Fate and Transport of Zoonotic Bacterial, Viral, and - The Pork Store ...
Fate and Transport of Zoonotic Bacterial, Viral, and - The Pork Store ...
Fate and Transport of Zoonotic Bacterial, Viral, and - The Pork Store ...
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Foreword......................................iv<br />
1. Introduction: Overview <strong>of</strong> Swine Manure<br />
Management Systems <strong>and</strong> Factors Affecting the<br />
Survival <strong>and</strong> Environmental <strong>Transport</strong> <strong>of</strong> Microbes ...1<br />
Microbial Survival in Swine Manure Management<br />
Systems, 2<br />
Microbial Survival <strong>and</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> in the Environment, 3<br />
2. <strong>Bacterial</strong> Hazards Associated with Swine Manure..7<br />
<strong>Store</strong>d Swine Manure, 9<br />
L<strong>and</strong> Application, 12<br />
Survival in Soil, 14<br />
Water Quality Effects, 16<br />
Summary, 17<br />
3. Common Viruses <strong>of</strong> Swine ...................19<br />
Influenza, 19<br />
Epidemiology, 19<br />
<strong>Zoonotic</strong> Potential, 20<br />
Inactivation, 20<br />
Presence <strong>and</strong> <strong>Fate</strong>, 21<br />
Hepatitis E Virus, 21<br />
<strong>Zoonotic</strong> Potential, 22<br />
Inactivation, 24<br />
Presence <strong>and</strong> <strong>Fate</strong>, 24<br />
Enteric Caliciviruses (Noroviruses <strong>and</strong> Sapoviruses), 25<br />
<strong>Zoonotic</strong> Potential, 26<br />
Norovirus, 26<br />
Sapovirus, 27<br />
Inactivation, 27<br />
Chlorine, 27<br />
Temperature, 27<br />
Ultraviolet Irradiation, 27<br />
pH, 27<br />
Presence <strong>and</strong> <strong>Fate</strong>, 28<br />
Rotavirus, 30<br />
General Virology, 30<br />
Detection, 31<br />
Epidemiology, 32<br />
Group A, 32<br />
Group B <strong>and</strong> C RVs, 32<br />
Coinfections, 33<br />
Zoonosis, 33<br />
Environmental Survival, 34<br />
Inactivation, 36<br />
Chlorine, 36<br />
Ultraviolet <strong>and</strong> Gamma Radiation, 36<br />
Temperature, 37<br />
pH, 37<br />
Other Methods, 37<br />
Contents<br />
iii<br />
Swine Vesicular Disease Virus, 38<br />
General Virology, 38<br />
Epidemiology <strong>and</strong> Disease, 38<br />
Detection, 38<br />
<strong>Zoonotic</strong> Potential, 38<br />
Environmental Survival, 39<br />
Inactivation, 39<br />
4. <strong>Fate</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Transport</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Zoonotic</strong> Parasite Pathogens 40<br />
Ascaris suum, 40<br />
Epidemiology, 41<br />
<strong>Fate</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Transport</strong>, 41<br />
Cryptosporidium, 42<br />
Epidemiology, 43<br />
<strong>Fate</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Transport</strong>, 43<br />
Giardia intestinalis, 44<br />
Epidemiology, 44<br />
<strong>Fate</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Transport</strong>, 45<br />
5. Conclusions <strong>and</strong> Recommendations ..........46<br />
Appendix A ..................................49<br />
Literature Cited ...............................50<br />
Tables<br />
Table 1.1 Waste management technologies used in swine<br />
production systems, 1<br />
Table 2.1 Reported bacterial zoonotic pathogens found in<br />
swine wastes, 8<br />
Table 2.2 Examples <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> biological <strong>and</strong> physical<br />
variables on bacterial pathogens in wastes, 18<br />
Table 3.1 Detection <strong>of</strong> animal enteric viruses in pre- <strong>and</strong> post<br />
treatment, 29<br />
Table 5.1 Components <strong>of</strong> a Quantitative Risk Assessment<br />
Framework to estimate the human health risks associated<br />
with zoonotic pathogens in the swine production<br />
environment, 48
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