Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan - AWKUM

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ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY 

MARDAN 

SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR M.A SOCIOLOGY 

(2 YEARS PROGRAMME) 

FOR THE SESSION 2010/ONWARDS 

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY 

ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY, MARDAN

INTRODUCTION TO M.A IN SOCIOLOGY PROGRAMME:- 

The M.A in Sociology is taught at the newly established department of sociology at 

Palosa Campus of Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan. The department of sociology through 

its Master degree program provides a very strong academic foundation to students who intends 

to pursue higher degree of PhD, as well as, to students who intend to further and enhances their 

career‟s prospects in the non-profit, or NGOs, community development and social welfare 

sectors. 

The M.A in sociology will not only educate students in basic sociological concepts, 

sociological debates and trends in sociology as well as major social issues and social problems 

but will also train them in sociological analysis, sociological imagination, social explanation. 

In addition, by getting M.A degree in sociology the student would get training in social 

research methodology and will be equipped in using different research methods and tools. 

In general the student will have knowledge about the nature of different sociological 

explanations, their possibilities and methodological implications. Rationality and its limits, 

with regard to both individual agents and institutions. The interrelationships between 

description and explanation; theory and empirical data; macro- and micro-levels of analysis; as 

they emerge from areas of major sociological enquiry. 

PROGRAMME STRUCTURE: 

The Programme is offered only full-time and on regular basis with a total of 19 

modules, including 6 Core or Major modules/subjects and compulsory field work and 

dissertation. The degree is of two years duration minimum and a total of 4 semesters. Only 

those student will be eligible to do dissertation who have achieved at least 3 CGPA at the end 

second semester. Those students who do dissertation will get a degree with the title of “M.A in 

Sociology (with dissertation)” and the student who did not complete dissertation will get a 

degree with the title of “M.A in Sociology (Course Work Only/Taught). Below is the list of 

both major and other subjects and modules: 

Core/Majors Modules/Subjects: Other Subjects/Modules: 

Principles of Sociology Social Psychology 

Sociological Theory Environmental Sociology 

Social Research Methods Social Institutions 

Social Change and Development Rural Sociology 

Community Development Disaster Management 

Gender and Development Criminology 

Social Demography Sociology of Pakhtun Society and Culture 

Social Statistics and SPSS 

Sociology of Information and Communication 

Technologies 

Project Management 

Field work and, 

Dissertation. 

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AIMS/OBJECTIVES/LEARNING OUTCOMES: 

In nutshell, at the end of this degree, the sociology graduates should have knowledge 

of: 

1. The key concepts, debates, and trends in sociology. 

2. The major sociological paradigms and theories. 

3. The variety of methods used in sociological research. 

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Sociology graduates will be able to: 

A. Show evidence of the development of a sociological imagination by applying 

sociological knowledge in their own projects-whether intellectual, personal, and/or 

political. 

B. Exhibit confidence in expressing ideas orally and in writing.

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SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR MA SOCIOLOGY PROGRAME: 

Course 

code 

Title of Courses Marks Credit hours 

SOC 401 Principles of Sociology 100 04 

SOC 402 Community Development 100 04 

SOC 410 Social Demography 100 03 

SOC 419 Social Psychology 100 03 

SOC 405 Social Institutions 100 03 

Semester -II 

Total 17 

Course 

code 

Title of Courses Marks Credit hours 

SOC 403 Sociological Theories 100 04 

SOC 406 Sociology of Pakhtun society and 

culture 

100 03 

SOC 408 Social Change and Development 100 04 

SOC 409 Environmental Sociology 100 03 

SOC 416 Social Problems of Pakistani Society 100 03 

Semester –III 

Total 17 

Course 

Code 

Title of Courses Marks Credit Hours 

SOC 412 Rural Sociology 100 03 

SOC 411 Disaster Management 100 03 

SOC 414 Criminology 100 03 

SOC 415 Social Research Methods 100 04 

SOC 422 Field Work 100 04 

Semester -IV 

Total 17 

Course 

Code 

Title of Courses Marks Credit Hours 

SOC 433 Gender and Development 100 04 

SOC 429 Project Management 100 03 

SOC 418 Sociology of Information & 100 03 

SOC 421 

Communication Technologies (ICTs). 

Social Statistics and SPSS 100 03 

SOC 440 Dissertation 200 06 

Total 19 

Grand Total Credit Hours 70

COURSE TITLE: PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY 

COURSE CODE: SOC 401 

CREDIT HOURS: 4 

Course Aims and Objective: 

The course is designed to introduce the students with sociological concepts and the discipline. 

The focus of the course shall be on major concepts like social systems and structures, socioeconomic 

changes and social processes. The course will provide due foundation for further 

studies in the field of sociology. 

Course Outline 

1. Introduction 

� Definition, Scope, and Subject Matter 

� Sociological imagination 

� Nature of Sociology 

� Historical background of Sociology 

� Importance of studying sociology 

2. Perspectives in Sociology 

� Structural Functionalist perspective 

� Conflict perspective 

� Symbolic Interactionist perspective 

� Global perspective 

3. Culture 

� Definition, aspects and characteristics of Culture 

� Material and non material culture/culture and civilization 

� Ideal and real culture 

� Elements of culture 

� Norms and social sanctions 

� Cultural Relativism 

� Sub Cultures 

� Ethnocentrism and Xenocentrism 

� Cultural change and related concepts 

4. Socialization & Personality 

� Socialization, Agencies of Socialization 

� Self 

� Personality, Factors in Personality Formation 

� Theories of socialization and personality development 

� Role & Status 

5. Social Processes 

� Social interaction and forms of social interaction 

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� Cooperation 

� Competition 

� Conflict 

� Assimilation and acculturation 

� Accommodation 

6. Social Groups 

� Definition 

� Types of social groups 

� In and out groups 

� Primary and Secondary group 

� Reference groups 

� Bureaucracy 

� Pressure groups 

7. Social Inequality and Social Stratification 

� Social Class 

� Caste 

� Gender 

� Race 

� Social Mobility and types of social mobility 

� Income inequality 

Recommended Books: 

1. Ballantine, Jeanne H. and Roberts, Keith A. (Condensed Version) 2010. Our Social World. 

California: Pine Forge Press/Sage Publication. 

2. Brown, Ken 2004. Sociology. United Kingdom: Polity Press 

3. Brym, Robert J. and Lie, John. Sociology: Your compass for a new world (Brief Edition) 2007 

Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth. 

4. Colander, David C. and Hunt, Elgin F. (Thirteenth Edition) (2010) Social Sciences: An 

introduction to the study of Society. India: Pearson Education/Dorling Dindersley. 

5. Gidden, Anthony 2002. Introduction to Sociology. UK: Polity Press. 

6. Rao, C. N. Shankar (2008) „Sociology: Principles of Sociology with an Introduction to Social 

Throughts‟ New Delhi: S. Chand & Company. 

7. James M. Henslin. (2004). Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach. Toronto: Allen and Bacon. 

8. Macionis, John J. (2006). 10 th Edition Sociology New Jersey: Prentice-Hall 

9. Montuschi, Eleonora. (2006). The Objects of Social Sciences New York: Continuum. 

10. Hortun, Paul B. and Hunt, Chester L. 1984. Sociology. New York: McGraw-Hill 

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COURSE TITLE: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 



Aims and Objectives: 

The course aims at acquainting the students with the basic concepts of community 

development, approaches, strategies and theories. The emphasis will be placed on 

community mobilization and organization. The course will also cover the participatory 

development and different models of community development. 

Contents: 

1. Introduction: 

� Definition and explanation of terms “Community” and “Development” 

� Community development- definition and explanation 

� Aims and objectives of community development 

� Basic Principles, Approaches and Techniques of community development 

� Social organization, its process and barriers 

� Community Capacity Building 

� Impacts of Capacity Building on Communities. 

2. Community Participation: 

� Meaning of Participation 

� Role of Participation in development process 

� Types of participation 

� Various participatory approaches 

� RARA Participatory Appreciative Planning Approach 

� RRA- Rapid Rural Appraisal 

� PAR-Participatory Action Research 

� PRA- Participatory Research Action 

� PRA-Participatory Rural Appraisal 

� Tools and Techniques: 

� Review of secondary data 

� Semi Structured Interviews (a. Probing, B. Interview Protocol) 

� Diagrams 

� Direct Observation 

� Ranking and qualification method-wealth ranking 

� Preference/problem ranking e.g., Pair Ranking 

� Photographs and games 

� Dimension of PRA 

� PRA as a participatory alternative in development and research 

� PRA as a set of principles 

� PRA as a set of data gathering and awareness raising tool 

� PRA as a method of participatory project management 

� PRA for addressing specific issues 

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� PRA as work in progress 

� PRA as family of approaches 

3. Community Development in Practice 

� Community Development Programs in Pakistan 

� History of Community Development before Partition of the Sub-continent- Camilla 

Project 

� Community Development with Reference to Village-AID Program, Rural Works 

program, People‟s Work Program, Social Action program, Khushal Pakistan Program, 

Rural Support Program. 

� Community Development Programs in Underdeveloped Countries of Asia and Africa: 

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Kenya, Thailand, Egypt and Philippines. 

4. Social Mobilization 

� Meaning 

� Getting prepared 

� Getting started 

� Organizing the community into action 

� Sustaining the Intervention 

5. Attitude, Knowledge and Skills for effective Community Development 

� Attitude 

� Knowledge 

� Skills 

� Communication, Facilitation and Team-Building Skills 

� Research, Planning and Evaluation Skills 

� Problem Solving and Conflict Resolution Skills 

� Management Skills 

� Organizational Design and Development Skills 

� Building on Skills and Responding 

6. Development through NGOs. 

� Salient features of NGOS 

� NGOS‟ historical background in Pakistan 

� Role and importance of NGOS 

� Charges on NGOS 

� Policy alternatives for check and balance 


1. Burkey, S. 1996 People first- a guide to self reliant participatory rural 

development. Zed Books. 

2. Cooke, B. and Kothari, U (Eds) 2002 Participation: The New Tyranny? Zed 

Books: London 

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3. Cooke, B. 2003 „A New continuity with colonial administration: Participation in 

development management‟, Third World Quarterly 24:1, 47-61. 

4. Frank, Flo and Smith, Anne 1999 „The Community Development Handbook‟ 

[Available at http://www.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/community] 

5. IFAD 2001 „Enhancing Ownership and Sustainability‟. 

6. R Chambers 1997 „Whose reality counts‟. ITDG. 

7. Twelvetrees, Alan. 2008. Community Work. Palgrave: New York. 

8. Zari, Rafiq Dr. 2009 „Community Development: Concepts and Practice‟ 

Peshawar: University of Peshawar. 

Classical and renowned Books: 

1. Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (eds.), (1992), Making a Difference: NGOs and 

development in a Changing world. London: Earthscan Publication. 

2. Chambers, R. 2007 „Ideas for development‟ IDS working paper 238: 

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COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY 


CREDIT HOURSE: 3 


The course is designed to help the students to understand that sociology has a significant 

responsibility to contribute to population planning activities. It is further to help the students to 

recognize that the problem of population planning require entire professional activity or 

approach. 

To impart knowledge of demography and its methods to student to equip them to contribute 

fully to the goal of population control and development of nation. 

Course Contents: 

1. Introduction to Social Demography 

� Introduction 

� History of social demography 

� Importance of studying social demography 

2. Sources of Demographic Data: 

� Populaiton census 

� History of population census 

� Meaning and Definition of Census 

� Procedure of Census 

� De facto population and de jure population 

� Census Errors- Coverage error, Content error 

� History of viatal events 

� Importance of statistics 

� Combining the census and vital statistics 

� Sample Surveys 

� Dual Report System 

2. Basic Demographic Methods 

� Measures of population structure, pyramid, age and sex ratio dependency ratio, 

distributive measures 

� Measure of population change: natural increase rate, standardization of rates and net 

reproduction rate and migration rate 

3. Demographic Processes, Concepts and Terms. 

� Demographic concepts: Birth Rate, Death Rate and Fertility Rate. 

� The composition of population: Age, Sex, Urban Rural Economic conditions, Education, 

Race Ethnicity, Religion, and Marriage. 

� Mortality 

� Defining health and mortality transition 

� Health and mortality over time (Roman to the Twentieth Century) 

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� World War 2 nd as a modern turning point 

� Postponing death by preventing and curing diseases 

� Diseases and death over the life cycle 

� Age differentials in mortality 

� Sex and gender differentials 

� Causes of poor health and death 

� Measuring mortality 

� Fertility 

� Some concepts of fertility 

� Fertility, Fecundity, Natural fertility, Controlled fertility, Theoretical maximum fertility, Still 

birth, Reproductive wastage, Abortions, Sterilization, Adolescent sterility, Post-partum 

sterility, Primary and secondary sterility, Complete abstinence, Birth order, Parity. 

� Causes of high birth rate in our society 

� Causes of decreasing fertility 

� How can the fertility be decreased or controlled? 

� Measures of fertility 

� Migration and Urbanization 

� Definition, types, causes and consequences of migration 

� Definition, factors, measures and causes of urbanization. 

4. Principles of Population Dynamics. 

� Factors effecting population trends and the demographic transition. 

� Political factors involved in population Dynamics including public policy Programme. 

� Immigration and migration as influences in population dynamics. 

� Predictions and projections for future population. 

5. Theories of Population: 

� Early thinking on population 

� Prescriptions of great religions 

� Malthusian Theory 

� Neo-Malthusian Theory 

� Demographic Transition Theory by Frank W. Notestein 

RECOMMENDED BOOKS: 

1.Alam, Anwar. 2006. „Demography: Population Explosion and Control‟. Peshawar: Saif 

Printing Press. 

2. Domency, Paul and McNicoll, Geoffrey (Edited) 2003. „Dncyclopedia of Population‟. 

USA: Gale. 

3.Pandey, G. S. 2010. Introduction to Social Demography. New Delhi: Swastick. 

4.Seth, Padma. 2009. Infant Mortality and Maternal Mortality, New York, Gyan 

Publishing House. 

5.Sinha, B.R.K. 2009. Population, Environment and Development: A Global Challenge for 

the 21 st Century. New Delhi: New Century Publications. 

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6. Weeks, John R. 2008 „Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues‟. Belmont: 

Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 

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COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 


CREDIT HOURSE: 3 

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 

The course aims at familiarizing the students with the historical emergence, concepts, 

methods and theories of social psychology. It also focuses on highlighting the impact of 

culture on the personality development. The course would enable the students to 

conceptualize the dynamics and structure of social self. 

CONTENTS: 


� Introduction and Meaning of social psychology 

� Scope/Subject Matter of social psychology 

� Historical background of social psychology 

� Relationship between sociology and social psychology 

� Methods of social psychology. 

2. Social relationship 

� Prejudice 

� Aggression 

� Attraction 

� Stereotyping and Discrimination. 

� Conflict 

� Emotions 

3. Psychological explanation of Human Behaviour 

� Introduction to human behaviour 

� Psycho-Analytic theory 

� Social Learning theory 

� Cognitive or information process theory 

� Evolutionary theory 

� Behaviourism 

4. Cognition, Perception and Attitude 

� Attitude 

� Components of attitude 

� Characteristics of attitude 

� Formation of attitude 

� Attitude Change. 

� Introduction to cognition and perception 

� Person perception and object perception 

� Non verbal mediators person perception 

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� Accuracy of person perception 

5. Personality and Environment 

� Individual and environment 

� Individual motivation 

� Effect of environment on personality 

� Socializations 

� Personality 

� Measurement 

Recommended Book: 

1. Baren, Robert A, Byrne, Donn and Branscobe, Nyla R. 2006 (11 th Ed). Social 

Psychology, New Delhi: Pearson. 

2. Baren, Robert. 2008. Social Psychology, New Delhi: Pearson. 

3. Parkash, Dr. Dev. 2010. Social Psychology, New Delhi: Lotus Press. 

4. Winnicott, D. W. 2006. The Family and Individual Development. New York, Rutledge. 

5. Zastrow, Charles and Kirst-Ashman, Karen K. Understanding Human Behaviour and 

the Social Environment. Belmont: Thomson Higher Education. 

6. 

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COURSE TITLE: SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 




The purpose of this course is to acquaint students with the structure and function of society as 

well as social institutions, social structure and its influence on human behavior and how it 

shape social reality. How social institutions maintains it selves and how it change. 

Contents: 

1. Definition and description of “Social Institutions”. 

� Features/Characteristics of social institutions 

� Functionalist and conflict views on social institutions 

� Classification of social institutions 

� Functions 

� The importance of social institutions 

� The development of social institutions 

� The interconnections and inter-relationship between institutions. 

2. Types of Social Institutions. 

� Primary social institutions 

� Secondary social institutions 

3. Family and Marriage 


� Definition of family and marriage 

� Difference between family and marriage 

� General structure and functions of family and marriage 

� Marriage patterns 

� Residential patterns 

� Patterns of descent 

� Patterns of authority 

� Theoretical analysis of family 

4. Economy and Work 

� Introduction and definition of family institution 

� Historical overview 

� Three major revolution which reshapes and give birth to modern economy- Agricultural 

Revolution Industrial Revolution and the Information Revolution. 

� General structure and functions of economy 

� Sectors of the economy-Primary, Secondary, Tertiary sectors 

� Various Economic Systems-Capitalism, Socialism, Welfare and State-capitalism, 

� Work in the Post-industrial economy 

� Professions 

� New information technology and work 

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� The debate of Market vs. State 

� Multinational companies and Third World Countries 

5. Religion 

� Introduction and definition 

� Structure and Functions 

� Theoretical analysis and functions of religion 

� Religion and social change-Protestant ethics and the rise of capitalism 

6. Politics/Government. 

� Introduction and Definition 

� General Structure and functions 

� The Concepts of Power and Authority-Traditional, Legal-Rational and Charismatic 

� Politics in Global Perspective 

� -Monarchy 

� Democracy 

� Authoritarianism 

� Totalitarianism 

� A Global political system? 

� Theoretical analysis of Power in Society-Pluralist Model, The Power-Elite Model, The 

Marxist Model 

� Power beyond the rules 

� Revolution 

� Terrorism 

� War and Peace 

7. Education. 


� Structure and functions 

� Schooling and economic development 

� Schooling and social inequality 

� Problems in the school, and unrest in universities 

� Theoretical analysis of education or schooling 

8. Introduction to Civil society organizations 

� Community Based Organizations 

� Community Citizen Board 

� Non Government Organizations 

� International Non Governmental Organizations 

� UN Bodies 

� Chamber of Commerce and Industries 

BOOKS RECOMMENDED: 

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� Ballantine, Jeanne H. and Roberts, Keith A. (Condensed Version) 2010. Our Social World. 

California: Pine Forge Press/Sage Publication. 

� Brown, Ken 2004. Sociology. United Kingdom: Polity Press 

� Brym, Robert J. and Lie, John. Sociology: Your compass for a new world (Brief Edition) 

2007 Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth. 

� Colander, David C. and Hunt, Elgin F. (Thirteenth Edition) 2010 Social Sciences: An 

introduction to the study of Society. India: Pearson Education/Dorling Dindersley. 

� Gidden, Anthony 2002. Introduction to Sociology. UK: Polity Press. 

� Hortun, Paul B. and Hunt, Chester L. 1984. Sociology. New York: McGraw-Hill 

� James M. Henslin. 2004. Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach. Toronto: Allen and 

Bacon. 

� Macionis, John J. 2006. 10 th Edition Sociology New Jersey: Prentice-Hall 

� Horton Paul, B Introduction to Sociology (4 th Edition)2002, Sage: Delhi 

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COURSE: SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES 




The course provides a review of classical sociological theorists to contemporary sociological 

thinking. It focuses on the content and utility of classical theories in terms of understanding 

social world. While the course provides a general history of sociological theory, the focus 

remains on examining how classical theories have provided the basis for a better understanding 

of the character and dynamics of societies around the world. The contents of the course also 

help understand the nature of contemporary sociological theories. 



� Theory and Knowledge 

� Process of Theorizing 

� What is a sociological Theory 

� Types of Sociological Theories 

� Inductive and Deductive 

� Fact, Propositions, and Laws 

� Development of sociological theory 

� Social Forces 

� Intellectual Forces 

� French Revolution 

� Enlightenment 

2. Structural-Functionalist Perspective/Positivist Sociology: 


� Characteristics and main assumptions 

� Auguste Comte 

� Emile Durkheim 

� Talcott Parsons 

� Robert K. Merton 

3. Critical-Conflict Perspective: 


� Characteristic, Outlook and main assumptions 

� Hazart Allama Ibne Khaldun 

� Karl Marx 

� Wright Mills 

4. Symbolic Interactions Perspective: 

� Max Weber 

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� George Herbert Mead 

� Charles. H. Cooley 

� Erving Goffman 


1. Appelrouth Scott. 2007. Sociological Theory in the Contemporary Era: Text and 

Readings. London: Pine Forge Press. 

2. Bronner, Stephen Erick (latest ed.) Critical Theory and Society-A Reader, London; 

Rutledge and Kegan paul. 

3. Calhon, Craig. Ed. 2007. Contemporary Sociological Theory. 2 nd ed. Malden, USA: 

Blackwell Publishing. 

4. Emile Durkheim, 2001. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York: Oxford 

University Press. 

5. Farganis, James 2000. “Readings in Social Theory: The Classic Tradition to Post- 

Modernism (3 rd Ed.)”. Boston: McGraw Hill. 

6. Gianfranco Poggi, 2000. Durkheim. New York: Oxford University Press 

7. John, J. Macionis. 2004. Sociology, 10 th edition. Hardcover 

8. Max Weber, 2001. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Los Angeles, CA: 

Roxbury Publishing Co. 

9. Ritzer, George 2002. Sociological Theory (10 th edition). New York: McGraw Hill. 

COURSE TITLE: SOCIOLOGY OF PAKHTUN SOCIETY AND CULTURE 



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Sociology is a study of relationship between human beings with others in a society including 

the relationship with the culture. To open the ability of holistic thinking, the students of 

sociology have to learn social value system of others‟ society as well as their own. 

The social value system of Pakhtun is chosen because Pakhtun people have proven to the world 

that they could be a developed society without neglecting the value of tradition. However, in 

the recent past, due to some global events, the perception of people around the world has 

changed and is getting more and more biased towards Pakhtun. The true Pakhtun culture and 

social system and their values systems are hidden from the world community as well as from 

their own fellow nationals. Therefore this course aims to introduce and depict the accurate and 

real culture and society to the wider audience and students of sociology. Moreover, the course 

will help students of sociology to do research on the different dimension of traditional value 

systems of Pakhtun and the socio-cultural changes happening in the Pakhtun region. Also it 

will help to sort out problems faced by Pakhtun in all sphere of life and will clarify the 

misconceptions about them. 


� History and origin of Pakhtun 

� Tribes, races and ethnicities among Pakhtun 

� Different school of thoughts on the origin of Pakhtun 

� Description of the Pakhtun belt and region and the impact of geography on Pakhtun culture 

and identity. 

2. Pakhtun Social Institutions 

� Hujra, its structure and functions 

� Jirga, structure, functions and its significance 

� Joomat (mosque) its importance and functional necessity 

� Madrassa, functions and its educational value for Pakhtun 

3. Pakhtun Culture-Pakhtunwali 

� Introduction to Pakhtunwali 

� Melmastya(Hospitality) 

� Badal (Revenge) 

� Nanawaty 

� Gherat (Honour) 

� Nang/Sharam/Patt 

� Purdah 

� Khegarah 

� Malamatya 

� Teega 

� Rogha 

� Thora and Topak 

� Satt 

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5. Customs and Dresses 

� Swara, Tore, Honour Killing 

� Lopata, Sadar, Patkey, Wasket etc 

5. Pakhtun Art, Music and Literature 

� Musical Instruments, Sittar, Rabab, Mangai, Shpelai 

� Folk Literature,Tappa, Misra, Charbaita, Badala, Rubaai, Nimakai 

� Poets, Rahman Baba, Khushaal Baba, Hameed Baba, Hamza Baba, Ghani Khan(Lewaney 

Falsofy), Ajmal Khattak 

6. Pakhtun Social Stratification 

� Khan/Naik 

� Mullah 

� Kasab Ghar, Nai, Tarkan, Jola, Kolal, Henger (Lohar), Nandaf, Mazdoor,Dehqaan 

8.Pakhtun Social Movements 

� Khudai Khidmatgaar Tehreek 

� Khushaal against Mughal 

� Pakhtun Freedom movements Against British(Turangzai Haji) 

� Tehreek Reshmi Roomal 


1. Ahmad, Aijaz. 2005. Frontier Gandhi: Reflections on Muslim Nationalism in India. Social 

Scientist 33 (Jan-Feb). 22-39. 

2. Banerjee, Mukulika. 2002 The Pathan unarmed: opposition and memory in the North West 

Frontier. Santa Fe, N. M.: School of American Research Press 

3. Caroe, O. K. 1965 The Pathans, London: Macmillan and Co. 

4. Glatzer, Bernt 2002 The Pashtun Tribal System. Chapter No. 10. in G. Pfeffer and D. 

K. Behera (eds.): Concepts of Tribal Society (Contemporary Society: Tribal Studies, Vol 5), 

New Delhi: Concept Publishers. [Accessible on: www.afghanic 

.de/images/whatiswhat/tribal_system.pdf.] 

5. Picco, Giandomenico and Palmisano, Antonio Luigi. 2007 Afghanistan: How much 

of the past in the new future. Istituto di Sociolgia Internazionale de Gorizia (I.S.I.G) Stampa: 

Grafica Goriziana. 

6. Spain, J. W. 1963 People of Khyber, London: 

7. Spain, J. W. 1973 The Pathan Borderland. (2 nd Ed.) London: 

COURSE TITLE: SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT 


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Objective: 

Concepts and terms related to the issues of development shall be learnt. The students will learn 

about relevant theories about change and progress. Models of development related to local, 

regional, and global levels will be examined. Comparisons will be drawn among political, 

social, and economic factors of development in a variety of perspectives. 

Course Outline 


� Change, development, and progress 

� The meaning „development‟ 

� Development and underdevelopment 

� Critiques of development: Eurocentric, populist stances, anti-development and post- 

modernity 

3. Theories of development 

� The Modernization School 

� Marxist and Socialist Models 

� Development and Underdevelopment-Dependency 

� Structural Adjustment Policies 

4. Social Change 


� Various dimensions of social change 

� Magnitude, rate and direction of social change 

� Identification of social change. 

� Factors affecting social change 

5. Social Change and Development in Global Perspective 

� The Politics of Development: Economy, Policy, Culture 

� Corporations, Classes and Consumerism 

� Gender and Development 

� Transitional Practices in the Third World 

6. Globalization, development and underdevelopment 

� What does globalization mean? 

� Globalization and Development: for and against/solution or problem? 

� Global transformations: a shrinking world or a more unequal world? 

� Globalization and the information society: the digital divide and an unequal world 

� Economic aspects of globalization: industrialisation, TNCs, world cities and global shifts 

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� Economic change and global divergence 

� Global convergence? Perspectives on cultural globalization 

� Political aspects of globalization: the anti-capitalist movements 

� Globalization and unequal development 

6. The Role of Aid in Development 

� The Role of Non-government Organizations in Development 

� Development in Pakistan: A Case Study 

Recommended Books 

1. Boas, Morten. 2004. Global Institutions and Development: Framing the World? London: 

Routledge. 

2. Chambers, Robert. 2005. Ideas for Development. London: Earthscan. 

3. Danne M waddell (2007) Organization Thoms G Cummings Christopher G Worley 

Development & Change Asia Pacific 

4. Debora heade (2005) Development NGO & Civil Society Rawat Publications Jaipur New 

Delhi 

5. Griffiths, Robert j. 2004. Developing World. Guilford: McGraw-Hill. 

6. Jha, A.K. 2006. Globalization & Human Resource Development in 21st Century. 

Lucknow: Institute for Sustainable Development. 

7. Katie Willis. 2005. Theories and Practices of Development. London: Routledge. 

8. Kothari, Uma. 2002. Development theory and Practice: Critical Perspectives. New York: 

Palgrave Macmillan. 

9. Pietese, Jan Nederveen. 2001. Development theory: Deconstruction/Reconstruction new 

Delhi: Vistaar Publishers. 

10. Sahni, Pardeep. 2003. Governance for Development: Issues and Strategies. New Delhi: 

Prentice Hall. 

11. Schech, Susanne. 2002. Development: A cultural Studies Reader. Australia: Blackwell 

Publishing. 

12. Singh, Sita Ram. 2005. Poverty Alleviation in the third world. New Delhi: APH Publishing 

Corporation. 

13. Thirlwall, A.P. 2006. Growth and Development with special reference to developing 

economies 6th ed. 

COURSE TITLE: ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY 


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Ecology is often described as the study of natural communities while sociology is described as 

the study of human communities. Environmental sociology is the study of both together, the 

study of the “community” in the broadest sense–people, water, land, plants, animals etc. 

Indeed, society and the physical environment are tightly linked in various ways. 

During this course, we will explore these linkages at various levels from the local to the global. 

Environmental sociology raises questions that contemporary “mainstream” sociology has been 

very concerned with, too, these last 30 years or so. Indeed, environmental sociology is highly 

emblematic for the challenges the “modernity” project is facing. Since the modernist 

dichotomy between social systems and natural systems becomes less and less tenable, new 

ways to account for the real and socially entangled world have to be found. 

The course is mainly oriented towards a theoretical discussion and is geared towards getting 

students acquainted with different schools of thought not only in the discussion around 

„environmental sociology‟ but also the discussions and cases from cognate areas of 

development theory, i.e. rural and urban development (including sustainable development), 

Sociological theory, modernity etc. The concepts, theories and paradigms of the discipline will 

be mainly derived from the (Rich) North‟s academic tradition. Each time, empirical examples 

will be provided to support the discussion, primary by analyzing examples from both the 

„North‟ & the „South‟ 



� Definition and explanation of Environmental Sociology 

� The Birth and Growth of Environmental Sociology-Historical Background 

� Environmental sociology and the larger discipline 

� Current trends and point of debates in environmental sociology 

� Major paradigms in environmental sociology and discourse 

a. Human Exemptionlism Paradigm (HEP) 

b. New Ecological Paradigms (NEP) 

� Basic concepts and terms of environmental sociology 

a. Existential dualism 

b. Societal-environmental dialectic 

c. Treadmill of production 

d. Ecology 

e. Biosphere 

f. Ecosystem 

g. Environmental Justice 

1. Major Sociological Perspectives on Environmental Problems 

� Structural-Functionalism 

� Conflict 

� Symbolic interactionism 

24

2. Environmental Problems 

� Societal-Environmental interactions 

� Evolution of Environmental Problems 

� Three Main functions of environment 

� Societal response to environmental problems 

� Causes of environmental Problems 

� Impacts of Environmental Problems 

� Possible solutions of environmental problems. 

4. Major Environmental Issues and Problems 

� Resources – flow and stock resources, resource depletion 

� Waste and Pollution 

� Environmental Sinks 

� Waste Assimilation systems 

� Population growth and the environment 

� Biodiversity 

� Quality of life 

� Environmental problems or human problems 

5. Theoretical Underpinnings for the Explanation of Environmental problem 

� The biological nature of the human species-Nature Vs Nurture. Sociobiology 

� The nature of human needs and wants and satisfiers-Human needs and environmental 

capital, Maslow Hierarchy of needs theory, needs and satisfiers, needs in post-modern 

society 

� The conflict between individual and larger scale interests – The „Tragedy of the commons‟ 

model and „Life-boat‟ model 

� The role of values in determining attitudes and behaviour – Extrinsic and Intrinsic values, 

values and the greens 

6. Sustainable Development and the Goals of Environmental Policy 

� The predicament off humankind: Malthusianism 

� The Limits to Growth thesis 

� What sustainable development means? 

� Assessing Sustainability: the three key criteria, The Capital Approach, Environmental Space 

approach, 

7. Resources and the Environment 

� The importance of resources in development 

� Resource constraints and the development process 

� Environmental impacts of development 

� The search for sustainable resource management 

RECOMMENDED BOOKS: 

25

1. Dobson, Andrew (Edited) 2003 „Fairness and Futurity: Essays on Environmental 

Sustainability and Social Justice‟ Oxford, Oxford. 

2. Hannigan, J. (2 nd Ed) 2006. „Environmental Sociology‟, London: Routledge 

3. Humphry, C. R. and Buttel, F. R. (1982), „Environment, Energy, and Society‟, California: 

Wadsworth, Inc. 

4. Moore, F. (1 st Ed.) 2003. „Environment and society‟, New Delhi: Dominant Publishers and 

Distributors 

5. Potter, R. B. Binns, T. A. E. Jennifer and Smith, D. 1999. „Geographies of development‟, 

Singapore: Addison Wesley Longman Limited 

6. Roberts, J. (2004), „Environmental Policy‟, London: Routledge 

7. Sharp, A. M. Register, C. A. & Leftwich, R. H. (9 th Ed.) 1990. „Economics of Social 

Issues‟, Boston: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. 

8. Shrivastava, A. K. 2004. „Population development, environment, and health‟, New Delhi: 

A P H Publishing Corporation. 

9. Wright, R. (ed.) 2004. „Controversies in Environmental Sociology’, New York: Cambridge 

University Press 

10. Wright, R. T. and J. N. Bernard. (8 th Ed.) 2002. „Environmental Science: Toward a 

sustainable future‟ New Delhi: Prentice Hall, Inc. 

26

COURSE TITLE: SOCIAL STATISTICS AND BASIC SPSS 




This is a basic course in statistics with particular focus on the social sciences. It is taught in a 

user-friendly manner with emphasis on use of SPSS, statistical analysis software commonly 

used in social research. The course will teach basic statistical methods in which social 

researchers should have facility to execute their own analyses. This includes generation of 

descriptive statistics, correlations, t-tests, chi-square tests, analysis of contingency tables, oneway 

ANOVA, and simple regression. The course will also introduce additional statistical 

methods about which social researchers should be knowledgeable, including multiple linear 

regression, logistic regression, and survey analysis. Classes will include presentation of 

statistical concepts underlying specific procedures, and discussion of circumstances under 

which a procedure is and is not appropriate. Classes will also include demonstration of 

statistical procedures, and interpretation of program output. Homework exercises will involve 

executing statistical procedures covered in class with sample data sets, and interpreting the 

results. 


1. What is Statistics? 

Definition of Statistics, what is SPSS, Population, sample Descriptive and inferential 

Statistics, Observations, Data, Discrete and continuous variables, Errors of measurement, 

Significant digits, Rounding of a Number, Collection of primary and secondary data, 

Sources, Editing of Data. Exercises. 

2. Presentation of Data 

Introduction, basic principles of classification and Tabulation, Constructing of a frequency 

distribution, Relative and Cumulative frequency distribution, Diagrams, Graphs and their 

Construction, Bar charts, Pie chart, Histogram, Frequency polygon and Frequency curve, 

Cumulative Frequency Polygon or Ogive, Historigram, Ogive for Discrete Variable. Types 

of frequency curves. Exercises. 

3. Measures of Central Tendency 

Introduction, Different types of Averages, Quantiles, The Mode, Empirical Relation 

between Mean, Median and mode, Relative Merits and Demerits of various Averages. 

properties of Good Average, Box and Whisker Plot, Stem and Leaf Display, definition of 

outliers and their detection. Exercises. 

4. Measures of Dispersion 

Introduction, Absolute and relative measures, Range, The semi-Inter-quartile Range, The 

Mean Deviation, The Variance and standard deviation, Change of origin and scale, 

Interpretation of the standard Deviation, Coefficient of variation, Properties of variance and 

standard Deviation, Standardized variables, Moments and Moments ratios. Exercises. 

27

5. Probability and Probability Distributions 

Discrete and continuous distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Normal Distribution. 

Exercises 

6. Sampling and Sampling Distributions 

Introduction, sample design and sampling frame, bias, sampling and non sampling errors, 

sampling with and without replacement, probability and non-probability sampling, 

Sampling distributions for single mean and proportion, Difference of means and 

proportions. Exercises. 

7. Hypothesis Testing 

Introduction, Statistical problem, null and alternative hypothesis, Type-I and Type-II errors, 

level of significance, Test statistics, acceptance and rejection regions, general procedure for 

testing of hypothesis. Exercises. 

8. Testing of Hypothesis- Single Population 

Introduction, Testing of hypothesis and confidence interval about the population mean and 

proportion for small and large samples, Exercises 

9. Testing of Hypotheses-Two or more Populations 

Introduction, Testing of hypothesis and confidence intervals about the difference of 

population means and proportions for small and large samples, Analysis of Variance and 

ANOVA Table. Exercises 

10. Testing of Hypothesis-Independence of Attributes 

Introduction, Contingency Tables, Testing of hypothesis about the Independence of 

attributes. Exercises. 

11. Regression and Correlation 

Introduction, cause and effect relationships, examples, simple linear regression, estimation 

of parameters and their interpretation. r and R 2 . Correlation. Coefficient of linear 

correlation, its estimation and interpretation. Multiple regression and interpretation of its 

parameters. Examples 

Recommended Books 

1. Babbie, E., F. Halley, & J., Zaino 2007. Adventures in Social Research 6th 

edition. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press 

2. Earl Babbie 2010. The Practice of Social Research 12th edition. Belmont CA, 

Wadsworth Publishing. 

3. Field, Andy. (3 rd Ed) 2009. Sex, Drugs, and Rock n Roll: Discovering statistics 

using SPSS. Sage Publication: UK 

4. Haely, Joseph F. (8 th Ed) 2009. „Statistics: A Tool for Social Research‟ Belmont: 

WADSWORTH Cengage Learning. 

5. Joan Welkowitz, Barry H. Cohen, Robert B. Ewen. (6 th Edition) 2006. 

„Introductory Statistics for the behaviorual sciences‟ USA,: Wiley 

28

6. Morgan, George A. ; Leech, Nancy L.; Gloeckner, Gene W. ; and Barret, Karen 

C. (2 nd Ed) 2004 SPSS for Introductory Statistics: Use and Interpretations‟ New Jersey: 

Kawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 

7. Muhammad, F. 2005. “Statistical Methods and Data Analysis”, Kitab Markaz, 

Bhawana Bazar Faisalabad. 

8. Stockburger, David W. 1996 „Introductory Statistics: Concepts, Models, and 

Applications‟ Available at www.Version 1.0.com 

29

COURSE TITLE: RURAL SOCIOLOGY 



Aims and Objective: 

The course aims at providing knowledge of basic concepts of rural sociology to the 

students. Moreover an in-depth understanding of structure of rural society will be carried 

out. The course focuses on issues relating to the study of rural people and places, as well 

as rural related issues in both advanced and developing countries. This course is designed 

to explore the changing nature of rural development in the global economy. 

Introduction: 

� Introduction and meaning. 

� Definition and development of rural sociology 

� Scope and impotence of rural sociology. 

� The role of rural sociologist. 

� Subject matter of rural sociology 

� Rural sociology as a science. 

Rural social organization: 

� Social stratification 

� Rural castes and classes, 

� Estates, the biradiri, clan and tribes and the jirga system 

Social Institution in Rural Society: 

� Family, introduction, characteristics, functions, types of family system in rural 

� Pakistan. 

� The changing pattern of rural family system and the impact of urbanization 

Migration, 

Modernization and rapid social change. 

� Education, introduction, meaning, definition and its various types of education 

e.g. – 

� Informal, formal and the non-formal. The role of mosques and madras‟s in rural 

Education. 

� The problem in the way of rural education with reference to female education in 

Pakistan. 

� Political institution, its meaning, definition and functions. Forms of authority 

and its 

basis in rural areas of Pakistan. 

� Local government, structure, historical development of local government in 

Pakistan. The role of local government in people political education and in the 

development of rural physical and social infrastructure. 

� Religious institution, its meaning and functions in rural society. 

� Economic institution, its structure, functions, and the role of agriculture in rural 

economy. 

� The concept of reciprocity and exchange in rural areas of Pakistan. 

30

� Technological development and the rural economy. The problems faced by rural 

economy. 

Social Process of Rural Society 

� Co – operation and its forms, forms of cooperation in rural areas. 

� Conflict, its types and the basis of conflicts in rural areas of Pakistan. 

� Competition and its forms, the various sources of competition in rural areas of 

Pakistan. 

� Accommodation and the settlement of disputes. The role of Jirga, beraderi, in 

the settlement of disputes. 

� Faction, feuds and the resolution of conflict in Pakistan. 

Physical Development in Rural Society: 

� Physical infrastructure development 

� Basic needs and Approaches in rural development. 

� Agricultural development. 

� Means of communication, roads, and market development. 

� Health and recreation facilities. 

Rural Society in Transition: 

� Meaning of change and transition. 

� Rural poverty and rural development. 

� Field of agriculture 

� Field of education 

� Economics problems 

� Factionalism 

Development, Change and Rural Women and Problems in Pakistan 

� Changing status of women 

� Rural women as an agent for development 

� Economics status of rural women 

� Participation of rural women in the protection of environment 

� Role of women as manager of domestic energy 

� Income generation scheme s for rural women 

COURSE RECOMMENDED BOOKS: 

1. CHITAMBER, J.B. (2003). An introduction to rural sociology. New Delhi: 

Balley Eastern Limited. 

2. Dalal, B. (2003). Rural Planning in Developing Countries, New Delh: Earthscan. 

3. Khan, Nowshad. (2000). Rural Poverty Alleviation. Islamabad:National Book 

Foundation. 

4. Kolb, John. H.L. (1989). A Study of Rural Sociology (4th Edition). London: 

Houghton Mifflin. 

5. Sahibzada, Mohibul Haq. (1997). Poverty Alleviation. Islamabad: Institute of 

Policy Studies. 

6. Social Policy and Development Centre.(2000). Social Development in 

Pakistan.New York: Oxford University Press. 

31

COURSE TITLE: DISASTER MANAGEMENT 




More and more the need to consider „natural‟ disasters and their impacts as part of the wider 

development discourse is recognized. While aiming to introduce students to the contemporary 

disaster debates, the course will also use concrete examples and evidence from recent events to 

highlight „good practice‟ in relief and reconstruction efforts from a gendered vulnerability 

perspective. The oft-ignored issues of emotional trauma, increased violence and spatial and 

social dislocation that disasters may provoke will also be considered in some depth, alongside 

discussion of the possibilities for change that large-scale disaster offer. 

More specifically, the students of this course will get an understanding of the underlying 

causes of „natural‟ disasters and their links with present developmental processes. Additionally, 

basic knowledge of relief and reconstruction initiatives and gender frameworks for their 

implementation. Plus understanding of the possible wider implications of disasters both 

„negative‟, the trauma and violence that may follow, and the possibilities for positive social 

transformation. 

32


� What is disaster and Hazard and the difference between disaster and hazard, 

� Types of disasters-Natural disasters and Man-made disaster including Famine, Biological 

hazards, Floods, Storms, Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruptions, Accidents, Political and complex 

emergencies 

� Points of debate and myths about disaster and development 

� What is relief, emergency response (Sphere Project) , and rehabilitation 

� What is vulnerability and risk 

� The role of local, national and international agencies in disaster response 

� The role of media in disaster response 

� Secondary disasters: Trauma or Psycho-social aspect and Violence 

� Community based disaster risk management, importance of community-based 

� Global Policy Framework: Hyogo framework For Action 2005-2015 

RECOMMENDED READINGS: 

1. Alley, E et al (1993) Combating the vulnerability of communities in P. Meriman and C. 

Browitt (eds) Natural Disasters: Protecting vulnerable communities Thomas Telford, London. 

2. Alexander, D (2000) Confronting Catastrophe: New perspectives on Natural Disasters. New 

York: Oxford University Press. 

3. Anderson, M. and Woodrow, P. (1999) Rising from the Ashes: Development Strategies in 

Times of Disasters, 2 nd ed. London, IT Press. 

4. Blaikie, Piers et al (1994) At Risk: Natural Hazards, People‟s vulnerability and Disasters 

Routledge, London and New York 

5. Enarson, E and Morrow, B (eds) (1998) The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women‟s 

Eyes. Westport 

6. Godschalk, D. et al, 1999 Natural Hazard Mitigation: Recasting Disaster Policy and Planning. 

Washington, D.C.; Island Press. 

7. Lewis, J (1999) Development in Disaster-prone Places: Studies of vulnerability. Intermediate 

Technology Publications, London. 

8. Maskrey, A (1989) Disaster Mitigation: A Community Based Approach. Oxford: Oxfam. 

9. Wood, A et al (eds) (2001) Evaluating International Humanitarian Action: reflections from 

practitioners Zed Books: London and New York 

10. Varley, A (ed) (1994) Disasters, Development and Environment, Chichester: Wiley 

33

COURSE TITLE: CRIMINOLOGY 




To help students develop understanding of the dynamics, origins and cause of Social 

Deviation, Delinquency and Crime, especially among adolescents and youth. To impart 

knowledge about the increasing incidence of crime with in the context of our socioeconomic 

and cultural environment. 


� Introduction to criminology 

� Scope, Nature and subject matter of criminology 

� Criminology and criminal law 

� Definition(Legal and Non Legal), meaning and concept of Crime 

� Elements of crimes 

� Deviance and Crime. 

� Explanation of Crime in social and cultural context 

2. Crime and Criminal 

34

� Types of the crime and criminals 

� (Violent crimes, property crimes, business crimes and Organized crimes) 

� Causes of crimes 

� Remedies of the crimes 

3. Theoretical Explanation of Crime. 

� Introduction of old Theories 

� Biological Theory of Crime) (Lambroso, Sheldon) 

� Sociological theory of crime 

� Social - process and social- structure approach (Sutherland, Durkheim, Robert K Merton, 

Karl Marx) 

� Psychological theory (Sigmund Freud, Skinner ) 

4. Agencies Controlling Crime 

� Formal and informal control of crime and criminal behavior 

� Role of Social institutions in prevention and detection of crime, like family, school peer 

group etc. 

� Structure and Role of formal institutions e.g. 

� Police, F.I.A C.I.A C.I.D etc. 

5 . Crime Statistics 


� Sources, Difficulties and Needs 

� National crime statistics and its sociological interpretation 

� International crime statistics and its sociological interpretation 

� Problems of validity and reliability 

6. Probation and Parole 

� Definition of probation and parole. 

� Role of probation and parole officers. 

� Difference between probation and parole. 

� Social investigation in probation. 

7 Juvenile Delinquency 


� Causes and remedies 

� Juvenile reformatories 

8 Theories of Punishment 

� Retributive. 

� Deterrence. 

� Social Solidarity 

� Reformative. 

� Islamic concept of crimes and its punishment 

35

BOOKS RECOMMENDED. 

1. P.P.C Law Publication Pakistan, P.L.D Publisher Nabha Road, Lohore. 

2. Lan Brownlex, Langmen 1998 Community Punishment, A Critical Introduction, London 

and New York. 

3. Macionis, John J. 2006. 10 th Edition Sociology New Jersey: Prentice-Hall 

4. Rouald L. Akers (2 nd Ed) 1999 „Criminological Theories introduction and Evaluation, (2 nd 

Edition) Fitzroy Dearborn Publisher, Chicago- London-.. 

5. Sutherland Edwin II Donald R Gessay 2001. Principles of criminology New york J. B 

Lipoincott company. 

COURSE TITLE: FIELD WORK 




The Field Work is aimed at providing practical experience to gain professional knowledge and 

develop skills and attitudes appropriate to the practice of Sociology. It is designed to give 

students “real world” experience to complement and enhance their classroom studies. An 

academic complements the work experience. The sociology students of M.A (Third 

Semester/Final year) classes will carryout Block Field Work under the supervision of a faculty 

member in a any social set up or community level. 

Details/Description: 

The minimum requirements for the Field Work will be 3 credit hours of Sociology field work 

practice in the field for an academic year. The Block Field Work will be a minimum period of 

7 days and maximum 10 days. The student of Field Work will be assessed and graded on the 

following criteria by faculty member supervising the field work:- 

General capacity for understanding and translating in effective practice the concepts of 

ethnographic field work and leadership ability in sociology in terms of the following qualities: 

i) Degree of initiative. 

36

ii) Ability to interpret the aims of study. 

iii) Ability to develop co-operation among people. 

iv) Quality of relationship with individual and groups. 

v) Consistency and persistency in terms of goals and objectives. 

vi) Administrative ability. 

vii) General sense of responsibility about the job. 

B. Ability to work constructively in a team. 

C. Response to individual potentiality for further growth 

D. Use of professional literature and its application fieldwork. 

Before assigning the agency for their Field Work Practice, the students will be provided with 

proper orientation. They will be informed that an observational plan will be followed after 

classroom orientation for fieldwork. The students will have to visit different agencies during 

the orientation phase and will have to write comprehensive reports on each visit by using 

guidelines given to them on the observation visit proforma. 

3. For the assessment of student‟s performance following reports/items have to be taken in 

considerations as process: - 

1. Schedule - 70 percent of the required time 

2. Orientation - Visit to the agencies 

3. Reporting - Shall submit at the end of field work trip 

Daily presentation in the field and final reports to the Supervisor. 

4. Supervision - Academic and field 

5. Presentation - The students have to 

give presentation of their field Work in presence of the class, faculty. 

6. Evaluation - Should be done as per criteria lay down. 

All the departments have to nominate a faculty member to co-ordinate Field Work activities. 

He/She will be responsible to co-ordinate and liaise with the other members of the faculty and 

finalize the students placement. 

- The coordinator has to establish rapport and keep in contact with the field supervisors also. 

- To organize field seminars, he/she will extend support and guidance to the students. 

- Evaluation and presentation of the student have to be coordinated from this form. 

- Arrangement of transport (if and when required) is his responsibilities. 

37

COURSE TITLE: - SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS 

COURSE CODE:- SOC 415 


Course Objective: 

The course aims to learn about the basic concepts of social research, various research 

methodologies, both quantitative and qualitative. The students will learn about the usage of 

various methodologies while conducting research on different topics. The main tools and 

research techniques will be studied. It is assumed that the students have a background in basic 

social statistics and in social theories. The students will also learn about certain specific 

computer software like SPSS. 

Course Contents 


� Characteristics of scientific- social research 

� Theory and research 

� Types of social research 

� Qualitative and Quantitative 

� Quality of good researcher 

38

2. Steps in Research 

� Choosing the problem and its significance 

� Review of relevant literature 

� Justification of Topic 

� Theoretical framework 

� Formulation of Objectives 

� Formulation of research question 

� Conceptualizing and Operationalizing 

� Derivation of research hypothesis 

� The time dimension: 

� cross sectional studies 

� longitudinal studies 

3. Sampling 

� Types of Sampling 

� Sampling Techniques 

� Preparation of Sampling Frame 

� Sampling Size 

� Error and Control 

4. Tools of Data Collection 

� Questionnaire 

� Interview Schedule 

� Checklist 

� Observation 

� Focus Group Discussion / Interview(FGD/I) 

5. Data Collection and Processing 

� Sources of Data 

� Methods of Data Collection 

� Survey method 

� Experimental method 

� Case study method 

� Content Analysis 

� Data Management 

� Data Analysis Techniques 


1. Alwin, Duene F. 2007. Margins of Error; A Study of Reliability in Survey Measurments. 

U.S.A. : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

2. Babbie, Earl. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10 th Edition. Belmont: CA Words Worth 

Publishing. 

3. Bridge Semekh & Culhy. 2005. Research Methods in the Social Science. New Delhi: Vistaar 

Publiser. 

4. Christopher Winship, 2003, Sociological Methods and Research. London: Sage Publications. 

39

5. Neuman William Lawerence. 2000 Social Research Methods 4 th ed. Allyn and Eacon., Boston. 

6. Norman Blaikie, 2003, Analyzing Quantitative Data, Sage Publication London. 

7. Somekh & Lewin, 2005, Research methods in Social Sciences, Vistaar, Publication, New 

Delhi. 

8. William Dragon and Steve Duck, 2005, Understanding Research in Personal Relationship Sage 

London. 

9. Juliet Corbin & Anselm C Strauss, Basics of Qualitative Research (Third Edition) (2008) Sage 

Publications New Delhi; 

10. Marcus Banks, 2008. Using Visual Data in Qualitative Research. Sage Publications New 

Delhi; 

11. Norman K Denzin & Yvonnal Lincoin, 2008 Collecting and Interpreting 

Qualitative Materials Sage Publications New Delhi; 

12. Rosaline Barbour 2008 “Doing Focus Groups” New Delhi: Sage Publications 

COURSE TITLE: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT 




Taking an international perspective, this course aims to introduce students to current global 

development issues, especially in the „Third World‟. Paying special attention to the analysis of 

poverty and gender, the first part of the course equips students with relevant conceptual and 

methodological tools. These are then applied to a range of specific issues including approaches 

to development theories, work, households and gendered divisions of labour; globalization and 

industrialisation; gender and environmental issues; and approaches to gender planning in 

development. Students completing the course will be sensitized to a range of perspectives 

relevant to gender and development policy dimensions of governments and non-governmental 

agencies in developing countries. 


1: The Concept of Gender & Feminists‟ concept of gender inequality 

40 

� The meaning and Definition of Gender & related concepts 

� Feminist Movements: Review of the assumptions of various feminist movements

41 

& their critique 

� Gendered Critique of Development Theories 

2: Putting „Gender‟ on the Development Agenda 

� Brief History & Characteristic functions of IMF & The World Bank 

� IMF-World Bank and the History of Development Interventions 

� The Movement of „Women in Development (WID)‟ through „Women & 

Development (WAD)‟ to „Gender & Development (GAD)‟ 

� The Gendered nature of Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs): men‟s and 

women‟s poverty under SAPs 

� The Feminization of Poverty? 

� Documentary Film Showing: „Stormville: Life and Debt in Jamaica‟ 

3: Gender, poverty and livelihoods in the developing world 

� The meaning and definition of Poverty: Analyzing the indicators used for the 

definition of Poverty 

� Causes of Poverty 

� A Gendered Perspective on the definition & Critique of Poverty 

� Strategies of Poverty Alleviation 

� Critique of Poverty Alleviation from Gendered Perspective 

� Differences and Commonalities between men‟s and women‟s experiences of 

poverty in The „North‟ and the „South‟ 

4: Gender, Environment, and Globalisation 

� The rise of „environment‟ on the Development Agenda: From Environmentalism 

to „Our Common Future‟ 

� Feminists‟ notions about Environmental crisis: The „Women Environment and 

Development‟ (WED) 

� Globalisation: its meaning and context for the „South‟ 

� Global Industrial developments: outsourcing and women‟s labour in industries 

5: Gender-analysis of development project 

� Gender-based analysis: assumptions, applicability and critique of various Gender 

Framework Analyses 

� Key components of gender-based project proposal writing and planning 


1. BRIDGE. (2001), ‘Briefing Paper on Feminisation of Poverty’ [On Line] 

Prepared by BRIDGE for Swedish International Development Cooperation 

Agency (SIDA), Available from: 

http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/reports/femofpov.pdf

. 

42 

2. Braidotti, R. et al. (1994) Women, the Environment and Sustainable 

Development: Towards a Theoretical Synthesis, Zed Books, London, Chapters 1 

& 9 

3. Connelly, M. P., Li, T. M., MacDonald, M. and Parpart, J. L. (2000), ‘Feminism 

And Development: Theoretical Perspectives’ in Parpart, J. L. Connely, M. P. and 

Barriteau, V. E. (Eds.), Theoretical Perspectives on Gender and Development, 

Ottawa: International Development Research Centre (IDRC 

4. Kabeer, N. (2003), „Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the 

Millennium Development Goals: A handbook for policy-makers and other 

stakeholders‟ Chapter 1, pp. 1-22 & Chapter 4, pp. 79-106 [Online] Available 

from: https://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/bitstream/123456789/32208/38/118452.pdf 

5. Marcus Power (2003) Rethinking Geographies of Development, Routledge, 

London 

6. Nalini Visvanathan et al. (eds) (1997) The Women, Gender & Development 

Reader, Zed Books, London 

7. Pearson, R. (2000) Rethinking Gender Matters in Development, in Allen, T. & 

Thomas, A. (eds.) Poverty and Development in to the 21 st Century, O.U.Press, 

Oxford, Chapter 18. 

8. Parpart, Jane L. Connelly, Patricia M. and Barriteau, Eudine V. (2000 ) 

„theoritical Perspectives on Gender and Development‟ Ottawa: Commonwealth of 

Learning. 

9. Robert Potter et al. (2004) (second edition) Geographies of Development, Pearson 

Education Ltd, Essex. 

10. Sen, G. (2000) „Gender Mainstreaming in Finance: A Reference Manual for 

Governments and Other Stakeholders‟ London: Commonwealth Secretariat. 

COURSE TITLE: PROJECT MANAGEMENT 



Introduction: 

This subject will focus on the concept and implementation of the project cycle as a means of 

managing change in the human and physical environment. The introductory section will 

introduce students to the stages of the project cycle and to the associated terminology. Some of 

the tools used in implementing the cycle will be examined and appraised in the context of 

different approaches to project management. The emphasis in this subject will be on issues 

arising form project development and implementation, evaluating tools available for project 

managers and it is intended that the subject will complement the more theoretical policy 

oriented subjects of our M.A program. 

The learning outcomes of this subject and syllabus will be that student will have a critical 

awareness of and some experience of project management tools suitable for a range of 

developmental projects.

Contents: 

o What is a Project? What are project for? Why use the project approach? How do projects 

relate to the process of policy implementation? How have approaches to projects and project 

management changed in recent years? 

o Approaches and Typology: The different styles and types of project and alternative 

approaches to project management. Project typology, management style, the question of scale. 

Choosing an appropriate project style, Participatory approaches in project management and 

implementation. The partnership approach. 

o Project Cycle. Its role in the achievement off developmental goals and its different stages in 

detail. 

o Impact Assessment (AC): What is the role of impact assessment? How does it fit into the 

project cycle? Strategies for carrying out an Impact Assessment. Different types of impact 

assessment – gender impact, social impact, environmental impact. 

o Problem Identification and Participatory need assessment pus SWOT Analysis and 

Stakeholder Analysis. 

o Project Formulation and Proposal 

o Project Design , Concept Note, and Budget 

o The Logical Framework approach to management- what, why and is it any god? Plus Critical 

Path Method (CPM) 

o Project Implementation: Budgeting, planning work schedules, record keeping, reporting, 

Human Resource Management, training, group building, capacity building. 

o Monitoring and Evaluation: How to develop monitoring and evaluation systems, indicators 

etc, Sustainability issues, ending a project failure and success. 


1. DETR booklet- A guide to good practice in managing environmental projects. 

2. Cusworth JW and Franks TR (1993) Managing Projects in developing countries. Longman 

3. D Lock (2000) Project Management. Gower, USA. 

4. D Eade (1997) Capacity building – an approach to people centered development. Oxfam. 

5. P Healy (1997) Project management- Getting the job done in time and in budget. Oxford, 

Butterworth-Heinemann 

6. C Kirkpatrick (1996) Cost Benefit analysis and project appraisal in developing countries. 

Edward Elgar. 

7. D Lewis (2001) The management of non-governmental organisations. Earthscan, London. 

8. D Potts (2002) Project planning and analysis for development. Lynne Rienner, London. 

9. G Channan, C Garrett and A West (2000) The new community strategies: how to involve local 

people, London, Community Development Foundation. www. Cdf.org.uk 

10. Edwards M and Fowler A Eds. (2002) The Earthscan reader in NGO management. 

43

COURSE TITLE: - SOCIOLOGY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION 

TECHNOLOGIES (ICTs) 

COURSE CODE:- SOC 420 



This course aims to introduce students to the new and emerging field of ICTs in sociology. As we 

are living in an Information age and the indigenous cultures are in grave danger of extension and 

the „locals‟ having problems of identity, therefore it is necessary to study this emerging trends and 

related issues. Our social world has been changed dramatically by the new technologies, especially 

of computer , wireless and mobile phone technologies. This course will deals with issues of 

technology, changes brought by introduction of technology in human behaviour and the larger 

social structure, information and communication technologies, post-modernity in greater depth. 

1: What fuels technology change? 

The mythology of technology. Is technology neutral? Mythology and gun control. Technology‟s 

relationship to power and privilege. The ABC of technological advantage. Progress- for whom?. 

Being postmodern. The challenge of change. 

44

2: Technology adoption and diffusion 

Piecing together an understanding of technoculture. The social control of telephone. Discourse 

analysis and the social biography of things. The expectation and experience of technology of 

things. The theories of adoption and diffusion. High and low involvement in technology adoption. 

Adopter characteristics. Factors which affect product diffusion. Interpersonal influence. Opinion 

leaders. VALS (Value and lifestyles segmentation). 

3: Domestication of technologies 

What is a „domesticated technology?. Integrating technology into the household. Imagining 

community. Boundary markers. Technology as boundary-breaker. Power and consumption. 

Maslow‟s hierarchy of needs. Applying Maslow‟s theory to online behaviour. Household 

validation and the exploration of experience. Researching the dream. 

4: Fragmenting mass media in the postmodern information society 

The massification of media and information. Time, space and communication. Media effects?. The 

objectivity of the media. The media and globalization. The local in the global. Postmodernism and 

the information society. Postmodernism, peasants and the proletariat. The information economy. 

Commodification in the postmodern. 

5: Making sense of being in cyberspace 

Getting connected to cyberspace. Some Internet definitions. A taxonomy of cyberspace?. 

Screening the senses in cyberspace. Feeling your way on the Internet. Hate on the Net. Panicking 

about morality. Is cyberspace brain-changing? 

6: Studying Mobile Phone Use in Context: Cultural, Political & Economic Dimensions of 

Mobile Phone Use 

Sociological theory of mobile phone, Mobile phone use and youth, young people use of online 

communication, the social consumption of information and communication technologies, Internet 

sub-culture and cyber-culture. 

6: The Global Digital Divide 

Defining the digital divide. International politics of the digital divide. Politics of the New World 

Information and Communication Order (NWICO) 

7: E-Governance and ICTs for Development 

ICTs & E-government, Discussion around benefits and risks, needs and obstacles, E-Governance 

and E-Government in local government: benefits and limitations, 

The Link between ICTs and Health Policy, Telemedicine in developing countries: Problems and 

Prospects, Concepts and practice of e-health: policies and strategies at international level, the 

clinical and educational aspects of e-health: Case studies from-Pakistan, India, Nepal, Ecuador, 

China, South Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. 


45

1. Anthony, Cawley. (2009) „Handbook of Mobile Communication Studies‟. Information, 

Communication, and Society, 12:8, 1262-1264 [Available at: 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691180903193875] 

2. Andal N. (2000) „Communication theories and models‟ New Jersey, Blackwell Publication. 

3. Hulme, Michael and Truch, Anna (2004) „Exploring the implications for social identity of the 

new sociology of the mobile phone‟. UK: Centre for the study of Mobile Phone Technology 

and Culture. 

4. Hans, Geser. (2007) „Patterns of multi-channel communication among older teens‟. Institute of 

Sociology, University of Zurich, Switzerland. 

5. Shrivastava (2006) Media issues, Sterling Publishers, UK 

6. Stewart, James. (2003) „The Social consumption of information and communication 

technologies (ICTs): insights from research on the appropriation and consumption of new ICTs 

in the domestic environment‟ London: Springer-Verlag. 

7. Hussain and Ray (2000) Media and Communications in the Third World, Kanishka publishers, 

New delhi. 

8. Macfadyen, Leah. Roche, Jorge. Doff, Sabine. (2 nd Ed) (2005) „Communicating across 

Cultures in Cyberspace: A Bibliographical Review of Intercultural Communication Online‟ 

Switzerland: Lit Verlag. 

9. Yadava and Mathu. (2005) „Issues in Mass communication‟ Vol.2, Kanishka publishers, New 

Delhi. 

COURSE TITLE: DISSERTATION 




As part of Master degree in Sociology, students are required to complete a thesis under the 

supervision of a supervisor or faculty member, who has a related scholarly interest. The thesis 

is seen as a capstone experience for majors in that it allows them both to explore research and 

analytical skills that they have learned earlier and to develop these skills with direct 

application. In addition, in the process of research and writing, the student develops new skills 

for the analysis that grow out of the first-hand research tasks. Finally, the thesis process allows 

the department to assess how well it is doing in preparing students for critical and creative 

thinking, and for professional or allied careers using their major. 

The topic of thesis research is chosen in consultation between the student and the faculty. 

Hands-on empirical research is encouraged, sometimes using available data sets -- including 

46

those developed through the surveys carried out in the Research Methods course in the 

department -- and sometimes requiring the full initiation and carrying out of data gathering in 

the form of a survey, participant observation project, content analysis or other research method. 

Format Guidelines for Master‟s Thesis: 

Only students who have achieved 3.00 CGPA at the end of third semester will be allowed 

to do dissertation. 

Arrangement of dissertation. 

Each thesis must be arranged in the following order. Italicized pages are optional. 

2. Signature Page Include this page in the pretext page count, but do not place a page number 

on it. 

3. Title Page Include this page in the pretext page count, but do not place a page number on it. 

4. Dedication and/or Epigraph. Include this page in the pretext page count, but do not place 

a page number on it. 

5. Acknowledgements and/or Preface. Begin placing pretext lowercase Roman numerals at 

the bottom of this page, counting all preceding pretext material except for the fly page. Page 

numbers are centered one inch from the bottom of the page. 

6. Abstract Continue pretext page numbering with lowercase Roman numerals. 

7. Table of Contents. Continue pretext page numbering with lowercase Roman numerals. 

8. List of Tables. Continue pretext page numbering with lowercase Roman numerals. 

9. List of Figures. Continue pretext page numbering with lowercase Roman numerals. 

10. List of Illustrations/Maps/Slides. Continue pretext page numbering with lowercase 

Roman numerals. 

11. Text. All pages from the first page of text through the Vita are numbered consecutively in 

Arabic numerals, beginning with Arabic numeral “1” on the first page of the thesis or report 

text. 

12. Appendix. Continue page numbering with Arabic numerals. 

13. Glossary. May, instead, be placed after the Table of Contents in the area with the Lists of 

Tables, List of Figures, etc. Continue page numbering with Arabic numerals. 

47

14. Bibliography. Other possible titles are “References” or “Works Cited.” Continue page 

numbering with Arabic numerals. 

PAGE FORMAT AND LAYOUT 

a. Font 

A single font must be used throughout the thesis, the only exceptions being in tables, graphs, 

and appendices. Headings may be bolded and no more than 2 points larger than the rest of the 

text. 

b. Margins 

All theses and reports must have consistent margins of at least 1.25 inches at the top, bottom, 

left, and right edges of the page. Page numbers must be placed at least one inch from the 

bottom of the page. Margins which are larger than those required are acceptable, but smaller 

margins are not. 

c. Spacing 

The thesis or report must be double-spaced or 1.5-spaced. Single spacing may be used only in the 

Table of Contents, footnotes and endnotes, charts, graphs, tables, quotations, captions, glossary, 

appendices, and bibliography. Prose quotations over three lines long should be in block quote, 

double or single-spaced, and indented on the left. Do not use quotation marks in the block quote 

except when indicating quotations within the block quote. 

d. Numbering of Pages 

Beginning with the first page of the Acknowledgements or Preface, if used, all preliminary 

pages preceding the actual text must be numbered in lowercase Roman numerals; e.g., iii, iv, v, 

etc. These numerals must be centered under the text with at least one inch of space between the 

number and the bottom of the page. If no optional pages are used, the page numbers must begin 

on the Abstract. Do not number the copyright page, signature page, title page, or dedication, 

but do include each of them in the pretext page count. The first page of the text begins at 

Arabic numeral 1. All pages within the text must contain an Arabic page number, bottomcentered, 

at least one inch from the bottom edge of the page. The first page of every major 

section (chapters, appendices, bibliography, Vita, etc.) must begin on a new page. 

e. Tables and Illustrations 

Pages carrying illustrative material must be given page numbers appropriate to their place in 

the document. Illustrative material may not be inserted after the document has been numbered 

and given numbers such as “10a.” All tables, figures, illustrations, and other types of examples 

included and referenced in the text of the dissertation should be numbered for identification. 

There should be no duplication of these numbers; i.e., no two tables should be assigned the 

same number. Figures may be numbered in one of two ways: consecutively throughout the 

document (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, etc.), or double-numbered so that illustrations‟ numbers 

reflect their locations in the document (Figure 9.3 is the third figure in Chapter 9, or Figure A2 

is the second figure in Appendix A.) Captions and legends must be placed on the same page 

with the figure, graph, table or illustration they describe. In order to fit both figure and caption 

on the same page, captions may be single-spaced, margins may be decreased to one inch, and 

48

figures may be reduced in size to fit. If the figures are reduced from their original size, then the 

page number must be added after the reduction so as not to alter its size. If there is no other 

way to manage the amount of material to be shown, the caption and figures should be side-byside 

in continuous view. This method should only be used in the rare instance where all of the 

pertinent material will not fit on the same page. Figures, captions, and page numbers must be 

easily readable when the electronic document is viewed at 100 percent. 

Footnotes and Bibliography 

A Bibliography, or Reference, section must immediately precede the Vita at the end of the 

thesis or report, even in theses where chapter end notes have been used. Bibliographies may be 

omitted only in wholly original theses such as novels or musical compositions. The 

bibliography must include materials used including the edition, if not the first, so the citation 

can be readily verified. Footnote citations must be sufficiently exact to enable the reader to find 

the source with ease. Any standardized form for footnotes and bibliography approved by your 

supervisor is acceptable if followed consistently. Several useful manuals for selecting a 

footnote/bibliography format include the Chicago Manual of Style. 

Copies required: 

All students who successfully accomplished writing up dissertation are required to submit at 

least three copies in hard and one copy in soft to the supervisor or chairmen or head of 

department. 

Viva voice: 

For a student to be eligible for the award of master degree in sociology, it is necessary and 

compulsory element and requirement for his/her dissertation assessment to appear before a 

panel of internal supervisor and external examiner etc for a viva voice. 


1. Denscombe, M (1998) the good research guide. Open University, Buckingham 

2. Cryer, P. (1996) The Research students guide to success. OU Press 

3. Kane, E. (1985) Doing your own research. Marion Boyars 

4. Rudestam, K.J. & Newton, R.R (1992) Surviving your dissertation, Sage, London 

5. Murray, R (2002) How to write a Thesis. Open University Press 

6. Bell, J (1999) Doing your Research Project: A guide for first-time researchers in 

Education and Social Science, 3rd edition. Open University Press 

49

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