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- 14 - INTRODUCTION Name of Compound R=α OAc; Structure Species & ref. (20 S)-3α-acetoxy-24-methylene dammaran-20-ol HO R= ß OAc; (20 S)-3ß -acetoxy-24-methylene dammaran-20-ol β- daucosterol 5-hydroxy-6,9-epoxy-guaiane R1= R2= OH; phyllaemblic acid B R1=H, R2= OH; phyllaemblic acid C R1= H, R2= O-glu.; phyllaemblicin D R= H; Spruceanol R= OH; Cleistanthol Trans phytol (2Z,6Z,10Z,14E,18E)-farnesyl farnesol HO R HO O OH OH O HO Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids R 1 HOOC H OH OH O H O O HO Cleistanthane diterpenes R HO Acyclic diterpenes HO Acyclic triterpene OH OH R2 polyanthus (35) emblica (41) oxyphyllus (16) emblica (42) oxyphyllus (16) niruri (43) niruri (44)
2. Alkaloids: - 15 - INTRODUCTION Alkaloids are widely distributed through different species of the genus Phyllanthus; they are represented in the following table: Table (4): Alkaloids of genus Phyllanthus. Phyllanthimide R= H; Securinine R= OMe; Phyllanthine Dihydrosecurinine R= α- OH; Isobubbialine R= β- OH; Epibubbialine R= H; Norsecurinine Name of Compound Structure Species & ref. R= OMe; 4-methoxy-norsecurinine R= H; 14,15-dihydroallo-securinin-15ß-ol R= OMe; Simplexine Viroallosecurinine R R R CH 2CH 2 N N N N O N O O O N O H O N H O O O R O O O O O OH N(CH3)2 sellowianus (45) discoideus (46) amarus (47) simplex (48) niruri (49) discoideus (46) amarus (47) discoideus (46) amarus (47) niruri (49) discoideus (46) simplex (48) discoideus (46)
Page 1 and 2: A PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY OF PHYLLA
Page 3 and 4: A PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY OF PHYLLA
Page 5 and 6: ﻢﻴﺣﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﲪﺮﻟﺍ
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS List of Figures………
Page 9 and 10: ﷲ ﺭﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻤﺤ
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Fig. 26: Fig
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Fig. 70& 71
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF TABLES Table Table 27 Table
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIDS ALT ANOV
Page 19 and 20: Introduction - 1 - INTRODUCTION Fam
Page 21 and 22: - 3 - INTRODUCTION placentation. St
Page 23 and 24: - 5 - INTRODUCTION Taxonomical posi
Page 25 and 26: - 7 - INTRODUCTION 11. P. urinaria
Page 27 and 28: (F) Timber plants (1) : - 9 - INTRO
Page 29 and 30: R= Me; Friedelin R= COOH; Polpunoni
Page 31: Fraternusterol - 13 - INTRODUCTION
Page 35 and 36: Dextrobursehernin - 17 - INTRODUCTI
Page 37 and 38: Urinaligran Pinoresinol R1= ═O, R
Page 39 and 40: - 21 - INTRODUCTION Table (6): Hydr
Page 41 and 42: - 23 - INTRODUCTION Name of Compoun
Page 51 and 52: - 33 - INTRODUCTION The Biological
Page 53 and 54: 5. Effect on respiratory system: -
Page 55 and 56: - 37 - INTRODUCTION anti-inflammato
Page 57 and 58: AIM OF THE PRESENT WORK - 39 - INTR
Page 59 and 60: - 41 - INTRODUCTION These solvents
Page 61 and 62: - 43 - INTRODUCTION 11. GLC analysi
Page 63 and 64: - 45 - PART I Phyllanthus atropurpu
Page 65 and 66: • The calyx: - 47 - PART I The ca
Page 67 and 68: - 49 - PART I The root (Fig. 3) is
Page 69 and 70: Fig. (4): Sketch of Phyllanthus atr
Page 71 and 72: Fig. (5): The flower. A. Two lobes
Page 73 and 74: THE LEAF - 55 - PART I A transverse
Page 75 and 76: - 57 - PART I The spongy tissue (Fi
Page 77 and 78: - 59 - PART I Table (10): Microscop
Page 79 and 80: A B pr.cr. - 61 - u.ep. col. pal. l
Page 81 and 82: A E C F - 63 - pa. sec. Pr.cr. c.cr
Page 83 and 84:
- 65 - PART I The rest of the corte
Page 85 and 86:
C c.cr. A E D pr.cr. v. ep. c.col x
Page 87 and 88:
- 69 - PART I 8. Fragments of the l
Page 89 and 90:
The Epidermis: - 71 - PART I The ep
Page 91 and 92:
Fig. (9): The old stem. - 73 - PART
Page 93 and 94:
Fig. (10): The young stem. - 75 - P
Page 95 and 96:
The Vascular Tissue: - 77 - PART I
Page 97 and 98:
THE POWDERED STEM - 79 - PART I The
Page 99 and 100:
The Pericycle: - 81 - PART I The pe
Page 101 and 102:
C A D E ep. col. c. xy. p. c.cr. c.
Page 103 and 104:
- 85 - PART I The epidermal cells s
Page 105 and 106:
Fig. (12): The calyx. - 87 - PART I
Page 107 and 108:
3-THE ANDROECIUM - 89 - PART I The
Page 109 and 110:
Fig. (13): The Androecium: - 91 - P
Page 111 and 112:
1- The ovary: 4-THE GYNAECIUM - 93
Page 113 and 114:
3- The stigma: - 95 - PART I The ep
Page 115 and 116:
C G E A D o.ep. col. m c.cr . . Ph.
Page 117 and 118:
- 99 - PART I 9. Fragments of the e
Page 119 and 120:
- 101 - PART I colour with ferric c
Page 121 and 122:
Fig. (15): The old root: - 103 - PA
Page 123 and 124:
Fig. (16): The root and rhizome: -
Page 125 and 126:
THE POWDERED ROOT AND RHIZOME - 107
Page 127 and 128:
CONCLUSION - 109 - PART II From the
Page 129 and 130:
Table (13): Physical, Chromatograph
Page 131 and 132:
- 113 - PART II The air-dried powde
Page 133 and 134:
Air - Dried Powdered organs Total E
Page 135 and 136:
I. Saponification of Light Petroleu
Page 137 and 138:
Results and conclusion: - 119 - PAR
Page 139 and 140:
Retention time - 121 - PART II Fig.
Page 141 and 142:
• Isolation of materials (1, 2):
Page 143 and 144:
Discussion and conclusion 125 PART
Page 145 and 146:
Characterization of material 2 127
Page 147 and 148:
129 PART II fragments at m/z 396, 3
Page 149 and 150:
+ H HO m/z 273 m/z 303 + -R HO HO m
Page 151 and 152:
- 133 - PART II 177.79 (C-1), 130.8
Page 153 and 154:
- 135 - PART II Fig. (23): IR spect
Page 155 and 156:
m/z 254 - CO m/z 124 (1.6%) H 3C H
Page 157 and 158:
- 139 - PART II The chromatoplates
Page 159 and 160:
- 141 - PART II Description of the
Page 161 and 162:
- 143 - PART II and 0.66 (solvent s
Page 163 and 164:
• A broad singlet at δ 6.615 - 6
Page 165 and 166:
- 147 - PART II Fig. (27): IR spect
Page 167 and 168:
- 149 - PART II Fig. (30): 13 C-NMR
Page 169 and 170:
Characterization of material 5 - 15
Page 171 and 172:
- 153 - PART II bathochromic shift
Page 173 and 174:
- 155 - PART II Fig. (34): Mass spe
Page 175 and 176:
Characterization of material "6" -
Page 177 and 178:
- 159 - PART II carbonyl besides an
Page 179 and 180:
- 161 - MeOH+ NaOMe MeOH PART II Fi
Page 181 and 182:
- 163 - PART II Fig. (40): 1 H-NMR
Page 183 and 184:
- 165 - PART II Fig. (44): APT spec
Page 185 and 186:
+ HO HO HO O HO O O m/z 309 ( 56.2
Page 187 and 188:
Table (26): 1 HNMR Spectral Data of
Page 189 and 190:
- 171 - PART II Comparison Robustas
Page 191 and 192:
- 173 - PART II Fig. (51): Mass spe
Page 193 and 194:
- 175 - PART II Column Chromatograp
Page 195 and 196:
• Isolation of material "8": - 17
Page 197 and 198:
- 179 - PART II m/z (% relative abu
Page 199 and 200:
─ MeOH ----MeOH+NaOMe - 181 - ─
Page 201 and 202:
MeO m/z 313 -OH m/z 296 -OH OMe O O
Page 203 and 204:
Mass Spectral Analysis: - 185 - PAR
Page 205 and 206:
- 187 - PART II The 1 H-NMR spectru
Page 207 and 208:
─ MeOH ----MeOH+NaOMe ─ MeOH+Na
Page 209 and 210:
- 191 - PART II Fig. (60): FAB-MS s
Page 211 and 212:
- 193 - PART II Fig. (64): gHSQCAD
Page 213 and 214:
Introduction: Biological Activities
Page 215 and 216:
- 197 - PART III • Subgroup (B) (
Page 217 and 218:
- 199 - PART III to form pyruvate h
Page 219 and 220:
- 201 - PART III • The antioxidan
Page 221 and 222:
ALT value 50 40 30 20 10 0 - 203 -
Page 223 and 224:
- 205 - PART III • Potent antioxi
Page 225 and 226:
- 207 - PART III Hort. Maurit. in t
Page 227 and 228:
3. Anti-tumour activity - 209 - PAR
Page 229 and 230:
- 211 - PART III As shown in Fig. (
Page 231 and 232:
C-Antimicrobial activity - 213 - PA
Page 233 and 234:
REFERENCES - 219 - References 1. Sh
Page 235 and 236:
- 221 - References 27. Miguel, O. G
Page 237 and 238:
- 223 - References 54. Hussain, R.
Page 239 and 240:
- 225 - References 78. El-Mekawy, S
Page 241 and 242:
- 227 - References vivo hepatoprote
Page 243 and 244:
- 229 - References 127. Islam, A.;
Page 245 and 246:
- 231 - References 147. Bandyopadhy
Page 247 and 248:
- 233 - References 168. Kassuya, C.
Page 249 and 250:
- 235 - References 195. Vogel, A.I.
Page 251 and 252:
- 237 - References 225. Hernandez-M
Page 253 and 254:
- 239 - References 253. Bosisio, E.
Page 255 and 256:
- 216 - SUMMARY 5. Short petiole sh
Page 257 and 258:
- 218 - SUMMARY 9. Quercetin-7- O-g
Page 259 and 260:
. ﺔﯿﺗﺎﺒﻧا بﻮﻘﺛ
Page 261 and 262:
2009
Page 263 and 264:
ﺝﺮﺳ ﻰﻔﻄﺼﻣ ﻪـﻃ
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