The Visual Display

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Stomach canccr, white f!ma1er; agc-adjustcd rate by county, 19jo 1969 Sromach cancer, I'hite males; age-adjusted rate by counrl, 19Jo-1969
20 GR,{IEICAL IRACTICE The maps repay careful study. Notice how qui&ly and naturally our attention has been directed toward exploring the substantive content of the data rather than toward questions ofmethodology and technique. Nonerheles thc maps do have then flaws. They wrongly equate the visual importance of each county wirh irs geographic area rather than with rhe number ofpeople living in the counry (or the number ofcancer deaths). Our visual impression of the data is entengled wirh rhe circumsrance of geographic boundaries, shapes, and areas the chronic problem aflicting shadedin-area designs ofsuch "blot rnaps" or "patch maps." A fiuther shortcoming, a defect of data rather than graphical composition, is that the maps are founded on a suspect aleta source, dearh cerrificate repom on the cause of death. These reports fa1l under the influence ofdiagnostic fashions prevailing among doctors and coroners in particular places and times, a trcublesome adulterant of the evidence purporting to describe the already sometimes ambiguous mstter of the exact bodily site of the primary cancer. Thus part ofthe regional clustering seen on the maps, as well as some of the hot spots, may refect varying diagnostic cu.tom. and fads along wirh the acrual differ.nce' in canrer rare\ Data maps have a curious history. It was noi until the seventeenth century that the combination ofcatogmphic and statistical skills required to consrruct the data map cane together, fully 5,ooo years after the 6nt geographic naps were dram on clay tablets. And many highly sophisticated geographic maps were produced centuries before the frrst map contining any statistical mateial was drawn.3 For example, a detailed map with a full grid was engraved during the cleventh century A.D. in China. The Yn Chi Thu (Map ofthe Tracks of Yii the creat) shown here is described by Joseph Needham as the . . . most remarkable cartographic work ofits age in any culture, carved in stone in +rr37 but probably dating Gom before +rroo. The scale ofthe grid is 1oo l, to the division. The coastal outline is relatively lirm and the precision ofthe network ofriversystems extraordinary. The size ofthe oiginal, which is now in the Pei Lin Museum et Sian, is about 3 feet square. The name ofthe geognpheris not known. . . . Anyone who compares this map with the contemponry productions of turopern relgious co.mogrrphy crnnor bur be Jmr/ed ar the evrenr ro wluch Cline'e geography wrs at th:r ume a\e:d of rhe West. . . . There was nothing Like it in Europe till the Escorial MS. map ofabout +1JJo. . . ,4 3Dab m?s are $uatly de$ribed as 'lh€miic m.ps" in c,nogeph)'. For a thorough ,ccomr, sa Aitlff H. Robnsan, Eatl! Thenatn Mappikg in tlu Hitory a.f Cd asapb (Chi.aso,1982). On the history ofstatistical s.aphics, se H. cray FunLhotrsr. Histo.ical Develolmentof thecralhi€lRcpresdtation ofshtistical D,u," oJtn, 3 Novehbe( 1917), 269-4o4i fd James R. Beniger md Dorothy r. Robyn, "Qunritarive Graphic in statislio: A BricfHistory," Andnan Statituian, 32 (Fetl@ry s73), .Josph Needhan, S.ie,a zd ci,t,iJd- I'or l, Crird (Cantridge, 19i9), vol. 3,
Page 1 and 2: Efiaard R.Tkfte The Visual Display
Page 3 and 4: Contents PART I GRAPHICAL PRACTICE
Page 5 and 6: his studio laying out the book, pag
Page 7 and 8: The second part ofthe book provides
Page 9 and 10: 14 GRA?I]ICAL ?RACTICE Ard yet how
Page 11 and 12: 16 GRA?HIcAT ?RACTICT Data Maps The
Page 13: Trachea, bronchus, and lung caacer;
Page 17 and 18: 22 GRATHlCA! PRACTICI Z"l e g t&D E
Page 19 and 20: 24 GRA?HrCAt ?RACTICt An early and
Page 21 and 22: 26 GRAPIIICAL ?RACTICT Computerized
Page 23 and 24: 28 GRA?HIcAL ?RAcTIcT Tir[e-Series
Page 25 and 26: 30 GRA?HrCAl ?RACTTCI Time+eries di
Page 27 and 28: 32 GnA?ItrCAL PR1\CITCE The two gre
Page 29 and 30: 34 GRA?IlIC4L ?RACTTC! Playfair's l
Page 31 and 32: 36 GRA?HICAL ?RACTICE S* tl,e movem
Page 33 and 34: 105 r t00 I 35r t 05t00..1 s5.r 38
Page 35 and 36: 40 GRAPIIICAL ?AACTICT Narrative Gr
Page 37 and 38: 42 CRA?IIICAI ?RACTICE Thc ncxt tim
Page 39 and 40: '-d. GRA?IIICAI PRACTICE srraieht l
Page 41 and 42: 46 GRApETcAL ?RAcTrcr Lambert drew
Page 43 and 44: 48 GRTTPEICAL ?RACTICB Thesc small-
Page 45 and 46: JO GRAPEICAL PRACTICI Finally, two
Page 47 and 48: As to the roptiery and justness of
Page 49 and 50: J4 GRAprrrCAl !RACTTCI Hcre are sev
Page 51 and 52: JO CRAIIIICAt PtACTTCt differently;
Page 53 and 54: J8 cRAPIIIcAL ?RAcTIcE The magnitud
Page 55 and 56: OO GRAPIIICAL PRACTICE Design and D
Page 57 and 58: 62 cRA?HIcAl PRAcrrc! Dcsign variat
Page 59 and 60: 71e Dislonr at the-Bolram are Ear+
Page 61 and 62: 66 cRA?IIrcAr PRAcTrcr Although Pla
Page 63 and 64: 68 cR,{?IIrcAL ?RAcTIcE Two statist
Page 65 and 66:
70 GRA?HtC41 ?RACTTCI Many publishe
Page 67 and 68:
I t , CASSEPOSTALI DI RISPARMIO ITA
Page 69 and 70:
125 74 GRAPHICA! !RACTICE context i
Page 71 and 72:
76 cRA?IlrCAI- ?RACTTCT Conclusion
Page 73:
Sources of Graphical Integrity and
Page 76 and 77:
. A news director at a national tel
Page 78 and 79:
SOURCES OF INTEGRITY AND Table r sh
Page 80 and 81:
Table z caphi€l Sophntietion, Col
Page 82 and 83:
Conclusion The conditions under whi
Page 84 and 85:
Evuyone spoke of an inJotnatiofl oe
Page 86 and 87:
92 TIIEORY OF DATA CRA?IJICS Within
Page 88 and 89:
94 TIITORY OT D,{T,{ GNA}IIICS Most
Page 90 and 91:
96 TgroRY OF DATA CRA?HrCS Maxibizi
Page 92 and 93:
g8 TIIEOAY Or DArA GRA?IIrCS Redund
Page 94 and 95:
1OO THEORY OI DATA CRA?IIICS Most d
Page 96 and 97:
]02 TII!ORY OI DATA GRA?IiICS The d
Page 98 and 99:
1O4 TEEORY Ol DATA GRA?HrCS The reG
Page 100 and 101:
With sauge piawes jll then gaps And
Page 102 and 103:
1O8 TITEORY OF DATA GRAPIiICS The e
Page 104 and 105:
110 TIITORY OI DATA GRAP1IICS And,
Page 106 and 107:
112 TAEONY OF DATA GRAPIIICS propor
Page 108 and 109:
E '.r tsT 114 TIITORY OI DATA GRA?H
Page 110 and 111:
"l!;tr*; 116 TIIXORY OF DATA CRA?II
Page 112 and 113:
11d THEORY OF DATA GRA?HICS The add
Page 114 and 115:
12O TIIEORY OF DATA CiA?IIICS Occas
Page 116 and 117:
Painting is special, seyrate, a nat
Page 118 and 119:
124 THTORY OF DATA CRAIHTCS crn be
Page 120 and 121:
126 TIIIORY O! DATA CRA?HICS Redesi
Page 122 and 123:
128 TFIORY O! DAIA GRAPIIICS The wh
Page 124 and 125:
13O THTORY OF DATA CRA?HICS Redesig
Page 126 and 127:
132 TIIIORY OI DATA GRA?IIIC5 A smr
Page 128 and 129:
134 TIITORY OF DATA GRA?IIICS Simil
Page 130 and 131:
13O TIITORY OI DATA GRA?IIICS Concl
Page 132 and 133:
7 Mubifunctioning Graphical Element
Page 134 and 135:
A distinguished graphic thar builds
Page 136 and 137:
But let us consider this shaped poe
Page 138 and 139:
Data-Based Grids Very occasionally
Page 140 and 141:
The gnd that follows presents the d
Page 142 and 143:
Double.-Functioning Labels MUITIIUN
Page 144 and 145:
The grid inoement! ofthe X-axis are
Page 146 and 147:
Puzzles and Hierarchy in Graphics T
Page 148:
, Graphics can be desigftd ro have
Page 152 and 153:
, SimiJarly. this rable-gnphic orga
Page 154 and 155:
8 Data Density and Small Multiples
Page 156 and 157:
TOTAL PARTICIPATION DATA D!NSITY AN
Page 158 and 159:
An annual sunshine rccord reporrs a
Page 160 and 161:
Data Density atld the Size ofthe Da
Page 162 and 163:
charqjunk, non-data-ink, and redurd
Page 164 and 165:
These grim small multiples show the
Page 166 and 167:
:in nEn |':t-' trt lt! !tFftl rlt t
Page 168 and 169:
Conclusion Well-designed snull mult
Page 170 and 171:
9 t . 1 . l a 1 ' Aesthetics and Te
Page 172 and 173:
Tables also work well when the data
Page 174 and 175:
can be quite small, since the phnse
Page 176 and 177:
Accessible Complexity: The Friendly
Page 178 and 179:
Lirres ia &ta graphics sLould be th
Page 180 and 181:
The analogy to rhe horizon also sug
Page 182 and 183:
If graphia should tend toward the h
Page 184 and 185:
Epilogwe: Designs for the Display o
Page 186 and 187:
Doll. R. 47, 82 dollars, consta.t 6
Page 188:
Thon,s, Edwrd LLwetlyn 168 Thonas,
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The Visual Display

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