Ch05: Red and White Lesions of the Oral Mucosa

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118 Diagnosis and Management of Oral and Salivary Gland Diseases Pacific basin and south Asia. 291,292,294,295,297 Only three drugs (nicotine, ethanol, and caffeine) are consumed more widely than betel. When betel is chewed, it produces mild psychoactive and cholinergic effects. Betel use is also associated with oral leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma. 294 OSF is regarded as a premalignant condition, and many cases of oral cancer have been found coexisting with submucous fibrosis. 298–300 Cases of submucous fibrosis have been reported in many Western countries, especially in individuals who have immigrated from the Indian subcontinent. 301,302 CLINICAL FEATURES The disease first presents with a burning sensation of the mouth, particularly during consumption of spicy foods. It is often accompanied by the formation of vesicles or ulcerations and by excessive salivation or xerostomia and altered taste sensations. Gradually, patients develop a stiffening of the mucosa, with a dramatic reduction in mouth opening and with difficulty in swallowing and speaking. The mucosa appears blanched and opaque with the appearance of fibrotic bands that can easily be palpated. The bands usually involve the buccal mucosa, soft palate, posterior pharynx, lips, and tongue. OSF usually affects young individuals in the second and third decades of life but may occur at any age. Histologic examination reveals severely atrophic epithelium with complete loss of rete ridges. Varying degrees of epithelial atypia may be present. The underlying lamina propria exhibits severe hyalinization, with homogenization of collagen. Cellular elements and blood vessels are greatly reduced. 292,303 TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS OSF is very resistant to treatment. Many treatment regimens have been proposed to alleviate the signs and symptoms, without much success. Submucosal injected steroids and hyaluronidase, oral iron preparations, and topical vitamin A and steroids are some of the agents that have been used. 304 All of these therapies are essentially palliative. In severe cases, surgical intervention is the only treatment, but the fibrous bands and other symptoms often recur within a few months to a few years. 305 The use of an oral stent as an adjunct to surgery to prevent relapse has also been studied. 306 OSF is considered to be a premalignant condition. In a 17-year follow-up study in India, oral cancer developed in 7.6% of patients with submucous fibrosis. The malignant transformation rate for submucous fibrosis was 4 to 13%. 298–300 ▼ REFERENCES 1. Martin JL. Leukoedema: a review of the literature. J Natl Med Assoc 1992;84(11):938–40. 2. Durocher RT, Thalman R, Fiore-Donno G. Leukoedema of the oral mucosa. J Am Dent Assoc 1972;85:1105–9. 3. Martin JL, Crump EP. Leukoedema of the buccal mucosa in Negro children and youth. 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Ch05: Red and White Lesions of the Oral Mucosa

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