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Guidelines for Military Mass Casualty Decontamination Operations During a Domestic HAZMAT/Weapon of Mass Destruction Incident stores hazardous materials. Should a release occur from such a facility, MCD could certainly be required during the response phase. The risks from CBRN weapons and commercial, industrial, and medical hazards have increased over the years. Agent contamination can occur as a result of a direct attack or an accidental release. Chemical, biological, and radiological materials can be released in the following forms, which impacts how MCD operations are performed: 15,23 • Vapors are substances that exist in gaseous form at atmospheric pressure. They can be dispersed by generators or bursting munitions. They generally disperse rapidly in an open or outdoor area, and cause widespread contamination indoors. • Aerosols are liquid or solid agents divided into small particles suspended in a gaseous medium. They behave much like vapors. Examples include mist, fog, or smoke. • Liquids can range from thick and sticky to the consistency of water. • Solids range from radioactive material, biological spores, and powder agents. 5.1 Toxic Industrial Materials A toxic industrial material (TIM) is a generic term for toxic or radioactive substances in solid, liquid, aerosol, or gaseous form. These may be used or stored for industrial, commercial, medical, military, or domestic purposes. They are described as a toxic industrial chemical (TIC), toxic industrial biological (TIB), or toxic industrial radiological (TIR). 27 TICs are used throughout the country from households to industry. Production of most chemicals keeps rising, according to statistics from various government agencies and trade associations. 28,29 TICs, such as ammonia, sulfuric acid, chlorine, and pesticides, are transported by highway, railway, waterway, and airway. TICs are also widespread throughout the world. U.S. forces use area studies, intelligence estimates, and/or economic studies to indicate TICs available and potential hazards in an area of operation. A TIB is any biological material made, used, transported, or stored for any processes in industry, medicine, or commerce. These materials are used in clinical research, medical industry, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. These substances damage vegetation and can be toxic to humans and animals. 15,30 A TIR is any radiological material made, used, transported, or stored for any processes in industry, medicine, or commerce. These materials are used in research, generation of electricity, and medical tests and treatments. Such materials include pharmaceuticals, medical sources, and even spent fuel rods. TIRs damage vegetation and can be toxic to humans and animals. 15,30 The threat of a purposeful or accidental release of a TIC onto a population is more likely than a threat from a release of a TIB or TIR because TICs are readily used in industry. Accordingly, these Guidelines largely focus on an MCD incident resulting 8 Original
Guidelines for Military Mass Casualty Decontamination Operations During a Domestic HAZMAT/Weapon of Mass Destruction Incident from a TIC release rather than from a TIB or TIR. Further information on chemical-, biological-, and radiological-specific decontamination guidelines is Section 8.4. Specific properties of selected TIMs are in Appendix E. 5.2 Chemical Warfare Agents Chemical warfare agents (CWA) are a group of chemicals that have been engineered for, or used in, warfare. These agents are classified by either the body system that they affect or the symptoms they cause. Sample CWAs include the following: 31-33 (Military abbreviations are used here. Acronyms are defined in Appendix B) • Nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, GF, VX) • Blister agents (H, HD, HT, HN-1, HN-2, HN-3, L) • Blood agents (CK, AC) • Choking agent (CG, PS) • Incapacitating agents (BZ) • Riot control agents (CS) • Respiratory irritants, formerly known as vomiting agents (DA, DM, DC, chlorine) NOTE: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifies chlorine and phosgene as pulmonary agents, adamsite as a vomiting agent, and tear gas (CS) as a riot control agent. 34 There are several ways to obtain chemical agents. One way is to steal it from a national stockpile of existing munitions or the support network within it. This is limited in the U.S. because of the extensive security measures in place. However, with the fall of the former Soviet bloc countries and the growth of rogue nations such as Iraq and North Korea, chemical weapon caches are more easily obtained by well-funded terrorist organizations. A more likely way to obtain chemical agents is by synthesizing the material. A high school-level chemistry course could give most anyone the knowledge needed to synthesize a chemical agent. The Aum Shinrikyo cult synthesized the nerve agent sarin in 1995 and exposed thousands of civilians in the Tokyo subways. 4 The sarin used in this effective attack was made in a basement laboratory at the cult’s compound. They used equipment considered crude by industrial standards, but the sarin-laced bombs still injured thousands. Information and how-to guides on synthesis of CWAs are available from many sources. However, incidents involving TICs being used as a weapon are more likely to occur than CWAs because of their availability in bulk quantities. Section 8.4.1 gives more information on chemical-specific decontamination guidelines. Appendix E lists specific properties of selected CWAs. Original 9 Table of Contents Introduction MCD Equipment Comparison Decontamination Overview MCD Operations Summary Appendix A References Appendix B Acronym List Appendix C Glossary Appendix D MCD Cross- Reference Guide Appendix E CBR Guide Appendix F MCD Decision Trees Appendix G ARNORTH Guidance
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