DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ABDUL WALI KHAN ... - AWKUM

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 

ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY, MARDAN, PALOSA 

CAMPUS CHARSADDA 

Scheme of Studies for BS Chemistry Four Years Program 

1

SCHEME OF STUDIES, BS (4-YEAR) PROGRAM IN CHEMISTRY 

Department of Chemistry Palosa Campus Charsadda, AWKUM 

Course Title Credit hours 

Semester - I Theory Practical 

ENG-100 English-I 

(Functional) 

3 0 

GEN-100 General-I 3 0 

GEN-101 General-II 

MATH-100 

3 0 

Mathematics-I 

Mathematics- 

3 0 

I/Functional Biology 

COMP-100 Computer 

and Its Applications in 

Chemistry 

3 0 

CHEM-151 Inorganic 

Chemistry 

3 1 

Total 18 1 

Semester - II Theory Practical 

ENG-200 English-II 

(Functional) 

3 0 

GEN-200 Islamic 

Studies / Ethics 

2 0 

GEN-201 General-III 

MATH-200 

Mathematics- 

3 0 

II/Functional 

Biology/University 

Optional 

3 0 

STAT-100 Statistics 3 0 

CHEM-161 Organic 

Chemistry 

3 1 

Total 17 1 

Semester - III Theory Practical 

ENG-300 English-III 

(Report Writing) 

3 0 

GEN-300 Pakistan 

Studies 

2 0 

GEN-301 General-IV 3 0 

GEN-302 General-V 

CHEM-141 

3 0 

Environmental 

Chemistry 

2 0 

CHEM-171 Physical 

Chemistry 

3 1 

Total 16 1 

Semester - IV Theory Practical 

ENG-400 English-IV / 

University Optional 

3 0 

2

GEN-400 General-VI 3 0 

GEN-401 General-VII 3 0 

CHEM-111 Analytical 

Chemistry 

2 0 

CHEM-121 Industrial 

2 0 

Chemistry 

CHEM-131 

Biochemistry 

2 0 

Total 15 0 

Course Title Credit hours 

Semester - V Theory Practical 

CHEM-251 Inorganic Chemistry 3 1 

CHEM-261 Organic Chemistry 3 1 

CHEM-271 Physical Chemistry 3 1 

CHEM-211 Analytical-/ 

CHEM-231 Bio-Chemistry 

3 1 

Total 12 4 

Semester - VI Theory Practical 

CHEM-351 Inorganic Chemistry 3 1 

CHEM-361 Organic Chemistry 3 1 

CHEM-371 Physical Chemistry 3 1 

CHEM-311 Analytical-/ 

CHEM-331 Bio- Chemistry 

3 1 

Total 

Semester - VII: Specialization 

12 4 

(Inorganic/ 

Organic/Physical/Applied/ 

Analytical/Bio Chemistry) 

Theory Practical 

Paper-I 3 0 

Paper-II 3 0 

Paper-III 3 0 

Practical-I 0 1 

Elective Course-I (other than the 

field of specialization) 

Research Project / Advanced 

3 0 

Practical / 

Position Paper (literature survey) 

0 2 

Total 

Semester - VIII : Specialization 

12 3 

(Inorganic/ Organic/Physical/ 

Applied/ 

Analytical-/Bio-Chemistry 

Theory Practical 

Paper - IV 3 0 

Paper - V 3 0 

Paper - VI 3 0 

Practical - II 0 1 

Elective Course - II (other than the 

field of specialization) 

3 0 

3

Research Project / Advanced 

Practical / Position Paper (write- 

up) 

0 2 

Total 12 3 

Total Credit Hours: 131 

The list of general courses was also reviewed and approved as follows: 

List of General Courses: 

(Proposed in NCRC special meeting in Chemistry) 

1. Social Psychology 

2. Community Development 

3. Environmental Sciences 

4. Principles of management 

5. Logic and Reasoning 

6. Teaching and Learning 

7. Social Issues of Pakistan 

8. Entrepreneurship 

9. Human Resource Management 

10. Basic Financial Management 

11. History of Human Civilization 

12. History of Science 

Any other, including supportive science courses other than chemistry, depending upon the 

expertise available. 

OR 

4

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 

PALOSA CAMPUS ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY 

MARDAN 

Scheme of Studies for M.Sc Two Years Program 

6

SCHEME OF STUDIES M.Sc TWO YEARS PROGRAM IN CHEMISTRY, 

PALOSA CAMPUS AWKUM 

Semester-I Semester-II 

S.NO Paper Cr. Hrs S.NO Paper Cr. Hrs 

1 Analytical Chem. paper-I 2-0 1 Analytical Chem. paper-II 2-1 

2 Biochemistry paper-I 2-0 2 Biochemistry paper-II 2-1 

3 Inorganic Chem. paper-I 3-1 3 Inorganic Chem. paper-II 3-1 

4 Organic Chem. paper-I 3-1 4 Organic Chem. paper-II 3-1 

5 Physical Chem. paper-I 3-1 5 Physical Chem. paper-II 3-1 

6 Mathematics 2-0 

Total 18 Total 18 

Semester-III (Specialization) Semester-IV (Specialization) 

S.NO Paper Cr. Hrs S.NO Paper Cr. Hrs 

1 Env. /Computational Chem. 

Paper-I 

2-1 1 Env. /Computational 

Chem. Paper-II 

2 Specialization Paper-I 3 2 Specialization Paper-V 3 

3 Specialization Paper-II 3 3 Specialization Paper-VI 3 

4 Specialization Paper-III 3 4 Specialization Paper-VII 3 

5 Specialization Paper-IV 3 5 Specialization Paper-VIII 3 

6 Special practical/research 3 6 Special practical/research 3 

Total 18 Total 18 

Specialization papers: Inorganic/analytical, Biochemistry, Organic and Physical 

Chemistry, the student will have to opt for one field of Specialization. 

7 

03

COURSE OUTLINES OF M.Sc TWO YEARS PROGRAM IN CHEMISTRY, 

AWKUM 

M.Sc. 1 st –Year, Semester -I 

Course Title: Analytical Chemistry Paper-I Code: CHEM-511 

Credit Hours: 02 Marks: 100 

Course Contents 

Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, Classical methods of analysis, Analytical 

Sampling: Data handling: Stoichiometric calculations, Chemical Equilibrium, acid/base, 

Solubility and Complexation equilibria, Electroanalytical techniques, Classifications of 

Electroanalytical techniques, Potentiometry and conductometry with applications, 

Introduction to spectroscopic techniques. 

Analytical Chemistry Practical Cr. Hrs: 01 

1. To determine the exact weight of materials and to analyze replicate measurement 

statistically. 

2. To calibrate Volumetric Apparatus and to investigate errors in delivered volume. 

3. To determine the concentration of strong acid solution by conductometric 

titration. 

4. To determine the individual concentration of acid in the given binary mixture of 

strong/weak acid condutometrically. 

5. To evaluate Ksp for lead iodate by conductance method. 

6. To determine the solubility product of Cadmium iodate titrimetrically. 

7. To determine the constancy of the solubility product. 

8. To estimate Ca ++ concentration in drinking water by EDTA Complexometric 

titration. 

9. To determine the concentration of strong acid potentiometrically using first and 

second derivative method. 

10. To determine pKa for the given set weak acids by potentiometric method. 

11. To show independence of solubility on the amount of undissolved species. 

12. To establish the stochiometric relation for the precipitation of silver chloride. 

Books Recommended 

� Gary D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons. 

� Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch, 

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Reinhote, New York. 

� Robert D. Braun, Introduction to Chemical Analysis, 

� I.M. Kolthoff, Sandell, Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, Macmillan 

and Co. New York. 

� David Harvey, Modern Analytical Chemistry 

Course Title: Biochemistry Paper-I Code: CHEM- 531 



Introduction, Importance and the scope of Biochemistry. Forms, functions and 

8

ief classification of prokaryotes. Cellular architecture and diversity of eukaryotes. 

Physical aspects of biochemistry 

Water, ionization of water, pH, Acid-base reactions, Buffers. 

Water 

Structure, physical properties & importance of water. Unique properties of carbon. 

Nature of organic matter. Isomerism. General reactions of different functional groups. 

Biologically important organic compounds / Solvents. 

Biomolecules 

Overview of Biomolecules and their structures including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids 

and nucleic acids. 

Nucleic Acids 

Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Purines and Pyrimidines. Introduction to DNA, RNA. 

Metabolism Pathways 

Glycolysis, Tricarboxylic acid Cycle, Gluconeogenesis. 

Evolution of life 

Prebiotic molecular evolution and rise of living systems. Review of the variety and 

ecology of the living world. Use and significance of Radioisotopes in Biochemistry. 


1. Voet, D. and J. G. Voet,. Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York (2001). 

2. Text Book of Biochemistry (1970) by E. West & W. Todd Macmillan. 

3. Biochemistry. (1999) 3rd Ed. by C. K. Mathews, K. E. Van Holde, & K.G. Ahern. 

Prentice Hall. 

4. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 27th Ed. by R.K. Murray, D.K. Grannar, V.W. 

Rodwell. McGraw Hill. 

5. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (2008) 5th Ed. by D. L. Nelson, M. M. Cox. W. 

H. Freeman Publishers 

Biochemistry Practical Credit Hours: 01 

Marks: 50 

1. Preparation of solutions 

� Preparation of Percent solutions (W/V, V/V and milligram percent). 

9

� Preparation of Molar Solutions. 

� Preparation of Normal / equivalent solutions. 

� Preparation of Molal solutions. 

� Preparation of ppm and ppb solutions. 

� Preparation of solution from given stock solution by dilution method. 

2. Standardization of given solution. 

3. Determination of pH of different samples and body fluids. 

(pH meter, pH strip/paper and Titrimetric method) 

4. Preparation of Buffers:Phosphate buffer, Acetate buffer, Citrate buffer, Universal 

buffer 


1. Wilson, A. Practical Biochemistry: Principle and techniques (2000). 

2. Swotzer, Experiment Biochemistry theory and exercises in fundamental method 

(2000). 

3. Dryer, R. L. and G. F. Lata, Experimental Biochemistry, Oxford University Press. 

4. Plummer, D. T., Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, , McGraw Hill Book Co., 

New York (1986). 

5. Alexander, R. R., J. M Griggiths and M. L. Wikinson, Basic Biochemical 

Methods, John Wiley & Sons. 

6. Wooton, I. D. P., Microanalysis in Medical Biochemistry, J&A Churchill. 

Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry Paper-1 Code: CHEM- 551 


Non Aqueous Solvents 

Classification of solvents, types of reactions in different solvents, effect of physical and 

chemical properties of solvents on reactions, detailed study of liquid NH3, liquid H2S, 

liquid HF and liquid SO2 as solvents. 

Coordination Compounds 

Study of coordination compounds regarding their historical back ground, nomenclature, 

geometry, theories i.e. Jorgensen theory, Werner's theory, valence bond theory, crystal 

field theory and molecular orbital theory. Properties of coordination compound i.e. 

10

magnetic properties, stability and stereochemistry. Techniques for studying coordination 

compounds and their applications. 


1. J.E. Huheey., E.A Keiter, and R.L. Keiter. “Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of 

Structure and Reactivity”, 4th Ed., Harper and Row, New York, 2001 

2. F.A. Cotton., G.Wilkinson, and P. L. Gaus. “Basic Inorganic Chemistry”, 3rd Ed., 

Wiley, New York, 1995. 

3. F. Basolo. and R.C Johnson. “Coordination Chemistry” Tallahassee, Florida, 

1962. 

4. F.A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. A. Murillo and M. Bochmann, “Advanced 

Inorganic Chemistry”, 6th Ed., Wiley-Intersceince, New York, 1999. 

5. A. K. Holliday, and A.G. Massey, "Inorganic Chemistry in Non-Aqueous 

Solvents", Pergamon Press, New York, 1990. 

6. E. M Larsen. “Transition Elements”, W. A. Benjamin Inc., 1995 

7. J. Bassette., G.H. Denney, and J. Mendham. “Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative 

Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English 

Language Book Society, 4 th Edition, 1981. 

8. A. I. Vogel, “A Textbook of Micro and Semi-micro Qualitative Inorganic 

Analysis” Longman Green & Co. 1995. 

Inorganic Chemistry Practical 


1. Analysis of salts mixtures for anions and cations 

2. Preparation of at least four coordination compounds in a pure state 

3. Complexometric titrations 

Course Title: Organic Chemistry Paper- I Code: CHEM- 161 



Introduction to Organic Chemistry, chemistry of carbon compounds; organic chemistry, a 

historical perspective. 

Chemical Bonding and Properties of Organic Molecules 

Localized and delocalized chemical bonding; concept of hybridization leading to bond 

angles, bond lengths, bond energies and shape of organic molecules; dipole moment; 

11

inductive and field effects; resonance; aromaticity; tautomerism; hyperconjugation; 

hydrogen bonding; acids and bases; factors affecting the strengths of acids and bases. 

Stereochemistry 

Introduction to Stereochemistry, stereoisomerism, geometrical isomerism, E/Z notations, 

chirality, enantiomers and diasteromers, meso compounds, optical isomerism, optical 

activity and specific rotation, absulote configuration and relative configuration, R/S 

nomenclature, conformations and conformational analysis ethane, n-butane and cylohexane. 

Classes and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 

Classification of organic compounds; development of systematic nomenclature of organic 

compounds; IUPAC nomenclature of hydrocarbons and heteroatom functional groups. 

Recommended Books 

1. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S. and Wothers, P., “Organic Chemistry”, 

Oxford University Press, New York. 

2. Loudon, G. M., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, New York 

3. Sorrell, T. N., “Organic Chemistry”, Viva Books Private Ltd., New Delhi. 

4. Finar, I. L., “Organic Chemistry”, Vol. 1, Pearson Education, Delhi. 

5. Carey, F. A., “Organic Chemistry”, McGraw-Hill, New York. 

6. Ahluwalia, V. K. and Goyal, M., “A Text Book of Organic Chemistry”, Narosa 

Publishing House, New Delhi 

7. March, J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 

8. Bansal, R. K., “Organic Reaction Mechanisms”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing 

Company Ltd., New Delhi. 

9. Pine, S. H., “Organic Chemistry”, National Book Foundation, Islamabad. 

10. Bailey Jr., P. S. and Bailey, C. A., “Organic Chemistry-A Brief Survey of 

Concepts and Applications”, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. 

Organic Chemistry Practical Marks: 50 

Credit Hours: 01 

1. Laboratory Ethics and safety measures 

2. Awareness about the toxic nature of chemicals and their handling, cleaning of 

glassware, safe laboratory operations 

3. Laboratory work illustrating topics covered in the lecture of Organic Chemistry 

Paper I 


1. Clarke, H. T., “A Handbook of Organic Analysis-Qualitative and Quantitative”, 

CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. 

2. Mann, F. G. and Saunders, B. C., “Practical Organic Chemistry”, Longman, 

London. 

3. Vogel, A. I., “Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry Part 3: Quantitative 

Organic Analysis”, Longman, London. 

12

4. Vishnoi, N. K., “Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry”, Vikas Publishing 

House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 

5. Furniss, B. S., Hannaford, A. J., Smith, P. W. G. and Tatchell, A. R., “Vogel’s 

Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry”, National Book Foundation, 

Islamabad. 

6. Shriner, R. L., Hermann, C. K. F., Morrill, T. C., Curtin, D. Y. and Fuson, R. C., 

“The Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons, 

New York. 

7. Mendham, J., Denney, R. C., Barnes, J. D. and Thomas, M. J. K., “Vogel’s Text 

Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis”, Pearson Education, New Delhi. 

8. Beckett, A. H. and Stenlake, J. B., “Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry”, Athlone 

Press, London. 

Course Title: Physical Chemistry Paper-I Code: CHEM- 171 


Kinetic Theory of Gases 

Maxwell’s law of molecular velocities. Calculation of molecular velocities and binary 

collisions. Maxwell-Boltzmann’s law of energy distribution. Method for the 

determination of the Avogadro number (NA). 

Chemical Thermodynamics 

Relation of entropy and energy with equilibrium constant, and their dependence on 

temperature. Clausius-Clapeyron’s equation. Chemical potential. Partial molar quantities. 

Free energy change. Fugacity of gases. 

Chemical Kinetics 

Integrated rate laws: Third order reactions with same and different initial concentrations 

of reactants. Effect of temperature on the reaction rate. Elementary and complex 

reactions: opposing, parallel, consecutive bimolecular reactions and chain reactions. 

Steady state approximation, Lindemann’s theory of unimolecular reactions. Bimolecular 

collision theory, transition state theory. 

Physical Chemistry Practical 


1. Equilibrium constant of the KI � I 2 �� 

�KI 

3 reaction. 

2. Kinetics of saponification of ethyl acetate. 

3. Study of the adsorption isotherms of acetic acid-charcoal system. 

4. Determination of activation energy for the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of ethyl 

acetate. 

5. Determination of partial molar volumes. 

6. Characterization of the given compound by UV-Vis spectroscopy. 

13


1. Alberty, R. A., Robert J.S. and Moungi G. B. “Physical Chemistry”. 4 th 

ed, John 

Wiley and Sons (2004). 

2. Ball, D W., “Physical Chemistry” 1 st 

ed., Brooks/Cole Co. Inc. (2003). 

3. Engel, Thomas and .Reid p., “Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, and 

Kinetics” 1 st 

ed., Benjamin Cummings (2006). 

4. James K. and Wothers, P., “Why Chemical Reactions Happen”. Oxford 

University Press (2003). 

5. Smith, E. Brain, “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” 5 th 

ed., Imperial College 

Press (2004). 

6. Stephen B. R., Rice S. A. and Roses J., “Physical Chemistry”2 nd 

ed., Oxford 


7. Jurg W., “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” W. A. Banjamin (1969). 

8. Chorkendorff, I. and Niemantsverdriet, J.W. “Concept of Modern Catalysis and 

Kinetics” 1 st 

ed., John Wiley and Sons (2003). 

9. Espenson, J. H. “Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism” 2 nd 

ed., McGraw 

Hill (2002). 

10. Berry R. S., Stuart A.R., and Roses J. “Physical and Chemical Kinetics” 2 nd 

ed., 

Oxford University Press (2000). 

11. Helpern Arthur M., “Experimental Physical Chemistry: A Laboratory Textbook” 

2 nd 

ed., Prentice Hall (1997). 

12. Bassette J., Denney C., Jeffery G. H. and Mendham J. “Vogel’s Textbook of 

Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” 

English Language Book Society. 4 th 

ed. (1978). 

13. Daniel, F., “Experimental Physical Chemistry” McGraw Hill (1962). 

14. Shoemaker, D., “Experimental Physical Chemistry” McGraw Hill (1989) 

14

M.SC, 1 ST YEAR – SEMESTER- II 

Course Title: Analytical Chemistry Paper-II Code: CHEM- 211 



Electrogravimetry, Voltammetry and Polarography, Solvent Extraction and 

Chromatography, Spectrometry, Columetry, Amperometry, Electrophoresis, Basic 

concepts of IR, UV-Visible, Mass Spectrometry with applications, Introduction to 

Electron Resonance Spectroscopy and X-Rays Analysis. 

Analytical Chemistry Practical Credit Hours: 01 

1. To verify Beer’s Law and to evaluate molar extinction coefficient. 

2. Spectrophotometric determination of Ammonia. 

3. To determine Iron by spectroscopic method using phenanthroline. 

4. To determine the distribution coefficient of a given solute between an 

aqueous/non-aqueous system. 

5. To determine Calcium by indirect volumetric method. 

6. To determine Zinc by direct titration with EDTA. 

7. Colometric determination of Iron(III) with Potassium thiocynate. 

8. To separate and quantify Copper in Brass using constant-current electrolysis. 

9. To estimate Lead amperometrically through titration with Potassium dichromate. 


1. Gary D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons. 

2. Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch, 

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Reinhote, New York. 

3. Robert D. Braun, Introduction to Chemical Analysis, 

4. I.M. Kolthoff, Sandell, Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, Macmillan 


5. David Harvey, Modern Analytical Chemistry. 

15

Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry Paper-II Code: CHEM- 251 


Course contents 

Acceptor Complexes 

Mononuclear and polynuclear metal carbonyls: Calculation of valance electrons, the 

eighteen electrons rule as applied to metal carbonyls, rationalization of molecular 

structure, evaluation of structures based on spectroscopic evidences, chemistry of metal 

carbonyls and their derivatives (nitrosyls, halides and hydrides) 

Chemistry of f-Block Elements 

Lanthanides: Electronic structure and position in the periodic table, Lanthanide’s 

contraction, oxidation states, spectral and magnetic properties, general characteristics, 

occurrence, extraction and general principles of separation, complexes and uses. 

Actinides: Electronic structure and position in the periodic table, oxidation states, 

general characteristics, half life and decay law. 

Books recommended 

1. J. E. Huheey., E.A. Keiter., and R.L. Keiter,., “Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of 

Structure and Reactivity”, 4th Ed., Harper & Row, New York, 2001. 

2. F.A. Cotton., G. Wilkinson., C.A.Murillo, and M. Bochmann.,“Advanced 

Inorganic Chemistry”, 6th Ed., Wiley-Intersceince, New York, 1999. 

3. N.N. Greenwood., and A Earnshaw. “Chemistry of the Elements”, 2nd Ed., 

Pergamon Press, New York, 1992. 

4. W. Willium. Porterfield. Inorganic chemistry, Unified approach, Elsevier 

Company, Delhi, (2005) 

5. K.M. Mackay., R.A., Mackay., and W. Henderson,., “Introduction to Modern 

Inorganic Chemistry”, 5th Edition, Stanley Thomas Publisher Ltd. 1996 

6. J. Bassette., G.H Denney., and J. Mendham,. “Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative 

Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English 

Language Book Society, 4 th Edition, 1981. 

7. A.I. Vogel. “A Textbook of Micro and Semi-micro Qualitative Inorganic 

Analysis” Longman Green & Co. 1995. 

Inorganic Practical 


16

1. Separation of cations and anions in a mixture by paper chromatography. 

2. Redox Titration 

3. Gravimetric estimation of Ba 2+ and Fe 3+ ions 

Course Title: Organic Chemistry Paper- II Code: CHEM- 261 



Functional Chemistry: A brief introduction to the chemistry of hydrocarbons, alkyl, 

halides, alcohol, phenols, ethers aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids and their 

derivatives. 

Reaction Mechanism: Introduction to reaction mechanism, methods of determination of 

the reaction mechanism and comprehensive study on the mechanism of different types of 

substitution addition and elimination reaction with emphasis on their determination. 

Introductory organic Spectroscopy: introduction to UV, IR, 1 HNMR and mass 

spectrometric methods and their uses for the structure determination of simple organic 

compounds. 


1 March, J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New 

York. 

2 Loudon, G. M., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, New 

York. 

3 Brown, W. H., “Introduction to Organic Chemistry”, Saunders College 

Publishing, Tokyo. 

4 Sykes, P., “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, 

Longman, London. 

5 Pine, S. H., “Organic Chemistry”, National Book Foundation, Islamabad. 

6 McMurry, J., “Organic Chemistry”, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 

California. 

7 Carey, F. A., “Organic Chemistry”, McGraw-Hill, New York. 

8 Kalsi, P.S. “Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds”, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 

New Delhi. 

9 Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M. and Kriz, G. S., “Introduction to 

Spectroscopy: A Guide for Students of Organic Chemistry”, Saunders 

Golden Sunburst Series, London. 

Organic Chemistry Practical 


Laboratory work illustrating topics covered in the lecture of Organic Chemistry Paper II 

17


1 Clarke, H. T., “A Handbook of Organic Analysis-Qualitative and 

Quantitative”, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. 

2 Mann, F. G. and Saunders, B. C., “Practical Organic Chemistry”, 

Longman, London. 

3 Vogel, A. I., “Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry Part 3: 

Quantitative Organic Analysis”, Longman, London. 

4 Vishnoi, N. K., “Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry”, Vikas 

Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 

5 Furniss, B. S., Hannaford, A. J., Smith, P. W. G. and Tatchell, A. R., 

“Vogel’s Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry”, National Book 

Foundation, Islamabad. 

6 Shriner, R. L., Hermann, C. K. F., Morrill, T. C., Curtin, D. Y. and Fuson, 

R. C., “The Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds”, John 

Wiley & Sons, New York. 

7 Mendham, J., Denney, R. C., Barnes, J. D. and Thomas, M. J. K., 

“Vogel’s Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis”, Pearson 

Education, New Delhi. 

8 Beckett, A. H. and Stenlake, J. B., “Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry”, 

Athlone Press, London. 

9 Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M. and Kriz, G. S. “Introduction to 

Spectroscopy: A Guide for Students of Organic Chemistry”, Saunders 

Golden Sunburst Series, London. 

10 Silverstein, R. N., Barrler, G. C. and Morrill, T. C., “Spectrometric 

Identification of Organic Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 

Course Title: Physical Chemistry Paper-II Code: CHEM- 271 


Electrochemistry 

An introduction to electrochemistry, Ohm’s law, conductance, molar conductance and 

equivalent conductance, chemical reactions and redox potentials, electrochemical cells 

and types of electrodes. Ionic activity and Debye Huckle theory, Nernst equation and its 

applications. 

Solution Chemistry 

Solubility and Henry’s law, statistical thermodynamics of ideal solution and non ideal 

solutions, colligative properties and lowering of vapour pressure, elevation in boiling 

point, depression in freezing point, osmotic pressure and their applications in 

determination of molecular masses. Salt hydrolysis and determination of hydrolysis 

constant (K). 

PRACTICAL 


18

Spectroscopic determination of Cu % in the given sample. Conductometric determination 

of Cu (II)- EDTA mole ratio in the complex. To determine the effectiveness of an 

extraction of I 2 solution by using Solvent Extraction method. Determination of molecular 

weight of a polymer by viscosity method. Determination of percentage composition of 

KMnO 4 / K 2 Cr 2 O 7 in a given solution by spectrophotometry. Evaluation of pK a value of 

an indicator by spectrometric method. Conductometric determination of hydrolysis 

constant (K h ) of conjugate base of a weak acid. 


1. Albert R.A., Robert J.S. and Moungi G.B. “Physical Chemistry”. 4 th 

ed., John 


2. Ball D.W. “Physical Chemistry” 1 st 


3. Bassetts J., Denney C., Jeffery G.H. and Mendham J. “Vogel’s Textbook of 

Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” 

English Language Book Society. 4 th 

ed. (1978). 

4. Hatch R.C. “Experimental Chemistry” van Nostrand Reinhold Company (1972). 

5. Halpern, Arthur M. “Experimental Physical Chemistry: A Laboratory Textbook” 

2 nd 


19

M.SC, 2 ND YEAR – SEMESTER- III 

Course Title: Environmental Chemistry Paper-1 Code: CHEM- 

Credit Hours: 02+01 Marks: 100 

The atmosphere and air pollution: 

Structure and properties of the atmosphere, temperature inversion and air pollution, 

atmosphere photochemistry, possible depletion of stratospheric ozone, natural vs polluted 

air, particulate matter, analysis and control of particulations, sulphur oxides, effects of 

sulphur dioxides and particulates, other industrial air pollutants, carbon monoxide, oxides 

of nitrogen photochemicals smog, airborne load, control of automobile emissions. 

Water and water treatment: 

Unique physical and chemical properties of water, criteria of water quality, natural watereutrophiction, 

detergents and phosphates, importance of micro organisms in water 

purification, primary and secondary treatment of water, advanced waste water treatment, 

removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, sources of industrial water pollution, heavy metals 

and mercury. 

The green revolution: 

Pest control, pesticides, toxicity of pesticides, pest management. 

Books Recommended: 

1. Anil Kumar, Environmental chemistry, Wiley Eastern, New DelhiJ. W. Moore & 

E. 2). A. Moore, Environmental chemistry, Academic Press, New York. 

2. S. K. Banerji, Environmental chemistry, Prentice Hall, Delhi. 

3. S. K. Banerji, Environmental chemistry, Tata Publisher, Delhi. 

4. Staneley E. Manahan, Environmental chemistry, Brooks, California 

SPECIALIZATION IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 

Title of Course: Elementary Analytical Chemistry Paper-I Code: CHEM-311 



The task of statistics in chemical analysis: Theory of sampling, source of variation and 

error, Presentation of results and rounding off the data. Confidence limit for the mean and 

standard deviation, comparison of standard deviations, inference from the tests, fitting 

lines to data, correlation and regression. 

Precipitation 

20

Solubility and solubility product. Effects of salt, solvents, hydration, hydrolysis, pH 

changes, beginnings surface exchange, adsorption etc, on precipitates. Determination of 

error in gravimetric analysis, thermogravimetric methods for testing of thermal stability. 

Complexation 

Chelate formation; competing reactions in complexation. The computation of stability 

constant from various experimental data. The use of complexes in analytical chemistry as 

reagents. Masking agents. Indicators and metal ion buffers. Complexometric titrations. 


1. Gary D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York. 


Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Reinholt, New York. 

3. Robert D. Braun, Introduction to Chemical Analysis, McGraw Hill Book Co. 

New York. 



5. J.G. Dick, Analytical Chemistry, McGraw Hill Book Co. New York. 

6. David Harvey, Modern Analytical Chemistry. 

Title of Course: Chromatographic Techniques Paper-II Code: CHEM-312 



Chromatography 

Adsorption and distribution laws applied to chromatography, the displacement, frontal 

method of analysis and elution techniques: Column, paper and thin-layer 

chromatography, suitable systems for analysis of some simple organic substances, 

reversed phase chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography. 

Gas chromatography 

GSC and GLC parameters governing gas phase separation, simple instrumentation for 

gas chromatography, suitable systems for analysis high temperature programmed 

analysis. 

Introduction to HPLC 


1. Gary D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons. 


Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Reinholt, New York. 

3. Robert D. Braun, Introduction to Chemical Analysis, McGraw Hill Book Co. 

New York. 

21



Course Title: Spectroscopy and Advanced Instrumentation Paper-III Code: 

CHEM- 313 



Ultraviolet, visible spectroscopy; Molecular absorption of radiation, effect of structure on 

absorption, quantitative absorption spectroscopy, application, 

Instrumentation 

Various sources of light. Types of prime and gratings. Monochromators and their 

efficiency. The construction and optics of typical spectrograph. The use of a 

spectrophotometer in the analysis of one component or multicomponent systems, source 

of error and optimum conditions. 

Atomic spectroscopy 

Atomic absorption spectrophotometers and atomic fluorescence spectrometer.Flame 

photometry. Mass spectrometry, basic principles, instrumentation and applications. 


1. Robert D. Braun, Introduction to Instrumental Analysis McGraw Hill Book Co. 

New York. 

2. Gary D. Christian, James E. O’Reilly, Instrumental Analysis, Allyn and Bacon 

Inc. New York. 

3. Douglas A. Skoog, Stanley R. Crouch, Instrumental Analysis, Reinholt, New 

York. 

4. F.W. Fifield and D. Kealy, Principles and Practice of Analytical Chemistry I.T.B, 

London. 

5. Willard, Meritte and Dean, Instrumental Analysis, D. Van Nostrand, New York. 

6. Bernhard Wetz, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Verlay Chemie, New York. 

Course Title: Advanced Analytical Chemistry Paper-IV Code: CHEM-314 



DTA and TGA Basic principles, instrumentation and applications, thermal analysis and 

calorimetry. Automation in analytical chemistry: Instrumental parameters for automated 

instrument, automated process and instruments in process control and clinical laboratory. 

Preparation of sample for the analysis. 



New York. 

22

2. Gary D. Christian, James E. O’Reilly, Instrumental Analysis, John Wiley and 

Sons. 


York. 




London. 

Advance Analytical Chemistry Lab/Research. Credit Hours: 03 

Marks:100 

23

SPECIALIZATION IN BIOCHEMISTRY BIO-CHEMISTRY 

Course Title: Biochemistry Paper -II Code: CHEM- 331 


Biochemistry-1 

Brief introduction to the history and scope of biochemistry. 

Physical aspects of biochemistry 

Water, ionization of water, pH, Acid-base reactions, Buffers. 

Biomolecules-Carbohydrates 

General introduction, Nomenclature, Classification, Structural and Dynamic functions, 

Physical and Chemical properties. Nomenclature, Classification, and Structural 

configuration of monosaccharides. Isomerism, Mutarotation, recemic mixture and inter 

conversion of monomers. Ring structure (pyran and furan). Fischer’s formula and 

Haworth projection formula. Nomenclature, Classification, and Structural configuration 

of oligosaccharides, Glycosidic linkage. Classification and Structural configuration of 

polysaccharides.Chemistry and Biomedical Functions of Glycoprotein. 

Proteins 

Classification and properties of Amino acids. Overview of protein structure: Primary, 

Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary structures. Protein denaturation and folding. Proteins 

classification, properties, functions and their biological role. 

Lipids 

Classification, Fatty acids and their properties. Biological significance of glycerides. 

Phospholipids, non-phospholipids and steroids. 

Nucleic Acids 

Introduction to DNA, RNA. Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Purines and Pyrimidines. 

Enzymes 

Chemical nature, Nomenclature and Classification. Enzyme activity. Effect of different 

factors on enzyme activity. How enzymes work? Regulation of enzyme activity. 

Metabolism Pathways 

Glycolysis, Tricarboxylic acid Cycle, Gluconeogenesis. 


1. Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry (1998) by John F. Robyt. Springer verlag 

24

2. Text book of Biochemistry (2008) by S.P. Singh. CBS Publishers 

3. Text book of Biochemistry (2007) by K. Rambabu. 

4. Fundamentals of Biochemistry (2008) 3rd Ed. by D. J. Voet, G.J. Voet and C. W. Pratt. 

J. Wiley & Sons Inc. 

5. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (2008) 5th Ed. D. L. Nelson, M. M. Cox. W. H. 

Freeman Publishers. 

6. Fundamentals of Biochemistry by J. I. Jain. (2008) S. Chand & Co. India 



8. Text book of Biochemistry & Human Biology (2006) 3rd Ed. by G.P. Talwar & L.M. 

Srivastava. Prentice Hall India. 

9. Text book of Biochemistry 3rd edition (2009) by Satyanarayana. 

10. Biochemistry 3rd Ed. (1999) by C. K. Mathews, K. E.van Holde and K.G. Ahern. 

Prentice Hall 

Course Title: Biochemistry Paper- III Code: CHEM- 332 


Molecular biology 

Gene theory, Gene, Allele, Structure of DNA, Chromosome, DNA replication, 

Transcription, Translation and post translational modification. DNA repair, 

Recombination, Gene expression and regulation, Genotype and Phenotype, Mutation and 

Types of mutation, DNA Sequencing. 


1. Molecular Cell Biology (2007) 6th Edition H.Lodish, C.A. Kaiser, M.Krieger. M.P. 

Scott, A Bretscher, H Ploegh, & P. Matsudaira, W.H. Freeman 

2. Biochemistry 6th edition by J.M. Berg, J.L.Tymoczko & L. Stryer (2007) W.H. 

Freeman & Co. 

3. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Ed. by D. L. Nelson, M. M. Cox. W. H. 

Freeman Publishers 

25

4. Modern Genetic Analysis: Integrating Genes and Genomes (2002) 2nd Edition by A. 

J. F. Griffiths, J.H.Miller, D.T.Suzuki, R. C. Lewontin and W. M. Gelbart W. H. 

Freeman. 

Course Title: Biochemistry Paper: IV Code: CHEM- 333 


Physical techniques in Biochemistry 

Homogenization, Centrifugation, Ultra centrifugation, Paper and TLC, and Column 

chromatography, Gel Chromatography, Gel filtration, Ion exchange chromatography, 

Affinity chromatography, HPLC, Electrophoresis, Flame photometry, Atomic absorption 

Spectrophotometry, Spectrofluorimetry, UV/visible spectrophotometry. Extraction, 

Purification of Macromolecules, Purification based on differential solubility, 

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Two Dimensional electrophoresis, Radioactivity 

Techniques and its application in Biological System, Biochemical Techniques, Cloning, 

RFLP, Sequencing, Northern and Southern Blotting, Hybridisation, PCR, Recombinant 

DNA Technology. 


1. Physical Biochemistry: Applications to Biochemistry and Moleculart Biology (1982) 

by David Freifelder,W. H. Freeeman 

2. Introduction to Modern liquid chromatography (1979) by L.L.Snyder & J.J Kirkland. 

John Wiley & Sons 

3. Tools of Biochemistry (1977) T. G. Cooper & T. C. Cooper John Wiley & Sons 

Centrifugation. 

4. A practical approach. (1987) Ed. D. Rickwood, Oxford: IRL press England. 

5. Varley’s Pratical Clinical Biochemistry (1991) 5th Edition byA.H. Gowenlock and M 

Bell. CBS Publishers & Distributors. 

6. Hawk's Physiological chemistry Mc Graw-Hill publishing company 

7. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry (1999) by C.A. Burtis, Ashwood & N.W. Tietz 

(Eds) W. B. Saunders Co. 

8. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 6th Edition. Edited 

by K. Wilson & J. Walker. 

26

Course Title: Biochemistry Paper- V Code: CHEM- 334 


Molecular genetics 

Mendelian and Non-Mendelian genetics, Patterns of Inheritance, Mutational Analysis, 

Recombination and Genetic Mapping, Linkage Analysis, Chromatin and Chromosome, 

Mitosis and Meiosis, Interaction of genes, Chromosomal basis of heredity, Sex 

chromosome and Sex determination, Chromosomal aberrations, Gene mutations, Genetic 

code. 


1. Strickberger, M. W. Genetics. The MacMillan Company. 

2. Pai, A.C. and H. Marcus-Roberts. 1981. Genetics Its Concepts and Implications. 

3. Goodenough, U. 1978. Genetics. 

4. Ayala, F.J. and Kiger, Jr. 1980. Modern Genetics. 

Advanced Biochemistry laboratory/Research thesis 


1. Qualitative Analysis of carbohydrates of given unknown samples. 

2. Extraction of starch from plant sources & its confirmative tests (Sources: Potato, 

Wheat, Rice, Pulses, Barely, Maize etc) 

3. Extraction of Glycogen from animal sources & its confirmative tests. (Sources: Liver 

& Muscles etc) 

4. Extraction of total Lipids from plant seeds (by iodometric flask method). 

(Sources: Sunflower seed, Cotton seed, Corn seed, Coconut, Neem Seed, sesame). 

5. Extraction of Lipids from animal sources. Sources: Egg yolk & Animal tissues). 

6. Qualitative tests of proteins & amino acids: 

Biuret Test, Niuhydrin Test, Xanthoproteic Test, Pauly’s Test, Hoplein’s Test, 

Ehrich’s Test, Sakaguchi Test, Sodium nitroprusside Test, Sullivan Test, Load sulphate 

Test, Phosphate Test, Aldehyde Test 

7. Extraction of proteins from plant sources & their confirmative tests 

(Sources: Wheat, Rice Barely, Maize, Pulses etc) 

27

8. Extraction of proteins from animal sources & their confirmative tests. (Sources: Egg 

White, Milk, Liver, Muscles etc) 

9. Isolation of DNA from tissues 

10. Extraction of plasmid DNA 

11. Separation of DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis 

12. Determination of melting temperature of DNA 

13. Mineral analysis of plant tissues using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. 

14. Determination of sodium and potassium content in blood serum by flamephotometer, 

Gel chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. 

15. Determination of molecular weight of a given protein by gel filtration. 

16. Separation of Hb and serum proteins by electrophoresis 




(2000). 


4. Plummer, D. T., Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, , McGraw Hill Book Co., 





28

SPECIALIZATION IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 

Course Title: Chromatographic Methods of Analysis Paper-III, Code: CHEM- 351 



Paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, Theory and applications. Gas 

chromatography, basic principles, instrumentation and applications. High pressure liquid 

chromatography, partition chromatography, adsorption chromatography, liquid solid 

chromatography and Ion Exchange chromatography. Basic principles instrumentation and 

applications. 


1. Skoog. Holler. Nieman. Principles of instrumental analysis, fifth edition, 

Thomson Learning Academic. 

2. M.H. Willard, L.L. Merrite, Jr.J.A. Dean, instrumental metods of analysis, Van 

Nostrand. New York. 

3. H.G. Gsssidy, fundamental chromatography, inters science publications, New 

York. 

Course Title: Nuclear Chemistry Paper-IV Code: CHEM-352 



Nuclear Reactions 

Nature of nuclear reactions, nuclear reaction mechanism, Nuclear cross sections, 

excitation functions, types of nuclear reactions, fission and fusion reactions and 

photonuclear reactions, 

Radioactivity decay, detection and interaction of radiations 

Half life and average life of radioactive species, types of radioactive equilibrium, units of 

radioactivity. Radioactive decay series, Determination of half lives, radiation detection 

and measurements, Geiger mullar counters, scintillation counters. Interaction of radiation 

with matter. Determination of alpha and beta particles range. 


1. G. F. Friellander, J. W. Kennedy, and J. M. Miller, Nuclear and Radiochemistry, 

John Wiley and Sons, New York 

2. Kaplan Traving, Nuclear Physics, Pak Publishers, Karachi. 

3. Glasstone Samuel, Source book on atomic energy, von Nostrand, New York. 

4. W. M. Gibbson, Nuclear reactions, Penguin books Inc., New York. 

5. J. M. Reid, The atomic nuclear reactions, Penguin books Inc., New York. 

6. Chopman and Ryedberg, Nuclear chemistry, Prentice Hall, New York. 

29

Course Title: Bio Inorganic Chemistry Paper-V Code: CHEM-353 



Biochemistry of selenium, Bio Chemistry of Organo selenium Compounds, Antioxidant 

Activity of Organoselenium Compounds, Toxicology of Organoselenium Compounds; 

The biochemistry of iron, Iron storage and transfer in bacteria, ion transport, 

haemoglobin and myoglobin, nature of haemo-dioxygen , Model systems, cyto chromes, 

P/450 enzymes, iron sulphur protein , ferrodoxins, haemoerthrins, the biochemistry of Zn, 

Cu. Co, Mg, F2, I2 and Alkaline earth metals. 


1. F.A. Cotton, and S.W, Advanced inorganic chemistry, John Wiley and sons, New 

York. 

2. F. Basolo and R. Johnson, Mechanism of inorganic reactions, John Wiley and 

sons, New York. 

3. F. Basalo and R. Johnson, Coordination chemistry, W.A. Benjamen , Row 

Publishers, New York. 

4. J. E. Huheey, Inorganic Harper and Row Publisher, New York. 

5. D. Jonson, Mechanism of inorganic reaction in solutions, McGraw-Hill, London. 

6. Nicolaou, K. C.; Petasi, N. A. Selenium in Natural Products Synthesis; CIS: 

Philadelphia, PA, 1984. 

7. Paulmier, C. SeleniumReagents and Intermediates in Organic Synthesis; 

Pergamon: Oxford, U.K., 1986. 

8. Patai, S.; Rappoport, Z. The Chemistry of Organic Selenium and Tellurium 

Compounds;Wiley: New York, 1986; Vol. 1. 

Course Title:Spectroscopic Methods of analysis-Paper-VI Code: CHEM- 354 



General introduction to spectroscopy 

Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Origin of spectra, excitation methods spectrographs 

and its qualitative and quantitative applications. 

UV/ Visible spectroscopy 

Basic instrumentation of U.V/visible spectrophotometers, Spectra of transition metal 

complexes, applications of the principles related to electronic transition. Structural 

evidence from electronic spectra 

Emission spectroscopy 

Atomic emission spectroscopy, qualitative and quantitative applications in inorganic 

chemistry. 

30


1. C.N.Banwale, Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill, New 

York. 



3. M.H.willard, L.L.Merrite, J.J A.Dean, instrumental methods of analysis, Van 

Nostrand, New York. 

4. R.D. Braun, introduction to instrumental analysis. Mc. graw-Hill, new york, 1987. 

Advance Inorganic chemistry laboratory 

Advance inorganic laboratory/research Credit Hours = 03 

31

SPECIALIZATION COURSES IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 

Course Title: Chemistry of Hetrocycles Paper- III Code: CHEM- 351 

Credit Hours: 03 Marks = 100 


Introduction, significance and applications. Nomenclature of hetrocyclic compounds 

according to IUPAC, Hantzsch-Widmann-Pettersen system and SMILES. Geometry and 

Stereochemistry of heterocyclic compounds 

Saturated, Unsaturated and Aromatic Hetrocycles, aromaticity, Tautomerism in small to 

large ring hetrocycles. Chemistry of Furan, Thiophene and pyrrole; synthesis of indole 

and isoindoles; chemistry of pyridine, quinoline and isoquinoline; occurrence of 

hetrocyclic compounds. 

Photochemistry 

Woodward and Hofmann rule: Introduction, excitation and the excited state. 

Intramolecular reactions of the olefinic bond, carbonyl group, and cycloaddition reaction. 

Generalized woodward and Hofmann rules for concerted reactions. 


1. 1R. K. Bansal, Hetrocyclic Chemistry, 4 th ed., New Age international. Pvt. Ltd., 

India (2005). 

2. T. Eicher and s. Hauptmann, The Chemistry of Hetrocycles,George Thieme 

Verlag, New York(1995). 

3. J. A. Joule, K. Mills, G.F. Smith, Hetrocyclic Chemistry, Stanely Thomes 

Publication Ltd.; (1998). 

4. R. H. Acheson, An introduction to Chemistry of Hetrocycles, John Wiley, New 

York (1987). 

5. M. Samisburg, Hetrocyclic Chemistry, Royal Society of Chemistry (2001) 

6. H. Charles, Deputy and S. Orville, Chapman, Molecular reaction and 

photochemistry. Prentice Hall. New York. 

Course Title Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry Paper- IV, Code: 

CHEM- 352 



Introduction Fundamental of spectroscopy. UV-Visible Spectroscopy: Introduction, 

theory, Instrumentation and sample handling. Infra Red Spectroscopy: Introduction, 

theory, Instrumentation and sample handling. Mass Spectroscopy: Introduction, theory, 

Instrumentation and sample handling. Applications: Structure elucidation of simple 

organic molecules by UV, IR and MS. 


32

1. Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G.M. and Kriz, G.S., Introduction to spectroscopy: a 

Guide for Students of Organic Chemistry, Thomson Learning, Australia (2001). 

2. Silverstein, R. M. Webster F.X. and Kiemle, D.J. Spectrometeric Identification of 

Organic Compounds, John Wiley and Sons Inc., USA (2005). 

3. Brown, D.W., Floyed, A.J. and Sainsury, M. Organic spectroscopy, 1. Wiley and 

Sons, Chichester (1998). 

4. Willians, D. H. and Fleming, I. Spectroscopic methods in organic Chemistry, 4 th 

ed., McGraw-Hill Book. Co., Lodon (1987). 

5. Younas, M. Organic Spectroscopy, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore (2004). 

6. Kalsi, P.S. “Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds”, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New 

Delhi. 

7. Lambert, J. B, Shurvell, H. F., Lightner, D. A. and Cooks, R. G., “Introduction to 

Organic Spectroscopy”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. 

8. Williams D. H. and Fleming, I., “Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry”, 

Athlone Press, London. 

9. Atta-ur-Rehman, “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy”, UGC, Islamabad. 

10. Davis, R. and Freason, M., “Mass Spectrometry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 

33

Course Title: Stereochemistry Paper- V Code: CHEM- 353 



Introduction History and Significance. Static Stereochemistry: Structure and Symmetry, 

configurations and conformations, methods for determination of relative and absolute 

configuration, stereochemical nomenclature. Types of Chirlity: Central, Axial and planar 

chiral compounds , atropisomerism, molecular overcrowding and cyclostereisomereism. 

Dynamic stereochemistry; steereochemical reactions, stereoselectivity and 

stereospeciticity, prostereoisomerism and prochirility. Analytical methods: determination 

of enantiomers and distereomers composition using chiroptical, chromatographic and 

NMR spectroscopic methods. Resolution: Diasteroisomers formation , Chiral 

derivatization agents (CDAs), Chiral resolving agents (CRAs), chromatographic kinetic, 

mechanical and enzymetic resolutions, preferential crystallization. 

Book Recommended 

1. Eliel, E. L.; Wilen, S. H Doyle, M.P. and Michael, P. Basic Organic 

Stereochemistry, Willey Inter Science, New York (2003). 

2. Kalsi, P. S. Sterochemistry and mechanism through Solved problems, new age 

international publishers, New Delhi, India (2001). 

3. Mislow, K. Introduction to stereochemistry, W.A. Benjamin, New York (1966). 

4. Morris, D.G. Stereochemistry, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK. (2001). 

5. M. North. Principles and application of stereochemistry, Stanely Thornes: 

Cheltenham, UK (1998). 

6. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd, R. N., “Organic Chemistry”, Prentice-Hall of India, 

New Delhi. 

34

Course Title: Organic synthesis Paper-VI Code: CHEM- 354 



Oxidations/Reduction Reactions, an introduction to carbon-carbon bond synthesis, 

Reactive intermediates, Pericyclic reactions. 


1. March, J. Advanced Organic chemistry: Reaction, Mechanism and Structure, 5 th 

ed., John Wiley, New York (2007). 

2. Caruthers, W. Some modern methods of organic Synthesis, 3 rd ed., Cambridge 

University Press, Cambridge (1986). 

3. Aansari, F.L., Quershi R. and Quershi, M.L. Electrocyclic Reactions, John Wiley 

and Sons (1999). 

4. Norman, R.O.C. Principles of Organic Synthesis, 3 rd ed., Chapman and Hall, 

London (1993). 

5. Carey, F. A. and Sundberg, R. J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A: Structure 

and Mechanisms”, Kluwer Academic /Plenum Publishers, New York. 

6. Sykes, P., “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Longman, 

London. 

7. McMurry, J., “Organic Chemistry”, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 

California. 

8. Solomons, T. W. G. and Fryhle, C. B., “Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, 

New York. 

Advance Organic Chemistry Laboratory/Research Thesis 


Multistep synthesis of different types organic compounds, purification and identification 

of synthesized compounds by physical and chemical methods. 



CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. 


London. 







Islamabad. 

35



New York. 





9. Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M. and Kriz, G. S. “Introduction to Spectroscopy: A 

Guide for Students of Organic Chemistry”, Saunders Golden Sunburst Series, 

London. 

10. Silverstein, R. N., Barrler, G. C. and Morrill, T. C., “Spectrometric Identification 

of Organic Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 


Delhi. 

12. Palleros, D. R., “Experimental Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New 

York. 

36

SPECIALIZATION IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 

Course Title: Statistical Thermodynamics Paper-III Code: CHEM- 371 


Permutation and probability, Partition functions. The relationship of partition function to 

the various thermodynamic functions like translational energy, vibrational energy, 

rotational energy, entropy, heat, enthalpy, pressure, Gibbs free energy, Entropy of mixing 

of gases, heat capacity etc. Transitional, vibrational and rotational partitional functions 

and equilibrium constant. 


1. Gasser R.P.H. and Richards W.G. “Entropy and Energy Levels” Oxford 


2. Wayatt P.A.H. “The Molecular Basis of Entropy and Chemical Equilibrium” 

Royal Institute of Chemistry London (1971). 

3. Smith E.B. “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” 4 th 

Press(1990). 

ed. Oxford University 

4. Seddon J.M. and Gale J.D. “Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics” Royal 

Soc Chem, UK (2002). 

5. Aston J.G. and Fritz J.J. “Thermodynamics and Statistical Thermodynamics” 

John-Wiley, New York (1987). 

Course Title: Polymer Chemistry Paper-IV Code: CHEM- 372 


Introduction to Polymers. Step-growth Polymerizations. Polymer chain growth. Kinetics 

of polymer chain growth. Copolymerization. Emulsion Polymerization. Natural and 

Inorganic Polymers. Physical Aspects of polymers. Molecular Weight of Polymers: 

Distribution, averages, and methods of determination. Viscosity. Osmometry. Light 

scattering method. Diffusion, sedimentation. Optical rotation method. Structure of 

Polymer Chain: Introduction to chain isomerism, stereochemistry, configurations, and 

conformations. (not in Hiemenz). Amorphous State of Polymers: In depth examination of 

polymer conformation, microstructure, and dynamics in the amorphous state. Polymer 

viscoelasticity: Stress relaxation, mechanical models of polymer behavior, timetemperature 

superposition, perhaps rheology. Crystalline State of Polymers: 

crystallization and kinetics, crystalline structures, experimental methods. Polymer 

Solutions and Blends: 


1. Hiemenz P.C. “Polymer Chemistry: The Basic Concepts” Marcel Dekker (1984). 

37

2. Stevens M.P. “Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction” Oxford University Press 

(1999). 

1. Allcock H.R. and Lampe F.W. “Contemporary Polymer Chemistry” Prentice-Hall 

(1990). 

3. Rudin “The Element of Polymer Science and Engineering” Academic Press 

(1990). 

4. Sperling L.H. “Introduction to Physical Polymer Science” Wiley Interscience 

(1992). 

5. Boyd R.H. and Phillips P.J. “The Science of Polymer Molecules” Cambridge 

(1993). 

6. Malcolm P.S. “Polymer Chemistry” Oxford University Press (2005). 

7. Ravue, “Principles of Polymer Chemistry” 2 nd 

ed. Plenum Publishers (2000). 

Course Title: Quantum Chemistry Paper-V Code: CHEM- 373 


Limitation of classical mechanics, wave and particle nature of matter, de-Broglie’s 

equation, Heisenberg’s uncertainity principle, concept of quantization of energy, 

Operators and their properties. Types of operators, Hemaltonian operator, Hermition 

operator, Angular momentum. Postulates of quantum chemistry, Eigen function and 

Eigen values, general wave equation, Schrödinger wave equation (Time dependent + 

Time independent). Particle in one dimensional box, three dimensional box, hydrogen 

atom and harmonic oscillator, comparision between general wave equation and 

Schrödinger wave equation, Central field problem. Approximate methods. Perturbation 

methods. Many electron systems. Treatment of simple harmonic oscillator, diatomic rigid 

rotor. Valence bond and molecular orbital theories. Pi-electron calculations. 


1. Micheal D.F. “Elements of Quantum Mechanics” Oxford University Press (2005). 

2. Griffiths, David J., “Introduction to Quantum Mechanics” 2 nd 


3. Hayward, David O., “Quantum Mechanics for Chemists” 1 st 

ed., John Wiley (2003). 

4. House, James E., “Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics” 2 nd 

ed., Elsevier-Academic 

Press (2003). 

Course Title: Photochemistry Paper-VI Code: CHEM- 374 


38

Scope of photochemistry. Energy transfer in photochemical reaction. Quantum yield of 

emission process radiation and nonradiation process. Kinetics and Quantum yields of 

radiative and nonradiative process (fluorescence, phosphorescence, inter system crossing, 

internal conversion , quenching), and Stern-Volmer reactions. Photosensitized reactions. 

Photochemical reaction in gas phase and in solutions. Flash photolysis. Advance 

approach to kinetics of photochemical reactions. Applied photochemistry. Atmospheric 

photochemistry. Photosynthesis, photochemistry of polymers, photomedicines. 

Techniques in photochemistry, introduction, light source. Incandescent filament lamps, 

discharge lamps, lasers, synchrotron reaction. 


1. Calvert J.G. and Pitts J.N. “Photochemistry” John Wiley, New York (1966). 

2. Suppan P. “Principles of Photochemistry”, the Chemical Soc., UK (1973). 


ed., John Wiley 

and Sons (2004). 



Advanced Physical Laboratory 


Specific experiments may be set making use of the following instruments depending 

upon their availability. Special experiments may also be designed for which a specimen 

list of instruments is given below. For the innovative designing of experiments the 

Journal of Chemical Education may be consulted. 

Instruments: 

PH-meter , Conductivity meter ,Dipole meters, Electrogravimetric apparatus,UV/Visible 

spectrometer 

Infrared spectrophotometer, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer,Stopped flow 

spectrometers 

Gas Chromatography, HPLC ,Light Scattering Instruments 

Practical 

Determination of partial molar quantities. 

Determination of free energy changes, standard free energies. 

Verification of Kohlrausch law. 

Study of temperature dependence of electrode potentials. 

39

Determination of heat of solution, ionic reactions and other experiments from 

thermochemistry. 

Determination of molecular weight of a polymer by viscosity method. 

Precipitation value of electrolytes. 

Measurement of IR spectra of simple compound and their interpretation. 

Measurement of cyclic voltammogram of an organic compound and its interpretation. 

Determination of dipole moment of an organic liquid. 

Determination of percentage composition of KMnO 4 -K 2 Cr 2 O 7 in given solution by 

spectrometry. 

Evaluation of pKa value an indicator by spectrometric method. 

Synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles and their characterization using IR and XRD 

techniques. 


1. Braun R.D. and Walters F. “Application of Chemical Analysis” (1982). 

2. David P. “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” 5 th 

ed. (1989). 

3. James A.M. and Prichard F.E. “Practical Physical Chemistry” 3 rd 

ed. Longman (1974). 

4). Shoemaker D.P., Garland C.W. and Nibler J.W. “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” 

McGraw Hills, New York (1989). 

40

M.SC, 2 ND YEAR, SEMESTER-IV (FINAL SEMESTER) 

Course Title: Environmental Chemistry Paper-I1 Code: CHEM- 


Fossil fuels and energy sources 

Origin and development of coal: Origin and reserves of petroleum and natural gas, 

composition and classification of petroleum, refining, and environmental problems 

associated with petroleum, nuclear fission reactors, solar energy, power synthesis, tidal 

and geothermal energy, synthetic chemical fuels, the H economy, electrochemical energy 

conversion, conservation of free energy, the energy balance of the earth. 

Soils and mineral resources 

Estimating reserves of mineral resources of earth, extraction of metal-general principles, 

iron, steel, aluminium, copper and other metals, sulphur and nitrogen. Organic matter in 

soil, soil nutrients, ion exchange in soils, solid pH and nutrients availability. 


1. Anil Kumar, Environmental chemistry, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi J. W. Moore & 

E. 2). A. Moore, Environmental chemistry, Academic Press, New York. 

2. S. K. Banerji, Environmental chemistry, Prentice Hall, Delhi. 

3. S. K. Banerji, Environmental chemistry, Tata Publisher, Delhi. 

4. Staneley E. Manahan, Environmental chemistry, Brooks, California. 

41

SPECIALIZATION ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY SEMESTER- IV 

Course Title: Advanced Analytical Chemistry Paper-VI Code: CHEM- 411 



1. DTA and TGA: Basic principles, instrumentation and applications, thermal 

analysis and calorimetry. 

2. Automation in analytical chemistry: Instrumental parameters for automated 

instrument, automated process and instruments in process control and clinical 

laboratory. 

3. Preparation of sample for the analysis. 



New York. 

2. Gary D. Christian, James E. O’Reilly, Instrumental Analysis, John Wiley and 

Sons. 


York. 




London. 

Course Title: Electro-Analytical Techniques Paper-VII Code: CHEM-412 



1. Electrode Phenomenon: The electrochemical cell. Oxidation and reductions 

potentiometric methods, various types of electrodes and their use, over potentials 

membrane potentials, some well known redox reactions of analytical importance, 

ion selective electrodes, direct potentiometric measurement, potentiometric 

titration. 

2. Voltammetry: Principal of voltammetry, Instrumentation, different modes of 

polarography. Application of the inorganic and organic analysis, Principles of 

stripling voltammetry, types of stripling voltammetry and application analysis of 

cation and anions. 

3. Introduction to Coulometry and Amperometry. 

4. Electrophoresis; Basic theory, instrumentation and applications 

5. Radiochemical methods: Neutron activation analysis, isotopic dilution method, 

radiometric methods, application 


� Robert D. Braun, Introduction to Instrumental Analysis McGraw Hill Book Co. 

New York. 

� Gary D. Christian, James E. O’Reilly, Instrumental Analysis, John Wiley and 

Sons. 

� Douglas A. Skoog, Stanley R. Crouch, Instrumental Analysis, Reinholt, New 

York. 

42

� I.M. Kolthoff, Sandell, Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, Macmillan 


Course Title: Spectroscopy and Advanced Instrumentation Paper-VIII 

,Code:CHEM-413 


Course Contents: 

Principles of molecular fluorescence, instrumentation, analytical parameters and 

analytical applications. Principles of flame photometry, instrumentation, application of 

flame photometry and interferences. Principles of atomic fluorescence, instrumentation, 

analytical parameters and analytical application. NMR Spectroscopy, principles and 

interpretation of spectra. Introduction to X-Rays spectroscopy 


� Robert D. Braun, Introduction to Instrumental Analysis McGraw Hill Book Co. 

New York. 

� Gary D. Christian, James E. O’Reilly, Instrumental Analysis, John Wiley and 

Sons. 

� Douglas A. Skoog, Stanley R. Crouch, Instrumental Analysis, Reinholt, New 

York. 

� F.W. Fifield and D. Kealy, Principles and Practice of Analytical Chemistry I.T.B, 

London. 

� Willard, Meritte and Dean, Instrumental Analysis, D. Van Nostrand, New York. 

Advanced Instrumental Chemistry Practical/Research Project Credit Hours: 03 

Marks: 100 

43

SPECIALIZATION IN BIOCHEMISTRY 

Course Title: Cell Biology Paper-VI Code:CHEM- 431 


Course Content 

Cell theory; Structure and chemical composition of cell, Introduction to Prokaryotes and 

Eukaryotes, 

Cell organelles 

Lysosome, Micro-bodies, Mitochondrial structure and the conservation of chemical 

energy, Chloroplast structure, Plasma membrane, Cell wall, Mechanism of 

photosynthesis, Separation of cell organelles, Functions of cell organelles. 

Membrane transport 

The concept of the unit membrane, Fluid mosaic model, Surface receptors and membrane 

mediated control.. Active and Passive transport, Actin filaments, Microtubules, 

Intermediate filaments. 

Cell movements 

Structure and function of cytoskeleton, Centriole, Cilia and Flagella, Mitotic apparatus. 

Cell surface and cell communication, 

Cell adhesion and junctions, Signal transduction and receptor functions, Cell membrane 

receptors. 

Cell division 

Eukaryotic cell cycle, Mitosis and meiosis. Apoptosis and Necrosis. 


1. Molecular Biology of the Cell, (2008) 5th Editon .B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. 

Raff, K. Roberts & P. Walter Garland Sciences. 

2. Molecular Cell Biology (2000) 4th Edition. H. Lodish, A. Berk, L. Zipursky, P. 

Matsudaira, D. Baltimore & J. Darnell. W.H. Freeman. 

3. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments (2008) by G. Karp John Wiley 

& Sons. 

Course Title: Immunology Paper-VII Code: CHEM- 432 

44


Introduction 

Historical background, general concepts of the immune system. Innate and adaptive 

immunity; Inflammation - general properties.Structure, properties and functions of the 

immune cells & organs Hematopoeisis, T and B-lymphocytes, NK cells; Monocytes and 

macrophages; Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.Mast cells and dendritic cells. 

Thymus and Bone marrow; Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT, GALT and CALT. 

Antigens and haptens 

Properties (foreignness, molecular size, heterogeneity). B and T cell epitopes. T- 

dependent and T- independent antigens. 

Antibodies 

Structure, function and properties of the antibodies; Different classes and biological 

activities of antibodies; Antibody as B cell receptor, antigenic determinants on 

antibodies (isotype, allotype and idiotype). Genesis of antibody variability (definitions of 

combinatorial joining, junctional flexibility, somatic hypermutation, class switching, 

allelic exclusion, immunoglobulin superfamily). Hybridoma technology, monoclonal 

antibodies and abzymes, Introduction to antibody engineering (definitions of chimeric 

and hybrid monoclonal antibodies).Major histocompatibility gene complex 

Organization of MHC. Structure and cellular distribution of HLA antigens. 

Complement system 

Components of the complement activation - classical, alternative and lectin pathways. 

Biological consequence of complement activation and names of complement 

deficiencies.An overview of maturation and activation of B and T cells B-cell maturation 

in bone marrow, humoral immune response, primary and secondary immune response, 

generation of plasma and memory B cells. T cell maturation in thymus, thymic selection, 

self MHC restriction of T cells, T cell receptor complex, T cell activation, co-stimulatory 

signals, clonal expansion, generation of effector and memory T cells. Antigen presenting 

cells, antigen processing and presentation pathway (cytosolic and endocytic). 

Cell mediated immunity 

Cell types (CTLs, NK cells, macrophages and TDTH cells), effector mechanisms and 

effector molecules of cell mediated reactions. Assessment of cell-mediated 

cytotoxicity. Cytokine properties and functions of IL-1 to IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IFN- γ. 

Regulation and modulation of immune response A general account. Adjuvants, tolerance, 

immunopotentiation and immunosuppression Immunological principles of various 

reactions and techniques. Affinity and avidity, cross reactivity, precipitation, 

agglutination, immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA (indirect, sandwich, 

45

competitive, chemiluminescence, ELISPOT assay), western blotting, 

immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and fluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy. 

Hypersensitivity 

Types and mechanism of hypersensitive reactions. 

Autoimmunity 

Mechanisms of induction of organ specific (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, autoimmune 

anemias, Goodpasture’s syndrome, IDDM), and systemic (SLE, multiple sclerosis and 

rheumatoid arthritis) autoimmune diseases. Therapeutic approach 

Transplantation immunology 

Types of grafts, immunologic basis of graft rejection, properties and types of 

rejection, tissue typing, immunosuppressive therapy and transplants to 

immunologically privileged sites. 

Immunity and tumors 

Types of tumors, tumor antigens (TSTA and TAA), immune response to tumors. 

Tumor evasion of the immune system. Immunotherapy for tumors. 

Immunodeficiency disorders 

Animal models of primary immunodeficiency (nude mouse and SCID mouse). 

Specific impaired functions in lymphoid lineage (SCID, Waldanstorm 

agamaglobulinemia, DiGeorge syndrome, common variable immunodeficiency), 

myeloid lineage (CGD, congenital neutropenia, Chediak-Higashi Syndrome and 

leucocyte adhesion deficiency). 


1. Medical Immunology 10th Editon by T.G. Parslow, D.P.Stites, A.I. Terr & 

J.B.Imboden.Lange. 

2. Immunology,6th Editon. by I. Riott, J. Brostoff, & D. Male. Publisher: C. V. Mosby. 

3. Kuby Immunology,(2006) 6th Edition by T. J. Kindt, B. Osborne & R.A.Goldsby, 

W.H.Freeman 

4. Principles of Microbiolgy,(1995) by R.M. Atlas 

46

5. Advance Molecular Biology (1999) by W.Wisden & R. M. Twyman. 

Course Title: Enzymology Paper- VIII Code: CHEM- 433 


Nomenclature, Effect of various factors on rate of reaction, Riboenzyme, General 

characteristics of enzymes. 

Classification of enzymes 

Oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases 

Enzyme catalysis 

Covalent catalysis, Acid base catalysis, Substrate specificity, Isozymes, Coenzymes, 

Cofactors, Enzyme activity, Regulation of enzyme activity, Proximity and orientation. 

Enzyme kinetics 

Lineweaver-Burk Plots, Michaelis-Menten equation, Multienzyme system, Bisubstrate 

reactions, Catalytic mechanisms, Regulatory enzymes, Immobilised enzyme, Enzyme 

activity. 

Enzyme Inhibition 

Enzyme inhibitors, Types of inhibition, Feedback inhibition, Allosteric inhibition 


1. Biochemistry (2007) 6th edition by J.M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko & L. Stryer W.H. 

Freeman & Co. 

2. Fundamentals of Biochemistry (2008) 3rd Ed. by D. J. Voet, G.J. Voet and C. W. 

Pratt. J. Wiley & Sons Inc. 

3. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Ed. by D. L. Nelson, M. M. Cox. W. H. 

Freeman Publishers 



5. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 27th Ed. By R.K. Murray, D.K. Grannar, V.W. 

Rodwell. McGraw Hill. 

6. Modern Experimental Biochemistry (1993) by R.F. Boyer. Benjamin-Cummings pub. 

47

Co. 

7. Varley’s Pratical Clinical Biochemistry (1991) 5th Edition byA.H. Gowenlock and M. 

Bell. CBS Publishers & Distributors. 

8. Text Book of Biochemistry (1971) by B. Harrow and A. Mazur W.B.Saunders 

Company. 

Course Title: Molecular Evolution Paper- IX Code: CHEM- 434 


Introduction to Evolution, Systematics, Patterns of Evolution, Macroevolution: Fossils 

Microevolution: Natural Selection, Species and Speciation, Conflict and Cooperation 

Evolution and Society 


1. Ayala, F.J. and Kiger, Jr. 1980. Modern Genetics. 

2. Page, R. and E. Holmes. 1998. Molecular evolution: a phylogenetic approach. 

Blackwell, London. 

3. Yang Z.2006. Computational Molecular Evolution. Oxford University Press, 

Oxford, England. 

4. Graur, D. and W. H. Li 2000.Fundamentals of molecular evolution. 2 nd Edition, 

Sinauer Associates, Massachussetts. 

5. Li, W. H. 1997. Molecular Evolution. Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts. 

6. Nei, M and S. Kumar.2000. Molecular evolution and phylogenetics. Oxford: 

Oxford University Press. 

7. Gillespie, J. H. 1998. Population genetics:a concise guide.John Hopkins 

University Press, Baltimore. 

Course Title: Advanced Biochemistry Lab/Research Project 


1. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 

2. Study of cell structure using compound microscope and elucidation of ultra-structure 

from electron microphotographs. 

3. Cell structure in the staminal hair of Tradescantia. 

48

4. Cellular reproduction, mitosis: smear/squash preparation of onion roots/cheek cells. 

5. Extraction and estimation of enzymes from plant source. Acid and enzymatic 

hydrolysis of glycogen and starch 

6. Biosynthesis of enzymes by fungi and bacteria. 

7. Effect of Temperature, Substrate concentration and Enzyme concentration on enzyme 

activity. 

8. Analysis of normal and abnormal constituents in urine 

9. Analysis of organic and inorganic constituents of blood 

10. Estimation of different vitamins 

11. Separation of subcellular fractions in cells 

12. Enzymes: Purification and kinetic studies of invertase,lactic dehydrogenase, and 

peroxidase 

13. Electrophoresis of plasma proteins, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Agarose 

electrophoresis of DNA. 

14. Cultivation of microorganisms in laboratory using solid and liquid culture media, test 

tube, Petri plates 




(2000). 


4. Plummer, D. T., Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, McGraw Hill Book Co., 





7. Gowenlock, A. H., Varley’s Practical Clinical Biochemistry, 6 th ed., Heinemann 

Professional Publishing, Oxford (1988). 

8. T. N. Pattabiraman. Laboratory Manual in biochemistry. India Publishers (1988). 

49

9. Gosling, J. P. Immunoassay: laboratory Analysis and Clinical application (1994). 

10. Sauhney, Introductory Practical Biochemistry (1998). 

50

SPECIALIZATION IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 

Course Title: Advanced Spectroscopic Methods of analysis-Paper- VII Code: 

CHEM- 451 



Infra red spectroscopy: Basic instrumentation and Applications to the 

determination of structure of inorganic compounds. 

Raman spectroscopy: Basic instrumentation and Applications. 

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Basic principles and instrumentation 

and applications to structure determination. 


1. C. N. Banwale, Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill, New 

York. 



3. M. H. willard, L. L. Merrite, J.J A.Dean, instrumental methods of analysis, Van 

Nostrand, New York. 

Course Title: Inorganic Reaction mechanism Paper- VIII,Code: CHEM-45 


Credit Hours : 03 Marks: 100 

Ligand replacement reactions 

D, ID, Ia and A mechanisms, activation parameter, order and rates of reaction, formation 

of complexes from equations, acid and base hydrolysis, displacement reaction in square 

complexes , trans effect, substitution reactions and mechanism of substitution in 

tetrahedral complexes. 

Electron transfer processes 

“Outer sphere” reactions, ligand bridge (inner sphere) reactions, two electron transfer and 

redox reactions. 

Theories of Acid-Base 

Acid-Base and Donor-Acceptor Chemistry: Acid and Base Strength; Hard and Soft. 

Acids and Bases; 


51

1. F.A. Cotton, and S.W, Advanced inorganic chemistry, John Wiley and sons, New 

York. 

2. F.Basolo and R. Johnson, Mechanism of inorganic reactions, John Wiley and 

sons, New York. 

3. F.Basalo and R. Johnson, Coordination chemistry, W.A. Benjamen , Row 

Publishers, New York. 

4. J.E. Huheey, Inorganic Harper and Row Publisher, New York. 

5. D.Jonson, Mechanism of inorganic reaction in solutions, McGraw-Hill, London. 

Course Title: Elementary group theory Paper- IX Code: CHEM-453 



Symmetry elements and symmetry operations, point groups, properties of groups, 

matrices, transformation of matrices, character tables and their applications in 

hybridization, IR and Raman spectroscopy. 

Books recommended 

1. Cotton F.A. “Chemical Applications of Groups Theory” Interscience Publishers 

(1963). 

2. Lowell Hall H. “Group Theory and Symmetry in Chemistry” McGraw Hill Book 

Company (1969). 

3. Vincent A. “Molecular symmetry and Group Theory”, John Wiley &sons, 

London, (1977) 

Course Title: Organometallics and Catalysis Paper- X Code: CHEM-454 



Definition and classification of organometallic compounds, sigma bonded organometallic 

compounds (Metal alkyls and Grignard reagents). Synthesis, properties and nature of 

bonding in pi complexes such as η 2 -η 7 . Catalysis, Types of catalysis, Organic synthesis 

via transition metal complexes (Hydroformylation, olefin hydrogenation, polymerization 

of ethene and oxidation of ethene to acetaldehyde). 


1. M. Bochmann. Organometallic-1. Oxford University press (1994). 

2. M. Bochmann. Organometallic-2. Oxford University press (1994). 

3. A. Yamamoto. Organotransition metal chemistry. John wiley & sons, USA 

(1986). 

4. P. Pawell. Principles of organometallic chemistry. 2 nd edition, Chapman and Hall, 


52

Advance Inorganic Laboratory/ Research Project 

Credit Hours = 03 Marks : 100 

SPECIALIZATION COURSES IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 

Organic Chemistry Semester- IV 

Course Title: Natural Product Chemistry Paper -VII Code: CHEM- 461 



Introduction to Natural Product: Primary and Secondary Metabolite and drug discoveries 

from Natural Products, 

Alkaloids 

Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; 

discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine 

quinine, and morphine. 

Terpenoids 

Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; 

discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, αpinene 

and camphor. 

Steroids 

Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of 

cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to 

adrenal cortical hormones. 


1 Clayden, J., Greeves, N. Warren, S. and Worthers, P. Organic Chemistry, Oxford 

University (2001). 

2 Mann, J., Davidson, R.S., Hobbs, J.B., Banthrope, D.V. and. Harborne, J.B, 

Natural Products, Longman Group Ltd., U.K.(1994). 

3 Nakanishi, K. ,Goto, T., Ioto, S. Natori, S. Nozone, S. et.al., Natural Products, 

Vol. 1, Academic Press Inc, New York (1974). 

4 Finar, I. L., Organic Chemistry, Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of Natural 

Products, Vol. 2, Pearson Education, Delhi (1975). 

5 Shoppee, C. W., “Chemistry of the Steroids”, Butterworths, London. 

6 Hesse, M., “Alkaloid Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 

53

7 Fieser, L. F. and Fieser, M., “Steroids”, Asia Publishing House, London. 

Course Title: Retro Chemistry Paper -VIII Code: CHEM- 462 



Introduction to retrosynthesis: concepts of synthons and retrosynthetic approach synthesis 

and uses: alkyl halides, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, aromatic compounds, carbonyl 

and nitrogen compounds. Bond formations; C-C, C-N, and C-O bond formation. 

Difuctionalised compounds, 1,2; 1,3; 1,4; and 1,6 cyclizations, simple intramolecular 

reactions such as aldol, claisen condensation an robinson annulations reaction leading to 

cyclic structures. Application of the concepts to target molecules. 


1. Waren, S., “Organic Synthesis-The Disconnection Approach”, John Wiley & 

Sons, New York (1992). 

2. Norman, R.O.C. and. Coxon, J.M Principles of organic synthesis, Blackie 

Academic and Professional, London (1993). 

3. Clayden, J. Greeves, N. Warren S. and Worthers, P. Organic Chemistry, Oxford 

University (2001). 

4. Willis, C. and Willis, M., Organic Synthesis, Oxford Science press (1995). 

5. Smith, M. B., “Organic Synthesis”, McGraw-Hill, New York. 

6. Waren, S., “Workbook for Organic Synthesis-The Disconnection Approach”, 

John Wiley & Sons, New York. 

7. Loudon, G. M., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, New York. 

Course Title: Name Organic Reactions Paper IX Code: CHEM- 463 



Name Organic Reactions: Recent developments, mechanistic, stereochemical aspects and 

synthetic applications of various Name reactions: Aldol Condensation, Diels-alder 

reaction, Michael Addition, Robinson annulations, Knoevenagal Condensation, Clasien 

Condensation, Dickmann Condensation, Mannich Reaction, Wittig reaction, Peterson 

reaction, Heck Reaction, Friedal-Craft reaction, Favorski rearrangement, Husdiecker 

reaction and fischer indole synthesis, pinacole Rearrangement, Birgmann,s 

cyclisation,Birch reduction, 


1. Mundy, B.P. Ellerd, M.G. Favalozo F.G. and Favalozo, Jr. Name Reactions and 

Reagents in Organic Synthesis, john Wiley, New York (2005). 

54

2. Smith, M. B. and Marks, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions, Mechanism 

and Structure, 5 th ed., John Wiley, New York (2001). 

3. R.O.S. Norman, Principles of organic synthesis, 3 rd ed., Chapman-Hall, London 

(1993). 

4. Gilchrist, T.L. and Rees, C. W., “Carbenes, Nitrenes and Arynes’ Nelson, 

London. 

5. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S. and Wothers, P., “Organic Chemistry”, 

Oxford University press New York. 

6. Sykes, P.,“A guide book to Mechanism in organic Chemistry” longmann, 

London. 

7. Carry, F. A. and Sundberg, R.J., “ Advanced Organic Chemistry” Part A:” 

Structure and Mechanisms” oxford university press. 

8. Bruchner, R., Advance Organic Chemistry-Reaction Mechanism” Harcourt 

Science and Technology company, New York. 

Course Title: Interpretive Spectroscopy Paper- X Code: CHEM- 464 



Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: introduction, theory, instrumentation and sample handling. 

Chemical shifts in H-and C-NMR, factors affecting chemical shifts, chemical shifts 

equivalence and magnetic equivalence. Spin coupling: spin couplings and factors 

affecting spin couplings, first order spin systems. Double resonance experiments: 

selective spin decoupling. NOE difference spectra, H BB decoupled and DEPT spectra. 

Applications: shift reagents, dynamic NMR, structure elucidation of organic compounds 

by joint applications of UV, IR, NMR and MS. 


1. Hesse, M. Meier H. and Zeeh, B. Spectroscopic methods in organic Chemistry, 

Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany (1997). 

2. Pavia, D.L. Lampan G. M. and Kirz, G.S., Introduction to spectroscopy, 

Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning, USAS (2001). 

3. Silverstein, R.M. Webster, F.X. and Kiemle, Spectroscopic identification of 

organic compounds, John Wiley and Sons Inc., USA (2005). 

4. Harwood, L.M. and. Claridge, T.D.W introduction to Organic spectroscopy, 

Oxford University Press Inc., New York (1997). 

5. Friebolin, H., Basic one and two dimensional NMR spectroscopy, 4 th ed., Wiley 

VCH, New York (2005). 

6. Macomber, R.S., NMR Spectroscopy: Basic Principles and Applications, 

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, San Diego (1998). 

7. Younas, M., Organic Spectroscopy,Ilmi kitab Khana, Lahore (2001). 

8. Breitmaier, E., Structure Elucidation by NMR in Organic chemistry: a Practical 

Guide, John Wiley, West Suessex (2002). 

55

Course Title: Advance Organic Chemistry Laboratory/ Research Project 

Course Code: Practical/ Research 



Synthesis and characterization of some commercially important polymers, isolation, 

purification and identification of natural products, synthesis of some pharmaceutically 

important hetrocyclic compounds. 



CBS Publishers & Distributors , New Delhi. 


London. 







Islamabad. 



New York. 





9. Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M. and Kriz, G. S. “Introduction to Spectroscopy: A 

Guide for Students of Organic Chemistry”, Saunders Golden Sunburst Series, 

London. 

10. Silverstein, R. N., Barrler, G. C. and Morrill, T. C., “Spectrometric Identification 

of Organic Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 


Delhi. 

12. Palleros, D. R., “Experimental Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New 

York. 

13. Keese, R, Muller, R. K. and Toube, T. P., “Fundamentals of Preparative Organic 

Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 

14. Gurtu, J. N. and Kapoor, R., “Advanced Experimental Chemistry”, S. Chand & 

Company Ltd., New Delhi. 

15. Newman, M. S., “An Advanced Organic Laboratory Course”, Macmillan, New 

York. 

56

16. Zubrick, J. W., “The Organic Chem Lab Survival Manual: A Student’s Guide to 

Techniques”, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 

SPECIALIZATION IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 

Course Title: Chemical Kinetics Paper-VII, Code: CHEM- 471 


Derivation of the rate equations. Theory of absolute reaction rate. Reversible reactions, 

parallel reactions and consecutive reactions. Correlation between physical properties and 

concentration. Comparison of collision and absolute reaction theories. Advanced theories 

of unimolecular reactions. Potential energy surfaces. Thermodynamic formulation of 

reaction rates. Calculation of entropy and enthalpy changes. Thermal decomposition of 

nitrogen pentaoxide. 


1. Albery J., Electrode Kinetics, Clarendon, Oxford (1975). 

1. Espenson, J. H. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism 2 nd 

ed., McGraw Hill 

London (2002). 

2. Espenson J.H. “Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms” 2 nd 

ed. McGraw 

Hill, New York (1995). 

3. Frost A.A. and Pearson R.G. “Kinetic and Mechanism” 2 nd 

ed. John Wiley and 

Sons Inc, New York (1961). 

4. Laidler K.J. “Chemical Kinetics” 3 rd 

ed. Pearson Education Company, New York 

(1987). 

5. Laidler L.J. “Reaction Kinetic VII, II Reaction in Solution” Pergamon Press, New 

York (1963). 

Course Title: Molecular Spectroscopy Paper-VIII , Code: CHEM- 472 


Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Symmetry properties of molecules. 

Microwave and infrared spectroscopy. Rotational, vibrational and rotational-vibrational 

spectra of diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Electronic spectra of simple molecules. 

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy. 


1. Whiffen D. H. “Spectroscopy” Longmans Green and Co.: London, (1966). 

2. Barrow G. “Molecular Spectroscopy” McGraw Hill (1962). 

57

1. Becker E. D. “High Resolution NMR; Theory & Chemical Application”, New 

York, Academic Press (1980). 

3. Graybal J.D. “Molecular Spectroscopy”, New York, McGraw-Hill (1988). 

Course Title: Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Paper - IX , Code: CHEM- 473 


Adsorption, types of adsorption, adsorption isotherm, Langmuir, Freundlich, B.E.T 

adsorption isotherm, application of B.E.T adsorption isotherm,Gas adsorption isotherm or 

Henry equation, Surface active and surface inactive substances, Solid surfaces. Gas solid 

interface. Thermodynamics of adsorption. Heterogeneous catalysis. Kinetic and 

mechanisms of catalyzed reactions. Adsorption at liquid surfaces. Enzymatic catalysis. 

Organized molecular assemblies. Colloidal solutions. Catalyst preparation methods. 

Industrial catalysts. 


1. Segal H. “Enzyme Kinetics” John Wiley New York (1975). 

2. Schlutz A.R. “Enzyme Kinetics” (1964) Cambridge University Press England. 

Course Title: Nuclear Chemistry Paper-X Code: CHEM- 474 



Radioactivity, elemental particles, isotopes, isobars, isotones, 

transmutation and artificial radioactivity, Bohar,s theory of nuclear reaction, 

classification of nuclear reactions, nuclear reactions vs chemicals reactions, mass defect 

and binding energy, nuclear fusion and nuclear fission, Q.value of nuclear reaction. 

Atomic nucleus, nuclides, nuclear stability, nuclear energetic, nuclear models (shell + 

liquid drop model), non-spontaneous nuclear processes, nuclear reactors, beta decay 

systematic, nuclear spins. Atomic bomb, hydrogen bomb, uses of radioisotopes in 

reaction mechanism, in diagnosis of diseases, in industry, in agriculture. Determination of 

the age of the earth by rock dating method, determination of the age of recent objects by 

radioactive carbon dating method. 



ed., John 




58

3. Vertes A. “Basics of Nuclear Science” Kluwer Academic Publisher London 

(2003). 

4. Friedlander G. and Kennedy J.W. “Nuclear and Radiochemistry” 3 rd 

ed., Wiley, 


Advanced Physical Lab/Research Project 


� Study of multistep reactions. 

� Sugar analysis and inversion studies by polarimetry. 

� Study of isotherms and experiments of surface chemistry. 

� Kinetics of fading of phenolphthalein in alkaline solution. 

� Study of the effect of pH on the rate constant of the reaction between iodide and 

persulphate ions. 

� Study of the salt effect on the rate constant of the reaction between similar 

charges of ions. 

� Kinetics of autocatalytic reaction between permanganate and oxalate ions. 

� Determination of energy of activation of the reaction between similar chargers of 

ions. 

� Kinetics of the reaction between methyl orange and peroxodisulphate ions in 

presence of bromide ions. 

� Stoichiometry of a complex in solution by Job’s method. 


1. Braun R.D. and Walters F. “Application of Chemical Analysis” (1982). 

2. David P. “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” 5 th 

ed. (1989). 

1. 3). Shoemaker C.W., Nibler G.J.W. and Christian G.D. “Analytical Chemistry” 

6 th 

ed. (2004). 

3. James A.M. and Prichard F.E. “Practical Physical Chemistry” 3 rd 

ed. Longman 

(1974). 

4. Mowry S. and Ogren P.J., J. Chemical Education, 76(7) (1999). 

2. 6). Shoemaker D.P., Garland C.W. and Nibler J.W. “Experiments in Physical 

Chemistry” McGraw Hills, New York (1989). 

59

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ABDUL WALI KHAN ... - AWKUM

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