Ethiopia lighting VPA-SSC-DD - MyClimate

SMALL-SCALE VOLUNTARY PROGRAMME ACTIVITY DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM 

(Voluntary-SSC-VPA-DD) - Version 01 

NAME /TITLE OF THE VPoA: Solar Lighting in Rural Ethiopia VPoA 

starCLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM 

SMALL-SCALE VOLUNTARY PROGRAM ACTIVITY DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM (SSC- 

VPA-DD) 

Version 01 

NOTE: 

CONTENTS 

A. General description of Voluntary programme activity (VPA) 

B. Eligibility of VPA and Estimation of Emission Reductions 

C. Environmental Analysis 

D. Stakeholder comments 

Annexes 

Annex 1: Contact information on entity/individual responsible for the VPA 

Annex 2: Information regarding public funding 

Annex 3: Baseline information 

Annex 4: Monitoring plan 

(i) This form is for submission of VPAs that apply a small scale approved methodology using the 

provision of the proposed small scale Voluntary PoA. 

This template shall not be altered. It shall be completed without modifying/adding headings or logo, format or font. 

page 1 

(ii) The coordinating/managing entity shall prepare a Voluntary Small Scale Programme Activity 

Design Document (SSC-VPA-DD) that is specified to the proposed PoA by using the provisions stated in 

the SSC PoA DD. At the time of requesting registration the SSC PoA DD must be accompanied by a - 

SSC VPA-DD form that has been specified for the proposed SSC PoA, as well as by one completed -SSC 

VPA-DD (using a real case). After the first VPA, every VPA that is added over time to the SSC PoA 

must submit a completed -SSC VPA-DD.




SECTION A. General description of small scale voluntary programme activity (VPoA) 

A.1. Title of the small-scale VPA: 

>> 

Solar Lighting in Rural Ethiopia – VPA 1 

Version: 04 

Date: 15/06/2012 


page 2 

A.2. Description of the small-scale VPA: 

>> 

The Solar Lighting in Rural Ethiopia – VPA I (hereafter “the VPA”), part of the Solar Lighting in Rural 

Ethiopia VPoA, will replace low-quality and carbon dioxide emitting kerosene lamps, which are currently 

the prevalent form of lighting in rural Ethiopia, with high quality solar PV lighting systems 1 . The 

introduction of these solar lighting systems shall be achieved by establishing Solar Centers in11 villages, 

Gumer, Awassa, Sodo, Borena, Bedele, Minjar, Humera, Woliso, Alicho-Woriro, Wolkite and Yirgalem 

from which the sale, distribution and maintenance of affordable solar systems will be managed. 

The Solar Energy Foundation (hereafter SEF), the Coordinating Management Entity (hereafter CME) of 

the VPoA is also the Project Implementing Partner (PIP) of this VPA. SEF will establish and coordinate 

the network of 11 Solar Centers with the aim of distributing around 100,000 solar lighting systems, 

leading to estimated annual emissions reductions of 16,901tCO2e 

The majority of the 11 Centers have been under trial from January 2009 to August 2010 relying heavily 

on NGO financing. However to scale-up and continue with the programme, SEF needs to make the 

programme self-sustaining, rather than relying on uncertain donor financing. All systems sold during the 

trial period are not included in this VPA as they will not be included in the VPoA database. 

The VPA will not only lead to emissions reductions, but also to substantial sustainable development 

benefits. The VPA contributes to sustainable development in Ethiopia in the following ways: 

Improved lighting conditions will allow children to study in the evenings. It also allows residents 

to work and run their businesses after dusk. 

Improvement of indoor air quality. Kerosene lamps cause respiratory problems so the 

introduction of lighting from clean energy sources will improve the health of residents. 

New job opportunities are created for the employees in the local Solar Centers. 

The proposed VPA is a purely voluntary action by SEF and is not required by law. 

A.3. Entity/individual responsible for the small-scale VPA: 

>> 

The Solar Energy Foundation is the Coordinating/Managing Entity of the VPoA. 

The Project Implementing Partner (PIP) responsible for this VPA is the Solar Energy Foundation. 

myclimate is the entity which communicates with the Gold Standard Foundation. 

1 Also referred to as solar home systems, solar products, solar (lighting) systems or solar (lighting) systems.




A.4. Technical description of the small-scale VPA: 


page 3 

The VPA will introduce 11 Solar Centers in rural Ethiopia. The Centers will coordinate the sales, 

installation and maintenance of the solar products, as well as processing and collecting payments from 

customers. 

These services may be performed directly from the Solar Center location, or the Solar Center will 

coordinate Solar Technicians to travel to villages in the local area to market, sell, install, maintain, and 

manage the payments for the solar systems. 

SEF will be responsible for collecting sales records and data from the Solar Centers. They will also help 

the Solar Centers to source the lighting systems required for the project, and other logistics to ensure the 

Solar Centers can operate effectively. 

All lighting systems sold will all have the following attributes: 

- Photovoltaic panel 

- Storage batteries 

- Lights 

Solar Centers will sell households four different types of solar home systems (SHS), Suntransfer systems 

ST1, ST2, ST5 and ST10. Details of these products are listed below: 

SunTransfer 1 (ST1): 

ST1 is a portable solar lamp with: 1 high 

performance LED, 1.5Wp solar module, 

rechargeable 6V/2.8Ah battery and USB 

output including adapter set for mobile 

charging. 


ST2 is a portable solar lamp with: 1 high performance LED, 

2Wp solar module, rechargeable 6V/4.5Ah battery, and 

USB output including adapters set for mobile charging. 


ST5 is composed of 3 ST1 portable 

solar lamps with high performance 

LEDs, 5Wp solar module, 3 

rechargeable 6V/2.8Ah batteries and 3 

and USB output including adapter set 

for mobile charging.





The ST10 is composed of 4 high performance LEDs with lamp shade, 10Wp solar module, rechargeable 

12V/18Ah battery and car charger output for mobile charging or radio use. 

Solar panel Battery charger LEDs 

A.4.1. Identification of the small-scale VPA: 

>> 

A.4.1.1. Host Party: 

>> 

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 

A.4.1.2. Geographic reference or other means of identification allowing the 

unique identification of the small-scale VPA (maximum one page): 

The VPA constitutes the establishment of 11 Solar Centers in Ethiopia in the following locations. The 

Solar Centers coordinates are listed here: 

Minjar N(08)˚(44.818)'/E(39)˚(08.755)' 

Yirgalem N(07)˚(10.401)'/E(37)˚(20.607)' 

Gumer N(07)°(56.410)'/E(38)°(04.086)' 

Wolkite N(08)°(16.912)'/E(37)°(46.696)' 

Awassa N(07)°(02.816)’/E(38)°(28.726)’ 

Sodo N(06)°(50.878)'/E(37)°(45.707)' 

Woliso N(08)˚(44.925)'/E(39)˚(21.400)' 

Borena N(05)°(29.469)'/E(38)˚(36.703)' 

Bedele N(08)°(19.094)'/E(36)°(18.568)’ 

Alicho-Woriro N(08)°(58.114)'/E(38)°(43.308)' 

Humera N(14)˚(17.248)'/E(36)˚(36.365)' 

The geographical boundary of the VPA is: 

The below mentioned coordinates are the extreme corner points of all the Solar Centers, except Humera. 

N(08)°(20.532)'/E(33)°(58.389)' 

N(03)°(36.500)'/E(38)°(36.175)' 

N(08)°(45.923)'/E(41)°(38.046)' 

N(12)°(32.187)'/E(38)°(55.578)' 


page 4




As Humera is at the extreme north of the map, close to the frontier, Humera is considered separately. 

N(12)°(02.238)'/E(36)°(33.303)' 

N(14)°(18.478)'/E(38)°(55.123)' 

Figure 1 – Map of VPA 1 


page 5 

As can be seen in the map, the geographical boundary of the VPA is within the geographical boundary of 

the VPoA, Ethiopia. 

Systems will be sold within a 250km radius of each Solar Center, using the coordinates provided above. 

Future VPAs may overlap with this radius; however systems sold by future VPAs will be marked to show 

they do not belong to the current VPA. All systems to be implemented will also be labelled with a unique 

serial as well as a VPA identification number to prevent double counting and to show that system is a part 

of the VPA. All serial numbers will be recorded. 

SEF uses GPS equipment to identify the GPS coordinates. Thus, SEF is responsible for the same.




A.4.2. Duration of the small-scale VPA: 

A.4.2.1. Starting date of the small-scale VPA: 

>> 

13/08/2010 The basis for the starting date is the upload date of the VPA LSC report. 

>> 

10 years 

Fixed Crediting period 

A.4.2.2. Expected operational lifetime of the small-scale VPA: 

A.4.3. Choice of the crediting period and related information: 

A.4.3.1. Starting date of the crediting period: 

>> 

13/08/2010 

A.4.3.2. Length of the crediting period, first crediting period if the choice is 

renewable CP: 

>>10 years 

A.4.4. Estimated amount of emission reductions over the chosen crediting period: 

>> 

Year Annual Estimation of 

emission reduction in 

tonnes of CO2E 

13/08/2010 – 31/12/2010 172 

2011 1,761 

2012 4,312 

2013 8,099 

2014 12,275 

2015 16,354 

2016 20,342 

2017 24,241 

2018 28,055 

2019 31,783 

21,621 

01/01/2020 - 12/08/2020 

Total estimated reductions (tonnes 

169,015 

of CO2e) 

Total number of crediting years 10 

Annual average over the crediting 

period of estimated reductions 

16,901 

(tonnes of CO2e) 


page 6




A.4.5. Public funding of the VPA: 


page 7 

There is currently no direct public funding from Annex 1 Parties for this VPA. In the future the VPA may 

receive some support from donors, which may occasionally come from Overseas Development Assistance 

(ODA). However, in line with GS rules, these donations will not be received on the condition that credits 

are transferred to the ODA provider. 

The project participants have signed the ODA Declaration Form, in line with Gold Standard guidelines. 

Please refer to the VPoA-PDD for further clarification on this issue. 

A.4.6. Information to confirm that the proposed small-scale VPA is not a de-bundled 

component 

>> 

In Accordance with EB 54, Annex 13, paragraph 10 “Guidelines on assessment of de-bundling for 

SSC project activities” if each of the independent subsystems/measures (e.g. SHS) included in the CPA of 

a PoA is no greater than 1% of the small scale thresholds defined by the methodology applied, than the 

CPA or PoA is exempted from performing de-bundling check i.e. considered as not being a de-bundled 

component of a large scale activity. 

The capacity of each solar home systems included in the VPA of the VPoA is no larger than 1% of the 

threshold of 5MW according to the Guidelines for micro-scale project activities. 

A.4.7. Confirmation that small-scale VPA is neither registered as an individual 

CDM/Voluntary project activity or is part of another Registered PoA/VPoA: 

>> 

The VPA has not been registered as an individual CDM or VER project activity or as part of another 

registered PoA or VPoA




SECTION B. Eligibility of small-scale VPA and Estimation of emissions reductions 

B.1. Title and reference of the Registered VPoA to which small-scale VPA is added: 

>> 

Solar Lighting in Rural Ethiopia VPoA 


page 8 

B.2. Justification of the why the small-scale VPA is eligible to be included in the Registered VPoA : 

No Criteria 

1. Only VPAs that install solar home (lighting) systems 

that supply rural households with electricity are 

eligible to be included in the programme. 

2. The total capacity of the solar panels included in a 

VPA does not exceed 5 MW, according to EB 60, 

Annex 25, Guidelines for demonstrating additionality 

of micro-scale project activities. 

Retroactive activities applying under the scheme shall 

undergo a pre-feasibility assessment as per Gold 

Standard Requirements. Further, the additionality of 

retroactive projects shall be proved using the 

guidelines given in Attachment A to Appendix B and 

cannot be deemed additional. 

3. Solar Technicians have undergone training in the 

installation and maintenance of solar systems at SEF’s 

“International Solar Energy School”. 

4. The project takes place within Federal Democratic 

Republic of Ethiopia, which represents the project 

boundary. Only rural households that are not 

connected to the electricity grid can be included in a 

VPA. 

5. Measures are in place to recycle batteries. Solar 

Technicians will collect the batteries or verify the 

same once they were informed by a household that the 

battery is defect or is not working. The collected 

batteries will be recycled locally or returned to the 

Confirmed. The VPA supplies solar 

systems to rural households. 

Confirmed. The VPA is projected to sell 

0.6MWp of SHSs. Thus, it is unlikely 

that sales will exceed the 5MW 

threshold. Yet, if any SHSs that are to 

be sold exceed the 5MW limit, they are 

not included in this VPA but will be 

count towards VPA2. 

The project activity is not a retroactive 

activity. 

Confirmed. All Solar Technicians have 

undergone theoretical and practical 

training on how to plan, implement, 

operate and maintain solar projects and 

systems. Training courses take place at 

SEF’s “International Solar Energy 

School”. The duration of a typical 

training is six months. 

Yes. The VPA is located in Ethiopia 

and only households which have had no 

access to the local grid, as stated, were 

included in the VPA. 

Yes, as momentarily there are no local 

recycling facilities, the batteries would 

be collected and shipped back to the 

manufacturer for recycling. As of now, 

no batteries had to be displaced.




manufacturer. 

6. The project activity is a voluntary action and not 

required by law. 

7. All sales are recorded by Solar Centers and the 

records sent periodically to the PIP. The sales record 

shall include: Household location (region, zone, 

Woreda/district/ and Kebele), household 

identification number (depending on system type), 

client’s name, system type and serial number, 

payment details, GPS data and Solar Centres. 

8. Each VPA is uniquely identified and defined by way 

of the unique identification numbers (serial numbers) 

attached to each system`s component to ensure that all 

VPAs under its VPoA are not developed under a 

different VPA/CPA or different project. 

- Components are labeled with a SEF logo so 

that they are easily recognized to belong to 

the proposed programme. 

- The database clearly indicates for each system 

the Solar Centre as well the respective VPA to 

which each system belongs to. 

- The same information as in the database - 

VPA number, Solar Center, system type, 

client name, household location, household 

identification number (depending on system) 

and component serial numbers - will be stated 

in a passport that will be given to each 

household participating in the programme. 

9. All households joining the program cede the rights for 

carbon to the CME, SEF. 

10. None of the SHSs included in the VPA of the VPoA is 

larger than 1% of the 5 MW (threshold of guidelines 

for micro-scale project activities) and thus debundling 

will not be an issue. 

11. The VPA shall claim emission reductions for only one 

SHS distributed per household 

12. To be included in the VPoA ,PIPs have to sign an 

agreement with the CME under which they 

acknowledge that they have signed up to the VPoA 

and are aware of all its duties and tasks within the 

programme and project level including its eligibility 

criteria The PIPs have signed the “Official 

Confirmed. 


page 9 

All sales data has been collected and 

reported.al database. 

Yes, that is the case. All the data is 

recorded in the central database. 

Yes, that is a prerequisite for joining. 

All households have to sign a form 

agreeing to the same. 

Confirmed. 

Confirmed. 

Confirmed.




Development Assistance Declaration”. 

To conclude, the VPA meets all the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the VPoA. 

B.3. Assessment and demonstration of additionality of the small-scale VPA , as per eligibility 

criteria listed in the Registered VPoA: 

>> 

Additionality of the VPA is determined at the VPoA level. To meet the criteria, as defined in the 

“guidelines for demonstrating additionality of micro-scale projects 2 , a VPA is considered additional if 

the project is 

situated in a Least Developed Country 

utilise a renewable energy technology 

have a total capacity of under 5MW 


page 10 

The proposed VPA meets the above criteria, as it is situated in Ethiopia and aims to sell 0.6MWp of solar 

systems. 

B.4. Description of the sources and gases included in the project boundary and proof that the 

small-scale VPA is located within the geographical boundary of the registered VPoA. 

The geographical boundary of the VPoA is the national boundary of the Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 

and thus includes the project boundary of the SSC-VPA. 

The table below illustrates the GHG emissions sources included in the project boundary: 

Baseline Kerosene 

lamps 

Project 

Activity 

Greenfield 

installation 

of solar 

lighting 

systems 

Gas Included? Justification/Explanation 

CO2 Yes In the baseline scenario lighting would be 

derived from kerosene producing lamps 

CH4 No As per AMS-I.A. Methane emissions are not 

accounted for. This is conservative 

N2O No As per AMS-I.A. nitrous oxide Emissions are 

not accounted for. This is conservative. 

CO2 No The project activity does not emit any CO2 

emissions. 

CH4 No No methane generation is expected to be 

emitted. 

N2O No No nitrous oxide generation is expected 

2 http://cdm.unfccc.int/Panels/ssc_wg/meetings/030/ssc_030_an12.pdf




B.5. Emission reductions: 

B.5.1. Data and parameters that are available at validation: 

>> 


page 11 

Data / Parameter: LEi (ID 3) 

Data unit: Lumen 

Description: Nominal lumen output of solar lamps of system type i deployed as part of the 

project activity 

Source of data used: Cree LED Data Sheet: 93-100 lm 

Value applied: 93 

Justification of the 

choice of data or 

description of 

93 lm is chosen using the Cree specification is used for conservativeness 

measurement methods 

and procedures actually 

applied : 

Any comment: If lumen output is to increase in the future, ER calculation will be capped at 93 

lm 

Data / Parameter: LEker (ID 4) 

Data unit: Lumen 

Description: The specific light output of kerosene when burnt in a hurricane kerosene lamp 

Source of data used: Evan Mills - "Technical and Economic Performance Analysis of Kerosene 

Lamps and Alternative Approaches to Illumination in Developing Countries" - 

June 28, 2003. 

Value applied: 45 






applied : 

Any comment: 

30-50 lumen is chosen in CDM-Project: "Rural Education for Development 

Society", India (taken from study about suppressed demand in 2007) 

Data / Parameter: h (ID 5) 

Data unit: Hours 

Description: Average number of hours solar lamps are used per day 

Source of data used: Methodology AMS I.A 

Value applied: 3.5 






applied : 

According to AMS I.A, for the specific case of lighting devices a daily usage of 

3.5 hours shall be assumed, unless it is demonstrated that the actual usage hours 

adjusted for seasonal variation of lighting is different based on representatives 

sample survey (90% confidence interval ±10% error) done for minimum of 90 

days. 

Lighting Africa survey 2008 in Ethiopia shows also an average of 3-4 hours 

usage at evenings, not considering additional use of lamps in the morning 

before sun rise (page 54+55 of the survey).




Any comment: 

Data / Parameter: lker (ID 7) 

Data unit: liter/hour 

Description: Kerosene consumption each kerosene lamp per hour 

Source of data used: UNFCCC guidance/Recommendation Evan Mills 







applied : 


page 12 

0.025 liter/hour in UNFCCC “Consideration of potential fossil fuel lighting 

replacement methodology” (page 4), 2010: “There is a wide-range of fuel-based 

lighting sources… Rates range from 0.01 to 0.10 liters per hour, with most 

products operating in the 0.02 to 0.04 range (i.e., the small/medium wick lamps 

and the kerosene lanterns). A value of 0.025 is a reasonable conservative 

approximation in lieu of superior local data” 

(http://cdm.unfccc.int/Panels/ssc_wg/meetings/025/ssc_025_an13.pdf) 

0.005-0.042 liter/hour in Evan Mills - "Technical and Economic Performance 

Analysis of Kerosene Lamps and Alternative Approaches to Illumination in 

Developing Countries" - June 28, 2003. 

Any comment: The recommendation of 0.025 l/h is based on small kerosene lamps, while 

hurricane kerosene lamps have usually an up to three times higher consumption 

(see 2003 study of Evan Mills). So the calculation is very conservative. 

Data / Parameter: EFKer (ID 8) 

Data unit: tCO2/GJ 

Description: CO2 emission factor of kerosene 

Source of data used: 2006 IPCC guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas inventories 







applied : 

Any comment: 

The default value of other kerosene in 2006 IPCC guidelines for National 

Greenhouse Gas Inventories is 71.900 tCO2/TJ. 

Data / Parameter: NCVker (ID 9) 

Data unit: TJ/Gg 

Description: Calorific value of kerosene 

Source of data used: 2006 IPCC guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas inventories 





2006 IPCC guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas inventories 



applied : 

Any comment:




Data / Parameter: denker (ID 10) 

Data unit: Kg/l 

Description: Density of kerosene 

Source of data used: www.simetric.co.uk & http://www.climatetemp.info/ethiopia/ 







applied : 

Any comment: 

0.81715 at 60°F=15,5°C 

Ethiopia yearly avg. Temperature =61°F 


page 13 

Data / Parameter: z (ID 11) 

Data unit: N/A 

Description: Standard normal for a confidence level of 90% 

Source of data used: Doane, 2011; Applied Statistics in Business and Economics, Mcgraw-Hill 

Higher Education; Table 8.7 , p. 309 







applied : 

Any comment: 

This is the statistical standard value for standard normal for a confidence level 

of 90% 

B.5.2. Ex-ante calculation of emission reductions: 

>> 

In accordance with the methodology AMS I.A (Version 14) the following approach is used to calculate 

the uniform baseline for this VPA. 

The energy baseline is the fuel consumption of the technology in use or that would have been used in the 

absence of the project activity to generate the equivalent quantity of energy. Renewable energy lighting 

applications shall consider the equivalent level of lighting service instead of energy. 

The following methodological approach has been chosen to calculate the baseline emissions and emission 

reductions. 

Option 3 

In the case of Option 3, the emissions baseline is the historic fuel consumption calculated in accordance 

with paragraph 8c of the applied methodology times the CO2 emission factor for the fuel displaced. IPCC 

default values for emission factors may be used. However, in this case, baseline emissions are not 

calculated by a trend-adjusted projection of historic fuel consumption, due to lack of data, but by using a 

default value of 0.025 kerosene consumption per hour indicated in the SSC WG paper “Consideration of 

potential fossil fuel lighting replacement methodology” (EB25, Annex 13).





page 14 

According to the methodology, in 3, paragraph 10, the energy content of the fuel consumed in the 

baseline is taken times the emission factor of the fuel (IPCC default values for emission factors are used). 

(1) 

BE FC * NCV * EF 

CO2, y j, y j CO2, j 

j 

Where: 

BE CO2, y 

FC j, y 

NCV j 

EF CO2, j 

j 

Emissions in the baseline in year y; tCO2 

Amount of fuel consumption of fuel type j; mass or volume unit in year 

y 

Net calorific value of fuel type j; gigajoule per mass or volume unit 

CO2 emission factor of fuel type j; tCO2/GJ 

Fuel type used for combustion 

However, in accordance with AMS I.A (version 14), “the equivalent level of lighting service is to be 

considered instead of energy” (footnote 3). Given the lumen output of one LED lamp is 2.07 times the 

lumen output of hurricane kerosene lamp, one LED lamp is assumed to be installed instead of slightly 

more than two hurricane kerosene lamp. 

Therefore, the below equation is derived from the equation above: 

(2) 

v 

1 

BE ( N * d )* CF * LE * * h* l * EF * NCV * den 

CO2 , y i, a i, a, v i, v, LFR i 

ker ker ker ker 

a1 

LEker 

The equation “FC * NCV*EF” represents the emissions in tCO2 equivalent from fuel consumed in the 

baseline. The equation 

(3) 

yields exact the same result. This is hence the emissions in tCO2 equivalent from kerosene that would 

have been consumed in the baseline instead of solar lighting. 

In addition, a following parameters and concepts have been incorporated 

1. Aggregated emission reduction calculation for groups of lamps (all lamps of the same system type i 

sold in the same period form one group); Ni,a 

2. An adjustment parameter for operational time of continuously sold lamps; di,a,y 

3. For conservative approach, statistical correction factors for lamp failure rate need to be applied; 

CFi,v,LFR

Where: 




BE CO2, y Emissions in the baseline in year y; tCO2 

Ni,a 

di,a,y 

LEi 

LEker 

ID 1 

ID 2 

ID 3 

ID 4 


page 15 

The total number of solar lamps in use of system type i deployed in period 

a 

Average number of days lamps of system type i that have been deployed 

in period a were operating in period v; days 

Nominal lumen output of solar lamps of system type i deployed as part of 

the project activity; lumen 

The specific light output of kerosene when burned in a kerosene lamp; 

lumen 

h ID 5 Average number of hours solar lamps are used per day; hours 

CFi,v,LFR 

ID 6 

This factor corrects the total number of lamps of system type i by the 

share of these lamps that were found to be operational according to the 

sampling in period v. The statistical error is included in this parameter 

(confidence level 90%) 

lker ID 7 Kerosene consumption each kerosene lamp per hour; liter/hour 

EFker ID 8 CO2 emission factor of kerosene; tCO2/GJ 

NCVker ID 9 Calorific value of kerosene; TJ/Gg 

denker ID 10 Density of kerosene; Kg/l 

As mentioned above, for a conservative approach a correction factor needs to be applied: 

CFi,v,LFR ,represents the lamp failure rate of the whole population of lamps from lamp type i sold. This is 

achieved by random sampling and by selecting a sample group which reflects the age of the lamps in the 

population. 

The following formula describes the calculation of CF i,v,LFR , based on the application of a 90% 

confidence level. 

(4) 

CF 

Where: 

z ID 11 Standard normal for a confidence level of 90% 

LFR i.v ID 12 Lamp Failure Rate - Share of lamps of system type i in checked sample 

group not operational in period v 

ni,v,total 

i, 

v, 

LFR 

LFR 

 

i, 

v * ( 1 

LFR 

1 

LFRi, 

v z * 

 

 

ni, 

v, 

total 

ID 13 

i, 

v 

) 

 

 

 

Total amount of lamps of system type i checked that were found to be 

operational





page 16 

B.5.3. Summary of the ex-ante estimation of emission reductions: 

>> 

Estimation of 

project Estimation of Estimation of Estimation of 

Year 

activity 

emissions 

baseline 

emissions 

leakage 

(tonnes of 

overall emission 

reductions 

(tonnes of CO2 

e) 

(tonnes of CO2 e) CO2 e) (tonnes of CO2 e) 

13/08/2010- 

0 

0 

31/12/2010 

172 

172 

2011 0 1,761 0 1,761 

2012 0 4,312 0 4,312 

2013 0 8,099 0 8,099 

2014 0 12,275 0 12,275 

2015 0 16,354 0 16,354 

2016 0 20,342 0 20,342 

2017 0 24,241 0 24,241 

2018 0 28,055 0 28,055 

2019 0 31,783 0 31,783 

01/01/2020- 

12/08/2020 

0 

0 

21,621 

21,621 

Total 

(tonnes of 

CO2 e) 

0 169,015 0 169,015 

B.6. Application of the monitoring methodology and description of the monitoring plan: 

B.6.1. Description of the monitoring plan: 

Data and parameters to be monitored by each SSC-VPA: 

Data / Parameter: Ni,a (ID 1) 


Description: The total number of solar lamps of system type i deployed in period a 

Source of data to be 

used: 

Sales data 

Value of data Ex-ante applied value 

Type 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Total 

ST1 620 1000 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 11520 

ST 2 960 1900 3850 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 41910 

ST 5 120 1000 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 11020 

ST 10 835 1200 3080 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 40315 

Description of There are four solar products to be sold, which include different numbers of




measurement 

methods and 

procedures to be 

applied: 

QA/QC procedures 

to be applied: 

Any comment: 


page 17 

LEDs. The total number of solar lamps is calculated as the lamps included in the 

different SHSs: 

Sun Transfer 1: 1 LED lamp 

Sun Transfer 2: 1 LED lamp 

Sun Transfer 5: 3 LED lamps 

Sun Transfer 10: 4 LED lamps 

Data will be collected using the standard procedures and will be stored for the 

crediting period and an additional two years. 

Data / Parameter: di,a,y (ID 2) 

Data unit: days 

Description: Average number of days lamps of system type i that have been deployed in 

period a were operating in period v 


Sales data 

used: 

Value of data Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 

2010 70 365 365 365 365 365 365 365 365 365 180 

2011 0 180 365 365 365 365 365 365 365 365 365 

2012 0 0 180 365 365 365 365 365 365 365 365 

2013 0 0 0 180 365 365 365 365 365 365 365 

2014 0 0 0 0 180 365 365 365 365 365 365 

2015 0 0 0 0 0 180 365 365 365 365 365 

2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 365 365 365 365 

2017 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 365 365 365 

2018 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 365 365 

2019 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 365 

2020 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 

As the systems are installed gradually, the average number of days in the first 

year is set as 180 days; meanwhile, with the same reason, the average number 

of days in the last year is set as 180 days. All the years in between are 

considered at 365 days. 

Description of 


and procedures to be 

applied: 

In order to ensure that lamps are in operation for at least 180 days in the first 

and last year of the crediting period, the parameter is monitored by checking the 

implementation date, which is recorded in the central database, and 

interviewing the households of the selected sample groups whether the lamps 

have been operational since. 

365 days in UNFCCC “Consideration of potential fossil fuel lighting 

replacement methodology”(page 4), 2010: “a default value of 365 days is 

reasonable” 

(http://cdm.unfccc.int/Panels/ssc_wg/meetings/025/ssc_025_an13.pdf) 

QA/QC procedures to Data will be collected using the standard procedures and will be stored for the 

be applied: 


Any comment: For ST-1, ST-2, and ST-5, the sales date recorded is the same as the





page 18 

implementation date as the HH immediately receives the portable system ready 

for use. No installation is required as such. For ST10, which is larger, the 

implementation date is recorded in the passport, sales report in the excel sheet 

as well as in the database. 

Data / Parameter: CFi,v,LFR (ID 6) 


Description: This factor corrects the total number of lamps of system type i by the share of 

these lamps of the same system type i that were found to be operational 

according to the sampling in period v. The statistical error is included in this 

parameter (confidence lever 90%) 


Ex-ante based on LFR i. ; Ex-post from Monitoring Survey 

used: 

Value of data Year 

CFv, 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

LFR1,2,5 

CFv, 

1 0.955 0.924 0.896 0.869 0.843 0.817 0.792 0.768 0.744 0.720 

LFR10 1 0.969 0.948 0.930 0.913 0.896 0.880 0.864 0.848 0.833 0.817 




applied: 

QA/QC procedures to 

be applied: 

Any comment: 

This factor corrects the total number of lamps of type i by the share of these 

lamps of the same system type i that were found to be operational according to 

the sampling in period v. The statistical error is included in this parameter 

(confidence level 90%) 

Data will be collected using the standard procedures (conduction of surveys) 

and will be stored for the crediting period and an additional two years. A 

detailed description of the procedures is given in section E.7.2 

Data / Parameter: LFR i.v (ID 12) 


Description: Lamp Failure Rate - Share of lamps of system type i in checked Sample Group 

not operational in period v 


used: 

Ex-ante as per AMS-II.J and Ex-post from Monitoring Survey 

Value of data Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 




applied: 

LFR1,2,5 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.21 

LFR10 1 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.13 

As AMS-I.A. does not contain calculations for the LFR,the value of data for all 

years of the crediting period is calculated based on the following approach for 

the ex-ante calculation of a lamp failure rate adopted from AMS II.J (version 

4.0), par 14: 

The Lamp Failure Rate (LFRi,y) is the % of lamps that have failed during 

a year. The rated lifetime is used to calculate the ex-ante Lamp Failure Rate as 

follows: 

If y*Xi=Li, LFR=1





be applied: 

Any comment: 

Where: 

LFRi,y = Lamp Failure Rate for system type i in year y (fraction) 


page 19 

Li = Rated average life for system type i (30,000 hours (ST1/2/5) and 

50,000 hours (ST10)) 

Ri = % of lamps of system type i operating at the rated lifetime (use a value 

of 50) 

Xi = Number of operating hours per year for system type i ( 1,277.5 hours) 

y = Counter for year 

In the monitoring period v for each system type i a random sub-group of at least 

150 households according to the Sample List is contacted and: 

1. For each of the households it will be verified if the lamp is still operational. 

2. The fraction of checked lamps which were not found to be operational is 

calculated by dividing the fraction of non-operational lamps by the total 

amount of lamps that were found to be operational. If the household is 

found to be located outside the states of the project boundary, the 

respective lamp shall count as non-operational. 

The details of a draft questionnaire are laid out in Annex 4. 

A detailed description of the sampling methodology is given in section 

E.7.2. 



A traceable “identity check” of the lamp at a visited household shall be 

performed and recorded (e.g. reading of the lamp’s security code, a picture of 

the lamp clearly showing its serial no., etc.). 

Data / Parameter: ni,v,total (ID 13) 


Description: Total amount of lamps of system type i checked that were found to be 

operational 


used: 

Sample List, ex-post from monitoring survey. 

Value of data 150 




applied: 


be applied: 

Any comment: 

In the monitoring period v for each system type i a random sub-group of at least 

150 households according to the Sample List is contacted. A detailed 

description of the sampling methodology is given in section E.7.2 


crediting period and an additional two years.





page 20 

According to small scale methodology AMS I.A (version 14), monitoring shall consist of an annual check 

of all systems or a sample thereof to ensure that they are still operating. In this case, each VPA will be 

verified by testing a representative sample of SHSs. 

The CME has opted to implement a verification system for the DOE that will individually verify each 

VPA (instead of sampling) in order to determine the emission reductions from the VPA. The central 

database managed by the CME includes data that can be directly attributed to each VPA within the 

VPoA, thereby allowing unambiguous determination of the emission reductions attributable to each VPA: 

Solar systems deployed for each household under the individual VPA as per sales records. The 

record includes household location and household identification number depending on system type), 

client’s name, system type ( ST-1,ST-2, ST.-5 or ST-10) and serial number of panel, battery and 

charge controller for ST-10; panel and battery, for the remaining systems, payment details, GPS data 

and the corresponding Solar Center under which the household is listed. 

Sample database for VPAs, 

Data collected from the Project Sample Group households of each VPA relating to the ongoing 

usage of project systems and operational LEDs during each monitoring period 

In order to ensure accuracy and completeness of the information retrieved by Solar Centers, the criteria 

for selecting distributors of SEF solar systems will also take into account their access and ability to 

accurately provide updated records of sales and customers. 

Sampling Plan 

Sampling is carried out separately for each solar system type i. In the description below i is 

fixed. 

According to the methodology AMS I.A., monitoring shall consist of annual checks of all 

systems or a sample thereof to ensure that they are still operating. There are 4 SHSs types sold 

that include different numbers of LEDs: 

SHS Sun Transfer 1 – 1 LED lamp 




To ensure that all SHSs are fully operational, it has to be monitored whether the total numbers of 

lamps in each SHS of the different types are operational. During monitoring checks, system will 

be differentiated by type and therefore 4 Sampling Groups will be created to account for the 

different types of SHSs installed. 

Monitoring will be conducted over the crediting period, 10 years, and with a 90/10 

confidence/precision. 

1 Field Measurement Objectives and Data to be collected 

The field measurement objective.is to identify the total number of LEDs operational based on the




number of SHSs installed. 

Ni,a 

Number of solar lamps of system type i installed in period a 


page 21 

The samples to be checked will have the same weighted age as the total number of deployed 

solar systems. For example, if an equal number of system type i in the first year of use (age0-1) 

and second year of use (age1-2) are credited, a usage parameter is required that is weighted to be 

equally representative of lamp failure rates for system type i age0-1 and age1-2. 

The minimum total sample size is 100, with at least 30 samples for project technologies of each 

age being credited. Thus, if systems type i of age 1-5 are credited, the usage survey must include 

30 representative samples from each age for a total of 150 samples. The resulting usage 

parameter will be weighted based on the proportion of systems type i in the total sales record of 

each age. 

di,a,y 

As the systems are installed gradually, the average number of days in the first year is set as 180 

days; meanwhile, with the same reason, the average number of days in the last year is set as 180 

days. All the years in between are considered at 365 days. 

In order to ensure that lamps are in operation for at least 180 days in the first and last year of the 

crediting period, the parameter is monitored by checking the implementation date, which is 

recorded in the central database, and interviewing the households of the selected sample groups 

whether the lamps have been operational since then. 

CFi,v,LFR 

Once the number of solar lamps of system type i that are operational have been identified a 

correction factor is applied. This factor corrects the total number of lamps of system type i by the 

share of these lamps of the same system type i that were found to be operational according to the 

sampling in the monitoring period v. The statistical error is included in this parameter 

(confidence level 90%). 

The correction factor is based on the Lamp Failure Rate. 

LFRi,v 

The LFR is the share of lamps of system type i in the 4 Sample Groups that were found not to be 

operational for the monitoring period v. Even though all SHSs use the same lamp type, based on 

the different composition of the SHSs, the estimated lifetime of lamps varies between the ST 10 

and the remainder of systems. LEDs of ST 10 are estimated to have an operational lifetime of 

50,000 hrs whereas LEDs of ST1, 2 and 5 are estimated to be operational for 30,000 hrs. 

The fraction of checked lamps according to system type which were not found to be operational 

is calculated by dividing the fraction of non-operational lamps of the respective system type by 

the total number of lamps of the same system type 

Ideally, every 12 months from the start of the VPA, an on-site survey of sample households shall




be conducted to identify SHSs that are installed and LEDs operational. 

2 Target Population and Sampling Frame 


page 22 

The target population are households participating in the VPA that use SHSs for lighting 

purposes. The Sample frame is a listing of all Solar Centres (clusters) to which the households 

are linked to according to the sales records and database entries. 

3 Sample Method 

A multi-stage-sampling method, with an element of stratification, is applied. 

Clusters: The population of households are to be sub-divided geographically, according to the 

Solar Center they belong to. Hence, each Solar Center is to represent a cluster. Clusters shall be 

randomly selected for the identification of Sample Groups. 

The number of clusters depends on when the required amount of households within a Sample 

Group is reached. For example, if after random sampling within two clusters the Sample Group 

for Sun Transfer 10 does not reach the required sampling number of 150 households, then a third 

cluster is being added to the Sample database. 

Sample Groups: For the monitoring period v Sample Groups for each type of SHS shall be 

identified by using random sampling. Thus, in total, there are to be 4 Sample Groups selected. 

Sample Lists: The data sets for each sample group are randomly ordered resulting in a numbered 

list of SHSs, and corresponding lamps, identified. The list provides a binding order in which the 

monitoring team shall interview households from the sample group until a minimum number of 

100 households has been contacted. Thus, in total there will be four Sample Lists corresponding 

to the four Sample Groups. 

4 Desired Precision/Expected Variance and Sample Size 

According to AMS II.J., which refers to an applicable sample size (unlike AMS-I.A)., the 

sampling size is determined by minimum 90% confidence interval and the 10% maximum error 

margin; the size of the sample shall be no less than 100 for each Sample Group. However, the 

Sample Groups selected for the project will have a size of 150 households to ensure that there are 

sufficient households on the list to reach the target of 100 interviews. 

The minimum sample size is computed using the following formula 3 ni = 

(sample size to estimate π) 

2 ( ) 

Where, z = 1.645 for a confidence level of 90% 

E = 0.1 for a 10% error margin 

= 0.5 for a conservative of sample size considering 50%. The proportion will be 

adjusted in subsequent monitoring periods based on the findings of the 1st monitoring period. 

3 Doane, 2011; Applied Statistics in Business and Economics, p.329/330





page 23 

To identify those systems which are still operating, considering the methodological 

requirements, a minimum of 100 households will be sampled for each type of SHS. However, if 

within a Sample Group of 100 households, the 90/10 confidence/precision cannot be fulfilled; 

more households will be interviewed until the required confidence level has been achieved. 

As mentioned above, to guarantee the minimum sample size of 100 households, each Sample 

Group will consist of 150 households. The rationale is that at some households it might not be 

possible to contact a household at the time the monitoring team wants to interview the 

household. In this event the next household on the list “substitutes” the household that could not 

be duly contacted. As a Sample List is a random order of the Sample Group which has a size of 

at least 150 households it is guaranteed that there are sufficient households on the list to reach 

the target of 100 interviews. 

As mentioned above, the data sets for each sample group are randomly ordered resulting in a 

numbered list of SHSs. The list provides a binding order in which the monitoring team shall 

interview households from the sample group until a minimum number of 100 households has 

been contacted. 

5 Procedures for Administering Data Collection and Minimizing Non-Sampling Errors. 

A dedicated monitoring team will interview the households of the Sample Groups one by one 

according to the order in the Sample Lists. The monitoring will consist of interviews. The 

interviews will result in filling in a questionnaire. The final design of the questionnaire will be 

similar to the one that can be found in Annex 5 During this check the following scenarios may 

apply: 

(a) If the specific solar system is found to be working at the specific household it will count as 

“operational”; if all of the provided LEDs of the specific solar system are not working it 

will count as “not operational”; 

(b) If a part of the provided LEDs of the specific solar system is not working (e.g. 1 LED out 

of the provided 4 LEDs in a ST10 solar system), the project will be classified as ‘partly 

operational’. Consequently, the number of “working” and non-working” LEDs have to be 

recorded. 

(c) If the household contact data has changed but the lamp can be found at another site the 

following procedure will apply: The name/address details in the data base will be updated 

and steps a) and b) are conducted. 

(d) If a household can (1) not be found according to the contact data from the Sample List, (2) 

could not be contacted due to temporary absence of all household members over age 12 or 

(3) it is found that the data was erroneous the household is skipped. In case (1), (2) or (3) 

the household is deleted from the Sample Database from which it originated. 

(e) If a household is found to be located outside the project boundary, the respective SHSs 

shall count as non-operational. 

Checks are conducted until at least the target number of 100 filled in questionnaires is achieved. 

All questionnaires and information gathered during the sampling by the monitoring team are 

handed over to the SEF who takes care of entering the information to the central database and 

updating the Sample Database where appropriate. 

Response rates will be maximized by the involvement of sampling team and its supervisor. Solar 

technicians are part of the sampling team. Through their frequent visits to the villages, as they 

are responsible installation, operation and maintenance, they have good relationships with 

project beneficiaries that should maximize response rates. In addition, response rates will be




maximized by use of a sufficiently large sample that allows room for non-response. 


page 24 

Further, SEF will provide training, such as interview techniques, to parties involved in the 

monitoring plan to ensure accuracy and completeness of data recorded Thus, unbiased responses 

shall be received. 

In the exceptional case that the monitoring period would cover two or more years and not one 

year, to safeguard that the lamps that are checked during sampling are age representative, an age 

weighted sub-sample is generated. The number of sample lamps from the Sample Database that 

is included in the Sample Groups shall have the same weight as all lamps deployed in year a 

relative to the total of lamps sold under the project. E.g. if in the first year 10,000 lamps have 

been sold and in year two 20,000 lamps have been sold the number of sample lamps in the 

Sample Group from year two will be two times the number of lamps coming from year one2. 

This mechanism guarantees that the Sample Group’s average age is equal to the average age of 

the total population of lamps. 

6 Implementation 

Responsibilities 

Level 

CME 

A supervisor from SEF is responsible for coordinating the sample activities has the responsibility 

to determine the annual sample schedule. The supervisor will receive all the information required 

on the number of systems installed from the Solar Center. 

The SEF supervisor will then randomly choose the households to be surveyed in each year and 

submit a list to the Solar Center level monitoring team. Sample Findings will be transferred to 

the SEF supervisor and his team for analysis. This will be done with reference to possible errors, 

non-response rates and verification that sampling is on track to deliver the 90/10 level of 

precision. 

Manages central database to record sales of solar systems. 

The central database holds the following information: Household location, 

household identification number (depending on system type), client’s name, 

system type ( ST-1,ST-2, ST.-5 or ST-10) and serial number of panel, battery and 

charge controller for ST-10; panel and battery, for the remaining systems, 

payment details, GPS data and the corresponding Solar Center under which the 

household is listed. Household location and household identification number, 

client’s name, system type and serial number, payment details, system 

component details, GPS data and the corresponding Solar Center under which 

the household is listed. 

The data will be collected by the Solar Technicians in an excel sheet, which will 

then be imported to the central database. 

• Archiving and analysis of monitoring data 

• Calculation of emission reductions 

• Preparation of the monitoring report




Solar Center • Data collection 

• Data transfer to SEF’s central database 


page 25 

Records every sale and a copy of the agreement will be kept on file. These 

agreements will show how many systems have been sold and the unique system 

numbers will be recorded to further avoid double counting. This information will 

be sent at least once every 3 months to either the PIP who will check and transfer 

the data to the CME or directly to the CME who will consolidate the total 

number of systems sold in the central database 

PIP • Labelling and identification of systems and the VPA respectively as 

requested by the CME 

SECTION C. Environmental Analysis 

• Data collection from the Solar Centers 

• Data transfer to SEF’s central database 

C.1. Please indicate the level at which environmental analysis as per requirements of the CDM 

modalities and procedures is undertaken. Justify the choice of level at which the environmental 

analysis is undertaken: 

1. Environmental Analysis is done at VPoA level 

2. Environmental Analysis is done at SSC-VPA level 

According to the Gold Standard PoA Rules and Guidance coordinating entities shall conduct a ‘Do No 

Harm’ – and ‘Detailed Impact’ Assessment at the CPA/VPA equivalent level, unless convincing 

argumentation is provided as to why this can be conducted at VPoA/PoA level only. Hence, the 

assessments have been conducted at VPoA- and 1 st VPA level. 

A passport discussing the environmental impacts has been submitted for the 1st VPA. 

C.2. Documentation on the analysis of the environmental impacts, including transboundary 

impacts: 

>> 

There are no significant anticipated negative impacts on the environment and/or on people through this 

programme. The project reduces the consumption of non-renewable natural resources, such as fossil fuels 

and further reduces the GHG emissions which cause air quality problems. The installations will take place 

in existing infrastructure. Hence, the environmental effects gained from the project implementation are of 

a positive nature.




C.3. Please state whether an environmental impact assessment is required for a typical VPA, 

included in the voluntary programme of activities (VPoA), in accordance with the host Party 

laws/regulations: 


page 26 

No Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required by the Ethiopian DNA on programme or project 

level for this kind of activities. Yet, project developers have to conduct an environmental impact analysis 

and have to submit an appropriate management plan addressing adverse impacts of the project and any 

unforeseen fact of serious implication that may arise during implementation. 

SEF submitted an appropriate management plan, including an environmental impact analysis to the DNA. 

The DNA approved the same and consequently issued a Host Country Approval for the programme. 

SECTION D. Stakeholders’ comments 

D.1. Please indicate the level at which local stakeholder comments are invited. Justify the 

choice: 

Please tick if this information is provided at the VPoA level. In this case sections D.2. to D.4. 

need not be completed in this form. 

Local Stakeholder Consultations (LSC) meetings are carried out at the VPA level. A LSC meeting was 

additionaly carried out at VPoA Level. 

Stakeholder comments were taken at Bokaso, one of the villages in the VPA and typical of the villages of 

the proposed VPA. The LSC was held on the 27 th June 2010. The stakeholders in Bokaso are believed to 

be representative as regards the social, economic, life style, of the rural households that are covered by 

the other solar centers. The same has been ascertained during the validation site visit by the auditors 

during conduction of interviews with other beneficiaries at different Solar Centres such as Wolquite. 

According to the Gold Standard PoA Rules and Guidance, LSC meetings “must happen at both the PoA 

level and VPA/CPA level ...”Hence, the assessments have been conducted at VPoA- and 1 st VPA level. 

D.2. Brief description how comments by local stakeholders have been invited and compiled: 

>> 

Even though the VPA takes place in various regions in Ethiopia, Bokaso was chosen for the LSC meeting 

due to the following reasons: 

It is the first place where SEF began its operation during the pilot. Hence, stakeholders in Bokaso, 

both users and non-users of SHSs, were believed to have a better knowledge of the system’s 

benefits and side effects and therefore could give more informed feedback. 

Since the period was a heavy rainy season in Ethiopia (June- August ,Bokaso was best accessible 

by vehicle, also for stakeholders from other regions. 

Even though Bokaso represents only the Southern part of the VPA, the life style & believe 

systems is similar to the other regions and therefore Bokaso was seen as appropriate for the LSC 

meeting.





page 27 

In Bokaso, 21 district (Woreda) administrators and village (Kebele) chairpersons were invited by letter. 

35 beneficiaries of the SEF’s initial pilot phase were invited by letter, and 11 people who had no 

experience with the SEF and solar systems were invited directly by word of mouth - Woreda officials 

assigned one focal person and together with two Inspectors from SEF they disseminated the letter with 

explanation of content and intention to the invitees.Because of further word of mouth invitations, in total 

88 external participants attended the consultation who all filled out the programme evaluation form, while 

85 signed the participation list and 83 filled in the sustainable development matrix evaluation form. 

Stakeholders attending the consultation were asked to fill out an evaluation form to leave their comments. 

They also were able to raise their comments at the meeting, both on the overall programme and the 

Sustainable Development satrix. These comments were compiled at the meeting, and discussed by 

stakeholders at the consultation. The comments have also been recorded and assessed. These comments 

and assessments can be found in the Gold Standard Local Stakeholder Consultation Report, which is 

published on the Gold Standard website. 

D.3. Summary of the comments received: 

>> 

A detailed list of all comments can be found in the Gold Standard Local Stakeholder Consultation Report, 

available to the public on the Gold Standard website. All comments were received and then assessed, and 

an explanation to the comment has been provided. 

The vast majority of comments were neutral or positive. The only indicator that was considered neutral or 

positive by fewer than 95% of respondents was the ‘other pollutants’ indicator, where 92.2% of 

respondents still gave a positive or neutral rating. The reason the 8% of respondents did not give a neutral 

or positive response on the ‘other pollutants’ was due to a fear about the polluting effects of batteries. 

However the SEF responded that there are clear mitigation measures in place for used batteries. Firstly 

used batteries will be taken back for recycling to avoid any pollution to the soil. Due to the relative 

inaccessibility of GEL-batteries in the market, if a user wants to replace their battery, they will almost 

certainly need to go to the local Solar Center to replace such a battery. The Solar Center will only offer a 

new battery when it is exchanged for the old one. 

Secondly, the used GEL-batteries are completely sealed and are therefore leak-proof and maintenancefree. 

Only in the very seldom case of accidentally overcharging (when the battery is producing hydrogen 

and oxygen), special one way valves allow the gases to escape thus avoiding excessive development of 

pressure inside the battery. 

D.4. Report on how due account was taken of any comments received: 

>> 

All comments were received and recorded. An assessment of the comment was written and is available to 

the public. In addition all negative comments were discussed at the stakeholder meeting.




Annex 1 


page 28 

CONTACT INFORMATION ON ENTITY/INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SMALL- 

SCALE VPA 

Organization: Stiftung Solarenergie - Solar Energy Foundation 

Street/P.O.Box: Josefstrasse 92 

Building: 

City: Zurich 

State/Region: 

Postfix/ZIP: 8005 

Country: Switzerland 

Telephone: +41 43 366 8164 

FAX: +41 44 272 34 51 

E-Mail: mail@stiftung-solarenergie.org 

URL: www.stiftung-solarenergie.org 

Represented by: General Manager 

Title: 

Salutation: Mr. 

Last Name: Ditfurth 

Middle Name: 

First Name: York 

Department: 

Mobile: +41 79 771 31 23 

Direct FAX: +41 44 277 57 22 

Direct tel: +41 43 277 53 04 

Personal E-Mail: ditfurth@stiftung-solarenergie.org 

Organization: 

myclimate Foundation 

(myclimate is the entity that communicates with the Gold Standard Foundation, 

not a PIP) 

Street/P.O.Box: 

Building: 

Sternenstrasse 12 

City: 

State/Region: 

Zurich 

Postfix/ZIP: 8002 

Country: Switzerland 

Telephone: +41 44 500 43 75 

FAX: +41 44 500 43 51 

E-Mail: info@myclimate.org 

URL: 

Represented by: 

Title: 

www.myclimate.org 

Salutation: Ms 

Last Name: 

Middle Name: 

Vierhaus 

First Name: Carolin




Department: Carbon Offset Projects 

Mobile: 

Direct FAX: +41 44 500 43 51 

Direct tel: +41 44 500 3765 

Personal E-Mail: Carolin.vierhaus@myclimate.org 

Organization: Solar Energy Foundation 

Street/P.O.Box: P.O. Box 22734/1000 

Building: Bole Subcity 

City: Addis Ababa 

State/Region: 

Postfix/ZIP: 

Country: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 

Telephone: +251 116 18 14 62 

FAX: +251 116 18 14 63 

E-Mail: info@solar-energy-foundation.org 

URL: www.solar-energy-foundation.org 

Represented by: Country Representative 

Title: 

Salutation: Mr 

Last Name: Tsegaye 

Middle Name: 

First Name: Samson 

Department: 

Mobile: +251 911 22 87 10 

Direct FAX: +251 116 18 14 63 

Direct tel: +251 116 18 14 62 

Personal E-Mail: samson@solar-energy-foundation.org 


page 29




Annex 2 

INFORMATION REGARDING PUBLIC FUNDING 

No public funding from Annex I Parties is involved in this project activity. 


page 30




Annex 3 

BASELINE INFORMATION 

A customer survey in Ethiopia was done by Lighting Africa (WorldBank) in 2008: 

“Lighting Africa Market Assessment Results – Quantitative Assessment Ethiopia“ 

Some key findings which are relevant for this VPoA: 

More than 1000 households from many different regions of the country were interviewed in a face to face 

interview using structured questionnaires. 79% of households were rural, so the results are representative 

for this VPoA. 

91% of the households were not connected to the electricity grid. From the households connected to the 

grid, only 14% have a reliable power supply with power cuts of less than once a week (13% have almost 

daily power cuts). 

26% of consumers state “better lighting” would be the main improvement they would make to their 

household if possible. Access to water is a major concern for 20%. An additional 14% state they would 

connect to the power grid or another power source like a generator… The majority of these 14% stated 

also, that main reason for power grid connection is the improved access for lighting. So there is a clear 

suppressed demand for lighting services. 

“72% of households rate their lighting at home as poor. To counter this displeasure, they would introduce 

or add more lights.” 

The main energy source is kerosene for 82% of the people (followed by 9% firewood/charcoal and 7% 

candles). 


page 31 

Between 6 and 7 pm it gets dark indoors, while most of households use their lighting devices with a little 

bit of delay (6.30 to 7 pm), mainly to save fuel. “The average time lighting products are switched off is 

between 10 and 10.30 pm, therefore the average number of hours lights are on is approximately 3 – 4 

hours. This does not take into account whether consumers use products in the morning before sun rise, 

however lighting devise manufacturers should ideally allow for products with a charge of around 6 hours at 

a time.” 

“52% of consumers state that their main problem faced when lighting their home is that they were unable to 

light certain areas at all, this may be due to lack of fuel as well as lack of lighting devices to light all areas 

of the house“ 

Paraffin lamp with simple wick and no cover is the mostly used type of lighting device amongst consumers 

(69%). This can be attributed to the fact that kerosene is the mostly used power source. Second mostly used 

type of lighting is the Paraffin lamp with glass cover (14%)




Questionnaire example for household interviews 

Number in 

sample list 

Date of 

sampling 

Date of 

Type of 

installation of 

solar system 

SHSs 

Annex 4 

MONITORING INFORMATION 

180 days 

operational 

(yes/no) 

Name/ 

Adress of 

household 

Date of 

interview 

Household 

was found 

(yes/no) 

all LEDs 

(mark "X") 

LEDs of specific serial number working 

partly 

(# working # NOT working ) 


page 32 

none 

(mark "X")

Ethiopia lighting VPA-SSC-DD - MyClimate

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