Tourism Scoping Report Kunene Peoples Park - The African Safari ...

Tourism Scoping Report 

Kunene Peoples Park 

Prepared for: 

Ministry of Environment and Tourism 

Directorate of Parks and Wildlife Management 

PZN Building 

Windhoek, Namibia 

Prepared by: 

Peter John Massyn, Ed Humphrey & David Grossman 

African Safari Lodge Foundation 

Postnet Suite 117 

Private Bag X7 

Parkview 2122, South Africa 

With input by: 

Jon Barnes 

Design & Development Services 

PO Box 25942 

Windhoek, Namibia 

23 d March 2009 

This study was an initiative of the Republic of Namibia co-financed by UNDP through the SPAN project, and by the Ford Foundation 

through the African Safari Lodge Foundation

LIABILITY DISCLAIMER 

The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of 

the Namibian Government, UNDP / GEF, SPAN, Kunene People’s Park Technical Committee, 

Ford Foundation or the African Safari Lodge Foundation, and shall not be used for advertising or 

product endorsement purposes. We make no claims, promises or guarantees about the 

accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the contents of this document and expressly disclaim 

liability for errors and omissions in its contents. 

PAGE II

TOURISM SCOPING REPORT - KUNENE PEOPLE’S PARK 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Thanks are due to Steve Braine (Hobatere Lodge), Dennis Liebenberg (Etendeka Mountain 

Camp) and Chris Bakkes (Desert Rhino Camp) for their logistical support, hospitality and advice 

during the field work component of this study. Both Palmwag Lodge and Campsite and 

Hobatere Lodge provided venues for workshops and meetings during the study period, and their 

support in this regard was appreciated. Thanks are also due to all the lodge and tour operators 

that generously supplied business information to the research team. Staff from MET, IRDNC, 

SRT and Round River are thanked for providing background information and advice to the 

planning team. Brian Jones is thanked for providing historical data, comprehensive comments 

on the discussion draft, and assisting with the illustrative map of Kunene People’s Park. Andy 

Thompson’s advice and active participation throughout the study, his peer review of the final 

draft, and use of his photographs in this document were highly appreciated. 

This study was made possible by generous financial support from UNDP / GEF through the 

SPAN project. Co-funding by the Ford Foundation was made available through the African 

Safari Lodge Foundation. 

PAGE III


TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 7 

1.1 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................7 

1.2 STUDY METHOD ...................................................................................................................7 

1.3 METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING FINANCIAL & ECONOMIC INDICATORS.............................................. 8 

1.4 STRUCTURE.........................................................................................................................9 

2. THE REGIONAL CONTEXT .....................................................................................................10 

2.1 FOCAL AREA ......................................................................................................................10 

2.2 KUNENE PEOPLE’S PARK .................................................................................................... 11 

2.3 ACCESS AND TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE.......................................................................... 14 

2.4 ATTRACTIONS, PRODUCTS, MARKETS, FLOWS AND TRENDS ..................................................... 14 

2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT.................................................................................................. 20 

2.6 ZONING.............................................................................................................................23 

3. CONCESSIONING APPROACH .............................................................................................. 27 

3.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................27 

3.2 TYPES AND PROCEDURES.................................................................................................... 28 

4. HOBATERE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AREA...................................................................... 30 

4.1 OVERVIEW.........................................................................................................................30 

4.2 HOBATERE ROADSIDE CONCESSION..................................................................................... 35 

4.3 HOBATERE NORTH CONCESSION (EXISTING) ......................................................................... 38 

4.4 HOBATERE SOUTH CONCESSION ......................................................................................... 41 

5. ETENDEKA TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AREA ...................................................................... 44 

5.1 OVERVIEW.........................................................................................................................44 

5.2 ETENDEKA CONCESSION..................................................................................................... 49 

6. PALMWAG TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AREA ....................................................................... 52 

6.1 OVERVIEW.........................................................................................................................52 

6.2 PALMWAG ROADSIDE CONCESSION...................................................................................... 58 

6.3 PALMWAG SOUTH CONCESSION .......................................................................................... 62 

6.4 PALMWAG CENTRAL CONCESSION ....................................................................................... 65 

6.5 WÊRELDSEND SPECIAL CONCESSION................................................................................... 68 

7. HOANIB TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AREA............................................................................ 70 

7.1 OVERVIEW.........................................................................................................................70 

7.2 LOWER HOANIB CONCESSION.............................................................................................. 75 

7.3 UPPER HOANIB CONCESSION .............................................................................................. 79 

8. ETOSHA TO SKELETON COAST TOUR ROUTE ................................................................... 82 

9. AGGREGATED FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS.............................................. 85 

10. ENVIRONMENTAL SUMMARY................................................................................................ 90 

11. INVESTOR INTEREST............................................................................................................. 91 

12. RECOMMENDED PRIORITIES................................................................................................ 92 

13. RECOMMENDED IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ................................................................ 93 

14. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................... 94 

ANNEX A: QUESTIONNAIRES USED DURING MARKET SURVEY ................................................ 95 

ANNEX B: ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES – HOBATERE TDA .................................................... 99 

ANNEX C: ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES – ETENDEKA TDA................................................... 104 

ANNEX D: ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES – PALMWAG & HOANIB TDAS ............................... 109 

ANNEX E: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN TEMPLATE ................................................ 114 

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LIST OF TABLES 

TABLE 1: CONSERVATION AREAS BORDERING THE CURRENT CONCESSION AREAS......................................... 11 

TABLE 2: MAIN VISITOR ROUTES THROUGH EACH AREA, IN ORDER OF MOST COMMONLY USED........................ 17 

TABLE 3: CATEGORIES FOR TOURISM ZONES ............................................................................................ 26 

TABLE 4: ACCESS OPTIONS FOR HOBATERE ............................................................................................. 31 

TABLE 5: EXISTING ACCOMMODATION PRODUCTS IN HOBATERE ................................................................. 33 

TABLE 6: PROPOSED CONCESSIONS IN HOBATERE.................................................................................... 33 

TABLE 7: ACCESS TO ETENDEKA.............................................................................................................45 

TABLE 8: EXISTING PRODUCTS IN ETENDEKA............................................................................................ 46 

TABLE 9: ACCESS TO THE PALMWAG TDA ............................................................................................... 53 

TABLE 10: EXISTING PRODUCTS IN THE PALMWAG TDA ............................................................................ 55 

TABLE 11: RECOMMENDED CONCESSIONS IN THE PALMWAG TDA.............................................................. 56 

TABLE 12: ACTIVITIES PERMITTED IN PALMWAG ROADSIDE CONCESSION .................................................... 60 

TABLE 13: ACCESS TO HOANIB TDA .......................................................................................................70 

TABLE 14: EXISTING PRODUCTS IN THE HOANIB TDA................................................................................ 72 

TABLE 15: RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS IN THE HOANIB TDA ...................................................................... 73 

TABLE 16: PROPOSED ACTIVITIES IN THE UPPER HOANIB CONCESSION ....................................................... 80 

TABLE 17: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH, AND FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC VALUES ESTIMATED 

FOR, THE PROPOSED TOURISM CONCESSIONS (2008) ...................................................................... 85 

TABLE 18: FINANCIAL VALUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AREAS (N$,2008) . 87 

TABLE 19: CURRENT AND PLANNED FINANCIAL VALUES FOR THE WHOLE PARK (N$, 2008) ............................ 88 

TABLE 20: ECONOMIC VALUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSED TOURISM DEVELOPMENTS (N$, 2008) ........ 88 

TABLE 21: CURRENT AND PLANNED ECONOMIC VALUES FOR THE WHOLE PARK (N$, 2008) ........................... 89 

TABLE 22: RECOMMENDED DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES FOR CONCESSIONS .................................................. 92 

LIST OF MAPS 

MAP 1: LOCATION OF THE HOBATERE, ETENDEKA AND PALMWAG CONCESSION AREAS................................. 10 

MAP 2: PROPOSED KUNENE PEOPLES PARK BOUNDARY, EXISTING CONCESSIONS AND NEIGHBOURING 

CONSERVANCIES..........................................................................................................................12 

MAP 3: PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL ZONING FOR THE KUNENE PEOPLE'S PARK.......................................... 24 

MAP 4: PROPOSED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AREAS (TDAS)..................................................................... 27 

MAP 5: THE HOBATERE TDA AND PROPOSED CONCESSION AREAS............................................................. 30 

MAP 6: THE HOBATERE TDA, PROPOSED CONCESSION AREAS AND TOURISM ZONING................................... 34 

MAP 7: THE ETENDEKA TDA AND PROPOSED CONCESSION AREA............................................................... 44 

MAP 8: THE ETENDEKA TDA AND PROPOSED TOURISM ZONING.................................................................. 48 

MAP 9: THE PALMWAG TDA AND PROPOSED CONCESSIONS ...................................................................... 52 

MAP 10: THE PALMWAG TDA, PROPOSED CONCESSION AREAS AND TOURISM ZONING.................................. 57 

MAP 11: THE PROPOSED WESTERN TOUR ROUTE WITHIN PALMWAG TDA AND HOANIB TDA ....................... 58 

MAP 12: THE HOANIB TDA AND PROPOSED CONCESSION AREAS ............................................................... 70 

MAP 13: THE HOANIB TDA, PROPOSED CONCESSION AREAS AND TOURISM ZONING ..................................... 74 

MAP 14: THE PROPOSED ETOSHA NATIONAL PARK TO SKELETON COAST PARK TOUR ROUTE ....................... 82 

LIST OF FIGURES 

FIGURE 1: ESTIMATED COMMUNITY INCOME FROM CONCESSION FEES IN THE KPP AFTER FIVE, TEN, AND FIFTEEN 

YEARS OF PARK DEVELOPMENT GIVEN FOUR DIFFERENT RATES OF GROWTH FOR CONCESSION 

DEVELOPMENT, BETWEEN 4% AND 16% PER ANNUM ....................................................................... 87 

PAGE V


LIST OF ACRONYMS 

BOT Build, operate and transfer concession 

CPPP Community, public, private partnership (in the context of the Kunene People’s Park – 

a partnership involving MET, one or more neighbouring conservancies and a private 

tourism firm 

FIT Fully Independent Traveller 

KPP Kunene People’s Park 

MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism 

MOT Maintain, operate and transfer concession 

NGO Non-governmental Organisation 

ROT Rehabilitate, operate and transfer concession 

SPAN Strengthening the Protected Area Network project 

TA Traditional Authority 

TDA Tourism Development Area 

TOR Terms of Reference 

UNDP United Nations Development Program 

PAGE VI

1. Introduction 

1.1 Objectives 


This document presents a draft scoping report on the tourism potential, economic benefits and 

environmental issues flowing from the formation of the proposed Kunene People’s Park. It is the 

result of a study conducted under a terms of reference prepared by MET in partnership with the 

UNDP’s SPAN project. According to the TOR, the objectives of the study were to: 

Identify the optimal (low impact, high yield) tourism products that communities and/or private operators 

could invest in once the Kunene People’s Park is created, including financial and economic projections 

over the short, medium and long term, resulting from the enhanced marketability of the area; 

Quantify the potential direct financial and indirect economic benefits (jobs, income, investment returns 

and multiplier effects) that stem from the creation of the Park, including the areas adjacent to the Park, 

the western side of Etosha and the adjoining area of the Skeleton Coast; 

Ensure that these opportunities lie within the carrying capacity of the Park, its wildlife and surrounds. 

The study focuses on the proposed new Kunene People’s Park, which is comprised of three 

existing tourism concessions known as Palmwag, Etendeka and Hobatere. 

The report is designed to provide a framework for tourism planning and the development of new 

concessions in the Kunene People’s Park. It is being prepared before the adoption of a park 

management plan and can therefore not draw on an established management framework. As 

such, it adopts a precautionary and indicative approach whose outcomes should be revisited 

when once the park management plan is completed. 

Furthermore, final boundaries of the Kunene People’s Park have not yet been confirmed with all 

stakeholders. Therefore, for the purpose of this report, boundaries agreed to at the Technical 

Committee level have been used. 

1.2 Study method 

The study involved a multi-disciplinary team consisting of tourism experts, an environmentalist, 

and an economist. The process included: 

Preparatory meetings with the client to clarify the terms of reference and method of work; 

A review of relevant literature and earlier plans for the area, including the North West Tourism Master 

Plan, conservancy level tourism development plans and policies, such as the Policy on Tourism and 

Wildlife Concessions on State Land (2007); 

Two field visits to the proposed Park, during which tourism operators, conservancies, traditional leaders 

and other local stakeholders were consulted, baseline information gathered, environmental aspects fully 

considered and potential tourism products identified; 

Recommendations for concessions were based on market research, suggestions from existing tourism 

operators based within the focal area as well as those that use or know the area well, and through 

interaction between the multi-disciplinary team and other stakeholders; 

Six follow-up meetings with key operators, tourism industry representatives, ecologists and MET staff in 

Windhoek; and 

PAGE 7


A survey of 13 accommodation providers and 16 tour operators utilising the current concession areas, as 

well as 6 potential investors / developers. 

Based on the outcome of this process, the current report was prepared for presentation at a 

meeting of the Kunene People’s Park Technical Committee. 

1.3 Method for establishing financial & economic indicators 

The existing and proposed concessions in the study area have been modelled to provide 

financial and economic indicators. Standardised financial and economic enterprise appraisal 

models as developed in the economics unit of MET were developed for each enterprise. These 

include annualised budgets and ten year enterprise development streams valued in Namibia 

dollars (N$) at constant 2008 prices. It is worth bearing in mind that more recent (2009) rises in 

construction prices have been exceptional. 

Physical parameters for the enterprises were determined from the operators and from data 

assembled by the team. These were then valued to estimate financial values for initial and 

ongoing capital requirements, recurrent variable and fixed operating expenses, and recurrent 

enterprise gross income. 

Among other measures, several specific financial measures were determined, including the 

annual pre-tax net income (profit) accruing to the investor, the total amount spent annually on 

salaries and wages, the annual salaries and wages accruing to community households, the 

annual benefits accruing to communities in the form of concession fees, the annual revenue 

accruing to government, in the form of fees and taxes (including VAT, income and company tax), 

and annual revenue accruing to the KPP management body in the form of park use (park entry) 

fees. 

The allocation of concession fees between government and communities was assumed to 

involve one third to the state and two thirds to the communities. Community income was thus 

made up of one third of concession fees generated. Government income was therefore assumed 

to include one third of concession fees and taxes in the form of VAT, income tax and company 

tax. It was assumed that park use (park entry) fees would accrue directly to the KPP for use in the 

management of the park. The overall financial return on investment was measured as the five 

and ten year internal rate of return, and the ten year net present value. 

Shadow pricing was applied to the financial model, to deal with fiscal and market distortions, and 

arrive at economic parameters for the enterprises. Here criteria developed in the MET were used, 

and adjustments were made for price of labour, price of tradable goods, and taxes and subsidies. 

The basic measure of value was the gross national product (GNP), and the model measured the 

extent that the enterprise changed this. Thus the annual direct incremental contribution to GNP, 

the annual direct incremental contribution to net national product (GNP less depreciation), and 

the annual statistical measure of GNP contribution were derived. 

Further, the impact of the enterprise on the broader economy was determined. This impact 

included the direct incremental contribution to GNP as well as that generated through direct 

linkages and indirect and induced linkages. Thus the overall impact on the economy, included 

GNP attributable to all expenditures of tourists using concessions, and GNP attributable to 

enterprises in other sectors that produce as a result of these tourist expenditures. Namibia’s 

PAGE 8


social accounting matrix, an input-output model of the whole economy, was used to determine 

these linkages. The models also provide estimates of employment generation within 

concessions. 

1.4 Structure 

The report includes: 

An overview of the proposed Kunene People’s Park and its regional context, including salient ecological 

and environmental considerations. 

A brief section clarifying the recommended concessioning approach in the Kunene People’s Park. 

A description of the four Tourism Development Areas (Hobatere, Etendeka, Palmwag and Hoanib) and 

the proposed new tourism products in each, which include a variety of accommodation and activity 

concessions. 

A concluding section that summarises probable economic impacts of the proposed new products; a brief 

overview of the environmental issues affecting tourism in the Park; a table presenting the priority ratings 

of the proposed concessions and a final paragraph sketching some of the next steps that are required to 

take the tourism development process forward. 

PAGE 9

2. The Regional Context 

2.1 Focal area 


The planning domain for this study falls within areas referred to as the Hobatere, Etendeka and 

Palmwag concessions, situated in the Kunene region of north western Namibia. 

Map 1: Location of the Hobatere, Etendeka and Palmwag concession areas 

The Kunene region is one of the most arid in Namibia. With an area of 115,293km² and a 

population of 68,735, it has the second lowest population density in Namibia of 0.6 /km² per 

person (National Planning Commission, 2001) 1 . 

The Hobatere concession area (27,013 hectares) is situated in the Western Highlands, bordering 

Etosha National Park. A veterinary cordon comprised of a double fence forms the northern and 

western boundary of this area. Hobatere is typified by granite outcrops, ephemeral rivers and 

mopane woodland, and receives between 250 and 300mm of rain per annum. The area is 

bordered on three sides by communities that are predominately settled and graze small and large 

livestock. Few other livelihood opportunities exist in this area. 

The Etendeka (39,535 hectares) and Palmwag (582,622 hectares) concession areas sit on and 

west of the North Western Escarpment and Inselbergs, and are extremely arid receiving between 

50 and 150mm of rain per year. These desert areas are marginal for agricultural purposes and 

1 National Planning Commission (2001). 2001 National Population and Housing Census. NPC, Windhoek, Namibia 

PAGE 10


the small local population living on the concession area boundary must remain mobile in order to 

sustain a livelihood, which is predominately comprised of livestock farming (mainly small stock, 

but also cattle, donkey and horses). 

These concession areas contain irreplaceable and vulnerable wildlife habitat for species of the 

highest conservation importance, including black rhinoceros, elephant, black faced impala and 

Hartmann’s mountain zebra. Importantly it hosts the only other viable lion population in Namibia 

outside of Etosha National Park. 

Visitors value the area for its landscapes, unique desert dwelling large mammals, traditional 

cultures, quality of its remoteness, sense of isolation and perception of uncrowded ‘exclusivity’. It 

is believed that the area has considerable tourism potential, which is demonstrated by fast 

growing tourism hubs in the Palmwag and Sesfontein areas. 

Given the impressive natural assets within these concession areas and the relative aridity of the 

region, tourism offers a viable livelihood option to the subsistence agriculture being undertaken 

on the periphery of these areas. For the concession areas to be conserved in the long term it is 

vital that they must also serve as economic drivers that directly benefit local communities, 

providing jobs, income and investment opportunities that empower rural communities and enrich 

their lives. 

As illustrated in Map 2 and outlined in the table below, the Hobatere, Etendeka and Palmwag 

concession areas are almost entirely surrounded by existing conservation areas, including 

communal conservancies and State protected areas. 

Table 1: Conservation areas bordering the current concession areas 

Concession area Conservancy State protected area 

Hobatere 

• Ehirovipuka 

• #Khoadi //Hôas 

• Etosha National Park 

Etendeka 

Palmwag 

2.2 Kunene People’s Park 

• Omatendeka 

• Anabeb 

• Torra 

• #Khoadi //Hôas 

• Sesfontein 

• Anabeb 

• Torra 

• Skeleton Coast Park 

Local and regional conservation stakeholders are presently embarking on an ambitious project to 

proclaim the three Kunene concession areas as a contractual park. It is hoped that this will 

eventually lead to a linkage between Etosha National Park and Skeleton Coast Park via a mosaic 

of community conservation areas and a contractual protected area. 

PAGE 11


Map 2: Proposed Kunene Peoples Park boundary, existing concessions and neighbouring conservancies 

For the purpose of this report, the Kunene People’s Park only refers to the three existing 

concession areas. However, later it is hoped that this title will be used to define the broader 

outcome of achieving formal conservation partnerships linking Etosha National Park and 

Skeleton Coast Park. 

This concept of co-management is in line with METs new approach to proclaiming protected 

areas, which seeks to achieve a win-win situation for all stakeholders. Jones (2008) 2 believes it 

is METs intention to ensure local and regional interests are protected, and that the park 

proclamation is done in full consultation with other stakeholders, and with the economic interests 

of local people taken into account. 

According to Jones (2008), the Namibian Cabinet decided in 2004 that these areas should be 

proclaimed as a national park. Cabinet thereafter called on MET to initiate an intensive 

consultative management and development planning process for the park. This process began 

with a meeting at Hobatere between the MET and local stakeholders (neighbouring communities, 

tourism operators and NGOs) on 29 June, 2006. 

The aim of this Park is: 

To secure important habitats by providing formal conservation status over the Hobatere, Etendeka and 

Palmwag concession areas that currently have no status other than being State land; 

2 Jones B (2008). The proposed Kunene People’s Park: Key issues, principles and negotiated points of agreement. Report for the 

Kunene People’s Park Technical Committee. Revised April 2008. Windhoek, Namibia. 

PAGE 12


To foster partnerships between State protected areas, communal conservancies and other stakeholders, 

and thereby improve conservation efforts and re-open old wildlife migration routes; 

To increase tourism within the concession areas so that greater economic returns can be achieved by 

local communities (both adjacent and others further a field) and the nation as a whole; and 

To improve and regulate access to the concession areas so that a greater cross-section of local, national, 

regional, and international visitors can appreciate the wonder of these extraordinary places. 

The Technical Committee agreed to a number of conditions before proclamation of the Park will 

be possible (Jones, 2008). These include: 

The boundary of the concession areas must be amended where they currently negatively affect 

communities; 

Neighbouring communities should be the main beneficiaries of existing and new tourism concessions in 

these areas; 

No new fences must be erected; 

Arrangements must be made to offset losses experienced by local people from predators and elephants; 

Nobody should be resettled or removed; 

Emergency grazing in times of drought must be allowed; 

Benefit sharing to these communities must be maximised through joint management of the park with 

communities; 

The Technical Committee must be expanded to represent all six neighbouring conservancies; 

Existing rights and authority over the land currently held by traditional leaders should not be affected by 

the proposed park; 

The community should be involved in park management and should have a majority of the vote in 

decision-making; 

The community should receive a major share of park income; 

The park should employ people from the neighbouring community; and 

Park legislation should be amended to provide a solid legal framework for a new type of park. 

The first two points listed above have significant implications for tourism planning within the Park 

boundaries. Of particular importance is that specific Park boundary changes were proposed by 

the neighbouring communities and agreed to by the Technical Committee. 

In the absence of accurate maps for the proposed Park, this study has attempted to indicate 

these boundaries on Map 2. This was done using minutes and records of various Technical 

Committee meetings and field trips, reviewing hand drawn drafts, and involving a technical 

advisor (Brian Jones) who was present at meetings where boundary changes were agreed to. It 

is important to note that the boundaries illustrated on Map 2 are only indicative and are not 

suggested or recommended from this report. 

PAGE 13

2.3 Access and transport infrastructure 


Access by visitors into the Hobatere, Etendeka and Palmwag concession areas is currently 

possible by vehicle or chartered aircraft. No scheduled commercial flights are available into these 

areas. 

As illustrated in Map 1, there are four major proclaimed roads that are critical to enabling the flow 

of visitors through the focal area. These include: 

C35 linking Opuwo / Ruacana / Kamanjab 

C39 linking Torra Bay / Bergsig / Khorixas 

C43 linking Bergsig / Palmwag / Sesfontein / Opuwo 

C40 linking Palmwag / Kamanjab 

Of these, only the C35 is tarred. The others are unsealed gravel roads that are subject to 

flooding during the wet season due to the absence of culverts and bridges. A network of 

unproclaimed 4x4 tracks also covers the areas, many of which are illustrated later in the report. 

According to the industry survey conducted during this study, the unpredictability of road access 

during the west season (from January / February to April) is a serious constraint that exacerbates 

the problem of seasonality for those operating in the Palmwag and Etendeka areas. 

Access challenges are the main reason why the area remains relatively un-impacted by high 

volumes of tourists, although seasonal exceptions occur in places such as the Hoanib River (west 

of Sesfontein) and the area immediately around Palmwag. This also means that the area has 

become more attractive for source markets operating in small to medium sized groups and 

fully independent travellers (FITs) demanding an authentic experience, as outlined in the 

following section. 

2.4 Attractions, products, markets, flows and trends 

Attractions 

The primary product being sold in the Palmwag and Etendeka areas is the desert landscape and 

“wilderness” experience. This is comprised of the following attractions: 

Vast landscapes with spectacular mountain scenery and wide valleys extending for miles 

A sense of space and freedom 

Absence of other visitors – opportunity for solitude 

The challenge of travelling in such a remote and “harsh” environment 

An unmodified natural environment that is not over commercialised nor developed 

Opportunities for close interaction with unique and attractive wildlife species that are enigmatic in the 

desert environment (particularly elephant and rhino, but also giraffe and plains game such as springbok 

and oryx) 

PAGE 14

Presence of traditional pastoral cultures. 

The bright, clear night skies 


Many of the above listed attractions also apply to Hobatere however this area is situated along a 

major tar road with a high level of modification to the landscape that in turn diminishes the 

wilderness appeal. Hobatere is closely associated with Etosha National Park, and is seen 

primarily as a stop over before or after traversing Etosha via the western gate. The main product 

on offer here is wildlife. Hobatere has become well known for its lion population and large 

number of elephant, particularly in the dry season (May to November). One of the most popular 

activities in Hobatere is the night drive, because of the abundance of nocturnal fauna, including 

predators. 

These attractions are aligned with the national branding strategy of the Namibia Tourism Board, 

which creates harmony within the industry on how Namibia should be branded to the world as a 

destination. 

Existing products 

There are five lodges / tented camps currently operating within the three concession areas, 

providing a total 55 rooms and 110 beds. 62% (34) of the rooms offer a mid-market product, 

while 38% (21) of the rooms are up market. Average bed occupancy for these lodges over the 

past 12 months was 42% and approximately 16,936 bednights were sold. Given the average 

length of stay in these lodges was 2 nights, the approximate number of visitors accommodated in 

lodges within the concession areas over the last 12 months was 8,468. 

In addition to the lodges, there are 13 campsites within the concession areas, of which 10 are 

unserviced single group campsites situated along the Western Tour Route. Over the past 12 

months approximately 12,165 camp nights were sold in the three concession areas. The 

average length of stay at these was 1.7 nights and the approximate number of visitors staying in 

them was 6,865. It is further estimated that approximately 2,400 visitors bush camped in the 

Hoanib River area. 

Given the above figures, approximately 17,733 visitors stayed overnight in the concession areas 

during the last 12 months. Of these it is estimated that 9% (1,648) were Namibians, 16% (2,753) 

were from other SADC countries, and 75% (13,332) from overseas. 

On the directly adjoining land there are a further three lodges / tented camps (31 rooms and 67 

beds) and eight campsites. Average occupancy in the lodges was 36%, meaning that a total of 

8,826 bednights were sold to approximately 4,488 visitors. On the other hand 9,650 camping 

nights were sold to approximately 6,317 visitors. This aggregates to approximately 10,805 

visitors staying in directly adjacent areas. It is assumed that the majority of these people also 

utilise the concessions for activities and may stay in the concession area during their journey. 

In terms of market level, 20% of existing accommodation facilities within or adjacent to the 

concessions areas trade at the upper market, while 20% trade at in the mid-market and 60% 

trade at the budget and camping market. Regarding rooms at different market levels, 24% of all 

rooms available trade at the upper market while 76% trade at the mid-market, and no budget 

rooms currently exist in the area. These accommodation products are affected negatively by the 

wet season from January to April, when flash flooding can occur resulting in roads being wash 

PAGE 15


away or blocked for several hours due to the absence of bridges and culverts particularly around 

the Etendeka / Palmwag areas. 

Existing activities in the concession areas include the following: 

Nature drives 

Game viewing 

Night drives (Hobatere) 

Walks 

Multi-day 4x4 touring and camping (Palmwag) 

Rhino tracking (Palmwag, Etendeka) 

Excursions to traditional homesteads 

The existing concessions within the study area have been valued in financial and economic 

terms, as described in more detail below. Capital investments of some N$24.9 million have been 

made, generating a direct annual incremental contribution to the gross national product (GNP) of 

some N$3.6 million. The overall impact of these activities on the broader economy is some 

N$12.2 million. Approximately 130 persons are employed at the existing accommodation 

establishments in the study area. 

Existing markets 

The market research indicated that the following tourism markets make use of the concession 

areas: 

FITs using their own vehicles: These visitors are predominantly Namibian and South African 

residents that own their own 4x4 vehicle, and want to explore the area. They travel with more time, and 

are normally fully independent. The preferred accommodation for this market is camping and budget / 

mid level lodges that provide for self catering. These types of visitors are very common in the focus 

area. 

FITs using hired vehicles: These visitors are exclusively international and hire vehicles to explore 

Namibia. They are more adventurous than those travelling in groups on formal tours, but often lack the 

confidence to travel too far off established routes. They normally have more time and like to stay in a 

variety of accommodation during their safari, from camping through to tented camps and luxury lodges. 

They travel with more time, and are normally fully independent. These types of visitors are very 

common in the focus area. 

Small sized (2 to 8) vehicle-based tour operators: These operators specialise in personalised safaris 

and make use of mid and up market accommodation. Their visitors are exclusively international. The 

vehicles are often 4x4 and can therefore access the more remote areas, enabling the operator to explore 

and conduct some of their own activities. These tour operators are very common in the focus area. 

Medium sized (9 to 24) vehicle-based tour operators: This market makes use of medium sized buses, 

and visitors are exclusively international. Operators use budget and mid level accommodation, 

including camping, and offer a more personalised experience. Their vehicles can access the main entry 

points to each of the current concession areas, and therefore these types of operators are common in 

the focus area. 

PAGE 16


Luxury fly in safari operators: These operators specialise in highly personalised safaris and make use 

of luxury up market accommodation such as tented camps and lodges. Visitors are exclusively 

international and are often on a regional flying safari, including other attractions in Namibia and 

neighbouring countries. These tour operators are common in the focus area. 

Large sized (25 to 44) vehicle-based tour operators: This market makes use of large buses or 

overland trucks, and visitors are exclusively international. These operators use budget and mid level 

accommodation (including camping), and run short safaris including key attractions. These operators are 

not common in the focus area as most bypass due to bed limits at lodges and difficult access 

conditions. However, overland trucks sometimes pass through, staying at Palmwag and Hobatere 

Campsites enroute to or from Etosha / Twyfelfontein / Swakopmund. 

Tourism routes and flows 

This section outlines the main routes taken by visitors through each of the current concession 

areas. These were determined from discussions with tour operators and accommodation 

providers during this study. The lists below are in order of most commonly used routes. 

Table 2: Main visitor routes through each area, in order of most commonly used 

Hobatere Concession Area 

Route Description Main markets using route 

Etosha / Kamanjab 

Western Etosha 

Palmwag / Kamanjab 

Twyfelfontein / Kamanjab 

• From Etosha via 

Kamanjab 

• From Okaukuejo via 

Western Etosha 

• From Palmwag via 

Kamanjab 

• From Twyfelfontein via 

Kamanjab 

Epupa / Opuwo • From Epupa via Opuwo 

Sesfontein / Opuwo 

Sesfontein / Hoanib River 

Etendeka / Escarpment 

• From Sesfontein via 

Opuwo 

• From Sesfontein via 

Khowareb Schlutt 

• From Etendeka via 

Ombonde and 

escarpment track 

• Small sized tour operators 

• Medium sized tour operators 

• FITs using their own vehicles 

• FITs using hired vehicles 






















PAGE 17

Etendeka Concession Area 



Twyfelfontein / Torra 

Torra Bay / Torra 


West Etosha / Kamanjab 

Hobatere / Kamanjab 

Opuwo / Sesfontein 

Puros / Sesfontein 

Hobatere / Escarpment 

Palmwag Concession Area 


Torra Conservancy 

• From Torra Bay via 



Kamanjab 

• From West Etosha via 

Kamanjab 

• From Hobatere via 

Kamanjab 

• From Opuwo via 

Sesfontein 

• From Puros via 

Sesfontein 

• From Hobatere or 

Ombonde River via 

escarpment track 






















Twyfelfontein / Torra 

Torra Bay / Torra 


West Etosha / Kamanjab 

Hobatere / Kamanjab 

Opuwo / Sesfontein 

Puros / Sesfontein 

Puros / Hoanib River 



• From Torra Bay via 



Kamanjab 

• From West Etosha via 

Kamanjab 


Kamanjab 

• From Opuwo via 

Sesfontein 

• From Puros via 

Sesfontein 

• From Puros via four 

4x4 tracks into Hoanib 



























PAGE 18



Hobatere / Hoanib River 


Hoanib and Ombonde 

Rivers 




In addition to the above, a number of popular routes exist for visitors travelling by air charter into 

the area. It is estimated that fly-in visitors amount to some 1,500 per annum or about 8% of all 

visitors. These routes are multiple in numbers and sequence; however the most common ones 

are between the key attractions such as Sossusvlei, Swakopmund, Etosha, Kunene River and 

the Skeleton Coast Park. 

Trends and issues 

Some of the key tourism trends and issues identified from the research include: 

Visitors are becoming more adventurous and demanding more authentic activities and experiences; 

All accommodation providers and tour operators are experiencing unprecedented growth in demand; 

Rhino, elephant and lion tracking is a major attraction for the area, but should be exploited carefully to 

avoid unwanted impacts; 

There is concern that the rhino tracking product in this area is being monopolised by a single operator, 

and is priced too high for the vast majority of visitors; 

Strong seasonality experienced from Independence to the early 2000s has changed, and occupancies 

are remaining high for longer periods of the year; 

A shortage of lodges and beds mean many tour operators can not offer scheduled tours in this area; 

Most existing lodges don’t allow block booking, and this hampers tour operators in arranging scheduled 

tours; 

Existing lodges are too small to accommodate medium and large groups in conjunction with the FITs; 

and 

There is a strong shift from scheduled tours to custom-tailored tours and packaged self drive itineraries 

for the international market. 

Recommended products 

Tour operators and agents interviewed recommended the following new products: 

Accommodation: 

up market tented camps that also offer authentic wildlife and cultural experiences; 

roadside accommodation catering for the mid-market, and especially for medium and larger sized 

groups; 

higher quality, more accessible and better serviced campsites and self catering accommodation suitable 

for the FIT market (both international, local and regional); 

PAGE 19


better regulated and planned unserviced bush camping sites in remote areas suitable for the local / 

regional FIT market, as well as small niche market tour operators. 

Activities: 

opportunities for guided self drive (especially for the international FIT market) into more remote areas; 

wildlife tracking (including elephant, lion and rhino); 

walking (overnight, day and short walks); 

specialist excursions focusing on local culture, archaeology, geology and birding; 

mountain biking; 

quad biking. 

Other suggested developments: 

improved access regulation / control, especially to sensitive areas and those that experience congestion 

at peak times, such as the Hoanib River and the area around Palmwag Lodge; 

improved road maintenance (better quality and more regular blading); 

more culverts / causeways at main river crossings to allow larger vehicles and improve access in the wet 

season; and 

access to Western Etosha for the purpose of conducting game viewing activities, not simply traversing. 

2.5 Environmental context 

In this section, we provide a summary of the salient ecological and environmental attractions and 

constraints within the proposed concession areas. Site-specific considerations are also provided 

for each of the Tourism Development Areas (TDAs) in sections 4 to 7. 

This does NOT replace the mandatory EIA process required by the Environmental Management 

Act (2007), but is intended to provide guidelines to the various stakeholders involved in 

management and development of concessions within the area, as well as to highlight points 

requiring further elaboration during the formal EIA process required under current legislation. 

Environmental attractions 

The attraction of this arid area is based on an array of natural features, which collectively 

contribute to the visitor experience, in contrast to a single ‘destination’-type tourism product. It is 

essential to maintain the quality of these natural features and characteristics across the regional 

landscape, in order to maintain a positive visitor experience. The attractions include: 

the geology, including ancient granites, folded schists, dolomitic formations, the remains of spectacular 

lava outpourings, linked to those currently located in South America after the break-up of Gondwanaland, 

and relatively recent windblown deposits; 

rugged and varied terrain, including coastal desert and gravel plains; rocky and sandy plains; spectacular 

mountains, rivers and floodplains; 

PAGE 20


the courses of the ephemeral rivers and their many tributaries, providing linear ‘green arteries’ of 

vegetation along an increasingly arid east-west gradient and crucial to animal life in the region; 

flood plains, springs and ephemeral pools providing water to highly mobile animal population; 

interesting and varied plant life forms, ranging from large thorn trees to an array of specialised 

succulents, endemics and the ancient welwitschia; 

varied birdlife, reptiles and amphibian; 

the desert dwelling large mammals including elephant, lion, mountain zebra, black rhinoceros, oryx and 

springbok, many with unique behavioural adaptations to living in this arid area; 

the cultural dimension of the people, including long established human-wildlife interactions and the more 

recent development of very successful CBNRM initiatives, including formal conservancies, which have 

contributed to the widespread increase in wildlife numbers throughout the region. 

Ecological fragility 

The North West Tourism Master Plan (Phases 1 & 2), as well as many other documents, 

repeatedly refers to ‘fragile and sensitive ecosystems’ within the region under discussion. 

Although not always clearly defined, this fragility is typified by the following: 

Aridity – rainfall is generally low, varying, on average, from around 350 mm per annum in the extreme 

east of the area (around Hobatere), through 100-150 mm in the central parts around Etendeka, to below 

50 mm in the extreme west; 

Variability of rainfall- there is a high co-efficient of variability in the amount and timing of rainfall, with 

several years of below average rainfall to be expected, as well as years with more than double annual 

average rainfall; 

High intensity rainfall events:- storms leading to increased risks of accelerated soil erosion, particularly 

where impacts of roads, tracks and construction are not avoided or properly mitigated; 

Possible loss of large trees during infrequent but extreme flood events, which would necessitate changes 

in animal foraging and dispersal patterns; 

Rugged landscapes with mountains, steep slopes, a proliferation of drainage lines (washes) and major 

ephemeral rivers with numerous tributaries; 

Unstable, highly erodible soils in parts, including sodic soils in lower lying areas, (particularly prevalent in 

parts of Hobatere); fine-grained silty soils with no structure (approach to Hoanib near Sesfontein); 

A herbaceous layer currently dominated by annual plants over much of the area, coupled with at least 

temporary loss of many perennial herbaceous species; 

A high level of endemism, certain plant populations (e.g. some of the Commiphoras) have very restricted 

distributions and are vulnerable to extinction; 

A linear spatial distribution of important woody browse species along water courses, which extend the 

range of such species into increasingly arid areas, thereby increasing their vulnerability to heavy 

browsing induced by any breakdown in natural seasonal movement of wildlife; 

PAGE 21


Increasing restrictions on the mobility of the desert dwelling larger mammals including elephant, rhino, 

lion, oryx, springbok, mountain zebra, giraffe, all of which rely on seasonal dispersal during wet periods, 

with dry-season concentration along ephemeral rivers and near water holes 3 ; 

Uncertain but likely future effects of climate change. 

Given these attributes, the need for any tourism and other developments to identify, avoid, 

minimise and mitigate negative environmental impacts is both self-evident and required under 

policy and legislative frameworks. 

General tourism development guidelines 

Guidance in terms of “Responsible Tourism Development” is provided in Annex 3 of the MET 

Policy on Tourism and Wildlife Concessions on State Land (MET, 2007) 4 ; namely: 

Protect key attractions; 

Concentrate rather than disperse impacts; 

Avoid waste and over-consumption; 

Use local resources sustainably; 

Maintain and encourage natural, economic, social and cultural diversity; 

Be sensitive to the host culture; 

Involve the local community in planning and decision-making; 

Assess environmental, social and economic impacts as a prerequisite to developing tourism; 

Ensure communities are involved in and benefit from tourism; 

Market tourism that is responsible, respecting local, natural and cultural environments; 

Monitoring impacts of tourism and ensure open disclosure of information; 

Safety and security of employees and clients. 

In addition, there are certain general overarching principles, based on the area’s ecological and 

environmental characteristics, which apply to all proposed developments. 

These include: 

No fixed accommodation structures in close proximity (within 1 km in Palmwag concession; 500 m in 

Hoanib, 100 m in Hobatere) to permanent springs, particularly where these are the only sources of water 

within a particular area; 

Ensure that an adequate supply of water of acceptable quality is available before commencing detailed 

site planning; 

No constructions within designated wetland areas or within 1 in 100 year flood lines; 

3 By this we mean the increase in road infrastructure, fencing, human and livestock densities in the area in general, 

relative to the historical situation when these animals could move with few restrictions. 

4 Short title – Policy on Tourism and Wildlife Concessions 

PAGE 22


No sewerage disposal within 50m of any water body or water source such as a borehole; 

Minimise construction of new access and tourism roads, by making use of existing networks, 

encouraging walking experiences; 

It is essential to identify responsibility for road and track maintenance and to budget sufficient funds for 

ongoing maintenance of the road/track network; 

As far as is practicable, avoid siting of roads/tracks in areas with erodible sodic soils; fine particle 

dispersed soils; steep slopes; 

Adequate drainage to be provided to all roads/tracks to minimise erosion and maintenance costs; 

The use of graders, which tend to “gouge” roads below the level of the surrounding surface, to be 

minimised or avoided; 

Minimise visual impact (day and night), by not breaking skylines, selecting landscapes with high “visual 

absorption capacities”, using subdued and downward deflected lighting; 

No collecting of firewood within the area; firewood and or alternative fuel sources to be procured from 

suppliers who can demonstrate sustainable harvesting practices 

Waste to be minimised at source, and waste to be separated and removed to approved recycling and/or 

landfill sites; 

Combustible waste to be burned in incinerator with acceptable (e.g. SABS) standards; 

No burying of anything other than organic waste, in animal-proof ‘cells’; 

No burying of any materials in river beds; 

As far as is practicable, make use of renewable energy sources (especially solar and wind); 

Use existing protocols developed by SRT for rhino tracking; 

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) developed as part of the formal EIA process is to include 

provision for an annual compliance audit to be carried out by an independent qualified person (a general 

template for an EMP is provided in Annex E). 

In the sections that follow, further area- and site-specific guidelines are provided, which are to be 

used in conjunction with these general guidelines. Additionally, Annexes B to D outline areas 

specific guidelines in the format provided by the Policy on Tourism and Wildlife Concessions. 

2.6 Zoning 

Zoning is important to help achieve the goals of: 1) protecting important habitats, biodiversity and 

heritage; 2) enabling economic development; 3) managing access to natural areas for the public. 

Zoning enables scare or sensitive areas to be protected, while at the same time allowing an 

acceptable level of use in order to achieve economic development. It is also important to prevent 

conflicts between different user groups and to enhance visitor experience. 

Two types of zoning are recommended for this strategic level plan - environmental and tourism. 

PAGE 23

Environmental zoning 


The North West Tourism Master Plan (NWTMP Phase 1), proposed three development zones, 

each with certain guidelines that are based on the level of fragility or sensitivity of the specific 

area. After the field work in these areas was completed, the project team confirmed the 

appropriateness of the NWTMP zones and applied them to the concession areas. A map 

illustrating the environmental zoning is provided in Map 3: 

Map 3: Proposed environmental zoning for the Kunene People's Park 

While three levels of environmental sensitivity are proposed here, tourism development in all 

areas still needs to be sensitive to the environment and environmental impact assessments will 

be necessary, in accordance with the Environmental Management Act (2007). 

Zone 1: High Sensitivity 

Zone 1 contains the very sensitive gravel plains, important tourist destinations (such as the lower 

Hoanib River and area around Palmwag), and areas of high endemic species. It is at present the 

least developed zone and it is felt that above all the wilderness appeal of this zone must be 

maintained over the long term. It is the view of this study that a limited amount of development 

should be promoted in the Zone 1, and that access should be limited in places. 

In Zone 1 the following should be promoted: 

PAGE 24


Low impact, small sized, upmarket tented camps and lodges (±16-28 beds) should be the preferred 

accommodation in the western side of Zone 1 (i.e. low volume, high yield, small footprint, easily 

reversible, using renewable energy etc); 

Medium sized lodges (±40-60 beds) should only be considered on the eastern periphery of Zone 1, 

preferably alongside major access roads, where there are already impacts 

Over Landers and motorbikes should be limited to proclaimed roads only 

No off-track driving should be permitted 

Formal serviced campsites are not promoted since they require relatively high volumes of traffic to 

sustain them; however dry camps with no facilities could be erected where necessary for the use of 

overnight campers. These may provide tents and basic equipment 

Self-drive tours should be allowed on designated routes only and guided tours should be promoted 

Walking and pack animal trails should be promoted but attention must be given to the impact of backup 

vehicles supporting these activities 

Fixed-wing aircraft should be limited to direct flights to and from camps and micro lights and choppers 

should be avoided to prevent negative impacts on visitor experience 

The Palmwag TDA and Hoanib TDA fall within this zone. 

Zone 2: Medium Sensitivity 

Zone two is less sensitive than Zone 1 and contains the main infrastructure of the two regions. It 

also includes the main settlement areas and more livestock. This zone is considered to be 

suitable for further development and to provide the bulk of services required for Zone 1. 

The following is recommended: 

In addition to the small and medium sized lodges mentioned in Zone 1, campsites should also be 

promoted here 

Over Landers and motorbikes should be allowed on designated routes only 

Fewer restrictions are placed on self-drive tourists and yet guided tours should still be promoted 

Fewer restrictions are placed on aircraft and walking and pack-animal trails are to be promoted. 

The Etendeka TDA and the mid reaches of the Hoanib River lie within this zone. 

Zone 3: Low Sensitivity 

Zone 3 is the least environmentally sensitive area and tourism should be promoted with as few 

restrictions as possible. Considerations regarding sustainability must however still be examined 

prior to development. There may be several areas occurring in Zone 3, which are of high tourism 

value and are more sensitive. These exceptions should be identified and zoned as specifically 

sensitive areas. The NWTMP attempts this, however this may need to be updated an 

management plans for the various areas are developed. 

The Hobatere TDA lies within this zone. 

PAGE 25

Tourism zoning 


Developing a tourism zoning scheme considers the following factors: 

The level of planning being undertaken (i.e. strategic planning verses detailed operational planning); 

Environmental constraints (refer to environmental zoning); 

Tourism potential of specific areas based on their attractiveness, physical accessibility, and market 

demand; 

Experiential considerations for specific markets and products. 

For the purpose of providing a simple tourism zoning scheme to guide strategic planning, this 

study recommends that the following zone types be used: degree of access and level of use. 

The following categories are thereafter assigned within these zones 5 . 

Table 3: Categories for tourism zones 

Degree of access: 

Category Description 

Multiple access 

These areas may be used by several permitted user groups at any one time, they 

could include day visitors, campers, residents of lodges, day drive concessions. 

Limited access 

These areas would be limited to specific concession holders that have certain use 

rights as defined in written agreements 

Level of use: 

Category Description 

Low use 

Medium use 

High use 

Use of these areas will be limited to offer the feeling of exclusivity and 

“wilderness”. The density of users should be expressed per square kilometre or 

kilometre of road, or any other appropriate unit, and will be less than 15% of that in 

the High Use areas. 

Tourist densities will be higher than the Low Use areas, but significantly lower than 

the High Use areas. The density parameters would be less than 35% of High Use 

areas. 

These are areas where the upper limits of use will be set to avoid over-crowding. 

These may have absolute ceilings from time to time that will be set by 

management after considering the type of tourism experience being offered, the 

capacity of the facilities and resources to support this, and the ability of 

management to control it. 

Proposed application of these zones to individual TDAs, together with maps of each TDA, is 

outlined in sections 4 to 7. More detailed zoning for specific tourism use (e.g. specific tourism 

activities within a multiple access area) must be conducted during park level management 

planning to ensure sensitive and scarce habitats are protected against unwanted impacts, as well 

as to optimise visitor experience and economic impact of tourism in the region. For the purpose 

of this document, only strategic level zoning is proposed. 

5 Adapted from the Draft Strategic Management Plan for the BMM Complex (2007). 

PAGE 26

3. Concessioning Approach 

3.1 Introduction 


Given the size of the focal area and its diverse environmental conditions, accessibility, and 

product types, for the purposes of tourism planning it is proposed that the park be divided into 

four Tourism Development Areas: 

The Hobatere TDA (27,013 hectares), which has the same boundaries as the existing Hobatere 

concession; 

The Etendeka TDA, which is about 22% smaller (39,535 hectares) than the existing Etendeka 

concession (50,807 hectares); 

The Palmwag TDA (394,304 hectares), which includes the bulk of the current of the Palmwag 

concession; 

The Hoanib TDA (351,567 hectares), which stretches along the Hoanib valley from the coast to the 

Ganamub River in the east and also includes a strip of land to the south. 

Map 4: Proposed Tourism Development Areas (TDAs) 

All four TDAs currently have considerable potential for further tourism products and therefore 

benefits to local communities, private sector and to the government. Consequently, there is wide 

scope to diversify and modernize the TDAs product offerings by repackaging the areas into 

smaller units. It is worth noting that failure to realise this potential and the ensuing benefits, and to 

distribute them fairly, could risk the future conservation of this important area. 

PAGE 27


It is the intention of MET and its partners to award tourism rights in the Park in the form of 

concessions, which will proceed within the framework of Namibia’s Policy on Tourism and 

Wildlife Concessions on State Land of 2007. According to this policy, a concession is defined as 

“the rights, whether full or restricted or shared or exclusive, to conduct tourism activities and / or to 

commercially use State-owned plant and / or animal resources (collectively referred to as wildlife 

resources) on business principles in proclaimed protected areas and any other State Land for a 

specified period of time.” 

The policy makes provision for the direct award of concessions to resident or neighbouring 

communities provided certain conditions are met. It is proposed that each TDA be subdivided 

into a number of concessions that are awarded directly to the neighbouring conservancies who 

will, in certain instances, have the option of entering into sub-concessions with appropriately 

qualified private partners under conditions approved by MET. Important details of the concession 

agreements between MET and the conservancies will be clarified through the park planning 

process or agreed on a case-by-case basis. Vital questions that are common across all four 

TDAs and that will have to be settled by negotiation between the affected parties include: 

how to assign specific concessions to individual conservancies or groups of conservancies; 

what area / concession management obligations to assign to whom, and how; 

how to apportion income generated from concessions between MET, the park authority, the TAs and the 

conservancies. 

3.2 Types and procedures 

Where concessions involve the development, rehabilitation or management of permanent 

infrastructure, they may take the form of: 

Build, operate and transfer concessions (BOT – a concessionaire is granted the right to build and 

operate infrastructure for a defined period before transferring it to the land authority); 

Rehabilitate, operate and transfer concessions (ROT – a concessionaire is granted the right to 

rehabilitate existing infrastructure, operate it for a defined period before transferring it to the land 

authority); 

Maintain, operate and transfer concessions (MOT – a concessionaire is granted the right to manage 

existing infrastructure for a defined period before transferring it to the land authority. 

BOT and ROT concessions are generally for periods that give concessionaires the opportunity to 

make a fair return on the capital and expertise they invested in the enterprise. In the case of the 

Kunene People’s Park, it appears MET intends offering BOT and ROT concessions on 20-year 

terms. 

Concessions conferring rights to conduct commercial activities without the development of 

permanent infrastructure may take the form of activity concessions, which may generally be for 

shorter periods than BOTs and ROTs. 

MET may also grant special concessions to conduct specialized activities such as filming, 

research and education. 

PAGE 28


There are currently established tourism enterprises in certain parts of the proposed Park and the 

operators of these products often have long-standing relationships with their neighbouring 

communities. Where there is both an established enterprise and a developed site it is 

recommended that community concessionaires be given the option of making a direct award of 

sub-concession rights to incumbent operators provided the parties reach satisfactory agreements 

(which MET also approves). It is recommended that sub-concession rights to all new concessions 

be offered via competitive tender using the procedure prescribed in the Policy on Tourism and 

Wildlife Concessions and overseen by MET 6 . The presence of a campsite or similar low level of 

infrastructure does not automatically mean that incumbency should be recognised. 

Should MET and its partners decide to proceed with the proposed new products identified in this 

report, new concessions should be implemented using the ‘Guidelines for the management of the 

concessioning process’ set out in Annex 2 of the Policy on Tourism and Wildlife Concessions. 

These guidelines require the detailed description of each concession followed by a rapid 

feasibility assessment and the preparation of tender documents including a Request for Proposal 

(RFP) and template agreement(s). This process is necessary to clarify the details of each 

concession including, amongst other things, the degree to which management responsibility for 

infrastructure (gates, tracks, signage, water points) and other matters (such as collection of park 

fees) will be delegated to a concessionaire. 

6 During a feedback meeting with communities regarding the tourism scoping report, the consultant team was 

informed that the communities neighbouring Palmwag and Hoanib TDA wish to allow the incumbent operator to 

submit a proposal for all tourism development opportunities in these areas rather than awarding new concessions 

via competitive tender. 

PAGE 29


4. Hobatere Tourism Development Area 

4.1 Overview 

Location 

Hobatere TDA is a 27,013 hectares area situated on the south western boundary of Etosha 

National Park, as illustrated in Map 5. The area is bordered by the ≠Khoadi //Hôas conservancy 

to the south and Ehirovipuka conservancy to the north. 

Map 5: The Hobatere TDA and proposed concession areas 

PAGE 30

Access 


Currently, access to Hobatere is possible by the following means: 

Table 4: Access options for Hobatere 

4x4 vehicles 2x4 vehicles Access by aircraft 

• From south west via 

Kamdesha Veterinary 

Gate 

• From east off the C35 

road, which has recently 

been upgraded to tar 

• Registered air strip at 

Hobatere Lodge 

It is reported that an additional 4x4 access track could be developed on the south eastern corner 

of the TDA. 

Historical and social context 

According to Owen Smith (2002) 7 , the Hobatere TDA was for many years set aside as a cattlefree 

area by the then Damara Representative Authority. In 1987, this Authority leased it out for 

trophy hunting. After independence, the area became a photographic tourism concession 

managed by MET. 

Unlike Palmwag and Etendeka, this relatively small concession area is completely fenced. The 

western, northern and eastern boundaries form part of the veterinary cordon (or ‘Red Line’ as it is 

commonly referred to) and the southern border has a single, game-proof fence. In spite of this, 

elephant and other big game (including lions) regularly pass through it - between Etosha National 

Park and the neighboring ≠Khoadi //Hôas and Ehirovipuka conservancies (Owen Smith, 2002). 

Both the ≠Khoadi //Hôas and Ehirovipuka conservancies have made claims to benefits from this 

concession area. ≠Khoadi //Hôas conservancy is felt to have legitimate claims because of 

Hobatere’s location south of the veterinary cordon, but also due to historical use of the area by 

the predominantly Damara community currently resident in the conservancy. However, given the 

movement of wildlife (including predators) from Etosha National Park, through Hobatere and into 

Ehirovipuka conservancy, it is equally important for the residents of this conservancy to benefit 

from the area. 

After expiry of the current concession rights in 2007, MET transferred tourism rights over the 

current lodge operation to the ≠Khoadi //Hôas conservancy, which in turn agreed to retain the 

incumbent operator on a sub-concession. In 2008 MET also agreed to grant concession rights to 

Ehirovipuka conservancy; however further planning is needed before these can be 

operationalised. 

Environmental context 

Highly erodible sodic soils occur over much of the area placing demands on regular maintenance 

of the existing track network, and limiting future track development. 

This is a fenced area (although breakages occur continuously) and therefore severely restricts 

important seasonal dispersal patterns of several species (including elephant, springbok, and 

7 Owen-Smith G (2002), notes provided to MET during the preparation of a draft concessions policy. 

PAGE 31


eland). Population numbers of some herbivores will need management (for example by removal 

of ‘surplus’ grazers to minimise over- utilisation of the herbaceous layer over the long term). 

Key issues that need further elaboration during the formal EIA process include: 

Availability of ground water; 

In the absence of a formal management plan for this fenced area, all proposed developments should be 

logically defensible in terms of location and scale/size; 

Possibility of additional wildlife water points (although a management plan should be in place before new 

artificial water is provided); 

Highly erodible sodic soils occur, emphasizing the strong need for strategic location of access and 

traversing roads, and a high level of maintenance; 

Any new access roads to be located away from sodic soils as far as is practicable; adequate drainage 

structures to be provided on all such roads (including humps, mitre drains, pipes supported by gabions 

etc 

Developments within granite boulder areas to be especially sensitive in terms of design, location within 

boulders, shape, colour and texture of materials used; 

A first-phase archaeological scoping by a qualified archaeologist must precede any construction 

activities; should any artefacts be found during construction, archaeologist to be consulted for further 

advice 

During the construction phase, care should be taken to ensure minimum soil disturbance in the vicinity of 

any natural springs/seepages 

All accommodation and related structures to be located at least 100 m away from any natural springs 

within the landscape (excluding hides). 

Refer to Annexes B and E for detailed environmental guidelines and a checklist. 

Tourism resources 

The area contains most of the wildlife species occurring in neighbouring Etosha, including 

elephant, lion, eland, giraffe and mountain zebra. It is understood that black rhino may be 

introduced in the future. Other features include the Otjavazandu River, and spectacular 

landscapes with prominent granitic outcrops containing an array of interesting plant life. 

The northern tip of Hobatere is difficult to access, and is situated alongside the main tarred road, 

veterinary cordon, and the Werda settlement. It is therefore heavily impacted, and thus not 

suitable for tourism development. 

Existing products and markets 

There are three existing products in the Hobatere TDA, all of which are operated by the same 

concessionaire. The three products are summarised below: 

PAGE 32


Table 5: Existing accommodation products in Hobatere 

Hobatere Lodge : 

Location Type, size, performance Markets 

• North western Hobatere 

• Accessible from the C35 

and via Kamdesha 

veterinary gate 

• Mid market lodge 

• 12 rooms, 24 beds 

• Currently being expanded 

to 15 rooms, 30 beds 

• Achieved 51% occupancy 

in 2007 (4468 beds sold) 

Hobatere Tree House: 


• Western Hobatere 

• Accessible from the C35 

and via Kamdesha 

veterinary gate 

• Exclusive satellite camp 

• 1 rooms, 2-4 beds 

• Upgrade being planned 

Hobatere Campsite: 


• Eastern Hobatere, 

alongside the C35 

Proposed new concessions 

• Roadside campsite 

• 7 campsites, including 1 

group site 


in 2007 (4692 nights sold) 

• 60% tour operator drive-in 

• 33% FIT self-drive (hired 

vehicle) 

• 5% FIT self drive (own 

vehicle) 

• 5% tour operator fly-in 



vehicle) 


vehicle) 




vehicle) 


vehicle) 

The proposed that the existing concession be restructured and that two new concessions be 

developed. These are outlined in the table below, and illustrated in Map 5. Detailed descriptions 

of each of these opportunities are provided on the subsequent pages. 

Table 6: Proposed concessions in Hobatere 

Hobatere Roadside: Hobatere North (existing): Hobatere South: 

• Mid-market roadside concession 

with access to western Etosha 

NP 

• 60 bed lodge, 10 campsites 

• High density; multiple access 

• 20-year BOT 

• Very high priority 

• Redevelopment of lodge 

• Cancellation of existing 

campsite (within Hobatere 

Roadside) 

• 30 beds in a main lodge, with a 

10 bed satellite camp (tree 

house area) 

• Medium density; multiple 

access 

• 20-year ROT 

• Very high priority 

• High value photographic 

concession 

• Approximately 20 beds in an 

up market lodge, with a further 

possible 20 beds in a satellite 

camp 

• Low density; limited access 


• Low priority 

It is unlikely that these new concessions will directly impact on planned developments in 

Ehirovipuka and ≠Khoadi //Hôas conservancies (as per NWTMP). In fact the development of 

tourism in Hobatere may help increase demand for new products in surrounding areas. 

PAGE 33

Zoning 


The Hobatere TDA falls within environmental Zone 3, and therefore limited restrictions apply to 

new development. Tourism zoning for each concession within the TDA is proposed in following 

sections, as well as Map 6. 

Map 6: The Hobatere TDA, proposed concession areas and tourism zoning 

PAGE 34

4.2 Hobatere Roadside Concession 

Location 


The proposed new Hobatere Roadside Concession is approximately 4,979 hectares in extent. 

It is located in the north east of the Hobatere Tourism Development Area opposite western 

Etosha National Park. 

Rationale 

The rationale for this concession lies in its prime location on the C35 tour route, its easy linkages 

to western Etosha and the indicated need for roadside accommodation catering to the midmarket, 

and especially for larger groups. Accordingly, the concession is located along the C35 

opposite the Otjovasondu gate. 

Attractions 

The concession’s principal attractions include: 

Linkages with western Etosha via the gate at Otjovasondu 

Wildlife (including iconic species such as lion and elephant), both in the designated area within Hobatere 

and along approved routes in Western Etosha; 

Scenic landscapes (including attractive granite hills around the existing campsite); 

Proximity to the C35 tour route linking Etosha, Twyfelfontein and northern Kunene; 

Preferred markets 

Given the roadside location on a major tour route, the preferred market segments include: 

Small, medium and large tour groups en route between Twyfelfontein, Palmwag, Etosha and northern 

Kunene; and 

FITs using their own and hired vehicles. 

Zoning 

This concession is zoned for a high level of use and for access by multiple groups. 

Indicated developments 

Given the preferred market segments and the proximity to the C35 tour route, the following 

developments are recommended: 

A mid-market lodge of sufficient scale to accommodate coach tours (approximately 60 beds); 

An associated camping area with approximately 10 campsites; 

Support infrastructure including access roads, 4x4 tracks for game viewing and an entrance facility. 

PAGE 35

Activities 


Activities in the concession will be operator-conducted and include: 

Day and night drives in the concession area and western Etosha; 

Walks in the concession area (and, possibly, western Etosha); 

Cultural excursions to nearby communities; 

It is recommended that neighbouring concessionaires be granted conditional access to this concession 

area in order to conduct guided activities and to traverse along the main access route. 

Main environmental considerations 

The main environmental considerations for tourism development in this proposed concession 

area include: 

The area is reported to have little underground water. Access to water will be a major factor in deciding 

on specific development sites. 

As far as possible, granitic outcrops should be regarded as special aesthetic and natural interest feature 

points, rather than potential sites for lodge construction. 

The access route should avoid sodic soils; where this is not feasible, the access road should be gravelled 

and provided with adequate drainage. 

Sewerage facility design and construction to cater for peak periods with maximum occupancy plus on site 

staff (approximately 60 plus). 

Recommended concession structure 

This is a new concession with no incumbent operator (the existing campsite is not considered of 

sufficient scale for the operator to be recognized as an incumbent). 

It is recommended that the concession be offered on a 20-year BOT-basis (although, given the 

level of capital expenditure required, a 30-year concession may need to be considered). 

MET should award the 20-year head concession directly to a neighbouring conservancy (or 

group of conservancies) who may, in turn, award a sub-concession to an appropriately qualified 

operator via a competitive bidding procedure (overseen by MET and using standardized 

contracts approved by MET). 

In addition to the concession rights for the area proposed in Map 6, an activity concession will be 

required to allow access to Etosha National Park for game viewing on a non-exclusive basis. 

Financial indicators 

It is estimated that the proposed concession will involve an initial investment of N$18.4 million. 

Annual costs should amount to some N$15.4 million and this should result in pre-tax net income 

of N$2.5 million. Some 60 jobs will be created, and the total wage bill will amount to N$1.21 

million. From the concession, communities could receive some N$0.54 million per annum in 

salaries and wages, from some 49 jobs, and they could derive benefits from concession fees 

PAGE 36


amounting to some N$0.84 million per annum. Government could derive some N$2.8 million 

annually from concession fees and taxes, including VAT, income and company tax. KPP itself will 

derive an estimated N$1 million from park use fees. The likely private internal rate of return over 

five and ten years is estimated at between 13% and 16%, well above the expected 10% cut-off. 

The concession thus promises to be financially attractive. 

Financial viability is rated as moderate. 

Economic indicators 

The concession is expected to contribute some N$5.9 million annually to the gross national 

product (GNP), and N$4.9 million annually to the net national product. The overall impact of the 

concession on the gross national product should be in the region of N$19.7 million annually, 

including direct, indirect and induced effects. Over ten years the investment should result in a 

very favourable economic internal rate of return. That estimated for the base case model was 

34%, much higher than the 10% cut-off rate. The economic net present value of the investment 

over ten years at a 10% discount rate was estimated at N$14.2 million. An estimated 60 

employment opportunities will be generated. 

The concession investment is thus deemed to be economically very desirable. 

Priority 

Given its prime roadside location, attractiveness to the market and very desirable economic 

rating, this concession is given a very high priority rating. 

Required interventions 

Granting of approval from MET for conducting activities such as game drives in Etosha, on a nonexclusive 

basis. Coupled with this is a need for basic tourism support infrastructure in western Etosha, 

such as public toilets and a realignment of tracks, especially around waterholes; 

Agreement with ≠Khoadi //Hôas and Ehirovipuka conservancies regarding the concession structure and 

benefit sharing; 

Confirmation of water availability for a development of the scale proposed here; 

Feasibility assessment and preparation of detailed concession documents as required by the Policy on 

Tourism and Wildlife Concessions on State Land; 

Implementation of a concessioning process including a competitive tender as sketched above; 

Integration of the concession into the management plan for the KPP. 

PAGE 37


4.3 Hobatere North Concession (existing) 

Location 

The proposed Hobatere North Concession is approximately 8,808 hectares in extent. It is 

located in the north west of the Hobatere Tourism Development Area and incorporates the 

existing Hobatere Lodge and Tree House. 

Rationale 

The rationale for this concession includes the known need for affordable mid-market 

accommodation as well the established relationship between the incumbent operator and the 

≠Khoadi //Hôas Conservancy, who have reached agreement regarding the redevelopment and 

operation of Hobatere Lodge and Tree House. The redeveloped operation does not require 

traversing rights over the entire Hobatere TDA and the proposed Hobatere North Concession has 

accordingly been reduced to provide an area that is sufficient to the needs of the operation. 

Unlike Hobatere Roadside Concession, traversing rights in western Etosha are not essential for 

the viability of this concession. 

Attractions 

The concession’s main attractions include: 

Wildlife (including iconic species such as lion and elephant); 

Scenic landscapes (including attractive river frontage). 


The preferred market segments for this concession are: 

Smaller tour operator-conducted groups; 

Self drive FITs; 

Small fly-in groups on multi-destination circuits. 

Zoning 

The concession is zoned for a medium level of use and for limited access. 

It is recommended that neighbouring concessionaires be granted a right of use to the airstrip 

on this concession and that the main track traversing the concession from the north-east to the 

south-west be designated as a multiple use route (to permit traversing by other concessionaires 

and groups on the Etosha to Skeleton Coast Tour Route). 


Given the preferred market segments and the attractions, the following developments are 

recommended: 

A mid-market lodge of approximately 30 beds; 

PAGE 38


A satellite camp of approximately 10 beds at the site of the existing tree house; 

Support infrastructure including an airstrip, access roads, game viewing tracks and entrance facilities. 

Activities 

Activities in the concession area will be operator-conducted and include: 

Day and night drives in the concession area; 

Walks in the concession area; 

Cultural excursions to nearby communities. 



area include: 


on any new development sites, such as an expansion of facilities at the Tree House. 

The access route should be upgraded by gravelling in areas with visible erosion, and installation of 

adequate drainage. Ongoing maintenance is essential and responsibility for such must be clarified before 

any concessions are finalised; and 

Any new traversing routes to avoid sodic areas. 


This is an existing concession with an incumbent operator who has already reached agreement 

with MET and the ≠Khoadi //Hôas Conservancy regarding the redevelopment and operation of 

the concession. Accordingly, it is recommended that the head concession be awarded directly 

on a 20-year ROT-basis to the ≠Khoadi //Hôas Conservancy who may simultaneously award a 

sub-concession to the existing operator on terms agreed between the parties and using a 

standardized contract approved by MET. 



Annual costs of some N$11 million should result in pre-tax net income of N$0.6 million. Some 40 

jobs will be created, and the total wage bill will amount to N$0.98 million. From the concession, 

communities could receive some N$0.4 million per annum in salaries and wages, from some 31 

jobs, and they could derive benefits from concession fees amounting to some N$0.89 million per 

annum. Government could derive some N$1.59 million annually from concession fees and taxes, 

including VAT, income and company tax. KPP itself will derive an estimated N$0.67 million from 

park use fees. The likely private internal rate of return over five and ten years is estimated at 

between 19% and 23%, well above the expected 10% cut-off. The concession thus promises to 

be financially attractive. 


PAGE 39






including direct, indirect and induced effects. Over ten years the investment should result in a 

very favourable economic internal rate of return. That estimated for the base case model was 

47%, much higher than the 10% cut-off rate. The economic net present value of the investment 

over ten years at a 10% discount rate was estimated at N$18 million. An estimated 40 



Priority 

Given that agreement has already been reached between MET, ≠Khoadi //Hôas Conservancy 

and the incumbent operator, this concession has a very high priority rating. 


Closure of long term agreements between MET, ≠Khoadi //Hôas and the incumbent operator as 

sketched above; 

Integration of the concession into the management plan for the KPP; 

While not essential for the viability of this concession, it would add much value to the operation if approval 

can be granted for conducting activities in Etosha, on a non-exclusive basis. 

PAGE 40

4.4 Hobatere South Concession 

Location 


The proposed new Hobatere South Concession is approximately 13,231 hectares in extent. It 

is located in the southern half of the Hobatere TDA and incorporates an area of attractive granite 

boulders and small riverine systems. 

Rationale 

The rationale for this concession rests on the high quality of its resource base, including some 

very attractive granite hills, its easy linkages to western Etosha and the known demand for 

upmarket concessions offering a high degree of quality and exclusivity. Accordingly, the 

concession provides a relatively large area with a mix of quality attractions and a high degree of 

exclusivity. 

Attractions 

The concession’s main attractions include: 

Wildlife (including iconic species such as lion and elephant); 

Scenic landscapes (including attractive granite hills and small river systems); 

Proximity to western Etosha and the C35 tour route. 


Given the size, exclusivity and quality of the concession area, the preferred market segments are: 

Small fly-in groups on multi-destination circuits; 

Small tour operator-conducted groups; 

Self drive FITs. 

Zoning 

The concession is zoned for a low level of use and for limited access (to be limited to the 

concessionaire). 

It is recommended that the concessionaire also be granted a right of use to the airstrip located on the 

Hobatere North Concession. 


Given the preferred market segments and the quality of the attractions on the concession, the following 

developments are recommended: 

An upmarket lodge of approximately 20 beds and 

A satellite camp of approximately 20 beds 

Located at sites to be identified during the concession preparation and EIA phases. 

PAGE 41



Activities 



Walks in the concession area, even overnight walks to a satellite camp; 




area include: 


on specific development sites; 

The access route should avoid sodic soils; where this is not feasible, the access road should be gravelled 

and provided with adequate drainage; 

The sewerage facility design and construction to cater for peak periods with maximum occupancy plus 

on site staff (approximately 30 plus); and 

The final lodge site and footprint of accommodation and main units to be signed off by MET, ensuring 

that any natural water sources, endemic or protected plans and other taxa are not negatively impacted 

(including recovery plan for individual endemic or endangered or protected plants). 


This is a new, high value concession with no incumbent operator. 

It is recommended that MET offer the head concession on a 20-year BOT-basis to a 

neighbouring conservancy (or group of conservancies) who may, in turn, award a subconcession 

to an appropriately qualified operator via a competitive bidding procedure (overseen 

by MET and using standardized contracts approved by MET). 


It is estimated that the proposed concession will involve an initial investment of N$21 million. 

Annual costs of some N$23 million could result in pre-tax net income of N$5.9 million. Some 50 

jobs will be created, and the total wage bill will amount to N$1.5 million. From the concession, 








Financial viability is rated as moderately high. 

PAGE 42



The concession is expected to contribute some N$7.9 million, annually, to the gross national 

product (GNP), and some N$7.1 million, annually, to the net national product. The overall impact 

of the concession on the gross national product should be in the region of N$26.3 million 

annually, including direct indirect and induced effects. Over ten years the investment should 

result in a very favourable economic internal rate of return. That estimated for the base case 

model was 43%, much higher than the 10% cut-off rate. The economic net present value of the 

investment, over ten years at a 10% discount rate, was estimated at N$34.2 million. An estimated 

50 employment opportunities will be generated. 


Priority 

Given the priority accorded to the other two concessions in the Hobatere TDA and the amount of 

work still required to conclude them, this concession has a low priority rating. 

Furthermore, following a meeting between the two neighbouring conservancies, it was agreed not 

to develop this area for the time being, but rather use it as an activity and core wildlife area, where 

emergency livestock grazing may also be allowed in future on a seasonal basis. 


Agreement with ≠Khoadi //Hôas and Ehirovipuka conservancies regarding the concession structure and 

benefit sharing; 



While not essential for the viability of this concession, it would add much value to the operation if approval 

can be granted for conducting activities in Etosha, on a non-exclusive basis; 

An investigation is required into water availability into this area; 



PAGE 43


5. Etendeka Tourism Development Area 

5.1 Overview 

Location 

The Etendeka TDA is located on the western escarpment, in a mountainous area called the 

Grootberg, as illustrated in Map 7. It is bordered by Palmwag TDA to the west, Omatendeka 

conservancy to the east, Anabeb conservancy to the north, and Torra and ≠Khoadi //Hôas 

Conservancies to the south. The proposed Etendeka TDA is 39,535 hectares, which is about 

22% smaller than the existing Etendeka concession area (50,807 hectares). 

Map 7: The Etendeka TDA and proposed concession area 

PAGE 44

Access 


Currently, access to Etendeka TDA is possible by the following means: 

Table 7: Access to Etendeka 


• From west off the C43 

gravel road via two 

separate entrances - 

Awaxas and Palmwag 

• From east via escarpment 

track 8 


• Access only possible by 

4x4 

• Two registered air strips - 

Etendeka Mountain Camp 

and Palmwag Lodge 

In 1990, when this concession was originally granted to Dennis Liebenberg, the area covered 

nearly 300 000ha - bordered in the south and east by the veterinary cordon fence, in the north by 

the Ombonde River, and in the west by C43 road between Palmwag and Sesfontein. 

In 1995, the concessionaire voluntarily reduced its size to 50,000 hectares, by excluding the area 

between the Ombonde River and the northern foothills of the Grootberg Range (Owen-Smith, 

2002). During recent negotiations regarding the establishment of the Kunene People’s Park 

agreement was reached between the various stakeholders to further reduce the concession area 

by 22%, making it now approximately 40,000 hectares. This was done so that neighbouring 

communities could secure important grazing and settlement areas. 

According to Owen-Smith (2002), the concessionaire has been a strong supporter of CBNRM 

(including paying out a small bed-night levy to his nearby communities) and has maintained good 

relations with the Herero stock-herders to the north and east. 

Despite there being four conservancies bordering the Etendeka TDA, it has been agreed that 

only two receive direct benefits from concessions issued in this area. This agreement was made 

by all four neighbouring conservancies during negotiations regarding the establishment of the 

Kunene People’s Park. The recommendation was largely due to the area’s location north of the 

veterinary cordon fence, but also due to historical use of the area and the relationship built 

between the concessionaire and northern community neighbours. 

After expiry of the concession rights in 2007, MET transferred head concession rights jointly to 

the Omatendeka and Anabeb conservancies, which in turn have agreed to retain the incumbent 

operator on a sub-concession. 


The Etendeka TDA saddles the rugged escarpment of the Grootberg Range. As it receives a 

higher rainfall than the Palmwag concession, the northern Grootberg Range is a crucial habitat 

for mountain zebra, as well as gemsbok, giraffe and elephant during dry years (Owen-Smith, 

2002). 

8 During recent heavy rains this track was severely damaged, possibly beyond repair. 

PAGE 45


Major features of this region include the spectacular, ancient landscapes, characterised by 

rugged mountainous terrain and highly dissected, rock strewn slopes and plains, resulting from 

massive laval outpourings prior to the break-up of Gondwanaland. 

As a result of the rugged landscapes there is limited motorised accessibility, and a need for 

careful siting and ongoing, regular maintenance of all roads and tracks to minimise accelerated 

erosion. 

Key Issues which need further elaboration during the formal EIA process include: 

The landscapes are rugged with steep slopes, emphasizing the strong need for strategic location of 

access and traversing roads and tracks, and a high level of maintenance; 

Any new access and traversing roads and tracks to be subjected to EIA process, and adequate drainage 

structures to be provided on all such roads (including humps, mitre drains, pipes supported by gabions; 

The use of graders, which tend to “gouge” roads below the level of the surrounding surface, is to be 

avoided; 

Many catchments are large, and have low visual absorption capacities, so any development will have 

relatively high visual impacts; developments must therefore be especially sensitive in terms of design, 

location, shape, colour and texture of materials used and, in particular, use of subdued lighting is 

essential; 



advice; 


any natural springs/seepages; and 

All accommodation and related structures to be located at least 500 m away from any natural springs 

within the landscape. 

Refer to Annex C and E for detailed environmental guidelines and a checklist. 


The attractions of the Etendeka TDA include its scenic landscapes, sense of space, isolation and 

wilderness and the spectacular geological features described above. In addition, the area is 

relatively accessible (given its proximity to the C43 tour route) and offers a wide array of desert 

fauna and flora including the black rhinoceros. 


There are two existing products in the Etendeka TDA, both of which are operated by the same 

concessionaire. The two products are summarised below: 

Table 8: Existing products in Etendeka 

Etendeka Mountain Camp: 


• Central Etendeka 

• Accessible from west off 

• Up market tented camp 

• Very high environmental 


vehicle) 

PAGE 46

the C43 gravel road via 

two separate entrances - 

Awaxas and Palmwag 


standard 

• 8 tents, 16 beds 



Etendeka Safari Campsite: 


• Western Etendeka 

• Accessible from west off 

the C43 gravel road via 

Palmwag entrance 


• Serviced group campsite 

• 1 campsite 


in 2007 (225 camp nights 

sold) 




vehicle) 

• 100% tour operator drivein 

The existing Etendeka concession is due to be reduced from 50,807 hectares to 39,535 

hectares when it is incorporated into the Kunene People’s Park. Areas to be removed are utilised 

by local pastoralists and are not critical for existing or planned concessions in this area. In fact 

the presence of local people here poses an interesting cultural attraction to visitors. 

The research team initially investigated the area with a view to recommending the establishment 

of several separate opportunities. However due to: a) the area’s reduced size; b) access 

difficulties; c) high visibility of facilities in the landscape; and d) the existing product being offered; 

this area could not be further divided. This led to the conclusion that a significant expansion of 

the existing operation was the only viable option without degrading the area or visitor experience. 

It is proposed that this concession be restructured and that the following products be offered by a 

single concessionaire: 

Up-market lodge of approximately 20 beds 

Satellite camp of approximately 20 beds 

One private group campsite 

The proposed Etendeka Concession is illustrated in Map 7. 

Zoning 

The Etendeka TDA falls within environmental Zone 2, and therefore more restrictions apply to 

new development in this area than in the Hobatere TDA. Tourism zoning for the proposed new 

concession is provided in the following section, as well as in Map 8. 

PAGE 47


Map 8: The Etendeka TDA and proposed tourism zoning 

PAGE 48

5.2 Etendeka Concession 

Location 


The new Etendeka Concession will comprise 39,535 hectares. 

Rationale 

The rationale for this concession includes the established relationship between the incumbent 

operator and the neighbouring conservancies, who have reached agreement regarding the 

redevelopment of the existing operation, as well as the known demand by upmarket operators for 

large, high value concessions in the KPP area. Due to a lack of motorised access to the 

escarpment, only the area west of the escarpment is suitable for tourism development. This area 

is characterised by three wide-open valleys, all of which are essential for activities of the 

incumbent operator. As a result it is recommended that the existing concession be upgraded 

and expanded and no new concessions be planned. 

Attractions 

The concession’s main attractions include its: 

Scenic landscapes; 

Sense of space and solitude 

Geological features; 

Desert fauna and flora; 

Proximity to the C43 tour route; and 

The local culture of its neighbouring communities. 


Given the size, exclusivity and quality of the concession area, the preferred market segments are: 

Small fly-in groups on multi-destination circuits; 

Small tour operator-conducted groups; 


Zoning 

The concession is zoned for a low level of use and for limited access (to be limited to the 

concessionaire). 


Given the preferred market segments and the quality of the attractions in the concession area, 

the following developments are recommended: 

PAGE 49


A new upmarket lodge of approximately 20 beds; 

Upgrade of the existing tented camp as a satellite facility of approximately 20 beds; and 

A private tour operator campsite (existing) 

Development sites are to be identified during the concession preparation phase (and which may, or may 

not, involve a redevelopment of the existing Etendeka camp). 


Activities 



Star gazing; 

Wildlife tracking (including rhino, lion and elephant); 

Walks in the concession area, including overnight hikes to a satellite camp; 




area include: 

As the area often receives visiting black rhinoceros from neighbouring areas, any rhino tracking 

undertaken should abide by approved conservations protocols; 

Any new access and traversing roads and tracks to be subjected to EIA process, and adequate drainage 

structures to be provided on all such roads (including humps, mitre drains, pipes supported by gabions); 

and 




essential; 


This is an existing concession with an incumbent operator who has already reached 

agreement with MET and the Anabeb and Omatendeka conservancies regarding the 

redevelopment and operation of the concession. Accordingly, it is recommended that the head 

concession be awarded directly on a 20-year BOT/ROT-basis to the Anabeb and Omatendeka 

conservancies who may simultaneously award a sub-concession to the existing operator on 

terms agreed between the parties and using a standardized contract approved by MET. 

The conservancies are currently investigating the possibility of capitalising the fixed infrastructure 

for this concession, using a combination of a 50% grant and 50% loan. The figures outlined in 

the following sections illustrate the likely outcomes if this eventuates. 

PAGE 50




Annual costs of some N$22.7 million should result in pre-tax net income of N$2.5 million. Some 

52 jobs will be created, and the total wage bill will amount to N$1.35 million. From the concession, 













including direct indirect and induced effects. Over ten years the investment should result in a very 

favourable economic internal rate of return. Those estimated for the two base case models (lodge 

and satellite) in the concession were between 32% and 46%, much higher than the 10% cut-off 

rate. The economic net present value of the investment, over ten years at a 10% discount rate, 

was estimated at N$24.3. An estimated 52 employment opportunities will be generated. 


Priority 

Given that agreement has already been reached between MET, the neighbouring conservancies, 

and the incumbent operator, this concession has a very high priority rating. 


Preparation and closure of agreements between MET, the neighbouring conservancies and the 

incumbent operator as sketched above; 

Integration of the concession into the management plan for the KPP; 

Sourcing of capital for communities to build required infrastructure. 

PAGE 51


6. Palmwag Tourism Development Area 

6.1 Overview 

Location 

The Palmwag TDA (394,304 hectares) is located to the west of Etendeka TDA and is curbed by 

the Skeleton Coast Park to the west, the C43 road to the east, the veterinary cordon fence to the 

south, and the Hoanib TDA to the north, as illustrated in Map 9. 

The area, which includes the bulk of the current Palmwag concession, is bordered on two sides 

by conservancies - Anabeb conservancy to the east and Torra and conservancy to the south. 

Map 9: The Palmwag TDA and proposed concessions 

PAGE 52

Access 


Currently, access to Palmwag TDA is possible by the means outlined in the following table. 

Table 9: Access to the Palmwag TDA 


• From the east off the C43 

gravel road via two 

separate entrances – 

Uniab and Aub 

• From the north via the 

Mudorib River 

• From the north east via 

Duncan’s Road 


• From the east off the C43, 

only as far as the existing 

Palmwag Lodge and 

Campsite 

• Access beyond Palmwag 

Lodge and Campsite is 

only possible by 4x4 

• Four registered airstrips – 

Palmwag, Desert Rhino 

Camp, Wêreldsend and 

Sesfontein 

The Palmwag concession area (582,622 hectares) was leased in 1986 to Karl-Heinz Grutemeyer 

by the Damara Representative Authority, and is one of the most exceptional wildlife habitats in 

Southern Africa. As explained in section 2.5, the area is home to a range of desert dwelling 

species including among others rhino, elephant, lion and giraffe. 

According to Owen-Smith (2002), prior to Namibia's independence, the credit for the survival of 

the Palmwag concession’s remarkable wildlife should go jointly to the local Directorate of Nature 

Conservation officers, the Damara Representative Authority, Herero and Damara traditional 

leaders and the NGOs working in the area. The continued success of conservation here after 

independence can be attributed to: 

MET for its communal area conservancy legislation; 

local people who now see wildlife as an important part of their social and economic future; 

NGOs for monitoring key species, facilitating wildlife-based development activities and providing financial 

and technical support to emerging conservancies in the region. 

Other than maintaining a presence in the area, the original Palmwag concessionaire is said to 

have made little direct contribution to the conservation or management of the area’s natural 

resources. 

However, with the buy out of Palmwag Lodge Pty Ltd by Wilderness Safaris in 2004, this has 

changed. Wilderness Safaris plays an active role in managing tourist movement and supports 

conservancies and SRT financially and logistically. The three lodges currently operated by 

Wilderness Safaris in the Palmwag concession area employ 98 people, most of whom are from 

the neighbouring communties, making it one of the largest local employers in the area. 

The three conservancies bordering Palmwag concession area (Sesfontein, Anabeb and Torra – 

‘The BIG Three’) have jointly approached Wilderness Safaris to discuss the formalization of 

benefits from the tourism operations. The concessionaire is embarking on these negotiations in 

good faith to support the local conservation efforts of conservancies, and to secure its tenure over 

the area beyond the current agreement with MET, which expires in 2010. 

PAGE 53


During recent negotiations regarding the establishment of the Kunene People’s Park agreement 

was reached between the various stakeholders to reduce the size of the concession area. As 

was the case with Etendeka, the motive was to secure important grazing and settlement areas for 

the neighbouring communities. The proposed new boundary removes two small portions of the 

north eastern corner of the current concession area, as illustrated in Map 9. 


This is the most arid, western portion of the focal area and identified as the most sensitive (see 

environmental zoning). Major features of this region include the lower reaches of the ephemeral 

rivers and their numerous tributaries, mountains and gravel plains, lichen fields and a variety of 

arid environment plants, including the ancient welwitschia. 

The basalt mountains and rocky desert plains here have highly mineralized soils, are traversed 

by permanently vegetated watercourses, and have many high quality springs, enabling big game 

species to thrive where the average annual rainfall is less than 100mm. 

The Palmwag Concession is also the refuge of over 60% of Kunene region's black rhino 

population and most of its remaining lions. For these reasons, it is undoubtedly the highest priority 

conservation area in Namibia's northwest. 

According to Owen-Smith (2002), apart from the Hoanib River (especially during Namibian and 

SA school holidays) and in the vicinity of Palmwag Lodge, this vast concession area is still 

relatively lightly used by mobile safari operators, foreign tourists in hired 4x4s and Namibian or 

regional visitors in their own vehicles. 

Since Namibia's independence, the number of tourists visiting the Kunene region has steadily 

increased, which is now causing some environmental problems in localized areas. The most 

obvious of these are the broadening of roads due to their becoming corrugated, off-road driving 

on sensitive substrates, burying instead of carrying out litter, firewood abuse, harassing of 

elephants for photographs and camping near water points. The Palmwag Concession 

experiences all of these problems and the MET, NGOs and local leaders now recognize the need 

to introduce some regulatory measures. 

Key issues which need further elaboration during the formal EIA process include: 

Motorised accessibility should be limited. Any new access and traversing roads and tracks to be 

subjected to EIA process, and adequate drainage structures to be provided on all such roads (including 

humps, mitre drains, where appropriate pipes supported by gabions etc); 

The landscapes are rugged with steep slopes, emphasizing the strong need for strategic location of 

access, traversing roads, tracks and a high level of maintenance; 

Lichen fields and plains with sensitive, compactable soils should be avoided (once compacted by a 

vehicle, tracks remain for years due to the nature of the soils); 

The use of graders is to be avoided because they “gouge” roads below the level of the surrounding 

surface; 




essential; 

PAGE 54


Natural quiet should be achieved wherever possible (especially away from main routes such as the C43), 

thus avoiding use of generators at lodges; 



advice; 


any natural springs/seepages; 

All accommodation and related structures are to be located at least 1 km away from any natural springs 

within the landscape; 

Adherence to rhino viewing protocols (once completed); 

Refer to Annex D & E for detailed environmental guidelines and a checklist. 


The Palmwag TDA includes a diverse variety of tourism resources such as: 

Scenic landscapes including dramatic basalt and schist formations as well as gravel plains; 

Various ephemeral river courses and their tributaries; 

Desert-dwelling wildlife (including black rhino, elephant and Namibia’s largest lion population outside 

Etosha); 

Other desert fauna & flora; 

‘Iconic sites’ such as Aub Canyon, Van Zyls Gat and the so-called ‘Rhino Rubbing Stone’ that are 

already well known in the market and that function as tourism attractions in their own right; 

Heritage sites; and 

Desert springs. 


There are four existing tourism products and one research, conservation and education facility in 

the Palmwag TDA, all of which are operated by the same concessionaire. Furthermore, there is 

one environmental / awareness centre that also serves as a base for conservation agencies 

working in the area. The products are summarised in the table below. 

Table 10: Existing products in the Palmwag TDA 

Palmwag Lodge: 


• South eastern 

Palmwag 

• Accessible from the 

C43 

• Roadside mid market lodge 

• 22 rooms, 44 beds 

• Achieved 47% occupancy in 

2007 (7548 beds sold) 



vehicle) 


vehicle) 


PAGE 55


Palmwag Campsite: 


• South eastern 

Palmwag 


C43 

• Roadside campsite 

• 10 campsites 


2007 (7008 nights sold) 

Desert Rhino Camp: 


• Southern Palmwag 

• Accessed mainly by 

air, but serviced from 

Palmwag via the C43 

• Luxury tented camp 



2007 (2920 beds sold) 

Western Tour Route Campsites: 


• Western Palmwag 


C43 or via the Hoanib 

River 

• Unserviced individual bush 

campsites 

• 10 campsites 


2007 (240 nights sold) 



vehicle) 


vehicle) 




vehicle) 

• 2% FIT self drive (own vehicle) 


vehicle) 


vehicle) 


Wêreldsend Environmental Centre: 


• Southern Palmwag • Education / awareness centre • Members of local communities 

• Accessed via a private and field base for conservation • Field based conservation 

gate from the C39 agencies 

agencies, including MET, SRT, 

Round River and IRDNC 


The proposed new concessions for the Palmwag TDA are outlined in the table below, and 

illustrated in Map 9. 

Table 11: Recommended concessions in the Palmwag TDA 

Palmwag Roadside 

(existing): 

• Mid-market roadside 

concession 

• Renovation and expansion of 

existing mid-market lodge 

• Up to 60 beds, 10 campsites 

• Includes operation of western 

tour route with unserviced 

group campsites 

• Medium density; multiple 

access 


• High priority 

Palmwag South 

(existing): 

• Specialist concession 

• Renovation and expansion 

of existing up-market tented 

camp 

• Up to 24 beds 

• Wildlife tracking under 

conservation protocols 


• 20-year ROT 


Palmwag Central: 

• Specialist concession 

• New 24 bed up-market tented 

camp 

• Wildlife tracking under 

conservation protocols 

• Low density; high value; 

limited access 


• Medium priority 

PAGE 56


In addition, a fourth special concession 9 for educational, conservation and research 

agencies is recommended at Wêreldsend in the south of the TDA. 

Zoning 

The Palmwag TDA falls within environmental Zone 1, and therefore the highest level of regulation 

and / or restrictions should apply to tourism development in this area. Tourism zoning for the 

proposed new concessions is provided in the following section, as well as in Map 10. 

Map 10: The Palmwag TDA, proposed concession areas and tourism zoning 

9 This is technically not a concession in terms of the concessions policy, as it does not refer to commercial use of 

State land or wildlife recourses. It is being described as a concession here purely for illustrative purposes during 

the planning process. 

PAGE 57

6.2 Palmwag Roadside Concession 

Location 


The proposed Palmwag Roadside and Tour Route Concession is approximately 51,292 

hectares in extent. It lies adjacent to the C43 in the west of the Palmwag TDA. The concession 

incorporates the existing Palmwag Lodge and Campsite, as well as the associated multiple use 

area and the so-called Western Tour Route, which skirts the western fringe of the Palmwag TDA 

north towards the Hoanib River (see map 11). 

Map 11: The proposed Western Tour Route within Palmwag TDA and Hoanib TDA 

PAGE 58

Rationale 


The rationale for this concession includes its prime location on the C43 tour route (near the 

junction with the C40), the established market profile of the existing Palmwag operation and the 

indicated need for roadside accommodation catering to the mid-market, and especially for larger 

groups. Accordingly, the proposed concession builds on the existing Palmwag operation and 

multiple use area alongside the C43 road. It includes a relatively large area that caters to a wide 

variety of users and – crucially – offers many of the iconic attractions that the market has come to 

associate with the Palmwag experience (such as Aub Canyon, Van Zyls Gat, Twee Palm, Rhino 

Rubbing Stone etc). 

Attractions 

The concession includes a diverse array of attractions including: 


Sections of the Uniab, Aub, Barab, Kawaxab Rivers and their tributaries; 

Desert-dwelling wildlife (especially rhinos and elephants); 


‘Iconic sites’ such as Aub Canyon, Van Zyls Gat and the so-called ‘Rhino Rubbing Stone’; 




Given the size and diversity of the area as well as the proximity of good transport infrastructure 

(the C43 and Palmwag airstrip), the preferred market segments for this concession include: 

Larger coach-based tour groups; 



Fly-in groups on multi-destination circuits. 

Zoning 

This concession is zoned for a medium level of use and for access by multiple groups. 

It is recommended that neighbouring concessionaires be granted certain rights of way to 

traverse this concession along the main access routes. 

PAGE 59



Given the preferred market segments and the proximity to transport infrastructure, a 

redevelopment of the existing commercial and support infrastructure is recommended 

including: 

A mid-market lodge of sufficient scale to accommodate coach tours (approximately 60 beds); 

An associated camping area with approximately 10 campsites; 

A multi-day booked tour route with overnight camping areas based on the existing Western Tour Route; 

Support infrastructure including petrol station, retail facilities, access roads, game viewing tracks, and 

entrance gates. 

Activities 

It is recommended that three user groups be permitted to conduct activities in the concession 

area. These are summarised in the table below. 

Table 12: Activities permitted in Palmwag Roadside Concession 

Concessionaire-conducted: 

• Wildlife tracking 

• Scenic drives 

• Short walks 

• Overnight trails 

Tour operator-conducted 

(under permit): 


• Multi-day touring 

• Camping 


FITs 




• Camping 


It is recommended that, in addition to the Palmwag Roadside concessionaire, neighbouring 

concessionaires be granted permitted access to the area in order to conduct guided activities and 

to traverse along the major access routes. 



area include: 

As far as possible no new roads or tracks within this concession area; 

Wherever possible, new developments to be sited on already impacted areas; 

Adherence to rhino viewing protocols (once accepted); and 

An integrated waste management plan, together with neighbouring concessions is required. 


This is an existing concession with an incumbent operator. Provided the operator reaches a 

satisfactory agreement with MET and the neighbouring conservancies regarding the 

redevelopment and future operation of the concession, it is recommended that the area be 

awarded directly on a 20-year ROT-basis to a neighbouring conservancy (or group of 

PAGE 60


conservancies) who may simultaneously award a sub-concession to the existing operator on 

terms agreed between the parties using a standardized contract approved by MET. 








including VAT, income and company tax. KPP itself will derive an estimated N$1 million from park 

use fees. The likely private internal rate of return over five and ten years is estimated at between 

29% and 31%, well above the expected 10% cut-off. The concession thus promises to be 

financially attractive. 







favourable economic internal rate of return. That estimated for the base case model was 66%, 

much higher than the 10% cut-off rate. The economic net present value of the investment over 

ten years at a 10% discount rate was estimated at N$16.9 million. An estimated 60 employment 

opportunities will be generated. 


Priority 

The current agreement with the operator expires in 2010. This concession therefore has a high 

priority rating. 



incumbent operator as noted above; 


PAGE 61

6.3 Palmwag South Concession 

Location 


The proposed Palmwag South Concession is approximately 75,912 hectares in extent. It 

incorporates the existing Desert Rhino Camp and includes a block of land south of Uniab River, 

west of the veterinary cordon fence, east of the Skeleton Coast Park and north of the 

Koigab/Uniab watershed. 

Rationale 

The rationale for this concession includes the proven market viability and environmental 

sustainability of the existing operation, which uses a strict conservation protocol to offer a wildlife 

tracking experience to an upmarket clientele. This type of operation requires an extensive 

traversing area to offer its rhino-tracking product. Accordingly, it is proposed that the area 

currently used by Desert Rhino Camp be retained with the proviso that the stretch south of the 

Koigab watershed be reserved for the proposed Wêreldsend concession. 

Attractions 

The concession includes a wide diversity of attractions including: 

Desert-dwelling wildlife (especially rhinos but also lions and elephants); 

Wildlife research and monitoring; 


Sections of the Uniab and Koigab Rivers; 







Self drive FITs – picked up from a designed point close to the main road; 


Zoning 

The concession is zoned for a low level of use and for limited access (concessionaire only). 

PAGE 62



Given the preferred market segments and the specific focus on rhino research and monitoring, 

the following development is recommended: 

A low impact, reversible safari camp (or camps) (±24 beds), possibly including the renovation and / or 

expansion of the existing Desert Rhino Camp; 

Very light support infrastructure including an airstrip, access roads and game viewing tracks. 

Activities 

Activities in the concession area will be operator-conducted, highly specialized and conducted 

under strict conservation protocols designed to minimize impacts on the rhino population. The 

concessionaire should cooperate with agencies operating in the Wêreldsend concession to share 

access to activity areas across both concessions. Propose activities include: 

Wildlife tracking under strict conservation protocols; 

Game drives; 

Nature walks; 

Overnight trails. 



area include: 


Impact of light and noise should be minimised by using renewable energy and very limited lighting; 

Minimise construction of new tracks, any such tracks to be subject to EIA, and designed to provide 

adequate drainage; 

An integrated waste management plan, together with neighbouring concessions is required; 

Waste to be removed to acceptable disposal site; and 

Adherence to accepted rhino viewing protocols. 


This is an existing concession with an incumbent operator. Provided the operator reaches a 

satisfactory agreement with MET and the neighbouring conservancies regarding the 

redevelopment and future operation of the concession, it is recommended that the area be 

awarded directly on a 20-year ROT-basis to a neighbouring conservancy (or group of 

conservancies) who may simultaneously award a sub-concession to the existing operator on 

terms agreed between the parties and using a standardized contract approved by MET. 

PAGE 63















The concession is expected to contribute some N$2 million annually to the gross national product 

(GNP), and N$1.5 million annually to the net national product. The overall impact of the 




very much higher than the 10% cut-off rate. The economic net present value of the investment 

over ten years at a 10% discount rate was estimated at N$10.6 million. An estimated 35 



Priority 

The current agreement with the operator expires in 2010. This concession therefore has a high 

priority rating. 



incumbent operator as sketched above; 

Completion and adoption of rhino tracking protocols; 


PAGE 64

6.4 Palmwag Central Concession 

Location 


The proposed new Palmwag Central Concession is approximately 76,140 hectares in extent. It 

is located north of the Palmwag Roadside Concession and east of the C43, and includes sections 

of the upper Barab and Aub rivers. The concession area stretches across the edge of the basalts 

onto the eastern fringes of the gravel plains and as far south as Gai-Ais spring. 

Given the sensitivity of this area, it is recommended that any development here is reversible, 

small footprint, low impact and if possible also peripheral. 

Rationale 

The rationale for this concession is predicated on the success of Desert Rhino Camp to the 

south, the presence of similar rhino habitat in the proposed concession area and the known 

demand for rhino-tracking products from other upmarket operators. As is the case with Palmwag 

South, this concession should offer an extensive traversing area including areas with high rhino 

densities. Accordingly, the proposed concession area is relatively large and includes the upper 

Barab and Aub rivers which are known as excellent rhino habitat. 

Attractions 

Like the Palmwag South Concession, this area includes an impressive array of attractions 

including: 

Desert-dwelling wildlife (especially rhinos but also lions and elephants); 

Wildlife research and monitoring; 

Scenic desert landscapes; 

Sections of the Barab and Aub Rivers; 







Self drive FITs – picked up from a designated point close to the main road; 


Zoning 


PAGE 65



Like Palmwag South, this concession will be centred on rhino research and monitoring. Given this 

focus, the following development is recommended: 

A low impact, reversible safari camp (or camps) (±24 beds). 

Very light support infrastructure including an airstrip (only if existing strips can not be used), access roads 

and game viewing tracks. 

Activities 

Activities in the concession area will be operator-conducted, highly specialized and conducted 

under strict conservation protocols designed to minimize impacts on the rhino population: 

Wildlife tracking under strict protocols; 

Game drives; 

Nature walks; 

Overnight trails. 



area include: 


Minimise construction of new tracks, any such tracks to be subject to EIA and thereafter provided with 

adequate drainage; 

If an airstrip is to be developed, ensure it is peripheral to the Aub / Barab valleys; 

Use renewable energy, limit noise and light pollution as much as possible; 

An integrated waste management plan, together with neighbouring concessions is required; 

Waste to be removed to acceptable disposal site; 

Adherence to accepted rhino viewing protocols; and 

Development sites to be a minimum of 100 m from springs, water points. 


This is a new, specialist concession with no incumbent operator. 

It is recommended that MET offer the concession on a 20-year BOT-basis to a neighbouring 

conservancy (or group of conservancies) who may, in turn, award a sub-concession to an 

appropriately qualified operator via a competitive bidding procedure (overseen by MET and using 

standardized contracts approved by MET). 

PAGE 66









including VAT, income and company tax. KPP itself will derive an estimated N$1 million from park 

use fees. The likely private internal rate of return over five and ten years is estimated at between 

23% and 25%, well above the expected 10% cut-off. The concession is thus likely to be 

financially attractive. 



The concession is expected to contribute some N$2 million annually to the gross national product 

(GNP), and N$1.5 million annually to the net national product. The overall impact of the 








Priority 

Given the undeveloped nature of the area and the fact that the current Palmwag concession 

expires in 2010, this concession has a medium priority rating. However, it is worth noting that 

Palmwag Central has the potential to attract another specialist eco-operator to the KPP and, as 

such, could help diversify the number of private sector partners in the area. Should MET and its 

community partners take the view that such diversification is of short-term importance, the priority 

rating of this concession should be escalated to high. 


Agreement with the neighbouring conservancies regarding the concession structure and benefit sharing; 




Completion and approval of rhino tracking protocols; 


PAGE 67

6.5 Wêreldsend Special Concession 

Location 


The Wêreldsend Special Concession 10 is approximately 40,707 hectares in extent. It is 

located south of the Uniab/Koigab watershed; north and west of the veterinary cordon fence; and 

east of the Skeleton Coast Park boundary. 

Rationale 

The rationale for this concession is the existence of the current Wêreldsend Environmental 

Centre, which has played an important role in conservation training, environmental education and 

research for many years. 

Given the ongoing need for such a centre in the region, it is recommended that a special 

concession be granted to an area south of the Koigab River including the existing Wêreldsend 

complex. Agencies operating within the Wêreldsend concession should cooperate with the 

Palmwag South concessionaire to share access to activity areas across both concessions. 

Zoning 

This concession is zoned for a medium level of use and for access by multiple users. 



area include: 

Development of a waste management plan which integrates with (or informs) waste management in the 

area 

Recommended concession structure and type 

This is a new, special concession (or concessions) to be offered by MET (or the new Kunene 

People’s Park Authority) to recognized research, conservation and education agencies to 

conduct not-for-profit activities in the Wêreldsend area. 

It is recommended that MET (or the Kunene People’s Park Authority) offer special short-term (5- 

10 years, renewable) concession for the use, maintenance and management of the Wêreldsend 

Concession to bona fide research, conservation and education agencies (using standardized 

contracts approved by MET). These could be on a direct award system, based on a formal 

application. 

Priority 

This concession is primarily designed to secure formal recognition of the current situation at 

Wêreldsend under the new park dispensation. As such, it has a low priority rating. 

10 This is technically not a concession in terms of the concessions policy, as it does not refer to commercial use of 

State land or wildlife recourses. It is being described as a concession here purely for illustrative purposes during 

the planning process. 

PAGE 68



Preparation and closure of agreements between MET and the existing users of Wêreldsend as sketched 

above; 


Note 

If the veterinary cordon is removed, this area could be integrated with neighbouring land in Torra 

Conservancy to form a viable tourism concession in the future. 

PAGE 69


7. Hoanib Tourism Development Area 

7.1 Overview 

Location 

The Hoanib TDA (351,567 hectares) is located to the north of Palmwag TDA and is curbed by 

the Atlantic Coastline to the west, the Hunkab River to the south, the Hoanib and Ganius Rivers 

to the north, and a new boundary to the east, as illustrated in Map 12. The area, which includes 

part of the Palmwag concession area and the Skeleton Coast Park, is bordered on the northern 

and eastern sides by the Sesfontein conservancy. 

Map 12: The Hoanib TDA and proposed concession areas 

Access 

Currently, tourism access to Hoanib TDA is only possible for the area included in the Palmwag 

concession area. Nonetheless, access to the area is possible by the following means: 

Table 13: Access to Hoanib TDA 


• From north via 5 tracks 

crossing the Hoanib river 

• Access only possible via 

4x4 vehicle 

• One registered airstrip – 

Sesfontein 

PAGE 70

from Sesfontein 

conservancy 

• From south via the 

Mudorib River 

• From the north east via 

Duncan’s Road 

• From west via Hoanib 

river and dune field 



Given most of the Hoanib TDA falls within the existing Palmwag concession area, the historical 

and social context outlined in section 6 also applies here. 


The Hoanib TDA includes the lower Hoanib River, in which numerous Faidherbia (Acacia) albida 

trees drop their protein-rich pods in the late dry season, providing crucial, high-protein forage for 

desert-dwelling elephants. 

The Hoanib River and other rivers provide an attractive route from Etosha and Hobatere to the 

coast, along an east-west gradient of increasing aridity. Trees extend their range in to the driest 

areas by virtue of available soil moisture along the river bed and immediate surrounds. 

Driving along the sandy river beds is permitted, as every time the river flows it removes tracks 

and no permanent scars are left. Banks are however generally sensitive, hence the need to 

control and limit entry and exit points. 

The landscapes along the river are dynamic, changing with every storm flow. Banks are eroded, 

sand and silt deposited, reed beds periodically “scrubbed”, trees uprooted and deposited 

downstream where they act as silt and sand traps, creating new seedbeds and new channels 

form. The riverine environment provides scarce food resources, water and shelter to a variety of 

animal species as aridity increases and plant productivity declines in the surrounding areas. 

Tourism activities within the riverine environment must consider this dynamism, and tourism 

activities should not contribute to accelerated or ‘unnatural’ changes. The integrity of wetland 

systems and the coastal dune field should not be threatened by any tourism related activities, 

especially vehicle impacts. This also applies to areas adjacent to the riverine environment. 

Key Issues which need further elaboration during the formal EIA process include: 

Rivers to be entered and exited ONLY at existing points. No off-road driving once river is exited and no 

driving in any seasonally inundated areas when flooded or moist; 

No self-driving in dune fields in lower Hoanib area. This area should only be traversed by experienced 

dune drivers in properly equipped vehicles and along designated routes; 

No waste of any sort to be buried in river beds; toilet paper to be carefully burnt after use; 

Avoid camping in close proximity to springs and temporary pools during dry periods- in any event, never 

closer than 500 m to such water sources. All accommodation and related structures to be located at 

least 500 away from any natural springs within the landscape; 

PAGE 71

Elephants have ‘right of way’; 


The likelihood of flash floods is very high during the rainy season:- storms in upper catchment areas may 

not be observed from the mid-lower reaches of the river, so use of rivers should be avoided during rainy 

period; 

Any new access roads and tracks to be subjected to EIA process; 

No permanent accommodation structures in the river or within the riparian zone - only ‘pack-up and go’ 

structures should be permitted; 

EMP’s for any developments to emphasize requirements for the decommissioning phase 

Additional environmental guidelines of relevance to this TDA are contained in the Environmental 

Management Plan framework, and environmental tables in Annex D and E. 


The Hoanib TDA includes the spectacular gorge of the lower Hoanib River, which includes 

outstanding geological features, large stands of albida trees, perennial springs and high 

concentrations of wildlife including lion and the famous desert-dwelling elephants of the 

Kaokoveld. These combine to offer a very rich tourism resource base that already attracts a 

significant number of tourists in the form of FITs and small tour groups. The Hoanib River and 

associated tributaries provide an attractive route from Etosha and Hobatere in the west to the 

coast, along an east-west gradient of increasing aridity. 


There is only one existing tourism product in the Hoanib TDA, and this is operated by the 

Palmwag concessionaire. However, it should be noted that the Hoanib River is also one of the 

most popular bush camping areas for local and regional FITs, as well as small tour operators. It 

is estimated that 2,400 visitors traversed the Hoanib River in 2007, at least half of whom would 

have bush camped in the river. The existing product is summarised below. 

Table 14: Existing products in the Hoanib TDA 

Hoanib Camp: 


• North western corner of the 

existing Palmwag concession 

area 

• Accessible from north and east 

via Sesfontein or overland from 

Palmwag via the Mudorib River, 

or Möwe Bay via Hoanib River 

and dune fields 

• Luxury tented camp 




Elephant Song Campsite: 


• Dubis spring, at entrance to 

Hoanib River from Sesfontein 

• Accessible from east via 

Sesfontein or from west via 

Hoanib River 

• Campsite 

• Derelict 

• Not operational 


• N / A 

PAGE 72


The Elephant Song Campsite was derelict and not operational at the time this study was 

performed. The site occupied by these derelict structures is located next to the permanent Dubis 

spring in the Hoanib River, within an area being recommended for annexing from the Park by the 

KPP Technical Committee. As such this site falls outside of the scope of this study. 

Nonetheless, the project team feels uncomfortable with any major permanent development at this 

site given its close proximity to one the few permanent water sources in this section of the Hoanib 

River. Furthermore, this site is located on a plateau approximately 10m above the river, and is 

therefore very visible when approaching from any direction. 

However, the site is at a strategic location in terms of managing access to the Hoanib River and 

therefore a development here may present management benefits that outweigh some of the 

environmental costs. It is recommended that before any development is undertaken here, a 

detailed environmental scoping be done based on a development plan for the proposed 

operation. 

Key issues to be investigated during the scoping will be the visibility of any structures, the 

presence of alternative water sources for elephants, whether any development could discourage 

elephants from drinking, and minimum distance of structures from the spring. 


The proposed new concessions for Hoanib TDA are outlined in the table below and Map 12. 

Table 15: Recommended products in the Hoanib TDA 

Lower Hoanib: Upper Hoanib: 

• Incorporates portion of Skeleton Coast Park 

• High value photographic concession 

• Approximately 20 beds in an up market 

lodge, with a further 20 beds in a satellite 

camp 




Zoning 

• Self-drive & tour operator activity area 

• 3 campsites and park entrances 

• Medium density; multiple access 

• 10-year; BOT; CPPs 


The Hoanib TDA falls within environmental Zone 1, and therefore the highest level of regulation 

and / or restrictions should apply to tourism development in this area. Tourism zoning for the 

proposed new concessions is provided in the following section, as well as in Map 13. 

PAGE 73


Map 13: The Hoanib TDA, proposed concession areas and tourism zoning 

PAGE 74

7.2 Lower Hoanib Concession 

Location 


The new Lower Hoanib Concession comprises approximately 269,568 hectares. It incorporates 

the northwestern corner of the existing Palmwag concession and a large portion of the Skeleton 

Coast Park (SCP) (see Map 12). 

Rationale 

The rationale for this concession rests on: 

The very high quality of the tourism resource base in the lower Hoanib valley; 

The iconic value of the Skeleton Coast in the tourism market and the possibility of creating a new 

concession area that straddles the existing Skeleton Coast Park boundary to link a portion of the Hoanib 

valley with the Skeleton Coast around Möwe Bay; 

The proven market viability and high value of the existing Skeleton Coast concession further north; and 

The known demand for iconic concessions offering a high degree of quality and exclusivity from 

established operators. 

Accordingly, the proposed concession provides a large area centred on the lower Hoanib and 

extending across the boundary of the Skeleton Coast Park to the coast around Möwe Bay. 

Attractions 

The concession offers a superlative set of attractions that compare well with the existing Skeleton 

Coast concession to the north. They include: 


Hoanib River and tributaries; 

Skeleton Coast; 

Dune fields; 

Desert-dwelling wildlife (especially elephants); 


Seal colony; 

Heritage sites; 



Given the size, exclusivity and very high quality of the concession area, the preferred market 

segments are: 

PAGE 75


Small fly-in groups on single or multi-destination circuits; and 

small tour operator-conducted groups. 

Zoning 


Special note: this concession requires a high level of exclusivity if maximum financial and 

economic returns are desired. It is suggested that general public access in the Hoanib River west 

of the Mudorib entrance, be restricted. It is further recommended that the general public travelling 

north along the Tsuxab track be redirected from the Sawurogab, thus limiting their impact on the 

exclusivity of this concession. The viability of such a track should be investigated during the 

detailed planning and packaging stage. 


Given the preferred market segments, the quality of the attractions and the sensitivity of the area, 

the following developments are recommended: 

An upmarket lodge of approximately 20 beds; and 

a satellite camp of approximately 20 beds. 

located at sites to be identified during the concession preparation phase (and which may, or may not, 

involve a redevelopment of the existing Hoanib camp). 

Very light support infrastructure including an airstrip and game viewing tracks. 

Activities 



Walks in the concession area; 

Visits to the seal colony and museum at Möwe Bay; 

Fishing by permit. 



area include: 

Elephant viewing to be conducted according to approved conservation protocols; 

Wherever possible, new tourism developments to be sited on areas that are already impacted; 

No driving in dune field other than on established tracks; 

No construction within 500 m of water body (river, wetland, spring); 

No driving in seasonally inundated areas when flooded or moist; and 

PAGE 76


Removal of all waste to acceptable disposal site. 


This is a new concession with no incumbent operator (the existing Hoanib Camp is not 

considered of sufficient scale for the operator to be recognized as an incumbent). 

Given that most of the land falls within the SKP, it is recommended that the concession be 

awarded by MET to an appropriately qualified private operator via competitive bidding (as per 

MET’s concession policy). It is further recommended that MET enter into a benefit-sharing 

agreement with the neighbouring conservancy (or group of conservancies) regarding the Lower 

Hoanib Concession before the ward is made to a private firm. 


Because the concession will be spread over both the KPP and the SCP, and this report is 

concerned with the KPP, only two thirds of the values attributable to the concession have been 

included here. Thus, for the KPP, it is estimated that the proposed concession will involve an 

initial investment of N$17.2 million. Annual costs of some N$17.1 million could result in pre-tax 

net income of N$2.7 million. Some 60 jobs will be created, and the total wage bill will amount to 

N$1.44 million. From the concession, communities could receive some N$0.56 million per annum 

in salaries and wages, from some 48 jobs, and they could derive benefits from concession fees 

amounting to some N$1.03 million per annum. Government could derive some N$3.8 million 

annually from concession fees and taxes, including VAT, income and company tax. KPP itself will 

derive an estimated N$0.67 million from park use fees. The likely private internal rate of return 

over five and ten years is estimated at between 21% and 24%, well above the expected 10% cutoff. 

The concession thus promises to be financially attractive. 



For the KPP the concession is expected to contribute some N$2.6 million annually to the gross 

national product (GNP), and N$1.7 million annually to the net national product. The overall impact 

of the concession on the gross national product should be in the region of N$8.5 million annually, 


favourable economic internal rate of return. For the development the base case rate estimated 

was 32%, much higher than the 10% cut-off rate. The economic net present value for the 

investment involved, taken over ten years at a 10% discount rate, was estimated at N$12.8 

million. An estimated 47 employment opportunities will be generated for the KPP. 


Priority 

Given the very high potential value of this concession and its ability to attract a top quality 

operator, it has a high priority rating. 

PAGE 77



Agreement within MET regarding the proposed concession (including the inclusion of a portion of the 

Skeleton Coast Park); 



Tourism and Wildlife Concessions on State Land, including an viability assessment of the re-routing track 

between the Tsuxab and Sawurogab rivers; 



PAGE 78

7.3 Upper Hoanib Concession 

Location 


The new Upper Hoanib Concession comprises approximately 81,999 hectares. It includes a 

section of the Hoanib valley from the Sawurogab to the Ganamub rivers as well a portion south of 

to the Hunkab river (see Map 12). 

Rationale 

The rationale for this concession draws on the high demand for a self-drive, recreational area in 

the Hoanib valley and adjacent areas that is also accessible to small tour operators. Accordingly, 

the concession includes a portion of the Hoanib valley and a stretch of land to the south that 

allows for circular routes and with links to the Western and the Etosha to Skeleton Coast Tour 

Routes. 

Not only is this concession designed to provide a revenue stream for adjacent communities, but 

also to help regulate visitor movement and camping in the Hoanib River, which experiences 

severe congestions at certain times of the year. 

It is important to note that the tourism potential and management of this concession may be 

negatively affected by the annexing being proposed by the Kunene People’s Park Technical 

Committee. Of particular concern is a section of Hoanib River between the Dubis and Ganamub 

river entrances / exits, which stands to be removed from the Park. If this section of river must be 

annexed from the KPP, it is recommended that the area be incorporated into the Sesfontein 

conservancy, zoned primarily for tourism use, and that permanent settlement not be permitted 

here. 

Attractions 

The concession’s attractions include: 

Hoanib River and tributaries; 


Desert-dwelling wildlife (especially elephants); 




Given the established practice of public access in the area, the preferred market segments are: 

Self-drive FITs accommodated at campsites in the area; and 

small tour operator-conducted groups. 

PAGE 79

Zoning 


The concession is zoned for a medium level of use and access by multiple users. 


Given the preferred market segments, the following developments are recommended: 

Three designated camping areas (± 3 campsites per area: Sawurogab; Obias; Ganamub) 

Three designated park entrances (Sawurogab; Obias; Ganamub). 

Activities 

Two user groups will be permitted to conduct activities in the concession area, as outlined in the 

table below. 

Table 16: Proposed activities in the Upper Hoanib concession 

Tour operator-conducted 




• Camping 


FITs 




• Camping 


In addition, the Etosha to Skeleton Coast Tour Route will traverse the area. 



area include: 


Rivers to be entered at existing entry/exit points; 

Camping sites and any support infrastructure to be located outside of the river; 

Waste removal from accommodation sites to acceptable disposal site; and 

Sewerage tanks and / or pit toilets (if any) to be located at least 50 m from river. 


This is a new concession with no incumbent operator. 

It is recommended that MET offer the concession on a 20-year BOT-basis to a neighbouring 

conservancy (or group of conservancies) for own operation or sub-concessioning to an 

appropriately qualified operator via a competitive bidding procedure (overseen by MET and using 

standardized contracts approved by MET). 

PAGE 80


Financial and economic indicators 

The financial and economic values associated with the upper Hoanib concession were shared 

with those for the neighbouring conservancies, and the Etosha to Skeleton Coast Tour route 

model, below. It was assumed that 50% of the values associated with the concession are 

attributable to neighbouring conservancies and the tour route. Some 10 jobs will be created, and 

the total wage bill will amount to N$220,000. From the concession, communities could receive 

some N$100,000 per annum in salaries and wages, from some 8 jobs, and they could derive 

benefits from concession fees amounting to some N$60,000 per annum. Government could 

derive some N$180,000 annually from concession fees and taxes, including VAT, income and 

company tax. KPP itself will derive an estimated N$560,000 from park use fees. 

The financial viability of the concession is rated at moderate. 

The estimated direct contribution to the economy would be some N$400,000, and the overall 

impact on the economy would be some N$1.3 million. Some five jobs would be provided. The 

investment is considered economically desirable. 

Priority 

Given the importance of this concession as a public access area and the opportunity that it offers 

for community-owned and operated products, it is awarded high priority rating. 



Depending on decision of conservancies regarding own operation or sub-concessioning, either 

development and operation of concession by conservancies; or 

feasibility assessment and preparation of detailed concession documents as required by the Policy on 

Tourism and Wildlife Concessions on State Land; followed by 



PAGE 81


8. Etosha to Skeleton Coast Tour Route 

Location 

A guided self-drive tour route stretching from Okakuejo via western Etosha; Hobatere; Ombonde; 

Kowarib Schlucht; Hoanib; Mudorib; Obob; Uniab; Skeleton Coast dune fields; to Terrance Bay 

(see Map 14). 

Map 14: The proposed Etosha National Park to Skeleton Coast Park tour route 

Rationale 

The rationale for this concession is rooted in: 

The known demand for guided self drive opportunities (especially for the regional and international FIT 

market) into more remote areas; 

The iconic appeal of the Etosha and Skeleton Coast brands and the opportunity to link the two areas via 

guided tour route modelled on successful examples elsewhere in the region. 

Attractions 

This concession offers a tour route with the following attractions: 

Access to western Etosha, Hobatere, Palmwag & Skeleton Coast Park; 


PAGE 82


Ombonde, Hoanib, Mudorib, Obob and Uniab Rivers; 

Skeleton Coast; 

Dune fields; 

Desert-dwelling wildlife (elephants) 


Heritage sites; 



This product is aimed at the self-drive 4x4 enthusiast market. 

Zoning 

The concession is zoned for a low level of use and limited access. 

Type 

This concession is for a 6-day, guided, 4x4 self-drive tour. There will be a maximum of 4 tourist 

vehicles per group. 

Activities 

The following activities will for at part of this concession: 

Multi-day 4x4 touring; 

Camping at designated areas en route. 



area include: 

Viability due to current “Red Line” veterinary cordon; 

Rivers to be entered at existing entry/exit points; 


Waste removal from accommodation sites to acceptable disposal site; 

No driving in dune field other than on established tracks; and 

No driving in seasonally inundated areas when flooded or moist . 


This is a new concession with no incumbent operator. 

PAGE 83


It is recommended that MET offer a 5-year special concession to a suitably qualified 

concessionaire to operate the tour. The route traverses various conservancies and it is 

recommended that MET enter into an appropriate benefit-sharing agreement with these 

conservancies. 



Annual costs of some N$1.14 million should result in a small pre-tax net income of less than 

N$20,000. Some 8 jobs will be created, and the total wage bill will amount to N$270,000. From 

the concession, communities could receive some N$60,000 per annum in salaries and wages, 

from some 6 jobs, and they could derive benefits from concession fees amounting to some 

N$60,000 per annum. Government could derive some N$210,000 annually from concession fees 

and taxes, including VAT, income and company tax. KPP itself will derive an estimated 

N$350,000 from park use fees. The likely private internal rate of return over five and ten years is 

estimated at between 10% and 15%, just above the expected 10% cut-off. The concession thus 

promises to be financially attractive. 



For the KPP the concession is expected to contribute some N$500,000 annually to the gross 

national product (GNP), and N$200,000 annually to the net national product. The overall impact 

of the concession on the gross national product should be in the region of N$1.5 million annually, 

including direct indirect and induced effects. Over ten years the investment should result in a 






Priority 

This concession has low priority rating. 


Agreement within MET regarding the proposed concession (including the inclusion of portions of Etosha 

National Park and Skeleton Coast Park); 

Agreement with the other affected conservancies regarding the concession structure and benefit sharing; 



Implementation of a concessioning process including a competitive tender as sketched above. 

PAGE 84


9. Aggregated financial and economic implications 

The proposed new developments will generate significant new financial values and will have a 

very significant economic impact at the local, regional and national scales. The tables below 

summarise the results described above for the different tourism development areas and the KPP 

study area as a whole. 

Table 17 summarises some of the basic characteristics associated with each of the individual 

concession models used to estimate financial and economic implications for the planned 

developments. It also summarises the financial and economic values estimated for each 

individual planned concession development as described above. 

Table 17: Physical characteristics associated with, and financial and economic values estimated for, the 

proposed tourism concessions (2008) 

Basic characteristics: 

Hobatere 

Roadside 

Hobatere 

North 

Hobatere 

South 

Etendeka 11 

Palmwag 

Roadside 

Palmwag 

South 

Palmwag 

Central 

Lower 

Hoanib 

Upper 

Hoanib 

Etosha S.Ct 

Tour Route 

Number of beds after full (re)development 60 40 40 30 60 24 24 40 96 16 

Annual bed occupancy at optimal 

performance12 58% 58% 55% 70% 58% 58% 58% 58% 20% 75% 

Income per bed night (N$’000/day) 13 1.3 1.3 1.3 3.12 1.18 2.6 2.6 3.0 0.1 1.15 

Break even occupancy 36% 49% 23% 44% 32% 40% 33% 34% 15% 72% 

Total staff number 60 40 50 52 60 35 35 60 10 8 

Community staff number 49 31 38 40 49 29 29 48 8 6 

Financial data (N$ million) 

Initial capital 18.39 7.62 21.03 22.06 10.83 5.83 10.81 17.20 0.17 1.21 

At stability 14 

Financial costs 15.38 11.00 23.03 22.74 15.68 12.58 11.56 17.06 0.61 1.14 

Total staff salaries and wages 1.21 0.98 1.50 1.35 1.21 0.70 0.70 1.44 0.22 0.27 

Community salaries and wages 0.54 0.40 0.46 0.48 0.54 0.35 0.35 0.56 0.10 0.06 

Government income (fees and taxes) 2.84 1.59 4.85 3.27 2.78 1.45 2.02 3.81 0.18 0.21 

KPP income (park entry fees) 1.01 0.67 0.64 0.61 1.01 0.40 0.40 0.67 0.56 0.35 

Community income (concession fees) 0.84 0.89 1.04 3.28 0.62 0.52 0.61 1.03 0.06 0.06 

Economic data (N$ million) 

Initial capital 16.52 6.84 18.82 19.86 9.75 5.31 9.69 15.44 0.15 1.12 


Gross output 16.86 10.93 27.27 23.78 17.40 12.80 12.78 18.78 0.60 1.07 

Economic costs 10.94 7.15 19.35 17.24 14.19 10.82 10.82 16.21 0.21 0.61 

11 

Figures for Etendeka are based on a development proposal submitted to the Omatendeka and Anabeb 

conservancies by Etendeka Mountain Camp / CC Africa 

12 

For the purpose of this model it is envisaged that optimal bed occupancy is achieved in year 6, and assuming 

favourable growth in visitor numbers to the KPP 

13 

All income per bed night including activity, bar, curio, restaurant sales, and inclusive of VAT 

14 

Figures illustrated here are annual averages at optimal performance from year 6 

PAGE 85


Hobatere 

Roadside 

Hobatere 

North 

Hobatere 

South 

Etendeka 11 

Palmwag 

Roadside 

Palmwag 

South 

Palmwag 

Central 

Lower 

Hoanib 

Upper 

Hoanib 

Etosha S.Ct 

Tour Route 

Incremental contribution to GNP 5.92 3.78 7.92 6.54 3.21 1.98 1.96 2.56 0.38 0.46 

Incremental contribution to NNP 4.94 3.37 7.08 5.31 2.59 1.47 1.47 1.68 0.37 0.23 

Statistical contribution to GNP 9.10 6.20 13.73 10.75 7.69 3.98 5.29 7.54 0.56 0.88 

Overall return 

Economic IRR (10 years) 34% 47% 43% 39% 66% 74% 38% 32% 212% 38% 

Economic NPV (10years @ 10%) 14.20 18.26 34.22 24.33 16.94 10.63 9.91 12.84 1.64 1.74 

Economic impact 

Overall impact on economy (GNP) 19.67 12.55 26.30 21.71 10.65 6.57 6.49 8.52 1.28 1.52 

Number of jobs 60 40 50 52 60 35 35 60 10 8 

Table 18 summarises the financial characteristics aggregated for each of the planned tourism 

development areas concession developments. The estimated capital to be invested in the 

concessions, as planned, amounts to N$115 million. This represents significant growth from the 

estimated current investment in the study area concessions, which is some N$25 million (Table 19 

below). The total wage bill for the tourism concessions will amount to an estimated N$9.6 million, 

of which it is estimated that local communities will derive some N$3.8 million. 

Benefits to communities in the form of concession fees will amount to an estimated N$9 million. 

Government will receive an estimated N$23 million in revenues from fees and taxes, including 

VAT, income tax and company tax. The park use fee (entry fee) revenues, accruing to the KPP 

management body, should ultimately amount to some N$6.3 million, significantly more that the 

estimated recurrent costs for park management to run the park (likely to be some N$2.0 million). 

Given current levels of tourist use of the area and the likely growth rate of development it should 

not take more than four years for park fee levels to exceed park running costs. 

The data also indicate that the financial viability of the proposed investments in concession 

development is moderate to high with financial rates of return between 10% and 31%, exceeding 

the real opportunity cost of capital of some 8%. 

Figure 1 shows concession fees that might accrue to communities after five, ten and 15 years of 

park development. Growth in concession development should follow the future growth in overall 

demand for tourism in the park and growth in community concession fees will vary depending on 

this. Figure 1 indicates the expected growth in community concession fee income under 4%, 8% 

12% and 16% annual tourism demand growth rates. Past evidence suggests that growth rates for 

tourism in the park might be around 8% per annum. 

PAGE 86


Table 18: Financial values associated with the proposed tourism development areas (N$,2008) 

Financial values 

Investment 

Tourism development area 

Hobatere Etendeka Palmwag Hoanib Tour route 

Tourism 

Total 

Initial capital 47,031,200 22,056,200 27,463,200 17,373,400 1,207,500 115,131,500 


Gross turnover 58,370,800 25,206,300 45,375,100 20,442,000 1,131,800 150,526,000 

Financial costs 49,407,500 22,738,100 39,827,100 17,678,300 1,136,600 130,787,500 

Total salaries and wages 3,684,860 1,350,800 2,613,720 1,662,760 273,440 9,585,580 

Financial net income 8,963,300 2,468,200 5,548,000 2,763,800 -4,700 19,738,500 

Community salaries and wages 1,399,950 477,360 1,234,710 656,370 64,260 3,832,650 

Government income (taxes) 9,282,446 3,273,756 6,248,319 3,986,543 207,515 22,998,579 

KPP income (park entry fees) 2,321,400 613,200 1,813,320 1,232,240 350,400 6,330,560 

Community concession fees 2,771,802 3,275,418 1,757,545 1,090,218 63,056 8,958,038 


Financial IRR (5 years) 13-27% 16% 23-29% 11-22% 10% 10-29% 

Financial IRR (10 years) 16-30% 16-19% 25-31% 13-24% 15% 13-31% 

Financial NPV (10 years @ 10%) 34,589,300 8,188,300 23,938,800 11,228,000 276,300 78,220,600 

Figure 1: Estimated community income from concession fees in the KPP after five, ten, and fifteen years of 

park development given four different rates of growth for concession development, between 4% and 16% per 

annum 

Table 19 shows some estimated aggregate financial values for the park as a whole, showing the 

values currently being generated and those for the planned developments, including the 

estimated amounts required for park management. It can be seen that by far the bulk of the 

15 

Meaning from year 6 onwards, considering full development of concessions as proposed, at optimal 

occupancies, and under a favourable visitor growth environment 

PAGE 87


investments and expenditures will be borne by the concession holders, leaving government’s 

required investment relatively small. The capital invested in the park is expected to increase five- 

fold. 

Table 19: Current and planned financial values for the whole park (N$, 2008) 

Financial values for Current values Planned values 

whole park KPP total Tourism Park KPP Total 

Initial capital 24,911,200 115,131,500 16,231,200 131,362,700 

Financial costs 25,777,000 130,787,500 2,033,000 132,820,500 

of which Wage bill 2,984,500 9,585,580 998,000 10,583,580 

of which Park fees 0 6,330,560 0 6,330,560 

Table 20 summarises the estimated economic characteristics and economic contribution of the 

proposed park concession developments. Gross output of some N$142 million will be generated, 

which will result in a direct contribution to the gross national product (GNP) of some N$35 million 

value added, and an overall impact on the economy of some N$115 million. This indicates very 

significant economic growth over the current direct contribution of tourism in the area which is 

estimated to be some N$3.7 million, and the current overall impact on the economy of some 

N$12.2 million. Further, the developed concessions are expected to generate some 410 jobs, up 

from the estimate of some 130 current jobs in the area. 

Of importance is the finding that the economic rates of return for the individual concession 

investments, as enterprises, are very high. The economic contribution of concession 

developments in the park will be highly significant, and it is anticipated that the investments will be 

economically very efficient. 

The expansion of concession development and the tourism establishment in the park will need to 

be within the overall growth rate of demand for the products. It is considered that growth in 

current demand might take place at between 4% and 16% per annum, depending on a number 

of factors. To fit with this, development in the park, from the current base to that expected in Table 

19, should be spaced over a period of between 10 and 30 years, depending on the growth of 

demand. 

Table 20: Economic values associated with the proposed tourism developments (N$, 2008) 

Economic values 

Investment 


Hobatere Etendeka Palmwag Hoanib 

Tour 

route 


Total 

Initial capital 42,178,600 19,860,000 24,743,700 15,600,800 1,124,100 103,507,300 

At stability 

Gross output 55,067,000 23,779,700 42,976,500 19,365,900 1,067,800 142,256,800 

Economic costs 37,443,000 17,239,100 35,833,400 16,415,900 608,900 107,540,300 

Incremental contribution to GNP 17,624,000 6,540,500 7,143,100 2,949,900 458,900 34,716,500 

Incremental contribution to NNP 15,386,200 5,310,300 5,528,000 2,053,900 233,100 28,511,400 

PAGE 88

Economic values 



Hobatere Etendeka Palmwag Hoanib 

Tour 

route 


Total 

Statistical contribution to GNP 29,030,100 10,745,800 16,954,900 8,108,200 877,000 65,716,000 

Overall impact on economy (GNP) 58,511,700 21,714,600 23,715,100 9,793,800 1,523,600 115,258,700 


Economic IRR (10 years) 34-47% 32-46% 38-74% 31-212% 38% 31-212% 

Economic NPV (10years @ 10%) 66,678,200 24,331,500 37,475,000 14,481,600 1,743,700 144,710,000 

Number of jobs 150 52 130 70 8 410 

Table 21 shows estimated aggregate economic values for the whole park, including those being 

generated currently, and those associated with the planned concession developments and the 

park management. Tourism development will dominate significantly, and the fully developed park 

should directly contribute 37 million to GNP, and should have a total overall impact on the 

economy of some N$119 million. Some 410 jobs should be involved. The number of jobs is 

expected to increase some three-fold, while the economic impact of the park is expected to 

increase ten-fold. 

Table 21: Current and planned economic values for the whole park (N$, 2008) 

Economic values for whole Current values Planned values 

park KPP Total Tourism Park KPP Total 

Initial capital 22,571,900 103,507,300 14,592,400 118,099,700 

Incremental contribution to GNP 3,676,900 34,716,500 2,033,000 36,749,500 

Statistical contribution to GNP 7,444,200 65,716,000 2,033,000 67,749,000 

Overall impact on economy (GNP) 12,207,300 115,258,700 3,964,300 119,223,000 

Number of jobs 130 410 22 432 

PAGE 89

10. Environmental summary 


This report contains a series of guidelines for responsible tourism development, and highlights 

what have been initially identified as key environmental and ecological considerations, requiring 

further elaboration during the formal EIA processes. These considerations have informed and 

guided the formulation of proposed tourism concessions and activities within each of the 

sensitivity zones. Given the socio-economic imperatives driving low impact tourism as a preferred 

activity, it is considered that tourism developments as proposed should not present any 

unmanageable environmental impacts. Ongoing monitoring and evaluation of tourism impacts will 

provide further safeguards. 

PAGE 90

11. Investor interest 


In addition to the tour operators and existing lodge operators utilising the concession areas, six 

other tourism developers were consulted regarding their interest in the area as an investment 

choice. The concession concepts presented herein were outlined in brief and their responses 

gauged. 

The following general points were made by the people consulted: 

All those consulted were positive about tourism growth in Namibia and were expanding their businesses; 

All nine felt that the concession concepts presented herein were appropriate and viable in the market; 

Seven of the nine indicated that they would be interested in submitting proposals for one or more of these 

concessions provided the conditions were right; 

The remaining two were interested but already committed to other projects for a period of about two 

years; 

All nine indicated that a concession period of 20 years would probably be sufficient, however longer 

periods are needed to attract larger investments, especially if major supporting infrastructure such as 

roads and mains power need to be provided; and 

The value of concessions in Hobatere would be enhanced if access to Etosha National Park for activities 

was possible. 

PAGE 91

12. Recommended priorities 


The following table summarizes the recommended development priority for the proposed 

concessions. 

Table 22: Recommended development priorities for concessions 

Concession Development Priority 

Very High High Medium Low 

• Hobatere North 

• Hobatere Roadside 

• Etendeka 

• Palmwag Roadside 

• Palmwag South 

• Lower Hoanib 

• Upper Hoanib 

• Palmwag Central • Hobatere South 

• Wêreldsend 

• Etosha to Skeleton 

Coast Tour Route 

PAGE 92


13. Recommended implementation strategy 

The report represents a first phase in the tourism planning process. The next steps include: 

Presentation of the draft report to Kunene People’s Park Technical Committee for review, comment and 

amendment; 

Circulation of amended report for further comment from MET, close tourism partners and local level 

stakeholders; 

Finalisation and adoption of the report by the Technical Committee and its principals; 

Integration of the report into the KPP management plan; and 

Implementation of a concessioning programme based on the recommendations contained in the report. 

PAGE 93

14. Conclusion 


This draft report presented a high-level plan designed to provide initial guidance for tourism 

development in the proposed Kunene People’s Park. It provided an overview of the current 

status of the component parts of the Park; proposed the division of the Park into four TDAs each 

housing a number of low impact, high yield tourism products; and made certain 

recommendations regarding the concessioning approach to be used in offering these products to 

neighbouring communities and the private sector. 

It has been concluded that the current level of tourism use and development is well below the 

area’s potential. By improving and expanding the existing four operations (i.e. Hobatere North, 

Etendeka, Palmwag Roadside and Palmwag South) and creating six new ones (i.e. Hobatere 

Roadside, Hobatere South, Palmwag Central, Lower Hoanib, Upper Hoanib and Etosha-Skeleton 

Coast Park Tour Route) significant economic benefits can be achieved by local communities, 

private sector and the State. 

PAGE 94


Annex A: Questionnaires used during market survey 

DATA FORM - ACCOMMODATION 

Date: ___________________ Name of facility: __________________________________________ 

Names of owner & manager: __________________________________________________________ 

CHARACTERISTICS DETAILS 

Type of accommodation: Fixed lodge / tented camp / campsite / mixed 

Type of catering: Catered / self-catered / mixed 

Market level: Camping / Budget / Mid / Up-market 

Primary attractions in area: 

Number of: • Rooms / tents: 

• Beds: 

• Campsites (plus capacity): 

Average occupancy in last 12 months: • Bed occupancy: 

Rack rates for all facilities (incl. VAT): 

Average % discounts / commissions paid 

to agents / operators: 

Activities on offer (plus price, incl. VAT): 

Average spend pp / pd (nonaccommodation, 

incl. VAT): 

• Room occupancy: 

• Double occupancy: 

• Campsite occupancy: 

Market mix: • % Local: 

• % Regional: 

• % Overseas (specify main overseas market): 

PAGE 95

Mode of travel: 

Niche markets: 

Average length of stay for: 

Average group size for: 

Peak seasons: 

Names of main tour operators using the 

facility: 

Average Net Turnover per month in the 

last 12 months (excl. VAT and discounts / 

commissions): 


• % Fly in: 

• % Tour groups: 

• % Self drive – own car: 

• % Self drive – hired car: 

• % Overlander: 

• % business: 

• % leisure: 

• % other (special groups, families): 

• Business: 

• Leisure: 

• Other: 

• Business: 

• Leisure: 

• Other: 

Jan ___________ Feb ___________ Mar __________ Apr ___________ 

May __________ Jun ___________ Jul ___________ Aug ___________ 

Sep __________ Oct ____________ Nov __________ Dec ___________ 

ANNUAL TOTAL: _________________ 

Number of employees in: • Senior management: 

• Middle management: 

• Junior ranks: 

PAGE 96


DATA FORM - TOUR OPERATORS 

Date: _______________ Time of interview: _____________ Base: __________________ 

Name of company: ____________________ Name of owner / manager: _____________________ 

QUESTIONS DETAILS 

Do you conduct tours through Hobatere, 

Etendeka, Palmwag areas? 

Do you organise self drive itineraries 

through the area? 

What new tourism developments do you 

think are needed in the area? 

Yes / No 

How many per year? 

Group size? 

Accommodation type used? 

Accommodation level used? 

Stay where? 

Nights in area? 

Yes / No 

How many per year? 

Group size? 

Accommodation type used? 

Accommodation level used? 

Stay where? 

Nights in area? 


Activities: 

Attractions: 

What would you be willing to pay for: Activities? 

Accommodation? 

Attractions? 

Entrance fees? 

PAGE 97


DATA FORM – INVESTOR 

Date: ______________ Time of interview: ________________ Base: ___________________ 

Name of company: ______________________ Name of owner / manager: ___________________ 

QUESTIONS DETAILS 

What are your perceptions of the 

Hobatere / Etendeka / Palmwag areas for 

tourism development? 

Is your company interested in investing 

in Hobatere / Etendeka / Palmwag areas? 

If so, which specific areas? 

If so, what type of product is needed 

there? 


Activities: 

Scale of product: Rooms: 

If not, why not? 

Beds: 

Activities: 

Level of investment needed? Amount: 

Minimum concession period needed? 

What other investment conditions would 

you need? 

Hobatere / Etendeka / Palmwag 

PAGE 98


Annex B: Environmental guidelines – Hobatere TDA 

Design and 

construction 

parameters 

Visual impact 

Construction 

Activities 

Buildings and 

structures 

General Guidelines 

• Requirements for particular architectural style, building materials 

etc. to reduce visual impact should be included in the initial 

documentation. This should take into account potential future users 

of the area. 

• Visual impact of support services should also be considered. 

Site definition 

• The site for development must be clearly defined so the 

assessment can be made within this area. 

• During construction the site must be well marked, possibly by 

pegging, so that the limits are clearly understood by all. 

Environmental management plan 

• In the case of new developments an environmental scoping should 

be carried out prior to the concession being granted. Following the 

initial acceptance of a proposal, an environmental screening should 

be conducted, and thereafter if necessary a full environmental 

impact assessment should be carried out, and this should lead to 

an environmental management plan (EMP), which will incorporate 

the issues in this checklist. 

• An Environmental Control Officer (ECO) should be appointed to 

oversee developments and ensure compliance with the EIA and 

EMP. 

Issues during construction 

• The EMP should clearly detail what level of disturbance to 

surrounding areas is permitted and what may be removed or 

altered (e.g. large trees etc). 

• Penalties should be determined for violations of the EMP, including 

off-site impacts and trees or features that may be defaced or 

destroyed. Irreplaceable and/or critical features must be clearly 

marked. 

• The EMP should specify how construction workers are to be 

accommodated, and what ablution facilities and other waste 

management are to be allowed. 

• Give guidelines on use of resources, especially local building 

supplies. If this is permitted it should be spelt out how such use 

should be carried out and regulated and whether there should be 

any fee for it. 

• There may need to be restrictions on the maximum size of vehicle 

used for construction, and access to the park may need to be 

restricted to certain times, for control purposes and to reduce 

impact on other users. 

• It is possible that there may be chance cultural, historical and/or 

archaeological finds. A procedure for dealing with these should be 

detailed in advance. 

• In the case of concessions where there are existing buildings it 

must be specified what changes to them would be permitted and 

whether a deposit or guarantee is required before structures are 

damaged, altered or removed. 

• There may be existing ‘immovable’ assets (pumps, borehole 

equipment, etc) that fall within the concession area. It should be 

specified what will happen to these, what use may be permitted, who 

will maintain them and in what condition they must be in at the end 

of the concession agreement if the concessionaire uses them. 

• If new structures are to be erected, there may be some restrictions 

on the types of buildings allowed, including their location within the 

concession areas. 

• It should be made clear whether fixed structures will be permitted 

or only temporary structures, and if so how this is defined. 

Depending on the circumstances and sensitivity of the area it may 

Specific Guidelines – Hobatere 

TDA 

• In vicinity of granitic outcrops, 

shape, nature, colour and texture 

of materials used for construction 

to meld with granite. 

• Subdued lighting to be used 

• No constructions to break skyline 

• Prior to construction, exact 

positions of all intended structures 

to be pegged and passed by 

ECO/MET 

• Example of EMP appended for 

use during EIA process 

• Archaeological phase 1 Screening 

to precede any construction 

• Adequate accommodation and 

ablution facilities t be provided for 

workers 

• Spring area to be fenced off, no 

activity / encroachment onto this 

area 

• In the event of chance finding of 

any archaeological artefacts 

during construction, construction 

activities must be suspended, the 

area to be fenced and a 

competent archaeologist 

contacted immediately 

• Penalties for non-compliance to 

be included in contracts 

• Permanent structures of 

appropriate design and using 

appropriate construction materials 

(including local materials sourced 

from permitted sites-ECO to 

specify) 

PAGE 99

Design and 

construction 

parameters 



be necessary to be specific on guidelines such as area, style, 

height, building material, colour, number of guests and staff, 

services etc. These are often highly subjective issues, but they 

must be limited firstly by environmental and cultural factors (water, 

sewerage, habitat etc) but also on the visitor carrying capacity for 

the park and the market niche to be catered for. These issues must 

be broadly defined in the management plan. 

Roads and Tracks • A concession, particularly one covering a substantial area, is likely 

to require roads and tracks. The road network must reflect the type 

of product offered and the expected visitor usage. Some of these 

will be pre-existing, while others may need to be developed. It must 

be clear who is responsible for maintaining these roads, and if new 

roads may be constructed, how these will be approved and what 

type is permitted (single track or built up road). These should all 

require an EIA that must address the location and the sourcing of 

any building material from quarries. 

• The cost implications to the MET must be considered if the MET is 

to maintain the road network since this cost may escalate with 

increasing usage. 

• It should be specified whether ‘off-road driving’ may be permitted 

and if so under what circumstances. 

Support 

infrastructure 

Electricity/energy 

Water 

• Depending on the site, it may be necessary to impose limitations on 

the type of energy source which may be used and on reticulation to 

and on the site (for instance whether this can be overhead or 

should be underground). This will be dependent on noise, air and 

fuel pollution from diesel or other power generation systems, the 

visual impact of the power supply and the costs of these systems. It 

must be clear who will pay for the power supply. 

• Water is often a major limiting factor in any development and 

although the risks for finding and supplying this must rest with the 

concessionaire, the MET should conduct an initial feasibility study 

to ensure that water is present and is likely to meet the 

specifications expected for the site. MET must define what may be 

used by the concessionaire, both in terms of the quantity and 

source. If information is available on water quality and quantity, this 

should be supplied, but the concessionaire should conduct tests to 

verify this before investing. 

• It should be defined who carries the risk if water dries up or quality 

deteriorates. 

• Meters may need to be fitted, and if so it should be specified at 

whose cost this will be done, who will read them and what penalties 

will be applied for overuse. 

• If water resources are to be shared with other users, this will need 

to be specified, and agreement sought with the other users. 

Communications • Type of communications systems allowed and standards required 

for safety. 

• Use of overhead lines, masts and towers. 

Waste Management • 

Liquid waste and by 

products 

• Standards may need to be applied for disposal of sewage and 

wastewater. These will be dependent on the sensitivity of the area, 

availability of water, and possibility of ground water contamination. 

• Specific conditions may be applied to storage of liquid 

fuels/solvents/cleaning materials, and there may be limits on type 

or quantity or storage and containment structures. 

• Conditions should be established for the use of toxic products, 

including a list of any banned and how will they be handled and 

managed on the site and transported. 

• Indicate whether there is a policy regarding the use of environment 

friendly products. 


TDA 

• Responsibilities for road 

maintenance to be clearly 

specified in all concession 

agreements 

• No new roads to be constructed 

before formal management plan in 

place 

• No off road driving under any 

circumstances 

• River to be entered at exited using 

only existing approaches and 

entrance/exit points 

• Where entrance exit points show 

signs of erosion, measures must 

be taken to stabilise these 

• Developers are encouraged to 

use solar and other innovative 

sources of energy wherever 

feasible 

• Any electricity cable to sites to be 

underground 

• Tests needed to ensure sufficient 

water of acceptable quality is 

available (start with existing 

borehole) 

• Meter to be installed to measure 

water use (targets for water use to 

be set and used as benchmark) 

• Any masts and towers to be as 

unobtrusive as possible 

• Any overhead lines to be located 

unobtrusively and consider 

possible elephant damage 

• Grease traps to be installed in 

kitchens, “grey water to be used 

for any landscaped areas (using 

only regionally indigenous 

species) 

• Oil pans to be placed in vehicle 

parking areas; under and around 

fuel storage areas; if gas is used, 

canisters to be housed in Bureau 

of Standards approved structures; 

fire extinguishers to be 

strategically located throughout 

developed area; used oil to be 

PAGE 100

Design and 

construction 

parameters 

Solid Waste 



• System for disposal of solid waste. 

• Policy over reduction at source, recycling and sorting. 

• Storage prior to removal, including specifications and how long it 

may be stored before it is disposed of in an appropriate site. 

• Transport of waste. Permitted types of containers and preferred 

route. 


TDA 

despatched to appropriate waste 

facility 

• All non-organic solid waste to be 

sorted for possible recycling, and 

removed to registered landfill site 

• Storage in animal-proof cages 

prior to removal 

• Organic waste may be buried in 

suitably designed “animal –proof” 

deep pits-the EIA will need to 

provide designs for such 

Air emissions 

Environmental 

Parameters 

• Permission for use of incinerators and standards to be applied. • Only incinerators built according 

to Bureau of Standards 

specifications may be used. 

Carrying capacity 

Fauna and flora 

Footpaths and trails 

Landscaping and 

gardening 

Permitted Activities 

• Number of guests and staff permitted to use the area. 

Determination of carrying capacity is often highly subjective, if it is 

not clearly defined by environmental constraints. 

• Other users. If they increase as a result of the added marketing and 

awareness, can the park infrastructure and management 

accommodate this additional use? 

• If there are any rare, endangered or endemic species or habitats 

that require special attention, conditions to safeguard these 

organisms or habitats may be required. 

• Policy with regard to introductions of additional species, and/or 

removal of existing exotics. 

• Water holes and feeding of animals/birds. Is this permitted in any 

form and if so what are the special conditions which may apply? 

The general policy regarding water for game in the park should be 

addressed in the management plan. 

• Responsibility for dealing with problem animals, especially those 

presenting a risk to visitors, should be specified. 

• If capture, culling or hunting of wildlife may be carried out in the 

area it is important to bring this to the attention of the 

concessionaire and include it in the contract. 

• Who will provide these and to what standard? Who will provide and 

maintain these and to what standard? 

• Who will be responsible for erosion control? 

• Species not permitted and any restrictions in this regard. 

• Specific issues relating to landscaping (water features etc). 

• Use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers. 

• Provide a list of permitted activities with definite restrictions if 

necessary, for example, no off-road driving on gravel plains, 

protocol for driving in sand sea, rivers and on coast. 

• Detail what may be done, such as hunting, fishing, walking, aircraft 

safaris etc. 

Disabled access • Requirements to make some or all facilities available for disabled 

access. 

Archaeological/cultur • Known sites which require special treatment. 

al and historical • Policy if chance find is encountered. 

• Any relevant legislation to be brought to the attention of the 

concessionaire. 

• Broad adherence to zonation 

guidelines and current tourism 

planning report 

• Special attention to habitats with 

sodic soils (erosion risk 

minimisation); river entrance and 

exit points; all spring seepage 

areas; through proper initial 

location of tourism infrastructure 

and ongoing monitoring; 

• No introductions or additional 

water points until Management 

Plan in place 

• MET to deal with any problem 

animal cases 

• Capture and relocation of animals 

deemed excess to carrying 

capacity may occur periodically 

• All trails to be included in EIA 

• Only local indigenous flora to be 

used (other than any small areas 

of lawn that may be required e.g. 

around pool) 

• Use of fertilisers to be kept to a 

minimum; only pyrethroid or 

similar organic-based pesticides 

to be used if absolutely essential 

• No off road driving 

• River to be used using current 

track network and current entry 

and exit points (which will require 

ongoing monitoring, particularly 

after each period of flow 

• Other activities to be defined in 

lease per agreement between 

concessionaire and MET 

• As above 

PAGE 101

Design and 

construction 

parameters 

Management issues 



Access and 

• Regulation and control over access to the park and the site. 

exclusivity 

• Will the concessionaire be the only user of the area or will others 

also have access and use, possibly during concession period? 

• Will the general public be allowed access to the area or will all 

other visitors be excluded? Specify how the regulatory aspects will 

be dealt with regarding access by the public / visitors / tourists to 

the areas. 

Gates • Responsibility for control of gates. 

• Responsibility of concessionaire for dealing with trespassers in 

area. 

Signage • How will the concessionaire provide directions to the site? 

• Restrictions on type, colour, logos of signage. 

Domestic Stock 

Fire 

Aircraft and airstrips 

Resource use 

Guest activities, staff 

safety and 

accommodation 

• Domestic stock, such as horses, elephants or camels for visitor 

use. 

• If so any restrictions on enclosures, feeding, importing feed into the 

Park and removal of waste should be specified. 

• Is fire management likely to impact on the concessionaire? 

• Precautions to be taken by the concessionaire. 

• Policy on combating wildfires in the Park. 

• Measure for protecting property and life, including firebreaks, and 

responsibility for maintenance. 

• The need for insurance of buildings. 

• Will the concessionaire be provided with alternative areas if their 

entire concession area is burnt in a single season? 

• Are these permitted? If so under what conditions? 

• Construction of strip, approach and take-off, other tourist 

interference, aerial safaris. 

• Special species in flight paths. 

• May local materials be used for any purpose? If so under what 

conditions and restrictions, and is any payment required? 

• Is hunting or fishing allowed? Does it take place in the park 

currently? Are other users permitted to undertake these activities? 

Will they impact on the concessionaire? 

• Emergency procedures, including any special conditions people 

must be made aware of (heat, dehydration, dangerous game etc). 

• Staff accommodation, location and standards. Special protection 

measures such as fencing. 

• Requirement for concessionaire to enforce park rules on guests 

and staff. 

• Any guiding standards or qualifications required, minimum 

requirements for vehicles or buildings to meet special requirements 

etc. 


TDA 

• Concessionaire responsible for 

controlling access to and within 

site 

• Regulation of access to be 

specified in lease agreement 

• Responsibilities to be defined in 

lease agreement 

• Signage according to current 

Road and Transport regulations 

as regards size, colour, location 

• Horses permitted; strict control of 

fodder to minimise risk of 

introduction of invasive alien 

plants; 

• Horses to be treated 

preventatively as per veterinary 

directives 

• Manure may be used for garden 

composting 

• Horses to be stabled at night and 

kept within game fenced 

stockades 

• Adequate firebreaks to be made 

and maintained around all 

constructions 

• Wildfires to be left alone by 

concession staff unless life or 

property is under direct threat 

• No new airstrips without EIA 

• Local materials (rock, grass, ) may 

be used for construction under 

supervision of ECO and within 

limits defined during site-specific 

EIA’s 

• No firewood collection within 

Hobatere; firewood to be bought 

in from reputable source 

• Lease agreement to define any 

hunting or fishing details 

• Rules to be specified in 

agreements 

• Fire extinguishers to be located 

within all structures and serviced 

regularly 

Marketing • Can logos and reserve names be used in marketing? 

• Joint marketing of reserve and product. 

• To be specified in agreements 

Supervision and • Who will do this, and who is responsible for what? • MET to monitor and enforce all 

PAGE 102


Design and 

construction 


parameters 

monitoring • Are regular meetings required? 

General compliance 

with responsible 

tourism development 

• How will concessionaire be managed? 

• If there are other concessionaires it may be useful to create a 

forum to agree jointly on operations? 

• Code of conduct and site development manual. 

Has the proposal taken sufficient account of the following elements: 

• Avoid waste and over-consumption; 

• Use local resources sustainably; 

• Maintain and encourage natural, economic, social and cultural 

diversity; 

• Be sensitive to the host culture; 

• Involve the local community in planning and decision-making; 

• Assess environmental, social and economic impacts as a 

prerequisite to developing tourism; 

• Ensure communities are involved in and benefit from tourism; 

• Market tourism that is responsible, respecting local, natural and 

cultural environments; 

• Monitoring impacts of tourism and ensure open disclosure of 

information; 

• Safety and security of employees and clients. 


TDA 

rules and concession guidelines 

• ECO to carry out monitoring as 

per the EMP emanating from the 

site-specific EIA process 

• Independent expert to conduct 

annual compliance audit 

PAGE 103


Annex C: Environmental guidelines – Etendeka TDA 

Design and construction 

parameters 

Visual impact 

Construction Activities 

Buildings and structures 


• Requirements for particular architectural style, building 

materials etc. to reduce visual impact should be included in the 

initial documentation. This should take into account potential 

future users of the area. 








• In the case of new developments an environmental scoping 

should be carried out prior to the concession being granted. 

Following the initial acceptance of a proposal, an environmental 

screening should be conducted, and thereafter if necessary a 

full environmental impact assessment should be carried out, 

and this should lead to an environmental management plan 

(EMP), which will incorporate the issues in this checklist. 



EMP. 





• Penalties should be determined for violations of the EMP, 

including off-site impacts and trees or features that may be 

defaced or destroyed. Irreplaceable and/or critical features must 

be clearly marked. 






should be carried out and regulated and whether there should 

be any fee for it. 

• There may need to be restrictions on the maximum size of 

vehicle used for construction, and access to the park may need 

to be restricted to certain times, for control purposes and to 

reduce impact on other users. 


archaeological finds. A procedure for dealing with these should 

be detailed in advance. 


must be specified what changes to them would be permitted 

and whether a deposit or guarantee is required before 

structures are damaged, altered or removed. 



specified what will happen to these, what use may be permitted, 

who will maintain them and in what condition they must be in at 

the end of the concession agreement if the concessionaire uses 

them. 

• If new structures are to be erected, there may be some 

restrictions on the types of buildings allowed, including their 

location within the concession areas. 

• It should be made clear whether fixed structures will be 

permitted or only temporary structures, and if so how this is 

defined. Depending on the circumstances and sensitivity of the 

area it may be necessary to be specific on guidelines such as 

Specific Guidelines – Etendeka 

TDA 

• Shape, nature, colour and texture 


to meld with basalt. 






ECO/MET 





workers 

• Any spring or seepage areas to be 

fenced off, no 

activity/encroachment onto this 

area 















specify) 

PAGE 104




parameters 

area, style, height, building material, colour, number of guests 

and staff, services etc. These are often highly subjective issues, 

but they must be limited firstly by environmental and cultural 

factors (water, sewerage, habitat etc) but also on the visitor 

carrying capacity for the park and the market niche to be 

catered for. These issues must be broadly defined in the 

management plan. 

Roads and Tracks • A concession, particularly one covering a substantial area, is 

likely to require roads and tracks. The road network must reflect 

the type of product offered and the expected visitor usage. 

Some of these will be pre-existing, while others may need to be 

developed. It must be clear who is responsible for maintaining 

these roads, and if new roads may be constructed, how these 

will be approved and what type is permitted (single track or built 

up road). These should all require an EIA that must address the 

location and the sourcing of any building material from quarries. 

• The cost implications to the MET must be considered if the MET 

is to maintain the road network since this cost may escalate with 


• It should be specified whether ‘off-road driving’ may be 

permitted and if so under what circumstances. 

Support infrastructure 


• Depending on the site, it may be necessary to impose 

limitations on the type of energy source which may be used and 

on reticulation to and on the site (for instance whether this can 

be overhead or should be underground). This will be dependent 

on noise, air and fuel pollution from diesel or other power 

generation systems, the visual impact of the power supply and 

the costs of these systems. It must be clear who will pay for the 

power supply. 

Water 


although the risks for finding and supplying this must rest with 

the concessionaire, the MET should conduct an initial feasibility 

study to ensure that water is present and is likely to meet the 

specifications expected for the site. MET must define what may 

be used by the concessionaire, both in terms of the quantity and 

source. If information is available on water quality and quantity, 

this should be supplied, but the concessionaire should conduct 

tests to verify this before investing. 

• It should be defined who carries the risk if water dries up or 

quality deteriorates. 


whose cost this will be done, who will read them and what 

penalties will be applied for overuse. 

• If water resources are to be shared with other users, this will 

need to be specified, and agreement sought with the other 

users. 

Communications • Type of communications systems allowed and standards 

required for safety. 


• 

Waste Management 


products 


wastewater. These will be dependent on the sensitivity of the 

area, availability of water, and possibility of ground water 

contamination. 


fuels/solvents/cleaning materials, and there may be limits on 

type or quantity or storage and containment structures. 





TDA 




agreements 



place 


circumstances 

• Rivers to be entered and exited 

using only existing approaches 

and entrance/exit points 







feasible 


underground 




borehole) 













species) 






PAGE 105


parameters 

Solid Waste 



• Indicate whether there is a policy regarding the use of 

environment friendly products. 



• Storage prior to removal, including specifications and how long 

it may be stored before it is disposed of in an appropriate site. 


route. 

Air emissions • Permission for use of incinerators and standards to be applied. 

Environmental 

Parameters 





gardening 



Determination of carrying capacity is often highly subjective, if it 

is not clearly defined by environmental constraints. 

• Other users. If they increase as a result of the added marketing 

and awareness, can the park infrastructure and management 


• If there are any rare, endangered or endemic species or 

habitats that require special attention, conditions to safeguard 

these organisms or habitats may be required. 



• Water holes and feeding of animals/birds. Is this permitted in 

any form and if so what are the special conditions which may 

apply? The general policy regarding water for game in the park 

should be addressed in the management plan. 

• Responsibility for dealing with problem animals, especially 

those presenting a risk to visitors, should be specified. 




• Who will provide these and to what standard? Who will provide 

and maintain these and to what standard? 








• Detail what may be done, such as hunting, fishing, walking, 

aircraft safaris etc. 

Disabled access • Requirements to make some or all facilities available for 

disabled access. 

Archaeological/cultural • Known sites which require special treatment. 

and historical 

• Policy if chance find is encountered. 


TDA 





facility 










• Only incinerators built according 















Plan in place 


animal cases 








around pool) 














• As above 

PAGE 106


parameters 






Access and exclusivity • Regulation and control over access to the park and the site. 

• Will the concessionaire be the only user of the area or will 

others also have access and use, possibly during concession 

period? 


other visitors be excluded? Specify how the regulatory aspects 

will be dealt with regarding access by the public / visitors / 

tourists to the areas. 



area. 




Fire 


Resource use 


safety and 

accommodation 


use. 

• If so any restrictions on enclosures, feeding, importing feed into 

the Park and removal of waste should be specified. 




• Measure for protecting property and life, including firebreaks, 

and responsibility for maintenance. 


• Will the concessionaire be provided with alternative areas if 

their entire concession area is burnt in a single season? 








currently? Are other users permitted to undertake these 

activities? Will they impact on the concessionaire? 


must be made aware of (heat, dehydration, dangerous game 

etc). 

• Staff accommodation, location and standards. Special 

protection measures such as fencing. 


and staff. 


requirements for vehicles or buildings to meet special 

requirements etc. 


TDA 



site 











plants; 



directives 


composting 



stockades 



constructions 









EIA’s 

• No firewood collection; firewood to 

be bought in from reputable 

source 




agreements 



regularly 

PAGE 107



parameters 



Supervision and 

monitoring 

General compliance with 

responsible tourism 

development 


• Who will do this, and who is responsible for what? 

• Are regular meetings required? 





• Has the proposal taken sufficient account of the following 

elements: 




diversity; 


• Involve the local community in planning and decision-making ; 







information; 



TDA 


• MET to monitor and enforce all 







PAGE 108


Annex D: Environmental guidelines – Palmwag & Hoanib TDAs 


parameters 

Visual impact 

Construction Activities 

Buildings and structures 


• Requirements for particular architectural style, building 

materials etc. to reduce visual impact should be included in the 

initial documentation. This should take into account potential 

future users of the area. 








• In the case of new developments an environmental scoping 

should be carried out prior to the concession being granted. 

Following the initial acceptance of a proposal, an environmental 

screening should be conducted, and thereafter if necessary a 

full environmental impact assessment should be carried out, 

and this should lead to an environmental management plan 

(EMP), which will incorporate the issues in this checklist. 



EMP. 





• Penalties should be determined for violations of the EMP, 

including off-site impacts and trees or features that may be 

defaced or destroyed. Irreplaceable and/or critical features must 

be clearly marked. 






should be carried out and regulated and whether there should 

be any fee for it. 

• There may need to be restrictions on the maximum size of 

vehicle used for construction, and access to the park may need 

to be restricted to certain times, for control purposes and to 

reduce impact on other users. 


archaeological finds. A procedure for dealing with these should 

be detailed in advance. 


must be specified what changes to them would be permitted 

and whether a deposit or guarantee is required before 

structures are damaged, altered or removed. 



specified what will happen to these, what use may be permitted, 

who will maintain them and in what condition they must be in at 

the end of the concession agreement if the concessionaire uses 

them. 

• If new structures are to be erected, there may be some 

restrictions on the types of buildings allowed, including their 

location within the concession areas. 

• It should be made clear whether fixed structures will be 

permitted or only temporary structures, and if so how this is 

defined. Depending on the circumstances and sensitivity of the 

area it may be necessary to be specific on guidelines such as 

Specific Guidelines – Palmwag & 

Hoanib TDAs 

• Shape, nature, colour and texture 


to meld with basalt. 






ECO/MET 





workers 

• Any spring or seepage areas to be 

fenced off, no 

activity/encroachment onto this 

area 















specify) 

PAGE 109




parameters 

area, style, height, building material, colour, number of guests 

and staff, services etc. These are often highly subjective issues, 

but they must be limited firstly by environmental and cultural 

factors (water, sewerage, habitat etc) but also on the visitor 

carrying capacity for the park and the market niche to be 

catered for. These issues must be broadly defined in the 

management plan. 

Roads and Tracks • A concession, particularly one covering a substantial area, is 

likely to require roads and tracks. The road network must reflect 

the type of product offered and the expected visitor usage. 

Some of these will be pre-existing, while others may need to be 

developed. It must be clear who is responsible for maintaining 

these roads, and if new roads may be constructed, how these 

will be approved and what type is permitted (single track or built 

up road). These should all require an EIA that must address the 

location and the sourcing of any building material from quarries. 

• The cost implications to the MET must be considered if the MET 

is to maintain the road network since this cost may escalate with 


• It should be specified whether ‘off-road driving’ may be 

permitted and if so under what circumstances. 

• 

Support infrastructure 


• Depending on the site, it may be necessary to impose 

limitations on the type of energy source which may be used and 

on reticulation to and on the site (for instance whether this can 

be overhead or should be underground). This will be dependent 

on noise, air and fuel pollution from diesel or other power 

generation systems, the visual impact of the power supply and 

the costs of these systems. It must be clear who will pay for the 

power supply. 

Water 


although the risks for finding and supplying this must rest with 

the concessionaire, the MET should conduct an initial feasibility 

study to ensure that water is present and is likely to meet the 

specifications expected for the site. MET must define what may 

be used by the concessionaire, both in terms of the quantity and 

source. If information is available on water quality and quantity, 

this should be supplied, but the concessionaire should conduct 

tests to verify this before investing. 

• It should be defined who carries the risk if water dries up or 

quality deteriorates. 


whose cost this will be done, who will read them and what 

penalties will be applied for overuse. 

• If water resources are to be shared with other users, this will 

need to be specified, and agreement sought with the other 

users. 

Communications • Type of communications systems allowed and standards 

required for safety. 


• 

Waste Management 


products 


wastewater. These will be dependent on the sensitivity of the 

area, availability of water, and possibility of ground water 

contamination. 


fuels/solvents/cleaning materials, and there may be limits on 

type or quantity or storage and containment structures. 





Hoanib TDAs 




agreements 



place 


circumstances 

• Rivers to be entered and exited 

using only existing approaches 

and entrance/exit points 







feasible 


underground 




borehole) 













species) 






PAGE 110


parameters 

Solid Waste 



• Indicate whether there is a policy regarding the use of 

environment friendly products. 



• Storage prior to removal, including specifications and how long 

it may be stored before it is disposed of in an appropriate site. 


route. 

Air emissions • Permission for use of incinerators and standards to be applied. 

• 

Environmental 

Parameters 





gardening 



Determination of carrying capacity is often highly subjective, if it 

is not clearly defined by environmental constraints. 

• Other users. If they increase as a result of the added marketing 

and awareness, can the park infrastructure and management 


• If there are any rare, endangered or endemic species or 

habitats that require special attention, conditions to safeguard 

these organisms or habitats may be required. 



• Water holes and feeding of animals/birds. Is this permitted in 

any form and if so what are the special conditions which may 

apply? The general policy regarding water for game in the park 

should be addressed in the management plan. 

• Responsibility for dealing with problem animals, especially 

those presenting a risk to visitors, should be specified. 




• Who will provide these and to what standard? Who will provide 

and maintain these and to what standard? 








• Detail what may be done, such as hunting, fishing, walking, 

aircraft safaris etc. 

Disabled access • Requirements to make some or all facilities available for 

disabled access. 


Hoanib TDAs 





facility 










• Only incinerators built according 















Plan in place 


animal cases 




• Adherence to rhino viewing 

protocols (when completed) 





around pool) 














PAGE 111


parameters 

Archaeological/cultural 

and historical 




• Known sites which require special treatment. 

• Policy if chance find is encountered. 



Access and exclusivity • Regulation and control over access to the park and the site. 

• Will the concessionaire be the only user of the area or will 

others also have access and use, possibly during concession 

period? 


other visitors be excluded? Specify how the regulatory aspects 

will be dealt with regarding access by the public / visitors / 

tourists to the areas. 



area. 




Fire 


Resource use 


safety and 

accommodation 


use. 

• If so any restrictions on enclosures, feeding, importing feed into 

the Park and removal of waste should be specified. 




• Measure for protecting property and life, including firebreaks, 

and responsibility for maintenance. 


• Will the concessionaire be provided with alternative areas if 

their entire concession area is burnt in a single season? 








currently? Are other users permitted to undertake these 

activities? Will they impact on the concessionaire? 


must be made aware of (heat, dehydration, dangerous game 

etc). 

• Staff accommodation, location and standards. Special 

protection measures such as fencing. 


and staff. 



Hoanib TDAs 

• As above 



site 











plants; 



directives 


composting 



stockades 



constructions 









EIA’s 

• No firewood collection; firewood to 

be bought in from reputable 

source 




agreements 



regularly 

PAGE 112


parameters 



requirements for vehicles or buildings to meet special 

requirements etc. 


Supervision and 

monitoring 

General compliance with 

responsible tourism 

development 


• Who will do this, and who is responsible for what? 

• Are regular meetings required? 





• Has the proposal taken sufficient account of the following 

elements: 




diversity; 


• Involve the local community in planning and decision-making ; 







information; 



Hoanib TDAs 


• MET to monitor and enforce all 







PAGE 113


Annex E: Environmental Management Plan Template 

• Flooding 

ISSUE ACTION RESPONSIBILITY AUDIT 

CONTROL 

• Disruption of local 

hydrology 

• Soil erosion 

• Soil compaction 

• Damage to 

vegetation 

• Protected species 

• 

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE 

Hydrology 

• These are ‘killers’ and pre site inspection must assess any 

risks; no construction within any defined wetlands or within 

1:100 year floodline 

Soil 

• .No construction or activities within areas containing highly 

erodible dispersed, fine-particle, sodic etc soils 

Flora and fauna 

• Presence of protected, rare or endangered plant species 

requires approved conservation/recovery plan, or such sites 

preferably to be avoided 

• Avoid any sites with nests, burrows, dens etc of protected 

species. 

Aesthetic and Visual 

• Visual Impact • Large catchments with low visual absorption capacities 

require sensitive location and construction of facilities, or 

avoidance 

CONSTRUCTION PHASE 

Soil 

• Soil erosion • All necessary measures should be taken to limit soil erosion 

and construction guidelines should be adhered to at all times. 

• It is important that adequate measures are taken to prevent 

water runoff from concentrating in any one area and to 

prevent the compaction of soil through excessive heavy 

vehicle movements or destruction of protective vegetation. 

• Protection of 

vegetation 

Vegetation 

• Adhere to construction guidelines and ensure that only 

permitted access roads and paths are used by construction 

workers and vehicles at all times. 

• Special attention to any protected, endemic, rare or 

endangered species, 

• Alien invasives • Landscaping will be negligible and no exotics or plants that do 

not occur locally will be planted. 

• Ecological impact 

• Odours 

Sewage and Waste Water 

• NB All facilities must be located a minimum of 50m from any 

water body or source. 

• Fat/grease traps to be installed at kitchen outlets 

• Adequate temporary ablutions to be provided for workers 

Energy 

• Energy efficiency • Maximum use of solar energy, gas 

• 

PAGE 114

• Generator • Energy saving measures (lights, etc) 

• Soil and other 

contamination 


• Surface runoff 

• Human and 

animal safety 

• Ecological 

• Mitigation of 

construction 

impacts 


construction 

impacts 


• Efficient, modern, silenced generator only 

Building Materials 

• The mixing and use of concrete and cement must be carefully 

managed so as not to contaminate the sites in any way. . 

• Any gravel or stone that may be required for building purposes 

(including roads) will be obtained from environmentally 

acceptable and permitted sources and quarries may not be 

dug without formal registration/permission. 

Fire 

• All normal safety precautions will be taken during the 

construction phase. 

Construction Plan 

• The sequencing of construction events is an important part of 

managing any potentially negative impacts arising from the 

construction phase: 

• The site boundaries should be demarcated and movement of 

construction crew must be within these at all times. 

• A suitably positioned stock piling and mixing area should be 

chosen and demarcated. This should ideally be located in an 

area that is already transformed or disturbed. 

• Access routes from the stockpiling areas to the building sites 

should be demarcated and used. Existing roads should be 

used for these purposes. 

• Once all construction work has been completed then the site 

should be suitably rehabilitated. 

Construction Guidelines 

• The contractor and his employees shall adhere to any rules 

and regulations that the MET may prescribe at all times. 

• The contractor must ensure the proper supervision of 

employees at all times and their abidance to any rules and 

regulations. 

• Access to the site must be restricted to contractors employees 

only. 

• All employees must be educated to the need to refrain from 

the destruction of plants and animals, as well as from 

indiscriminate defecation, waste disposal and or pollution of 

soil and water resources. 

• All mixing of cement and other materials should be done in 

such a way that it is properly contained and that contaminated 

water may not run off into the area. 

• The building envelope shall be demarcated to ensure that 

building activities are contained within its perimeter and that 

no undue environmental damage or disturbance occurs 

outside of this perimeter. 

• The contractor is to take all precautions to prevent the 

outbreak and spreading of fires and is to ensure all his 

employees are aware of the necessary precautions. 

• All earthworks, berms, channels, spoil and borrow areas are 

to be worked in such a way as to minimise the possibility of 

erosion. 

• Any water pipes shall be routed so as to minimise the 

disturbance to vegetation and minimise the chance of erosion. 

PAGE 115


construction 

impacts 

• Alien invasives 

• Use of plants, 

firewood 

• Interaction with 

wildlife 

• Water 

conservation 

• Water pollution 

and toxic effects 

• Soil and water 

pollution 

• Health 

• Animal safety 


pollution 

• Health and Safety 


• The contractor will provide a suitable, animal proof receptacle 

to contain all, daily refuse. Refuse will be disposed of 

regularly at a suitable designated location and in an 

environmentally appropriate manner. 

• The contractor will ensure that all equipment is in good 

working order and will not contaminate soil or water resources 

with diesel, petrol, oil or any other foreign substances. 

• All building materials will be stockpiled in designated areas 

within the building envelope. 

• All building rubble is to be removed from the area and 

disposed of in a suitable and legal location in an 

environmentally acceptable manner. 

• The contractor shall ensure that all vehicles stick to 

designated roads at all times. 

• The greater area around building sites should be searched for 

snares during and after the construction phase is complete. 

OPERATIONAL PHASE 

Vegetation 

• The area will be kept free of any alien vegetation that may 

inadvertently be introduced. 

• No picking of plants, collection of firewood or any other 

damage permitted 

• Fauna 

• Guests should still be sensitised to the need to be aware of 

wildlife and of the appropriate way to interact with wildlife. 

• Trained guides to escort guests at all times, no self-drive or 

walking other than in accepted designated areas 

• Adherence to any special requirements including adherence 

to accepted rhino-viewing protocols 

Water 

• Water conservation must be actively promoted, including 

installation of meters, low-flow showerheads etc. 

• The use of biodegradable and eco-friendly soaps and 

detergents should be encouraged. 

Waste 

• All waste bins will be covered and secured. If a central waste 

collection depot is needed, this area should be fenced and 

secured and it should have a concrete floor to ensure that it 

can be suitably maintained and no ground seepage will occur. 

• If possible and appropriate, glass will be stored on site in 

suitable containers until there is sufficient to be transported for 

recycling. 

• If possible and appropriate, tins, cans and foil will be stored on 

site in suitable containers until there is sufficient to be 

transported for recycling. 

• If possible and appropriate, plastics will be stored on site in 

suitable containers until there is sufficient to be transported for 

recycling. 

• If possible and appropriate, paper and cardboard may be 

stored on site in suitable containers until there is sufficient to 

be transported for recycling. 

• All waste that cannot be recycled or sold must be disposed of 

at a permitted waste site; organic waste may be deep-buried; 

limited amounts of packaging may be incinerated in an 

approved (Bureau of Standards) incinerator. 

Sewage 

• Septic tanks and soakaways MUST be adequate for peak 

periods, properly installed and maintained. 

• Regular monitoring of water for E coli contamination is 

required 

PAGE 116

• Energy efficiency 

and metering 

• Danger to human 

and animal life 

• Human and 

animal safety 


pollution 

• Visual and 

aesthetic impacts 


• Alien plant 

invasion 

Energy 


• Energy use to be metered, benchmarked and efficiency 

striven for 

Fire 

• Fire extinguishers to be installed and maintained, all normal 

safety precautions will be taken during the operational phase. 

DECOMMISSIONING PHASE 

Buildings and Equipment 

• All structures will be completely removed to the satisfaction of 

MET. 

• Construction guidelines will apply during this phase to ensure 

that this phase of operations is properly managed and limited 

environmental impact results. 

• In the case of sewage systems, septic tanks will need to be 

drained and removed and the area (including the soakaway) 

will need to be filled, preferably with rubble or with fill from an 

environmentally acceptable source. 

Vegetation 

• The site will be suitably revegetated or if this is not appropriate 

then it will be covered with scrub to ensure that soil erosion 

does not result and to provide protection for reseeding 

vegetation. 

• Follow ups will be done to ensure that alien or invasive plants 

and weeds have not flourished. 

PAGE 117

Tourism Scoping Report Kunene Peoples Park - The African Safari ...

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