149 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION OVER 11 YEARS IN A PROBLEM DRINKING AND DEPENDENT GENERAL POPULATION SAMPLE. Kevin L Delucchi 1 , L Kaskutas 2 ; 1 Psychiatry, Universtiy of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 2 Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emmeryville, CA Aims: Compared to treatment-seeking alcohol drinkers, the course of alcohol c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g problem and dependent drinkers in the general populati<strong>on</strong> has seen limited study. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> primary goal of this work was to examine how informal support and community services impact the course of alcohol disorders by examining the trajectories of alcohol c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong> over 11 years in a randomly selected sample. Methods: Both alcohol dependent and problem drinking adults (n=672) were identified through probability surveys in the general populati<strong>on</strong> of a single California county. Participants were interviewed at baseline and again 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 years later. Models of c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong>, c<strong>on</strong>trolling for demographic characteristics, problem severity, community services, and recovery-oriented social networks, were estimated. Results: Total volume of alcohol c<strong>on</strong>sumed declined over time (p
153 EFFECTS OF PREWEANLING, PREADOLESCENT, AND ADOLESCENT METHYLPHENIDATE TREATMENT ON MORPHINE-INDUCED CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. T S Der-Ghazarian, C E Britt, F A Varela, A J Roper, Cynthia A Crawford; Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA Aims: Early exposure to methylphenidate (MPH) alters the rewarding properties of abused drugs in adult rodents; however, some investigati<strong>on</strong>s have found enhanced rewarding effects while others have reported decreased rewarding effects. Although the reas<strong>on</strong> for these apparent discrepancies is unknown it is possible that age at <strong>on</strong>set of MPH exposure may be important. Specifically, rats exposed to MPH during adolescence and the preweanling period showed increased cocaine self- administrati<strong>on</strong> and morphine-induced CPP while preadolescent MPH exposure decreased cocaine-induced CPP. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g>refore to determine if age at <strong>on</strong>set of MPH exposure differentially affects the rewarding value of morphine, we assessed morphine-induced CPP in adults rats exposed to MPH during the preweanling, preadolescent, or adolescent phase. Methods: Rats were injected with MPH (0, 2, or 5 mg/kg, IP) <strong>on</strong>ce a day from postnatal day (PD) 10, 20, or 30 for 10 c<strong>on</strong>secutive days. Morphine-induced CPP was assessed starting <strong>on</strong> PD 60. CPP was c<strong>on</strong>ducted using a 12-day biased CPP procedure which included <strong>on</strong>e prec<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing day, eight c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing days (c<strong>on</strong>sisting of alternating daily injecti<strong>on</strong>s of saline or morphine (0 or 5 mg/kg, SC) and three test days. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> three test days occurred 24 hr, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after the last c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing day. Results: Rats c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ed with morphine showed morphine-induced CPP regardless of MPH treatment. MPH exposure changed the persistence but not the acquisiti<strong>on</strong> of morphine-induced CPP in an age-dependent fashi<strong>on</strong>. In rats exposed to MPH at PD 20, morphine-induced CPP was not altered at any time point, whereas; morphine-induced CPP was enhanced in rats exposed to MPH (2 or 5 mg/kg) at either PD 10 or PD 30 <strong>on</strong> the later to test days. Interestingly, the increased persistence was <strong>on</strong>ly seen in male rats. C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> present data showed that early MPH treatment may increase the vulnerability to abused drugs but this enhanced vulnerability is dependent <strong>on</strong> the age at <strong>on</strong>set of MPH exposure. Financial Support: Supported by NIH grant GM073842 155 A ZERO-INFLATED HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL OF COCAINE USING BEHAVIOR. Stacia DeSantis 1 , D Bandyopadhyay 1 , S E Back 2 , K T Brady 2 ; 1 Biostatistics, MUSC, Charlest<strong>on</strong>, SC, 2 Psychiatry, MUSC, Charlest<strong>on</strong>, SC Aims: Paradigms for stress- and cue-reactivity research involve acute pharmacological or stressful stimulati<strong>on</strong> designed to elicit stress and craving resp<strong>on</strong>ses in substance-dependent individuals. It is unclear whether participati<strong>on</strong> in stressand cue-reactivity research increases drug-seeking behavior. Markov models are frequently used in behavioral research to model l<strong>on</strong>gitudinal processes. We proposed a 2-state zero-inflated hidden Markov model for Poiss<strong>on</strong> counts to model the frequency of drug use per week am<strong>on</strong>g cocaine-dependent individuals before and after study participati<strong>on</strong>. Methods: Timeline follow-back for cocaine use was collected for 12 weeks prior to and 4 weeks after participati<strong>on</strong> in a stress- and cue-reactivity study. Two latent states corresp<strong>on</strong>ding to high and low use were hypothesized to describe weekly use behavior. To account for a prep<strong>on</strong>derance of “zero” uses, we assumed a zeroinflated Poiss<strong>on</strong> process for the weekly counts. Markov model transiti<strong>on</strong> probabilities depend <strong>on</strong> the prior week’s latent state, demographic variables, and timevarying covariates. We adopted a Bayesian approach to model fitting, and used the c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>al predictive ordinate statistic for model comparis<strong>on</strong>. Results: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> the zero-inflated Poiss<strong>on</strong> hidden Markov model provided the best data fit (log pseudo marginal likelihood = -1008.4). <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> populati<strong>on</strong> mean (standard error) number of days used per week for participants in the high use state was 3.4 (1.7) versus 1.0 (1.0) days in the low use state. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> log odds ratio [95% credible interval] of remaining in the high use state at time t given that the subject was in the high use state at time t -1 was 6.46 [5.02, 8.29]. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> odds of transiti<strong>on</strong>ing to or remaining in the high use state in any given week after participati<strong>on</strong> in the study was 0.06 [0.01, 0.17] of what it was in the 12 weeks prior to the study. C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> zero-inflated Poiss<strong>on</strong> hidden Markov model is useful for m<strong>on</strong>itoring l<strong>on</strong>gitudinal drug use. Participati<strong>on</strong> was not associated with increased drug use. Financial Support: NIDA P50 DA016511, P20 DA022658, K24 DA00435, M01 RR001070 <str<strong>on</strong>g>CPDD</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>72nd</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Annual</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Meeting</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>•</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Scottsdale</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>Ariz<strong>on</strong>a</str<strong>on</strong>g> 39 154 HIV INFECTION DURING LIMITED VS COMBINED HIV PREVENTION PROGRAMS FOR IDUS IN NEW YORK CITY. D<strong>on</strong> C Des Jarlais 1 , K Arasteh 1 , C McKnight 1 , H Hagan 2 , D C Perlman 1 , S Semaan 3 , S R Friedman 4 ; 1 Bar<strong>on</strong> Edm<strong>on</strong>d de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, 2 Center for Drug Use & HIV Research, New York University <str<strong>on</strong>g>College</str<strong>on</strong>g> of Nursing, New York, NY, 3 Divisi<strong>on</strong> of STD Preventi<strong>on</strong>, Centers for Disease C<strong>on</strong>trol and Preventi<strong>on</strong>, Atlanta, GA, 4 AIDS Research, Nati<strong>on</strong>al Development and Research Institutes, Inc., New York, NY Aims: Aims: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is growing interest in the effectiveness of “combined” HIV preventi<strong>on</strong> programming. To compare HIV infecti<strong>on</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g pers<strong>on</strong>s injecting in the initial programs envir<strong>on</strong>ment (IPE) in NYC (self-initiated risk reducti<strong>on</strong>, methad<strong>on</strong>e, educati<strong>on</strong>/outreach, and HIV testing) to HIV infecti<strong>on</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g pers<strong>on</strong>s injecting in a combined programs envir<strong>on</strong>ment (CPE).To identify potential behavioral mechanisms through which combined programs are effective. Methods: Methods: Subjects were recruited from the Beth Israel drug detoxificati<strong>on</strong> program. A risk behavior questi<strong>on</strong>naire was administered and HIV testing c<strong>on</strong>ducted. Subjects who injected between 1984 and 1994 (IPE) were compared to subjects who injected between 1995 and 2008 (CPE). Results: Results: 261 IPE subjects and 1153 CPE subjects were recruited. HIV infecti<strong>on</strong> was significantly lower am<strong>on</strong>g the CPE subjects compared to IPE subjects: prevalence 6% vs. 21%, estimated incidence 0.3/100 pers<strong>on</strong>-years vs. 4/100 pers<strong>on</strong>-years (both p < .001). <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> percentage of subjects at risk of acquiring HIV through receptive syringe sharing was similar across CPE and IPE subjects (30% vs. 33%). <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> percentage of subjects at risk of transmitting HIV through injecti<strong>on</strong>-related behaviors, was much lower am<strong>on</strong>g the CPE subjects than am<strong>on</strong>g the IPE subjects (1% vs. 10%, p < .001). C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s: C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s: Combined preventi<strong>on</strong> programs can greatly reduce HIV transmissi<strong>on</strong>. Reducing distributive sharing by HIV seropositive IDUs may be a critical comp<strong>on</strong>ent in reducing HIV transmissi<strong>on</strong> in high seroprevalence settings. Financial Support: This abstract was supported by NIH Grant number 5 R01 DA 03574 17 entitled Risk Factors for AIDS am<strong>on</strong>g Intravenous Drug User. 156 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE PREVALENCE OF CO- OCCURRING MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS IN A SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT POPULATION. Renée C Desm<strong>on</strong>d 1 , B R Rush 1,2 , S Castel 2,3 , B Brands 1,2,4 ; 1 Centre for Addicti<strong>on</strong> and Mental Health, Tor<strong>on</strong>to, ON, Canada, 2 University of Tor<strong>on</strong>to, Tor<strong>on</strong>to, ON, Canada, 3 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Tor<strong>on</strong>to, ON, Canada, 4 Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Aims: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> high rate of co-occurring mental health disorders in people with substance use problems has been identified in both community samples and clinical populati<strong>on</strong>s. In a recent study to validate four screening tools for mental disorders in a Canadian substance abuse treatment populati<strong>on</strong>, structured clinical interviews were c<strong>on</strong>ducted to assess the presence of a mental disorder. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> purpose of the present study is to examine the co-occurrence of mental health disorders in this populati<strong>on</strong>, and to identify gender differences in the prevalence of these disorders. A sec<strong>on</strong>d objective is to explore differences in the prevalence of particular mental health disorders within groups when examined by different substance use diagnoses and gender. Methods: 544 clients were recruited from three large treatment centres in Ontario, Canada (68.6% male; mean age 37.3 years). Clients completed several screening tools and self-report measures, followed by an independent same-day structured clinical interview (SCID). Pears<strong>on</strong> chi-square analysis was used to examine differences between groups, and univariate logistic regressi<strong>on</strong> was used to examine the strength of the associati<strong>on</strong> between specific variables. Results: Compared to men, women were found to have a significantly higher lifetime prevalence of mood disorders (70.2% vs. 57.6%), anxiety disorders (71.3% vs. 53.9%), eating disorders (17.0% vs. 2.9%), and mental health disorders overall (88.3% vs. 77.2%). In additi<strong>on</strong>, women were found to have a greater number of comorbid psychiatric disorders, while men were found to have a greater number of lifetime substance use disorders. Significant relati<strong>on</strong>ships were also identified between mental health disorders and specific substance use disorders. C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s: <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> results of the present study c<strong>on</strong>tribute to the growing evidence c<strong>on</strong>cerning gender differences in co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders within different treatment-seeking populati<strong>on</strong>s. Financial Support: Canadian Institutes for Health Research
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