(MCD) Guidelines

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Guidelines for Military Mass Casualty Decontamination Operations During a Domestic HAZMAT/Weapon of Mass Destruction Incident the contaminant determines what protective equipment is worn, how casualties are extracted, and most importantly, which MCD techniques are used to decontaminate casualties. Conducting a preliminary hazard assessment aids in the selection of the most appropriate detection device for positively identify the contaminant. Symptomology reports, the speed by which symptoms begin to appear, casualty interviews, and scene assessments provide information that can help include or exclude possible contaminants. This equipment is also used to ensure decontamination is as complete as possible throughout the MCD process. There are various points when monitoring equipment is used within the decontamination corridor to determine the thoroughness of decontamination, as described in Section 8.1.11. Detection devices that are generally available to military and civilian responders detect chemical, biological, and radiological agents. 40 There are many different types of detectors that identify and/or measure the amount of a chemical present. Biological agents are most commonly analyzed in the field using enzyme immunoassay tests. Radiation is naturally occurring and is everywhere. Radiation detectors detect and measure the presence of radiation. Some detectors operate by simply turning the instrument on to detect radiation, while others use probes to detect and measure radiation. 2,15 Some detection devices can differentiate between compounds but not quantify the amount. Others can report a quantity of agent but not determine what or how many agents are present. 41 Some detectors are best designed for vapors, but others require a solid or liquid sample. Some respond almost immediately, but others can take more than 20 minutes. Consider all of these factors when selecting the combination of equipment to use in a response operation. Additional factors for the selection of monitoring equipment are listed in Table 1. 41 Table 1: Factors for the Selection of Monitoring Equipment. Selection Factors for Monitoring Equipment Features Description Agents Detected This describes the chemical, biological, or radiological material the device can detect. Sensitivity This describes the minimum detection limit of the device. Response Time This is defined as the amount of time required for the instrument to collect, analyze, and provide feedback on a sample. Resistance to Sometimes, a compound can cause a detector to alarm when it should not, Interferents which is a false positive. Or, a compound can prevent a detector from alarming when it should, which is a false negative. Such a compound is considered to be an interferent. This describes how well a device can differentiate an interferent from a true agent of interest. 14 Original
Guidelines for Military Mass Casualty Decontamination Operations During a Domestic HAZMAT/Weapon of Mass Destruction Incident Selection Factors for Monitoring Equipment Detection states This indicates if the device can detect a sample in a vapor, aerosol, liquid, or solid state. Alarm Capability This is determined by an audible, visual, or combination alarm. Environmental Limits The describes the environment required by the equipment to operate optimally, and could include humidity, temperature extremes, rain, snow, fog, etc. Durability This indicates how rugged a device is. Power/Battery Requirements Operator Skill and Training Requirements This indicates if a device requires AC electrical power or can function off of a battery, and the available battery life. This refers to the general skill level and amount of initial and sustainment training required for optimum operation of the equipment. In the best case scenario, multiple detectors are available to responders to increase the likelihood of accurate and rapid identification of the agent. A good example would be to combine a photoionization device (PID) with a colorimetric device. The PID can measure a vapor concentration but not identify the agent. The colorimetric device can identify the agent but cannot accurately measure a vapor concentration. Table 2 provides basic information on detection equipment that is commonly available to civilian responders to monitor for chemical, biological, and radiological contaminants. 40 This listing is not inclusive since there are many different types of detection equipment on the market. Appendix D provides a more comprehensive listing of detection equipment, along with their capabilities and limitations. Table 2: Capabilities and Limitations of Common Monitoring Equipment. Technology Capabilities Chemical Detectors Limitations Photoionization • Rapidly detects broad range of TIC • Does not positively identify agent. Detector vapors, such as ammonia and • High humidity affects accuracy of the benzene. • Provides quantitative results. results. Colorimetric • Individual detector chips can detect a • Agent detection depends on the chip Detector wide range of TICs, such as ammonia being used. and chlorine. • Chips require specific storage conditions to optimize shelf-life. Biological Detectors Enzyme • Identifies presence of biological • Test strips require specific storage Immunoassay materials, such as anthrax and ricin. conditions to optimize shelf-life. • Field rugged. • Results must be confirmed. Enzyme • Individual test strips can detect • Agent detection depends on the test Immunoassay biological agents, such as anthrax and strip being used. ricin. • Does not alarm positive if agent count • Screens granular, powder, liquid, and is below threshold value. aerosol samples. • Results must be confirmed. Original 15 Table of Contents Introduction MCD Equipment Comparison Decontamination Overview MCD Operations Summary Appendix A References Appendix B Acronym List Appendix C Glossary Appendix D MCD Cross- Reference Guide Appendix E CBR Guide Appendix F MCD Decision Trees Appendix G ARNORTH Guidance
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