Domestic Extremism in Europe - Athena Institute

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surroundings. Domestic extremist organizations fully utilize the possibilities provided by the boom in social media. 86 per cent of the identified groups have their own websites and/or social media sites that make it possible for them to reach large audiences with little effort. They also use modern mass communication to organize themselves in novel ways that make the job of law en- forcement agencies much harder. 38 per cent of the groups use leaderless resistance and 10 per cent of groups can be classified as being pseudo cells. These or- ganizational structures diminish the chance of infiltration or arrests, whilst make it easier for the groups to be active locally with less funding and manpower. The recent developments in communication have also enhanced the importance of extremist sites/blogs/ forums and given them greater influence. Thus, online radicalization has become an issue that cannot be ig- nored. Hence, as far as this paper is concerned, lone wolves (e.g. Breivik) do not exist in a broader sense, in- asmuch as all known extremists that carried out serious attacks in the past years had some kind of connection to extremist groups or visited extremist sites regularly. Domestic Extremism in Europe - Threat Landscape 14
1 Domestic Extremism - Emerging Definitions A HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACH “Domestic extremist groups are organized, formal or in- formal groups that in the name of an ideology carry out symbolic or physical aggression or call for such acts against certain people or a definable community of people based mostly on - real or perceived - characteristics such as national or ethnic origin, race, religion or sexual orientation.” A POLITICAL APPROACH “Domestic extremist groups are organized, formal or in- formal groups on the fringes of politics struggling for power or political influence on a national scale exploiting constitutional rights and freedoms of modern democra- cies and technology to a maximum possible extent in or- der to pursue extremist agendas.”
Page 1 and 2: Tamás Berecz - Kristóf Domina Dom
Page 3 and 4: Tamás Berecz - Kristóf Domina Dom
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents FOREWORD 7 EXECUT
Page 7 and 8: Foreword Rather than consolidation,
Page 9 and 10: level of constitutional freedoms an
Page 11 and 12: Executive Summary This paper is an
Page 13: Countries in Western Europe still c
Page 17 and 18: vide a more detailed and in-depth a
Page 19 and 20: groups. There are 18 level 6 groups
Page 21 and 22: gerous via radicalization through h
Page 23 and 24: tified extremist groups have some k
Page 25 and 26: ism, Maoism or Anarchism for instan
Page 27 and 28: an unknown year of establishment, b
Page 29 and 30: threats and challenges these groups
Page 31 and 32: level 4 or higher threat level base
Page 33 and 34: The number of victims (people murde
Page 35 and 36: nomenon more and more seriously. Th
Page 37 and 38: On the other hand, the effects of t
Page 39 and 40: Iron Curtain developed some kind of
Page 41 and 42: Manuel Mireanu, Athena Institute No
Page 43 and 44: society, they attempt to securitize
Page 45 and 46: munities in post-communist countrie
Page 47 and 48: ties, demanding their papers, and i
Page 49 and 50: where human rights, civil liberties
Page 51 and 52: However, based on the Institute’s
Page 53 and 54: Strikes, protest and riots have bec
Page 55 and 56: Greece is, however, a ‘not so spe
Page 57 and 58: threat levels, while this also high
Page 59 and 60: Capitale Carcere e i suoi Carcerier
Page 61 and 62: hacker group target governmental co
Page 63 and 64: party also has close ties to other,
Page 65 and 66:
THE MYTH OF THE LONE WOLF As it has
Page 67 and 68:
Islam (“counter-jihad”) writers
Page 69 and 70:
sympathizers. This poses a special
Page 71 and 72:
elty 15 (SHAC), etc. are all groups
Page 73 and 74:
archist Federation 17 , The Revolut
Page 75 and 76:
Moreover, they can utilize this tec
Page 77 and 78:
hostility. The New Hungarian Guard
Page 79 and 80:
criminal problems, not as socioecon
Page 81 and 82:
Alderman, L., 2012b. Right-Wing Ext
Page 83 and 84:
Guest, T., 2009. Fight for the Righ
Page 85 and 86:
Smith, H., 2012. Greek Crackdown on
Page 87:
About the Athena Institute The Athe
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