CPDD 72nd Annual Meeting • Scottsdale, Arizona - The College on ...

45
MARIJUANA AND COCAINE USERS DIFFER IN RESPONSES
TO A SOCIAL STRESSOR.
Gillinder Bedi 1,2 , S C Reed 1,2 , S M Evans 1,2 , M Haney 1,2 ; 1 Psychiatry, Columbia
University, New York, NY, 2 Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric
Institute, New York, NY
Aims: In human laboratory and clinical studies, an increased neuroendocrine
and behavioral response to stress predicts relapse to cocaine use. Although marijuana
treatment is characterized by high rates of relapse, little is known about
responses to stress in heavy marijuana smokers. We compared response to a social
stressor in primary marijuana and primary cocaine users volunteering for human
laboratory research.
Methods: Non-treatment-seeking male cocaine (N=12) and marijuana (N=13)
users completed the Trier Social Stress Task (TSST), a standardized laboratory
stressor involving both a public speaking and a mental arithmetic task conducted
before an evaluative, unresponsive audience. Cocaine users smoked cocaine
3.8 (±1.5) days/week. Marijuana users smoked cannabis 6.8 (±0.6) days/week.
All had gone at least several hours without drug prior to the TSST. Outcome
measures were heart rate and subjective anxiety, measured with the State-Trait
Anxiety Inventory and the Perceived Stress Scale. Salivary cortisol was also collected
but data are not yet available. Data collection is ongoing and the final data
set will include non-drug using controls. Mixed model ANOVAs followed by ttests
assessed for between group differences.
Results: <strong>The</strong> TSST increased heart rate and subjective anxiety in both groups.
<strong>The</strong>re was an interaction between group and time (during vs after TSST) on
heart rate change from baseline (F(3, 57) = 2.8, p < 0.05), such that marijuana
users had marginally higher heart rate responses during the stressor than did
cocaine users (t(19) = 1.8, p < 0.09). <strong>The</strong>re was no effect of group on subjective
responses to the stressor.
Conclusions: <strong>The</strong>se data suggest that male marijuana smokers have heightened
autonomic stress responding relative to male cocaine users. <strong>The</strong>se findings may
have implications for development of targeted treatments for marijuana and
cocaine users.
Financial Support: DA19239, DA009236
47
FUNCTIONAL INTERACTION BETWEEN SDF-1ALPHA IN
THE BRAIN AND OPIOID MEDICATIONS.
Khalid Benamar, A Cowan, E B Geller, M W Adler; CSAR, Temple University,
School of medicine, Philadelphia, PA
Aims: Buprenorphine was approved by the FDA in 2002 for use in supervised
withdrawal and maintenance treatment of opioid dependence. Compared to
methadone, it is the most common clinically used opioid medication for pain
and opioid dependence management. Buprenorphine is a partial mu-opioid agonist,
a powerful analgesic in both rodents and humans, has a very long-lasting
efficacy, high safety profile and does not posses immunosuppressive properties.
<strong>The</strong> purpose of the present study was to test which of the two opioid medications,
buprenorphine and methadone, is the more effective analgesic in the presence
of high levels of the chemokine SDF-1 alpha (a condition that occurs with
neuroinflammatory diseases, including HIV encephalitis).
Methods: Young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250 g were
used, 8-10 rats per group. A sterilized stainless steel C313G cannula guide (22
gauge, Plastics One Inc., Roanoke) was implanted into the periaqueductal grey
(PAG). <strong>The</strong> latency to flick the tail in cold water (CWT) was used as the
antinociceptive index, according to a standard procedure in our laboratory
(Pizziketti et al., 1985).
Results: <strong>The</strong> dose of 1 mg/kg of buprenorphine subcutaneously (s.c.) produced
a marked antinociception in the cold-water tail-flick (CWT) test, reaching a
peak level (89 ± 10% MPA) at 45 min. Similarly, methadone also produced a
marked antinociception (100%). Although the maximum % MPA increase was
not significantly different, the dose of methadone was 3 times higher than that
of buprenorphine. Either vehicle (aCSF) or SDF-1alpha was microinjected into
the PAG before buprenorphine or methadone. Pretreatment with SDF-1alpha
failed to alter the analgesic effect of buprenorphine, while it was able to diminish
significantly methadone-induced antinociception.
Conclusions: 1) SDF-1alpha in the brain differentially interferes with the opioid
medications.
2) Buprenorphine is a more effective analgesic in the presence of high levels of
SDF-1 alpha compared to methadone.
Financial Support: This work was supported by the National Institute of drug
Abuse 06650 and DA 13429].
<strong>CPDD</strong> <strong>72nd</strong> <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Meeting</strong> <strong>•</strong> <strong>Scottsdale</strong>, <strong>Arizona</strong>
12
46
EXAMINING THE DIFFERENCES IN THE PROGRESSION
TO NICOTINE DEPENDENCE BY GENDER AND
ETHNICITY IN THE U.S. POPULATION.
Roxanne Beharie 1 , F A Wagner 1 , D C Browne 2 , C L Storr 3 ; 1 Morgan State
University, Baltimore, MD, 2 Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, 3 University
of Maryland, <strong>College</strong> Park, MD
Aims: Females have significantly higher rates of nicotine dependence than males.
Also, African Americans suffer higher incidence of smoking-related health problems
than Whites. Research has shown racial/ethnic differences in the process of
becoming nicotine dependent, with African Americans being more likely to
become nicotine dependent than Whites. <strong>The</strong> aim of this study was to examine
the progression to nicotine dependence focusing on race/ethnicity group and
gender differences.
Methods: Data from Wave I of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol
and Related Conditions (NESARC) were used for this study (N=14,225).
Nicotine dependence was operationally defined using DSM-IV criteria in the
NESARC. <strong>The</strong> main independent variables for this analyses included race, gender,
age at first nicotine use, and socioeconomic status (SES). Discrete time survival
analyses and conditional logistic regression analyses were conducted using
STATA version 10.0.
Results: Multivariate survival analyses showed African Americans had 20%
lower odds of becoming nicotine dependent than Whites (aHR=0.80; 95%
CI=0.74-0.88; p< 0.001), adjusting for covariates Of note, females had 15%
lower odds of becoming nicotine dependent than males (aHR=0.85; 95%
CI=0.80-0.91; p