Domestic Extremism in Europe - Athena Institute

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There is a multitude of examples: Golden Dawn (GD) and SYRIZA in Greece, the National Front (NF) in France, the British National Party (BNP) in the UK, Jobbik in Hungary, the Freedom Party (FPÖ) in Austria, the North- ern League (NL) and Tricolour Flame (TL) in Italy, the National Democratic Party (NPD) in Germany, the Swe- den Democrats (SD) in Sweden, etc. All these parties have fairly strong presence in local or national legisla- tures. This trend is important because many of these parties maintain formal or informal, stronger or looser links to extremist organizations. In a few cases, political parties and extremist groups worked in tandem in election campaigns to achieve a shared goal (see below). Other parties will break off these links and deny their connections to extremist groups as soon as they enter the mainstream political sphere, but they still import extremist ideas into the political arena. Probably one of the most obvious examples is the Jobbik party in Hungary. Jobbik founded the Hungarian Guard, a racist, xenophobic, homophobic, anti-Roma and anti- Semitic extremist group, then, after the Hungarian Court disbanded the group, they established the New Hungar- ian Guard with exactly the same ideology and goals. (The Domestic Extremism in Europe - Threat Landscape 62
party also has close ties to other, less influential extremist organizations such as the Sixty-four Counties Youth Movement, the For a Better Future Civil Guard, the Out- laws’ Army, etc.) The Jobbik party based its 2010 national election campaign mostly on the campaigns of the Hun- garian Guard. In an almost identical fashion, Golden Dawn in Greece combined and continue to combine tra- ditional campaign elements and extremist activities (uni- formed marches and other intimidation tactics, “neigh- borhood watches”, etc.) in 2012. As it has been shown in this paper, domestic extremist groups pose challenges both to national security and the mainstream democratic political system. They pose this threat through the reification and securitization of issues that redefine socioeconomic and cultural problems as ex- istential threats. They also manage to affect the mainstream political sphere and catapult their ideas into the centre by forcing mainstream parties to adopt arguably anti-democratic policies about immigration, policing, mi- nority rights, state aid, etc. – as described in detail above. Extremist organizations were able to achieve these political objectives without connections to or being opposed by center parties. One can imagine the level of influence they now have on national political agendas if far-right/ Domestic Extremism in Europe - Threat Landscape 63
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Tamás Berecz - Kristóf Domina Dom
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Tamás Berecz - Kristóf Domina Dom
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Table of Contents FOREWORD 7 EXECUT
Page 7 and 8:
Foreword Rather than consolidation,
Page 9 and 10:
level of constitutional freedoms an
Page 11 and 12: Executive Summary This paper is an
Page 13 and 14: Countries in Western Europe still c
Page 15 and 16: 1 Domestic Extremism - Emerging Def
Page 17 and 18: vide a more detailed and in-depth a
Page 19 and 20: groups. There are 18 level 6 groups
Page 21 and 22: gerous via radicalization through h
Page 23 and 24: tified extremist groups have some k
Page 25 and 26: ism, Maoism or Anarchism for instan
Page 27 and 28: an unknown year of establishment, b
Page 29 and 30: threats and challenges these groups
Page 31 and 32: level 4 or higher threat level base
Page 33 and 34: The number of victims (people murde
Page 35 and 36: nomenon more and more seriously. Th
Page 37 and 38: On the other hand, the effects of t
Page 39 and 40: Iron Curtain developed some kind of
Page 41 and 42: Manuel Mireanu, Athena Institute No
Page 43 and 44: society, they attempt to securitize
Page 45 and 46: munities in post-communist countrie
Page 47 and 48: ties, demanding their papers, and i
Page 49 and 50: where human rights, civil liberties
Page 51 and 52: However, based on the Institute’s
Page 53 and 54: Strikes, protest and riots have bec
Page 55 and 56: Greece is, however, a ‘not so spe
Page 57 and 58: threat levels, while this also high
Page 59 and 60: Capitale Carcere e i suoi Carcerier
Page 61: hacker group target governmental co
Page 65 and 66: THE MYTH OF THE LONE WOLF As it has
Page 67 and 68: Islam (“counter-jihad”) writers
Page 69 and 70: sympathizers. This poses a special
Page 71 and 72: elty 15 (SHAC), etc. are all groups
Page 73 and 74: archist Federation 17 , The Revolut
Page 75 and 76: Moreover, they can utilize this tec
Page 77 and 78: hostility. The New Hungarian Guard
Page 79 and 80: criminal problems, not as socioecon
Page 81 and 82: Alderman, L., 2012b. Right-Wing Ext
Page 83 and 84: Guest, T., 2009. Fight for the Righ
Page 85 and 86: Smith, H., 2012. Greek Crackdown on
Page 87: About the Athena Institute The Athe
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