-giant was forced to restore <strong>the</strong>ir underp<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
When Balor asked why <strong>the</strong>y had attempted to disassemble<br />
his castle <strong>the</strong>y expla<strong>in</strong>ed that it was slightly out of true,<br />
and suggested he send one of his sons to Ireland to collect<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir levell<strong>in</strong>g tools. <strong>The</strong> tools that <strong>the</strong>y required were
actually non-existent but served to signal <strong>the</strong> Goban Saor's<br />
wife that all was not well. She <strong>in</strong>structed Balor’s son to<br />
retrieve <strong>the</strong> tools that were needed from a deep chest, and<br />
catch<strong>in</strong>g him off balance, tumbled him <strong>in</strong> and locked <strong>the</strong> top.<br />
With <strong>the</strong> young Fomorian as hostage, Balor was forced to<br />
release <strong>the</strong> carpenters and pay <strong>the</strong>m with <strong>the</strong> Grey Cow that<br />
gave unend<strong>in</strong>g milk. Unfortunately, Balor failed to provide<br />
<strong>the</strong> Irishmen with <strong>the</strong> magical-byre that held <strong>the</strong> cow <strong>in</strong><br />
place, and she soon returned to Tory Island. Goban Soar sent<br />
Cian of Contje to retrieve <strong>the</strong> cow and he <strong>in</strong>advertently<br />
impregnated Balor's daughter, who gave birth to <strong>the</strong> godhero<br />
Lugh of <strong>the</strong> Long Arm. This lad killed his grandfa<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Balor, thus fulfill<strong>in</strong>g a druidic prophecy.<br />
GOBHAR, GOBHAIR, GOIBHRE, GABHAR, GABHAIR, GAIBHRE,<br />
(ga-ar), goat. <strong>The</strong> root is gab as <strong>in</strong> gabh, to take (whatever<br />
is offered). A Quarter-Day mummer, especially <strong>the</strong> leader<br />
of <strong>the</strong> group. See boc. Dialectic English, gofer or goofer,<br />
from <strong>the</strong> French gaffe, a bungler, clown, a foolish fellow, an<br />
ill-made <strong>in</strong>dividual. Confers with goffer, to crimp cloth<br />
creat<strong>in</strong>g a honeycomb pattern, <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>d preferred as ruffles<br />
for <strong>the</strong> costumes of medieval clowns. Related to <strong>the</strong><br />
German words wafer and waffle. <strong>The</strong> spell<strong>in</strong>g gopher is<br />
preferred to designate small rodents which tunnel <strong>the</strong> earth<br />
<strong>in</strong> seem<strong>in</strong>gly random, clown-like fashion. Related to <strong>the</strong><br />
Gaelic gobhar, a goat, <strong>the</strong> root be<strong>in</strong>g gab, take, as <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Lat.<br />
caper. <strong>The</strong> Gaelic root is sometimes given as gam-ro,<br />
<strong>in</strong>corporat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same gam as that seen <strong>in</strong> geamhradh,<br />
w<strong>in</strong>ter. <strong>The</strong> gopher proper is an <strong>in</strong>visible entity carry<strong>in</strong>g<br />
what appears to be a sphere of lambent light, <strong>the</strong> latter<br />
called <strong>the</strong> gopher-light, corpse-candle, fox-fire, or deadlight.<br />
This spirit is known as <strong>the</strong> fetch when it travels over<br />
water and is <strong>the</strong> close k<strong>in</strong> of <strong>the</strong> will o' <strong>the</strong> wisp. except<br />
that <strong>the</strong> latter is not an <strong>in</strong>evitable omen of disaster.<br />
Gophers are termed runners when <strong>the</strong>y act on behalf of men<br />
not dest<strong>in</strong>ed for death, thus <strong>the</strong> modern use of <strong>the</strong> word to<br />
describe one who performs errands for <strong>the</strong> boss. This is <strong>the</strong><br />
Gaelic fear dearg (fiery man) and <strong>the</strong> French feu follet
(fiery-fool). <strong>The</strong> gopher may goof-off while his host lives,<br />
but is absolutely committed to communicat<strong>in</strong>g warn<strong>in</strong>gs of<br />
death; first to <strong>the</strong> person he serves, and later to <strong>the</strong><br />
community at large. <strong>The</strong> forerunner may materialize as <strong>the</strong><br />
double of <strong>the</strong> man or woman <strong>in</strong> question, or as a totem<br />
animal,7 but may be perceived as a flam<strong>in</strong>g ball of fire that<br />
approaches and falls to earth. <strong>The</strong> speed of approach is said<br />
related to <strong>the</strong> nearness of death, and <strong>the</strong>re are <strong>in</strong>stances<br />
where men or women lived many years after <strong>the</strong>ir warn<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
More often, death after a few days, or weeks, is anticipated.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> time of death, <strong>the</strong> gopher is aroused for one last duty<br />
signall<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> passage of <strong>the</strong> primary soul by light<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
exact future route from <strong>the</strong> home of <strong>the</strong> dead person to <strong>the</strong><br />
f<strong>in</strong>al rest<strong>in</strong>g place <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cemetery. Less frequently, where<br />
death occurs away from home, <strong>the</strong> light may move from <strong>the</strong><br />
body to <strong>the</strong> residence of <strong>the</strong> dead person, signall<strong>in</strong>g his<br />
liv<strong>in</strong>g relatives that he has "passed over."<br />
Whatever <strong>the</strong> purpose of <strong>the</strong> light, men are warned<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st stand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> its path, s<strong>in</strong>ce those touched by it<br />
suffered electrocution whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> light was meant for<br />
<strong>the</strong>m or some o<strong>the</strong>r person <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> community. A gopher<br />
haunted <strong>the</strong> village of Cape Negro, Nova Scotia. Two<br />
bro<strong>the</strong>rs saw one "blaz<strong>in</strong>g up right <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> middle of <strong>the</strong><br />
medder (meadow). By <strong>the</strong> by we could see <strong>the</strong> "man" who<br />
was sw<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> lantern. We rushed home and told mo<strong>the</strong>r<br />
and she ran out and saw it too. After that it came down<br />
toward <strong>the</strong> harbour and <strong>the</strong>n diddled up and down and went<br />
back. In most cases <strong>the</strong> gopher light could be connected with<br />
a death, or deaths, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> village. Aga<strong>in</strong>, at Cape Negro. two<br />
boys managed to kill <strong>the</strong>mselves while hunt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>bird</strong>s and<br />
afterwards, for several years at <strong>the</strong> turn of <strong>the</strong> century a<br />
gopher light was seen just before storms at sea: "It would<br />
start <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> place where <strong>the</strong> boys shot <strong>the</strong>mselves and<br />
would go back (to) <strong>the</strong> same place. It would start small and<br />
would get big as a washtub, and <strong>the</strong>re was a man <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> light<br />
sw<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g a lantern. One time, three men went out <strong>in</strong> a dory<br />
7Notice that Creighton describes a ghost-dog as a gopher on page<br />
229 of Bluenose Ghosts.
after it to see if <strong>the</strong>y could f<strong>in</strong>d out what it was. <strong>The</strong>y took<br />
a gun and started to row and <strong>the</strong>y got just so nigh and <strong>the</strong><br />
light would diddle up and down and it took down <strong>the</strong> harbour<br />
and <strong>the</strong>y couldn't catch it. <strong>The</strong>y shot at it and gave it up.<br />
People got scared of it cause after a while it began to move<br />
around <strong>the</strong> shore. It would go down and come up and you<br />
could see this man sw<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g his lantern. When you saw it<br />
you always knew <strong>the</strong>re would be a storm..."8<br />
Sometimes gopher lights merely served to announce a<br />
pass<strong>in</strong>g, but <strong>the</strong>y could become attached to residences<br />
where a traumatic death had occurred, thus evidenc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves as a ghost of <strong>the</strong> dead. This seems to have been<br />
<strong>the</strong> case on Spiddle Hill, <strong>in</strong> Colchester County, Nova Scotia,<br />
which was once haunted by a ball of fire. S<strong>in</strong>ce it floated<br />
over <strong>the</strong> Ross farm, it came to be called Ross's Torch. "It<br />
was a round bright light and lighted <strong>the</strong> whole place but,<br />
when (<strong>the</strong> family left), it left." No one knew <strong>the</strong> name of<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>stigat<strong>in</strong>g spirit and it was of such common occurrence<br />
that most people ignored it <strong>in</strong> spite of its reputation as a<br />
dangerous omen.<br />
One exception was a farmer named Murray, who was a<br />
stranger to <strong>the</strong> region: "He saw <strong>the</strong> light and was watch<strong>in</strong>g<br />
it so closely that (his horse and wagon) went off course."<br />
He saw someth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> light not previously observed and,<br />
at home, "collapsed and, although he lived for a while, never<br />
got out of bed aga<strong>in</strong>."9<br />
At Ingomar, people also gave this name to <strong>the</strong> spiritlight:<br />
"<strong>The</strong> gopher was someth<strong>in</strong>g that appeared at Ingomar<br />
and people wouldn't go near <strong>the</strong> place where it was seen...<br />
Noth<strong>in</strong>g had ever happened <strong>the</strong>re to account for it as far as<br />
anyone knew, but <strong>the</strong>y dassn't pass it. It died away after a<br />
8Creighton, Helen, Bluenose Ghosts, p. 230.<br />
9Creighton, Helen, Bluenose Ghosts, p. 235.
while but not before frighten<strong>in</strong>g a lot of people."10<br />
At Clyde River, Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward Island, <strong>the</strong> haunt<br />
appeared as “ dim waver<strong>in</strong>g light.”Joseph Devereux says he<br />
th<strong>in</strong>ks it became particularly active <strong>in</strong> 1910: “It was<br />
reported almost nightly at <strong>the</strong> western end of <strong>the</strong> bridge. It<br />
would drift slowly up <strong>the</strong> hill past <strong>the</strong> Presbyterian church,<br />
to a po<strong>in</strong>t near <strong>the</strong> Bannockburn Road where, after a pause,<br />
it would fade from view.” At first noth<strong>in</strong>g of any<br />
consequence took place but toward <strong>the</strong> end of that year “an<br />
old couple, Paul MacPhail and his wife, died <strong>in</strong> a fire that<br />
destroyed <strong>the</strong>ir home at <strong>the</strong> spot where <strong>the</strong> light was said<br />
to have l<strong>in</strong>gered.” This same writer said that similar lights<br />
were seen “on a low-ly<strong>in</strong>g stretch of land far<strong>the</strong>r west.”11<br />
At Spirit Hill, Cape Sable Island a man tried to shoot<br />
one of this fiery spheres but <strong>the</strong> shot rebounded and<br />
exploded <strong>the</strong> barrel of his shotgun. Sometimes <strong>the</strong> lights<br />
were accompanied by full poltergeistic effects, as at<br />
Seabright, where aprons appeared strangely pleated on <strong>the</strong><br />
clo<strong>the</strong>sl<strong>in</strong>e, lumber was heard fall<strong>in</strong>g where no piles<br />
existed. Here one resident saw a fire-ball mov<strong>in</strong>g parallel<br />
to a l<strong>in</strong>e fence: "It kept <strong>the</strong> form of a ball till it reached <strong>the</strong><br />
woodpile, and <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> light disappeared, but not <strong>the</strong> sound<br />
that went with it (a pierc<strong>in</strong>g howl). That followed him as<br />
far as <strong>the</strong> door, but not <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> house (spirits were<br />
sometimes halted by <strong>the</strong> iron nails and screws that were a<br />
part of doors and entrances)."12<br />
Most men could not identify <strong>the</strong>ir mirror image, or<br />
doppelganger. <strong>The</strong> exact identity of <strong>the</strong> gopher-spirit only<br />
became obvious to men at <strong>the</strong> pre-death meet<strong>in</strong>g. This was<br />
<strong>the</strong> spirit that Christian's sometimes identified as <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
10Creighton, Helen, Bluenose Ghosts, p. 229.<br />
11DEVEREUX, JOSEPH, “Of Haunts and Spectres,” Weekend Guardian<br />
Patriot, Sat. Dec. 17, 1994.<br />
12Creighton, Helen, Bluenose Ghosts, p. 237.
conscience, sometimes seen materialized as a "guardian<br />
angel". When Townsend was an adult, work<strong>in</strong>g as a plumber<br />
on <strong>the</strong> Ford office tower <strong>in</strong> Detroit, he had ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
encounter with <strong>the</strong> gopher, this time as a light. Townsend<br />
was work<strong>in</strong>g overtime on a Saturday and had been sent by<br />
his boss to <strong>the</strong> top floor with orders to <strong>in</strong>stall radiators:<br />
"All right. I went up <strong>the</strong>re. I didn't <strong>in</strong>stall much. Eleven<br />
o'clock (p.m.) came around. I was <strong>the</strong> only one at <strong>the</strong> top of<br />
<strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g. All <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs were down below. <strong>The</strong> boss<br />
says, "How's about all go<strong>in</strong>g home at eleven o'clock? All<br />
satisfied?" Yes. But I didn't know anyth<strong>in</strong>g about it. Eleven<br />
o'clock came <strong>the</strong>y switched all <strong>the</strong> lights off. I was left up<br />
<strong>the</strong>re. A great large room. And a place for a freight<br />
elevator right <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> middle. You go <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>re, <strong>the</strong>re's noth<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to keep you from go<strong>in</strong>g down fifty stories. A hole for a<br />
passenger elevator was also <strong>the</strong>re. A hole through every<br />
floor. I got to th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g, By gosh, I can't move, I wouldn't<br />
dare move. So I doubled my coat <strong>in</strong>to one corner and made a<br />
pillow of my lunch box. I didn't go to sleep. I didn't have<br />
time to go to sleep. When a great mighty light came up <strong>in</strong><br />
front of me. Oh, no light, no electric light was as bright.<br />
Come over close to me. <strong>The</strong>n it started to move away.<br />
Noth<strong>in</strong>g said,. I knew what it meant: for me to follow <strong>the</strong><br />
light. I got my coat on, <strong>the</strong> lunch box and went over to <strong>the</strong><br />
ladder. And that tremendous light stayed with me almost<br />
all <strong>the</strong> way down fifty floors..."13<br />
Gopher lights are now termed “ball lightn<strong>in</strong>g, and are<br />
no longer considered forerunners, but <strong>the</strong>y have become a<br />
persistent part of scientific reportage. In Science,<br />
September 26, 1924, John Kaiser reported that his house<br />
was struck by lightn<strong>in</strong>g which spawned a ball of fire,<br />
“seem<strong>in</strong>gly about n<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>ches <strong>in</strong> diameter which was thrown<br />
<strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> centre of my bedroom and exploded with a terrific<br />
noise.”<br />
In that same magaz<strong>in</strong>e, for September 10, 1937, Mary<br />
Hunneman, told of a similar encounter at Fitzwilliam, New<br />
13Caplan, Ronald, editor, Down North, p. 164.
Hampshire. While watch<strong>in</strong>g a storm she saw it emerge “out<br />
of space” fall<strong>in</strong>g through a cellar w<strong>in</strong>dow <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> basement<br />
of her house. “It was a round ball, bronze, glisten<strong>in</strong>g with<br />
gleam<strong>in</strong>g rays shoot<strong>in</strong>g out from <strong>the</strong> top and sides; by its<br />
beauty and brilliance rem<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g one of a Christmas tree<br />
ornament... Probably at this same <strong>in</strong>stant, all <strong>the</strong> electric<br />
fuses <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> house blew out with unusual violence.”<br />
Note also that occasionally on clear moonlit nights,<br />
when a cold front is mov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>, reports are made concern<strong>in</strong>g<br />
goof lights. <strong>The</strong>se hazy spots of light mov<strong>in</strong>g across <strong>the</strong> sky<br />
with an undulatory motion, are now considered to be mirage<br />
reflections from a wavy <strong>in</strong>version layer, or light scattered<br />
<strong>in</strong> pass<strong>in</strong>g through ground mist.<br />
GOBHAR BACHACH, <strong>the</strong> “Lame Goat.” Ano<strong>the</strong>r form for <strong>the</strong><br />
Glas Ghaibhneach mentioned above. A rema<strong>in</strong> of <strong>the</strong> mythic<br />
cow possessed by <strong>the</strong> Gabhan Saor. In Skye it is said that<br />
<strong>the</strong> Lame Goat still wanders <strong>the</strong> countryside f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g her<br />
byre <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> richest meadow lands. She is always <strong>in</strong> milk, and<br />
yield enough to supply a force of warriors. Her name is that<br />
given <strong>the</strong> last sheaf cut at <strong>the</strong> Harvest Home.<br />
GOCAMAN, GUACAMAN, Eng. cuckoo man, a caller from <strong>the</strong><br />
briar, a sent<strong>in</strong>el or lookout man, an usher or attendant. Also<br />
<strong>in</strong> Eng. gockman or cockman from Sc. gok-man, a look-out.<br />
From <strong>the</strong> Germanic gucken, to peep. <strong>The</strong> Norse gauksman,<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir gaukr, cuckoo, Sc. gowk. Related to G. gog, a nod or<br />
toss<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> head and gogaid, a giddy female. A mummer<br />
at <strong>the</strong> Quarter Day. See geoc.<br />
GOIBNIU, <strong>the</strong> “Smithy,” or forge-worker, who served <strong>the</strong><br />
dr<strong>in</strong>k of immortality to <strong>the</strong> Dao<strong>in</strong>e sidh. He confers with<br />
<strong>the</strong> Wayland Smith of English mythology, <strong>the</strong> character<br />
known as Volund <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Norse eddas. It was said that <strong>the</strong><br />
Baf<strong>in</strong>ne often came to earth as three beautiful swanmaidens,<br />
and that men who plucked <strong>the</strong>ir fea<strong>the</strong>rs might<br />
cause <strong>the</strong>m to take human form and mate with <strong>the</strong>m. <strong>The</strong><br />
Smith and two bro<strong>the</strong>rs did just this, and were able to<br />
conf<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> fates to an earthly existence for n<strong>in</strong>e years.
After this, <strong>the</strong> three goddesses escaped <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> air. Two<br />
of <strong>the</strong> bro<strong>the</strong>rs went search<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong>ir errant "wives" but<br />
Goibniu know<strong>in</strong>g it was futile to pursue <strong>the</strong>m rema<strong>in</strong>ed at<br />
home until he was captured by <strong>the</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g of a neighbour<strong>in</strong>g<br />
island. Eventually <strong>the</strong> craftsman escaped to <strong>the</strong> sidh-hills<br />
where he cont<strong>in</strong>ued to ply his trade. In <strong>the</strong> war aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
Fomors, this smith magically replaced every broken weapon<br />
with ones “that never miss <strong>the</strong>ir mark; no man touched by<br />
<strong>the</strong>m will ever taste life aga<strong>in</strong>. And all this is more than<br />
Dolb , <strong>the</strong> smith of <strong>the</strong> Fomor, can do.” Refer to goban.<br />
GOIDHEAL GLAS. Also seen as Goidel, Gaedhal or simply<br />
Gael. <strong>The</strong> mythic son of Niall and Scota, <strong>the</strong> latter a<br />
daughter of <strong>the</strong> pharaoh of Egypt. <strong>The</strong> supposed progenitors<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Gaelic speakers (<strong>the</strong> Irish, Manx and Scots Gaels).<br />
GOIRISINN, terror, fear, disgust, detestation, nasty,<br />
horrible, alarm<strong>in</strong>g, awful. goir, to call out, cry, crow, OIr<br />
garo, speak. see next entry.<br />
GOISER, pl. goiseran, waits, disguisers, guisers, firstfooters,<br />
<strong>the</strong> culla<strong>in</strong> men of <strong>the</strong> Half and Quarter-Days.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se are <strong>the</strong> guisers or disguisers of nor<strong>the</strong>rn England and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Scottish lowlands. See gighis and Galatae for additional<br />
descriptions of <strong>the</strong> activities of <strong>the</strong>se mummers. Gois<strong>in</strong>n, a<br />
snare, goisridh, company, goisdidh, gossip, godfa<strong>the</strong>r, from<br />
ME. godsibbe, now gossip.<br />
In pre-agricultural Scotland <strong>the</strong>re were two officially<br />
recognized seasons: summer and w<strong>in</strong>ter. <strong>The</strong> latter,<br />
commenc<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> fire-feast of Samha<strong>in</strong>, was <strong>the</strong> first<br />
half season. It commenced with <strong>the</strong> old Gaelic New Year<br />
(November 1). <strong>The</strong> second half-season was summer,<br />
commenc<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> Beltane (May 1). <strong>The</strong>se fire-feasts<br />
have been thought to co<strong>in</strong>cide with <strong>the</strong> movement of wild<br />
animals to and from mounta<strong>in</strong> pastures. In agricultural<br />
times, two addition half-year celebrations were added to<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs, viz. <strong>the</strong> Imbolg, correspond<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> season<br />
of foal<strong>in</strong>g for domesticated animals (February 1) and <strong>the</strong><br />
Lughnasad, mark<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> removal of <strong>the</strong> first crops from <strong>the</strong>
fields (August 1). Actual holiday celebrations took place<br />
over several days around <strong>the</strong>se dates, but <strong>the</strong> four firefestivals<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r formed <strong>the</strong> "Quarter-Days" or "Rentpay<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Days" of <strong>the</strong> Gaelic tuathanachs, or “farmers.”<br />
<strong>The</strong>ir English neighbours had different imperatives<br />
and different Quarter-Days, but <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> border regions <strong>the</strong><br />
traditions of <strong>the</strong>se holidays have overlapped and melted <strong>in</strong>to<br />
one ano<strong>the</strong>r. In former times, <strong>the</strong>se dates marked <strong>the</strong><br />
appearance of <strong>the</strong> disguisers, men who represented <strong>the</strong><br />
earth-spirits known as <strong>the</strong> Dao<strong>in</strong>e sidh, or “side-hill<br />
people.” More antiquely, <strong>the</strong> goisers were thought to be<br />
antique god-spirits, <strong>the</strong>ir leader be<strong>in</strong>g a man-god "brought<br />
to earth" along with any spirits of evil that plagued <strong>the</strong><br />
community at that time. See Galatae.<br />
GOISINN, GOISNE, a snare, Ir. gaisde, OIr. goistibe, cf.<br />
gaoisid. A magical trap.<br />
GOLAMH, <strong>the</strong> “true” name of Mil orMileus, patriarch of <strong>the</strong><br />
“Milesian” forces that f<strong>in</strong>ally overcame Ireland. Goat-like,<br />
toothy, lean-jawed, a “gobbler,” or one who speaks a<br />
foreign language. Probably an “endearment” visited on this<br />
k<strong>in</strong>g by his Tuathan enemies. Eng. gollar, to bawl or shout.<br />
GOLANACH, two-headed, forked, horned, from gobhlan. Ellis<br />
gives it as “bl<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong> one eye, “ or “one-eyed.” A general<br />
name for foreign visitors especially those from <strong>the</strong> western<br />
Atlantic. His prototype might have been mac Golb, <strong>the</strong> ruler<br />
of Magh Mell. He abducted <strong>the</strong> wife of Fiachna mac Retach<br />
and defeated him <strong>in</strong> subsequent battles. Laoghaire mac<br />
Crimthann and fifty champions f<strong>in</strong>ally took on this Fomorian<br />
and went to Magh Mell. <strong>The</strong>y killed <strong>the</strong> giant, rescued <strong>the</strong><br />
wife, and were richly rewarded. See below.<br />
GOLL, GOILL, distorted face, angry face, a gr<strong>in</strong>, blubber<br />
lipped; EIr. gailleog, a blow on <strong>the</strong> face, any stranger; a<br />
Gaul. See gall. Note also Goll agus Gairb, “Goll and Garb,” a<br />
noted two-headed monster who lived <strong>in</strong> ancient times at<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ne Ridge. His two heads were set on a s<strong>in</strong>gle neck. This
monster was overcome by Cúchula<strong>in</strong>n who impaled <strong>the</strong> head<br />
on a sharpened stake. This tale harks back to <strong>the</strong> duality of<br />
<strong>the</strong> creator-god Da. Allusions are made elsewhere to<br />
Fomorian-style three-headed and four-headed creatures.<br />
See Loch Cend and Loch Cimme.<br />
GOLTRIGHE, golanach + treaghaid, two edged + soul<br />
penetrat<strong>in</strong>g. "Cry<strong>in</strong>g music." Heavily sentimental music<br />
used to reduce men to tears. When <strong>the</strong> Dagda <strong>in</strong>vaded <strong>the</strong><br />
sea-k<strong>in</strong>gdom to retrieve his harp from <strong>the</strong> Fomors, he called<br />
it magically to his hands and <strong>the</strong>n played <strong>the</strong> goltrighe and<br />
<strong>the</strong> suantraighe which reduced <strong>the</strong> sea-giants to tears, and<br />
<strong>the</strong>n lulled <strong>the</strong>m to sleep. While <strong>the</strong>y slept, Dagda and his<br />
sons lay waste <strong>the</strong> land of An Domha<strong>in</strong>.<br />
GON. Bewitch, detroy by enchantment, hurt us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> evil<br />
eye, starve <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> cold, wound, blast, pique, gall, charm,<br />
fasc<strong>in</strong>ate, annoy. Gonach, keen, sharp, bewitch<strong>in</strong>g. Gonadair,<br />
man with <strong>the</strong> evil-eye, gonag, a witch, one who p<strong>in</strong>ches or<br />
bites, a miserable woman, spell, enchantment, as small<br />
portion or bite. Ir. gonadh. wound<strong>in</strong>g, EIr. gonim, I wound, ON.<br />
gunnr, battle, from which Clann Gunn, Skr. han, strike or<br />
slay.<br />
GORAIDH, Godfrey, literally <strong>the</strong> “god Frey.” MG. Gofraig, EIr.<br />
Gothfraid, ECy. Gothrit. ON Gothröthr or Gudrod. <strong>The</strong> early<br />
Gaelic is, however, more closely allied with AS. Godefrid,<br />
<strong>the</strong> Germ. Gottfried. His island was perhaps Fresen (which<br />
see). Frey was a sun god, <strong>the</strong> equivalent of <strong>the</strong> Gaelic Lugh.<br />
GORIAS, gor, profit, laughter, pleasure, light, heat, a<br />
summer isle, gorach, silly, thoughtless, mad, a young man;<br />
root word: gau, to be free. One of <strong>the</strong> three mythic islands<br />
"of <strong>the</strong> north" where <strong>the</strong> Tuatha dao<strong>in</strong>e received <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
druidic tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g before com<strong>in</strong>g to Ireland. Urias of <strong>the</strong> Noble<br />
Nature lived here among men who were described as<br />
“steeped <strong>in</strong> wisdom.” <strong>The</strong> Dagda and his sons ravaged this<br />
O<strong>the</strong>rworld and “out of it came <strong>the</strong> spear that Lugh carried.”<br />
<strong>GORT</strong>IGERN. <strong>The</strong> common language spoken by all men <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>
elder days.<br />
GORM GLAS, “Blue-Green,” <strong>the</strong> sword of Conchobhar mac<br />
Nessa.. This word or “blue” was always substituted for<br />
“green,” which was never mentioned aloud s<strong>in</strong>ce it was <strong>the</strong><br />
totem-colour of <strong>the</strong> si<strong>the</strong> and <strong>the</strong> gods of <strong>the</strong> air. Duncan<br />
Reid has noted that many of <strong>the</strong> Gaels were partially<br />
colour-bl<strong>in</strong>d and <strong>the</strong>se two colours were those most often<br />
<strong>in</strong>volved. Thus we note <strong>the</strong> expressions: gorm thalla, “<strong>the</strong><br />
blue hall,”i.e. <strong>the</strong> sky, but note also an tir ghorm<br />
shleibhteach, <strong>the</strong> “green mounta<strong>in</strong> land.” Similarly gorm<br />
phrease described a green bush while gille guirmean is a<br />
weed whose blossom is blue <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> eyes of most people.<br />
“<strong>The</strong> hastly pale shades od green are ua<strong>in</strong>e.” Glas was taken<br />
<strong>in</strong>to Gaelic from <strong>the</strong> Old Norse tongue and is a colour<br />
verg<strong>in</strong>g on grey,<br />
GRAG, <strong>the</strong> croak<strong>in</strong>g of crows, Eng. croak, crake, Lat.<br />
graculus, <strong>the</strong> noise made by hens. See next.<br />
GRAIGE, superstition.<br />
GRÀIS, a bless<strong>in</strong>g, prosperity, from gràs, grace, from <strong>the</strong><br />
Lat. gratia.<br />
GRÀNDA, GRÀDA, ugly, ill-favoured, shameful, unseemly,<br />
nasty, grim; EIr. gránde, teetered, covered with pustules,<br />
one with a sk<strong>in</strong> disease, from grà<strong>in</strong>, abhorrent, disgust<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
Cym. gruen, rough, grief, <strong>the</strong> Slavonic, groga, <strong>the</strong> “horrent<br />
one.” Grà<strong>in</strong>eag, hedgehog. <strong>The</strong> Eng. grand and gross. Any<br />
powerful, but ugly, leader. Thus, Granda Manann <strong>the</strong> sea-god<br />
and Grand Manan, an island <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bay of Fundy, eastern<br />
Canada. Confers with Grannd, Grant, an English family<br />
settled near Inverness and with Eng. grand. from <strong>the</strong> AN.<br />
grand. In English mythology <strong>the</strong> grant is a horse-like fay<br />
which brea<strong>the</strong>s out fire and warns humans of danger from<br />
this element.<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>itial era of <strong>the</strong> fur-trade, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
sixteenth century, an expedition was undertaken by Etienne
Bellenger who went first to Cape Breton and travelled from<br />
<strong>the</strong>re two hundred leagues down <strong>the</strong> coast until he came to<br />
villages <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong>re were “houses made of bark.” Here<br />
he bartered at ten or twelve villages br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g away ore said<br />
to conta<strong>in</strong> silver as well as several varieties of fur.<br />
Bell<strong>in</strong>ger paid forty crowns from trade tr<strong>in</strong>kets which<br />
realized four hundred crowns so he returned to France a<br />
happy man. His voyage had geographical significance s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
he noticed Grand Manan Island, chart<strong>in</strong>g it as Menane, which<br />
was supposed derived from <strong>the</strong> Penobscot Menahan.<br />
This island was first described by Hakluyt, who used<br />
<strong>the</strong> name to describe what is now <strong>the</strong> Bay of Fundy. Grand<br />
Manan Island was referred to by <strong>the</strong> local Indians as<br />
ktanagook, “<strong>the</strong> most important island,” which may expla<strong>in</strong><br />
why it was represented as be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> le Grand Menan on <strong>the</strong><br />
maps of Champla<strong>in</strong> and later voyagers. In any <strong>in</strong>stance<br />
European explorers rarely tagged places with aborig<strong>in</strong>al<br />
names, preferr<strong>in</strong>g those from <strong>the</strong>ir own cultures. <strong>The</strong><br />
shorten<strong>in</strong>g of this name led to <strong>the</strong> Bay of Fundy be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
termed Grand Bay. On at least one early map <strong>the</strong> Fundy is<br />
designated, <strong>in</strong> full, as Le Grand Baie de Norumbega, “<strong>the</strong><br />
Great Bay of <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Forests.” De Monts preferred La<br />
Baye Francoise after <strong>the</strong> style of <strong>the</strong> Roman Mare Nostrum<br />
(Our Sea), but none of <strong>the</strong>se names persisted. Basque and<br />
Portuguese fisherman of <strong>the</strong> sixteenth century called <strong>the</strong><br />
waters between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick Fondo, a<br />
shortened form of profundo, mean<strong>in</strong>g “deep,” but Ganong<br />
thought that Fundy was derived from an English misspell<strong>in</strong>g<br />
of fendu, “split,” a word that has reference to <strong>the</strong> fact that<br />
<strong>the</strong> Bay is ultimately divided <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> M<strong>in</strong>as Bas<strong>in</strong> and<br />
Chignecto Bay at its headwaters.<br />
Notice that an island named Groga-y , <strong>the</strong> “Isle of<br />
Groga,” <strong>the</strong> “horrible one,” is represented on one of <strong>the</strong><br />
earliest maps of <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>astern coast, that of Oliveriani,<br />
penned <strong>in</strong> 1510. <strong>The</strong>re is a creature b bear<strong>in</strong>g this name <strong>in</strong><br />
Old Norse mythology, and she is Groa, <strong>the</strong> “Green-maker,”<br />
who attempted to move a fl<strong>in</strong>t spl<strong>in</strong>ter (represent<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
cold season) from <strong>the</strong> forehead of Thor. Unfortunately she
lost <strong>the</strong> tra<strong>in</strong> of her <strong>in</strong>cantations and <strong>the</strong> is annoy<strong>in</strong>g stone<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed embedded. Guerber says she confers with moongoddesses<br />
elsewhere, which allies her with <strong>the</strong> summergoddess<br />
Mhorrigan. This sorceress is probably represented<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Gaelic word grugach, wr<strong>in</strong>kled which resembles grùig,<br />
one hav<strong>in</strong>g an “attitude,” churlish, grudg<strong>in</strong>g, gruc, sulky, <strong>the</strong><br />
Eng. grudge. Note also gróbag, a poor shrivelled woman, thus<br />
<strong>the</strong> Cailleach bheurr, who is <strong>the</strong> over-w<strong>in</strong>ter<strong>in</strong>g form of<br />
Mhorrigan. A giantess of Fomorian descent. Alsia, <strong>the</strong><br />
croak<strong>in</strong>g of crows, which were her totem-animals, greis,<br />
gravel, gris, horror, <strong>the</strong> Eng. grisly, grugach, <strong>the</strong> “hairyone,”<br />
a sith or brownie, <strong>the</strong> word may also suggest “gnarled<br />
trees,” <strong>in</strong> particular <strong>the</strong> thornbush.<br />
<strong>The</strong> English word grey is part of this family. In Gaelic<br />
mythology this goddess is obliquely referred to as <strong>the</strong><br />
grisionn, i..e. <strong>the</strong> gris-fhionn, <strong>the</strong> “br<strong>in</strong>dled furry-one or <strong>the</strong><br />
“grey-white-one.” She is thus, <strong>the</strong> creature identified<br />
elsewhere as <strong>the</strong> Baf<strong>in</strong>n, or “death-woman,” literally <strong>the</strong><br />
“white-death,” <strong>the</strong> banshee or Fate of all men and <strong>the</strong> gods.<br />
<strong>The</strong> aforementioned island is usually taken to be<br />
Groais Island off <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>astern coast of Newfoundland<br />
but <strong>the</strong>re is no certa<strong>in</strong>ty <strong>in</strong> this. In later map mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Newfoundland itself is seen represented as Grand Isle while<br />
<strong>the</strong> adjacent Cabot Strait is marked as Grand Bay.<br />
Newfoundland, Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Edward Island and Grand Manan are<br />
all, at times, identified as “beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g places” <strong>in</strong> aborig<strong>in</strong>al<br />
mythology. In each place, tales tell of Glooscap, <strong>the</strong> godhero<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Algonqu<strong>in</strong>s, enter<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Underworld through<br />
caverns and emerg<strong>in</strong>g at some o<strong>the</strong>r place far away. This is<br />
a metaphor for overcom<strong>in</strong>g death.<br />
GRÁNIA, GRÁINNE, grá<strong>in</strong>ne, a small quantity, gra<strong>in</strong>, corn.<br />
Gaelic gran, kiln-dried gra<strong>in</strong>, coen, grannaidh, hgav<strong>in</strong>g long<br />
hair, Some hold that <strong>the</strong> Celtic word is borrowed from <strong>the</strong><br />
Lat<strong>in</strong> cornus. <strong>The</strong> daughter of Cormac mac Art ard-righ of<br />
all Ireland.<br />
Fionn mac Cumhail became betro<strong>the</strong>d <strong>in</strong> his middle age
to <strong>the</strong> daughter of Cormac ard-righ, and <strong>the</strong> Fe<strong>in</strong>n<br />
accompanied him to his wedd<strong>in</strong>g feast at Tara. Like Deirdri,<br />
this pr<strong>in</strong>cess was uncomfortable with <strong>the</strong> thought of<br />
wedd<strong>in</strong>g an “elderly man” no matter how heroic his<br />
reputation. Consequently, she approached Ois<strong>in</strong> and asked<br />
if he would elope with her. When he refused, she turned to<br />
Diarmuid, who had promised <strong>the</strong> Òighe that he would never<br />
refuse a damsel <strong>in</strong> distress. Reluctantly, <strong>the</strong> “spotted-one”<br />
fled with this lovely <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> wilderness of Ulster. Burn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
with rage, Fionn pursued.<br />
At first Diarmuid treated Gránnie as a sister, but<br />
ultimately gave <strong>in</strong> to <strong>the</strong> sexual urges created by close<br />
company and a common purpose. At first that shared<br />
concern was noth<strong>in</strong>g more than elud<strong>in</strong>g Fionn’s hounds, and<br />
f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> next badger hole where <strong>the</strong>y could hide. In<br />
flight, he was faced with an image of Aonghas who advised<br />
him to “flee from this place and every o<strong>the</strong>r place known to<br />
you. Never go <strong>in</strong>to a cave that has a s<strong>in</strong>gle passageway, and<br />
never take to an island where <strong>the</strong>re are no o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
somewhere at hand. Where you cook, eat not; where you eat,<br />
sleep not; where you sleep eat not on <strong>the</strong> morrow.” At <strong>the</strong><br />
first light <strong>the</strong> pair took this advice and thus avoided <strong>the</strong><br />
woman-tracker named Derdu, <strong>the</strong> chief counsellor and spy of<br />
Fionn.<br />
Even so this tireless woman tracked <strong>the</strong> lovers at last<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Dun Da Both, which stood with<strong>in</strong> an ancient cromlech.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re <strong>the</strong> Clann Morna led by Fionn. <strong>The</strong> stone-r<strong>in</strong>g was<br />
hard to take hav<strong>in</strong>g many entrances, and be<strong>in</strong>g completely<br />
covered over with rubble <strong>in</strong> those days. Diarmuid only<br />
agreed to emerge for battle when he saw <strong>the</strong> sh<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g figure<br />
of Aonghas remove Grannia to <strong>the</strong> safety of some place<br />
beyond time. He <strong>the</strong>n used his staff to vault beyond <strong>the</strong><br />
circle r<strong>in</strong>g of earth known as <strong>the</strong> mote which stood about<br />
<strong>the</strong> cromlech, and <strong>the</strong>re made his stand. It is recorded that<br />
Diarmuid moved through <strong>the</strong> ranks of <strong>the</strong> Fe<strong>in</strong>n “as a wolf<br />
through a flock of uncerta<strong>in</strong> sheep.” Afterwards, when<br />
Fe<strong>in</strong>n searched through <strong>the</strong> huge mounds of dead, he found<br />
noth<strong>in</strong>g of his long time adversary.
<strong>The</strong> head of <strong>the</strong> Fe<strong>in</strong>n now counted <strong>the</strong>se losses:<br />
Cormac’s daughter, <strong>the</strong> warrior named Diarmuid, <strong>the</strong> dead <strong>in</strong><br />
battle; <strong>the</strong> trust of companions <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> worth of his deeds,<br />
and his own self-confidence, but still he was unforgiv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
and “wanton <strong>in</strong> his pride.” As for Diarmuid, he retired <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Brugh na Boyne where he was nursed by Aonghas and<br />
Gra<strong>in</strong>ne, “although <strong>the</strong> life spirit almost fled from his<br />
mouth.” In spite of this Gra<strong>in</strong>ne petitioned <strong>the</strong> High K<strong>in</strong>g<br />
that some peace might be made between <strong>the</strong>se recalcitrant<br />
men. Although Fionn protested, <strong>the</strong> Fe<strong>in</strong>n would no longer<br />
support his personal quarrel with <strong>the</strong> son of Donn, and thus<br />
<strong>the</strong> banishment was lifted.<br />
Thus, Diarmuid lived to build <strong>the</strong> Rath Grannia, and<br />
<strong>the</strong>re he lay abed when his banshee wailed. Not long after<br />
he was <strong>in</strong>vited to jo<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fe<strong>in</strong>n <strong>in</strong> a boar hunt, and Gra<strong>in</strong>ne<br />
warned him that she had uncomfortable fortell<strong>in</strong>gs. <strong>The</strong> boar<br />
that was hunted was <strong>the</strong> son of Roc, and Diarmuid found it<br />
impossible to do <strong>the</strong> animal any harm with <strong>the</strong> weapons that<br />
he carried. In fact, <strong>the</strong> boar charged head on aga<strong>in</strong>st him,<br />
ripp<strong>in</strong>g and gor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> hero,leav<strong>in</strong>g him, at last, as dead.<br />
When <strong>the</strong> Fe<strong>in</strong>n came up to him, it was obvious that <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
leader was <strong>in</strong> a good mood for he said: “Here lies , <strong>the</strong><br />
irresistible, it is a pity that all <strong>the</strong> woman of Ireland are<br />
not ga<strong>the</strong>red to see how he looks at present.” For his part<br />
Diarmuid could only beg for his life, not<strong>in</strong>g that Fionn had<br />
<strong>the</strong> power to restore it by br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g a victim of hurt water <strong>in</strong><br />
his two hands. Although a well of water was not n<strong>in</strong>e paces<br />
distant, Fionn’s hatred would not allow him to help his<br />
former friend and comrade, and he even made as if to br<strong>in</strong>g<br />
water allow<strong>in</strong>g it to dra<strong>in</strong> away between his f<strong>in</strong>gers as he<br />
approached Diarmuid.<br />
Gra<strong>in</strong>ne knew <strong>the</strong> mean<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> parade of men that<br />
came back from <strong>the</strong> forest, but <strong>the</strong>y bore no corpse, “for<br />
that had been taken away by Aonghas Óg.” This event<br />
eroded <strong>the</strong> trust of <strong>the</strong> chiefta<strong>in</strong>s of <strong>the</strong> Fe<strong>in</strong>n for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
leader, and it was said that <strong>the</strong> keep at Alma became a<br />
cheerless place. Never<strong>the</strong>less, after a year, Fionn
petitioned <strong>the</strong> widow, and she eventually married her late<br />
husband’s nemesis.<br />
After <strong>the</strong> marriage, <strong>the</strong> pair were met by battalions of<br />
men shout<strong>in</strong>g derision and “Gra<strong>in</strong>ne bent her head <strong>in</strong> shame.”<br />
Never<strong>the</strong>less, it was never said that <strong>the</strong> sovereignty of<br />
earth-goddesses was fair and just and <strong>the</strong> two rema<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
wedded until death, but it was also said that “<strong>the</strong> spirit<br />
was out of <strong>the</strong> Fe<strong>in</strong>n.” This force was opposed by Cairbre<br />
mac Cormac, and <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> end <strong>the</strong>y were killed almost to a<br />
man. As for Diarmuid, he went <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> O<strong>the</strong>rworld by way<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Brugh na Boann, but his body rema<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong>violate on a<br />
golden bier near Tara. When ever Aonghas Óg sought<br />
companionship, he brea<strong>the</strong>d <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> mouth of <strong>the</strong> corpse,<br />
and <strong>the</strong> spirit rushed east over <strong>the</strong> waters and roused it, so<br />
that this dead man could converse with his foster-fa<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
GREADAL FHINN, Eng. Fionn’s Griddle. A one-time cromlech<br />
situated beyond Kilchoan, Scotland. Vestiges exist as socket<br />
holes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground, and ear<strong>the</strong>nware is found on <strong>the</strong> site<br />
has been dated at 2000 -1600 B.C. See Fionn mac Cumhail.<br />
GREALACHEAN, “entrail <strong>in</strong>spector,” a div<strong>in</strong>er, EIr. ghr, gut<br />
hence <strong>the</strong> English gore. A druidic specialty. Aged k<strong>in</strong>gs who<br />
were low <strong>in</strong> spirit were often separated from <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es while still liv<strong>in</strong>g. <strong>The</strong> condition of <strong>the</strong>se entrails<br />
were thought to harbour well, or ill, for <strong>the</strong> future of <strong>the</strong><br />
k<strong>in</strong>gdom.<br />
GRELLACH DOLLAID, GULLACH DOLLAIRB, <strong>the</strong> Barony of<br />
Rathconrath, Ireland. <strong>The</strong> secret assembly place for <strong>the</strong><br />
Dagda and his sons when <strong>the</strong>y plotted <strong>the</strong> overthrow of <strong>the</strong><br />
Fomorian k<strong>in</strong>g named Breas. It is said that <strong>the</strong> conspirators<br />
<strong>in</strong>cluded Goibniu, <strong>the</strong> smith and Daiancecht, <strong>the</strong> leech. and<br />
<strong>the</strong>y “stopped at this quiet place for a full year, mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir plans <strong>in</strong> secret.” It was from <strong>the</strong> councils taken here<br />
that <strong>the</strong> place was spoken of afterwards as “<strong>the</strong> Whisper of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Men of Dea (<strong>the</strong> Tuatha dao<strong>in</strong>e).” When council was<br />
broken, <strong>the</strong> warriors agreed to meet at this place every<br />
third year on <strong>the</strong> anniversary of <strong>the</strong> date until <strong>the</strong>
Fomorians were all ousted from Ireland.<br />
GRIAN. grian, obs. land at <strong>the</strong> bottom of water, now: land,<br />
<strong>The</strong> Sun, warm, sh<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g. Bil, <strong>the</strong> death-god, was nicknamed<br />
“<strong>the</strong> Sh<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g One,” and his holy-day translated as “Mouth of<br />
Fire..” He was obviously as much a part of <strong>the</strong> sun-cult, and<br />
<strong>the</strong> panoply of day-gods, as Lugh. In po<strong>in</strong>t of fact <strong>the</strong> sungod<br />
Lugh is nicknamed Lugh Chroma<strong>in</strong>, “Lugh of <strong>the</strong> Crooked<br />
Hand.” In <strong>the</strong> guise of Cromm <strong>the</strong> Crooked, Bil is often<br />
spoken of as “<strong>The</strong> Day God,” and it is clear that many of <strong>the</strong><br />
Beltane altars were once seen as sun-altars. On Mount<br />
Callan, near Ellis, Ireland, <strong>the</strong> Beltane was celebrated on<br />
midsummer’s day down to <strong>the</strong> year 1895. Near Macroom<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is a stand<strong>in</strong>g stone very clearly designated as “<strong>the</strong><br />
stone of <strong>the</strong> Sun.” <strong>The</strong> antiquarian Sethrun Ceit<strong>in</strong>n (!c.<br />
1570-1650) said that almost all <strong>the</strong> cromlechs could be<br />
associated with <strong>the</strong> goddess Gra<strong>in</strong>ne, whose name may be<br />
taken as Grian, and translated as <strong>the</strong> “Sun.” Elsewhere it is<br />
said that Éire (Ireland) was first married to mac Gre<strong>in</strong>e (<strong>the</strong><br />
son of <strong>the</strong> sun) and one of her daughters was Giolla Gre<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
“whose mo<strong>the</strong>r was a sunbeam.” <strong>The</strong> relationship of<br />
daylight and darkness, life and death, summer and w<strong>in</strong>ter,<br />
may not be easy to see, but remember that many of <strong>the</strong> Irish<br />
were located so that <strong>the</strong>y could see <strong>the</strong> sun-god s<strong>in</strong>k each<br />
even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to his doma<strong>in</strong> with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> western sea, and he<br />
<strong>in</strong>variably rose by morn<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> eastern sea. Note also<br />
a woman of this name; a queen of <strong>the</strong> sidhe, whose palace<br />
was with<strong>in</strong> Pallas Gré<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> County Limerick.<br />
<strong>The</strong> magician who felt that he could <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>the</strong> fall<br />
of ra<strong>in</strong> conversely knew that he could cause <strong>the</strong> sun to<br />
hasten to <strong>the</strong> sky. <strong>The</strong> best tra<strong>in</strong>ed ancients were also able<br />
to ext<strong>in</strong>guish <strong>the</strong> sun, be<strong>in</strong>g aware of eclipses and capable<br />
of predict<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
Quite frequently diseases used to be placed on a mangod<br />
slated for sacrifice, s<strong>in</strong>ce it was assumed he only had<br />
to carry <strong>the</strong>m for a brief spell before return<strong>in</strong>g to earth, and<br />
that he would leave all illness <strong>the</strong>re on re<strong>in</strong>carnation. <strong>The</strong><br />
sun was also thought of as a god <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sky, sacrificed each
day to <strong>the</strong> western earth and reborn, on <strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g, out of<br />
<strong>the</strong> eastern womb of Mo<strong>the</strong>r Earth.<br />
This was a hidden tenant of Maritime witchcraft as<br />
shown <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> acts of Mrs. Baker, of Oyster Pond, N.S.<br />
Parents <strong>in</strong> that village had a daughter born with a unsightly<br />
birthmark on her head, which conventional medic<strong>in</strong>e could<br />
not remove. When <strong>the</strong> child was shown to Mrs. Baker, she<br />
said, "<strong>The</strong> dear little th<strong>in</strong>g; I'm go<strong>in</strong>g to do someth<strong>in</strong>g about<br />
that." Draw<strong>in</strong>g first on Christian rites she went <strong>in</strong>to her<br />
bedroom and opened a Bible on <strong>the</strong> table. She <strong>the</strong>n said,<br />
"Come over by <strong>the</strong> w<strong>in</strong>dow with <strong>the</strong> sett<strong>in</strong>g sun." <strong>The</strong><br />
mo<strong>the</strong>r held <strong>the</strong> child on her lap while this practitioner "put<br />
her f<strong>in</strong>ger on <strong>the</strong> baby's head and made a funny noise with<br />
her lips and she did this three times." Afterwards she<br />
commented, "That's all I can do today. I hope it will go<br />
away. If it doesn't br<strong>in</strong>g her back aga<strong>in</strong>." Here, it was<br />
assumed that <strong>the</strong> defect would be carried away with <strong>the</strong><br />
sett<strong>in</strong>g sun, and it was afterwards noted that "It did<br />
disappear very gradually."<br />
Our witches seemed to have concentrated <strong>the</strong>ir effort<br />
on produc<strong>in</strong>g or curtail<strong>in</strong>g ra<strong>in</strong> ra<strong>the</strong>r than stopp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> sun<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sky or blott<strong>in</strong>g it out. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong>re is a<br />
persistent belief that <strong>the</strong> Christian God liked to show his<br />
power at Easter by caus<strong>in</strong>g it to dance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sky at its<br />
ris<strong>in</strong>g. People who held this belief said that <strong>the</strong>y observed<br />
<strong>the</strong> morn<strong>in</strong>g sun through black silk cloth or a blackened<br />
glass negative.<br />
See next entries.<br />
GRIANAN AILEACH. A sunny marker. A tumulus, <strong>the</strong> f<strong>in</strong>al<br />
burial place of Nuada of <strong>the</strong> Silver Hand after Balor killed<br />
him dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> second battle of Magh Tuireadh.<br />
GRIANAINECH, one of a sunny countenance, an alternate<br />
name for Ogma.<br />
GRIAN LUGHA, Literally, Lugh <strong>The</strong> Sun, He was also known as<br />
” <strong>the</strong> impotent sun, or <strong>the</strong> “small sun,” when seen between
Samhu<strong>in</strong>n and Imbolg. Grian, sun, root gher, warm. Lugha,<br />
less from lu, little, <strong>the</strong> English light. A pale sun. This<br />
was <strong>the</strong> sun shadowed by <strong>the</strong> Cailleach bheurr, or “W<strong>in</strong>ter-<br />
Hag” Her sun persisted from November 1 to February 2.<br />
Although her reign nom<strong>in</strong>ally ended with Bride’s Day or <strong>the</strong><br />
Imbolg (lately termed Candlemas or Groundhog Day) she has<br />
never been known to lay down her power-rod without a<br />
struggle. It is she who raises <strong>the</strong> storms of spr<strong>in</strong>g, and <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> week known as An Cailleach she makes a f<strong>in</strong>al effort to<br />
reta<strong>in</strong> control. Latha na Cailleach, <strong>the</strong> Old Hag’s Day (March<br />
25; New Year’s Day prior to calendar reformation <strong>in</strong> 1600),<br />
is <strong>the</strong> traditional date for her f<strong>in</strong>al overthrow, her power<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g completely gone by <strong>the</strong> rise of <strong>the</strong> Samh on <strong>the</strong> first<br />
day of May. Note correspondence of lugha with <strong>the</strong> defeated<br />
(and thus <strong>in</strong>effectual) god Lugh (see note under this<br />
head<strong>in</strong>g).<br />
<strong>The</strong> ancient Gaels addresssed <strong>the</strong> sun as follows:<br />
O, thusa fe<strong>in</strong> a’ siubhlas shuas,<br />
Cru<strong>in</strong>n mar lan-sgiath chruaidh nan triath!<br />
Cia as a tha do dhearra gun ghruaim,<br />
Do sholus tha buan, a ghra<strong>in</strong>!<br />
He, of course faced <strong>the</strong> ris<strong>in</strong>g sun <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> east. Hence<br />
<strong>the</strong> Gaelic expression for rightness of pursuit, Bheir e fa ‘na<br />
ear e, “He br<strong>in</strong>gs it to <strong>the</strong> east.” This has <strong>the</strong> sense of “He<br />
gives <strong>the</strong> matter proper attention.” At dusk, <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
was thought appropriate:<br />
An d’fhag thu gorm astar nan spear,<br />
A mhic gun bheud, as or-bhuidh ciabh!<br />
Tha dorsan na h-oidhche dhuit reidh.<br />
Tha paill<strong>in</strong>n do chlos ‘s an iar.<br />
Thig na stuaidh mu’n cuairt go mall<br />
Ag coimhead fir a’s glo<strong>in</strong>e gruaidh.<br />
GRIAN-SHAM-STAD, Summer Sun pause. <strong>The</strong> summersolstice.<br />
GRIANUISG, summer-water, a silly person, fay-person, <strong>the</strong>
Dao<strong>in</strong>e sidh.<br />
GRIBH, obs. Griff<strong>in</strong>, warrior, a f<strong>in</strong>ger. Gribhean, a griff<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Grib-longach, a griff<strong>in</strong>.<br />
GRIGIREAN, GRIGLEACHAN, GRIOGLACHAN, GRIGIREAN, <strong>the</strong><br />
constellation known as Charles's Wa<strong>in</strong> (Wagon), Od<strong>in</strong>'s Wa<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Hugh’s Wagon; home to <strong>the</strong> Gaelic Oolathair, <strong>the</strong>ir creatorgod.<br />
Stars known as <strong>the</strong> Pleiades, anciently <strong>the</strong><br />
“Allfa<strong>the</strong>r’s” court. <strong>The</strong> Dagda’s constellation. Griogag, a<br />
pebble, a bead (<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> sky), from <strong>the</strong> root gris, gravel.<br />
GRIOGCHAN, griog, crystal, obs. constellation, <strong>the</strong> stars of<br />
<strong>the</strong> heavens.<br />
GRIOS, entreat, pray, from <strong>the</strong> earlier grios, heat,<br />
encourage, <strong>in</strong>cite, “rake up a fire.” Gris, fire, Skr. ghramsa,<br />
sun, heat, sunsh<strong>in</strong>e. Note <strong>the</strong> implicit reference to <strong>the</strong> pagan<br />
fires and <strong>the</strong> old pagan god Lugh.<br />
GRIS, horror, pimples, redness, fire, dt’s, termor, terror,<br />
shiver, prickly heat. Sweat produced by fear, a horrified<br />
expression; from Scand. grise, to shudder, <strong>the</strong> English<br />
grisly. Grisonn, gray, death-like <strong>in</strong> complexion, conferr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
with MEng. gris, hav<strong>in</strong>g a gray fur.<br />
GRODAG, GROBAG DUBH. grod, rotten;, putrid, proud, overly<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligent, cross-tempered, dubh, black, a shrivelled old<br />
woman. Ano<strong>the</strong>r name for <strong>the</strong> baobh or Gaelic witch.<br />
GRÚACACH, GRÚAGACH, hairy, long-haired, a maiden, a<br />
woman with a daughter, a brownie, a banshee, sometimes a<br />
philosopher, a conjurer or <strong>in</strong>structor. Rarely <strong>the</strong> chiefta<strong>in</strong> of<br />
a clan, from gruag, a woman, wife, a wig, hav<strong>in</strong>g lots of<br />
hair, maned. Campbell def<strong>in</strong>es this as “‘air of <strong>the</strong> head.”<br />
Ellis says it confers with “an ogre or monster, enchanter or<br />
wizard.” An unkempt wizard or enchanter. Eng. crumple.<br />
L<strong>in</strong>guistically related <strong>the</strong> Dark Lord, <strong>the</strong> old god named<br />
Cromm. <strong>The</strong> beansith or glaistig of <strong>the</strong> castle, cattle fold,<br />
sheep pen, or dairy <strong>in</strong> Skye.
“If <strong>the</strong> herder fell asleep and neglected his task, she<br />
tended <strong>the</strong> cattle herself, and at night would keep <strong>the</strong><br />
calves away from <strong>the</strong>ir dams and preserve <strong>the</strong> substance of<br />
<strong>the</strong> milk. But she expected a “quid pro quis” for her<br />
services, and would beat with a small wand those who<br />
neglected to propitiate her with a daily offer<strong>in</strong>g of milk.”<br />
Highlanders have said that <strong>the</strong> “long-haired one” was<br />
formerly a “professor” or “master of arts,” “<strong>the</strong> one that<br />
taught feats of arms.” In mythology this creature is<br />
mentioned as “<strong>the</strong> learned Gruagach, a druid <strong>in</strong> his glory.”<br />
Demoted, he became one like <strong>the</strong> Greogaca who haunted <strong>the</strong><br />
small island of Inch near Easdale, Scotland. “(He) is <strong>the</strong><br />
phantom of that same Druid, fallen from his high estate,<br />
skulk<strong>in</strong>g from his pursuers, and really liv<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> milk<br />
left for <strong>the</strong>m by those whose priest he had once been.” It<br />
was said that this particular bodach was a reta<strong>in</strong>er to <strong>the</strong><br />
Macdougalls of Ard<strong>in</strong>caple; “He takes care of <strong>the</strong>ir cattle <strong>in</strong><br />
that island day and night...” A gruagach is said assigned to<br />
Skipness Castle, “and is still remembered as a supernatural<br />
female who did odd jobs about <strong>the</strong> house for <strong>the</strong> maids and<br />
lived <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ru<strong>in</strong>.” <strong>The</strong>re is ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong> Kerrisdale, Gaiurloch,<br />
Ross-shire. All of <strong>the</strong>se may be <strong>the</strong> same as <strong>the</strong> Groac’h of<br />
Brittany, reputed to be a druidess who had a seat of learn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on an island. <strong>The</strong>se creatures are associated with <strong>the</strong><br />
O<strong>the</strong>rworld.<br />
In 1867 Kenneth MacLeod reported thgat one of <strong>the</strong>se<br />
was seen “stand<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> Laig brae <strong>in</strong> Eigg and she was<br />
designated by <strong>the</strong> harvesters who saw her as:”a woman of<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r world.” Campbell equates <strong>the</strong>m with <strong>the</strong> seagiants.<br />
In a few of <strong>the</strong> tales <strong>the</strong>ir descendants described<br />
<strong>the</strong>m as “a wise,learned race, given to mahgic arets, yellow<br />
or ruadh, auburn haired, possess<strong>in</strong>g horse and know<strong>in</strong>g how<br />
to tame <strong>the</strong>m... Able to put <strong>the</strong> waters between <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />
and <strong>the</strong>ir pursuerers, good look<strong>in</strong>g, musical, possess<strong>in</strong>g<br />
treasure and bright weapons. Us<strong>in</strong>g k<strong>in</strong>g’s sons and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
races as slaves, and threaten<strong>in</strong>g to eat <strong>the</strong>m...given to<br />
comb<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir hair wi.th gold and silver combs...” <strong>The</strong>refore,<br />
<strong>the</strong> famhair. See also Morgau
GRUGACH AN UBHAIL. <strong>The</strong> “apple monster.” <strong>The</strong>se creatures<br />
were sometimes represented as throw<strong>in</strong>g a golden apple <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> dirction of anyone who approached. Those who caught<br />
<strong>the</strong> apple and returned it with full force killed <strong>the</strong> beast,<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise <strong>the</strong> unfortunate traveller died.<br />
GRUNNDAIL, grunnd, ground, well-grounded, sensible,<br />
careful, frugal, a sage, grunn, a handful, a crowd, Br gronn, a<br />
heap. Similar to <strong>the</strong> English gra<strong>in</strong>, thus a collector of gra<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Also a river monster; perhaps from Sc. grunnd, bottom,<br />
channel <strong>in</strong> water, ON. grunnr, bottom of <strong>the</strong> sea or river, Eng.<br />
ground. Note Beowulf’s troubles with <strong>the</strong> Grendel and <strong>the</strong><br />
Grendel-mo<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
GU, evermore, eternally.<br />
GUAG, guath, common, traditional, a Quarter-Day fool,<br />
simpleton, clown, a giddy, whimsical fellow, hav<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
spayed-foot, lamed (to prevent escape), Ir. guag<strong>in</strong>, folly, a<br />
silly one, from ME. gowke, a fool, cf. Eng, gawky. Also G.<br />
guga, a silly “goose.” Gugail, <strong>the</strong> cluck<strong>in</strong>g of poultry. Same<br />
as guacaman, gocaman, geoc, guraiceach.<br />
GUAIRDEAN, a whirlw<strong>in</strong>d, vertigo; similar to cuairt, to<br />
travel <strong>in</strong> circles. <strong>The</strong> si<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong> travel. Men often bowed, or<br />
lifted <strong>the</strong>ir hats to <strong>the</strong>se “good neighbours” as <strong>the</strong>y passed.<br />
See next.<br />
GUAIRDEAN CEARRACH, <strong>the</strong> “Left-handed Guardian.” an<br />
acronym for <strong>the</strong> Cailleach bheurr, <strong>the</strong> “W<strong>in</strong>ter Hag.”<br />
“Guardian” has reference to her duties as protector of <strong>the</strong><br />
animals of <strong>the</strong> wild and her stewardship over <strong>the</strong> Cauldron<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Deep.<br />
GUCAG DHOSGACH, "<strong>the</strong> ferry boat of sorcery." Gucag, bubble,<br />
bell, globule, bud; do + sgath, negative prefix + a shade, a<br />
shadow. <strong>The</strong> "crystal-craft" used <strong>in</strong> transport between<br />
Brita<strong>in</strong> and <strong>the</strong> "dead lands of" <strong>the</strong> west. Confers with<br />
"Wave-sweeper" <strong>the</strong> death-ship piloted by Manann mac Ler
once each year at <strong>the</strong> Yule. Infrequently described as<br />
constructed of “copper.”<br />
GUIDH, “pray thou,” a prayer, wish, Irish, guidhim, I pary,<br />
guidhe, a prayer, an imprecation; gada, gath, voice, from<br />
gad, to speak; root-word ged, god, similar to ghedh. to ask (a<br />
favour). Also cf. with AS. bidden and <strong>the</strong> English bid, gad,<br />
gab. Wishes directed towards God, <strong>the</strong> gods or toward<br />
nature-spirits.<br />
GUILEAGAN, from gaileag, <strong>the</strong> chirp<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>bird</strong>s, <strong>the</strong> utter<strong>in</strong>g<br />
of a charm; refers specifically to <strong>the</strong> old custom of boil<strong>in</strong>g<br />
eggs out-of-doors on Latha Guileagan, freely translated as<br />
"Easter Sunday." See guag, above. Easter is, of course, a<br />
pagan feast-day confiscated by <strong>the</strong> Christians. It formerly<br />
belonged to <strong>the</strong> old Norse goddess Eastre, or Ostara, who is<br />
<strong>the</strong> equal of <strong>the</strong> Gaelic goddess Bridd, <strong>the</strong> patron of married<br />
love, hearth and home. This goddess was too popular to<br />
dismiss as a baobh, so she was elevated to Sa<strong>in</strong>t-hood as<br />
Sa<strong>in</strong>t Brigit. <strong>The</strong> Saxon goddess who survives <strong>in</strong> our word<br />
"Easter" was also considered a fertility goddess, <strong>the</strong> symbol<br />
of a reborn earth after <strong>the</strong> long "death" of w<strong>in</strong>ter. It was<br />
customary to celebrate this day by exchang<strong>in</strong>g brightly<br />
coloured boiled eggs, for <strong>the</strong> egg was considered symbolic<br />
of <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>gs of life and new th<strong>in</strong>gs. <strong>The</strong> early<br />
Christians cont<strong>in</strong>ued this tradition say<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>the</strong> egg<br />
symbolized <strong>the</strong> resurrected Christ. In various parts of<br />
Germany stone altars still stand which are called Ostara<br />
stones. <strong>The</strong>y used to be crowned with flowers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
and were <strong>the</strong> sited of ritual and <strong>in</strong>formal sex, great bonfires<br />
and left-handed circle dances. <strong>The</strong>se were popular "games"<br />
practised well <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> last century <strong>in</strong> spite of <strong>the</strong><br />
denunciations of Christian priests and philosophers. In<br />
Scotland it is still <strong>the</strong> custom, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> rural outback, to roll<br />
<strong>the</strong>se eggs down steep hills, <strong>the</strong> damage <strong>the</strong>y <strong>in</strong>cur be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
considered an omen for <strong>the</strong> egg-runners.<br />
GUN DOL AOG, “taken away by Aog,” putrefaction which was<br />
attributed to <strong>the</strong> presence of <strong>the</strong> spirit known as an-t Aog,<br />
<strong>the</strong> death-god.
GURAICEACH, a plucked <strong>bird</strong>, a blockhead, hair-bra<strong>in</strong>ed,<br />
queer, a big awkward fellow, an unfledged <strong>bird</strong>, simpleton,<br />
fool. A cuckoo. See geoc, gocaman, etc.<br />
GUTH, a bard, to taunt or defame, to ill-name, erudition,<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g a voice (and us<strong>in</strong>g it). Guthach, noisy.<br />
GYVE, a magical blemish placed on <strong>the</strong> forehead of an enemy.<br />
See glam dicend.