Fate and Transport of Zoonotic Bacterial, Viral, and - The Pork Store ...

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The Board of Directors of the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) approved entering into a collaborative agreement with the National Pork Board to conduct a critical literature review on the topic “Fate and Transport of Zoonotic Bacterial, Viral, and Protozoan Pathogens during Swine Manure Storage, Treatment, and Land Application.” An eminent group of 10 experts was chosen as the writing task force, led by Dr. Dana Cole, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, and cochaired by Dr. Jan Vinjé, Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. The task force prepared an initial draft document and revised subsequent drafts, under the leadership of Dr. Cole. Six highly qualified scientists were invited to review and comment on the document. The authors, as well as the CAST Editorial and Publications Committee and the CAST Executive Committee, reviewed the final Concerns have been voiced about the potential for pork production facilities to disseminate pathogenic microorganisms into the surrounding environment. The Pork Checkoff’s environment and pork safety committees direct research programs that address issues concerning the potential implications of pathogens related to pork production. These committees felt that a comprehensive literature review to assess the data and determine researchable knowledge gaps would be valuable. The review would be used as input into developing research priorities, to assess potential risks of pork production and to identify potential interventions as appropriate. The Pork Checkoff approached CAST to conduct such a literature review. The scope of the review was Foreword iv draft. The CAST staff provided editorial and structural suggestions and prepared the final document for transmittal to the National Pork Board. The task force authors are responsible for the document’s scientific content. On behalf of CAST, we thank the cochairs, authors, and invited reviewers who gave of their time and expertise to prepare this report as a communication of scientific information to the agricultural community and to the public. We also thank the employers of the scientists, who made the time of these individuals available at no cost to CAST. CAST appreciates the opportunity to work collaboratively with the National Pork Board on this important publication. Henry L. Shands CAST President John M. Bonner Executive Vice President, CEO Linda M. Chimenti Director of Council Operations defined as the fate and transport of zoonotic pathogens following manure storage and land application. This covered zoonotic bacteria, viruses and parasites. The Pork Checkoff recognizes the effort of the authors to develop a comprehensive, objective review of published literature that is applicable to U.S. pork production. The authors selected the literature cited and the data presented. The conclusions drawn are those of the authors. The Pork Checkoff staff appreciates the opportunity to work with CAST on this project. Paul Sundberg, DVM, PhD, DACVPM Vice President, Science and Technology
1. Overview of Swine Manure Management Systems and Factors Affecting the Survival and environmental Transport of Microbes 1. INTrODuCTION: OVerVIew OF SwINe MANure MANAgeMeNT SySTeMS AND FACTOrS AFFeCTINg The SurVIVAl AND eNVIrONMeNTAl TrANSPOrT OF MICrOBeS Animal manure management systems in the United States are designed to store, treat, and land apply solid, semisolid, slurry, or liquid manure (urine and fecal material) on agricultural fields following removal from the animal environment. Manure processed in swine management systems is usually in liquid (1–4% solids), slurry (4–15% solids), and semisolid forms, and land application most often involves spreading on fields as fertilizer (Copeland and Zin 1998; Dickey, Brum, and Shelton 1981; Hill 2003). The majority of these management systems are designed to reduce the concentrations of microbes that may be found in swine manure by 90–99% or more (Sobsey et al. 2005), and prevent off-farm transport of manure materials (i.e., nondischarge systems). The majority of microbes contained in swine manure are not pathogenic to humans (i.e., zoonotic). Nonetheless, the effectiveness of swine manure management systems to prevent environmental contamination with human pathogens is a concern, because there are several putative Table 1.1 waste management technologies used in swine production systems System Functional classification Confinement building under slat scrape, gravity drainage or flush system Below ground (deep pit) slurry storage Solids separator Single nonaerated lagoon Multistage nonaerated lagoon system Aerated lagoon Anaerobic digestor Composting (including vermiculture) Surface or subsurface flow constructed wetlands Surface spreading or sprayfield irrigation Removal of semisolid, liquid, or slurried wastes from animal environment Estimated percentage of U.S. swine facilities using system (USDA 2002b) a Not reported Storage of wastes 57.2% Physical treatment of wastes by removing solid fraction of slurried or semisolid wastes from liquid fraction Storage and biological treatment of slurried or liquid wastes Storage and serial biological treatment of slurried or liquid wastes Storage and biological treatment of slurried or liquid wastes Biological treatment of liquid and slurried wastes; methane production for energy recovery Biological treatment of solid or semisolid fraction of wastes 14.6% 22.8% 38.6% 0.4% Not reported 6.7% Biological treatment of liquid wastes Not reported Disposal of treated solid, semisolid (surface spreading), or liquid wastes (sprayfield irrigation) 61% Broadcast/solid spreader 49.1% Slurry spreading 11.2% Irrigation Subsurface soil injection Disposal of treated slurried wastes 34.3% aSome facilities may use more than one management technology, allowing for total percentage to exceed 100%. 1
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Page 5: Foreword...........................
Page 9 and 10: 1. Overview of Swine Manure Managem
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Page 13 and 14: 2. Bacterial Hazards Associated wit
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Page 27 and 28: 3. Common Viruses of Swine Effectiv
Page 29 and 30: 3. Common Viruses of Swine 2004)—
Page 31 and 32: 3. Common Viruses of Swine genetic
Page 33 and 34: 3. Common Viruses of Swine Sapoviru
Page 35 and 36: 3. Common Viruses of Swine Viruses
Page 37 and 38: 3. Common Viruses of Swine genotype
Page 39 and 40: 3. Common Viruses of Swine Coinfect
Page 41 and 42: 3. Common Viruses of Swine (mg) of
Page 43 and 44: 3. Common Viruses of Swine Temperat
Page 45 and 46: virus B5. In an outbreak of waterbo
Page 47 and 48: 4. Fate and Transport of Zoonotic P
Page 53 and 54: 5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Page 55 and 56: APPeNDIx A: ABBreVIATIONS AND ACrON
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Literature Cited and coronavirus in
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Literature Cited Crawford, P. C., E
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Literature Cited Gagliardi, J. V. a
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Literature Cited Huang, J. A., H. S
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Literature Cited Lewis, D. L. and D
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Literature Cited D. O. Cliver. 2002
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Literature Cited Schuffenecker, I.,
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Literature Cited van der Poel, W. H
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Council for Agricultural Science an
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