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- 32 - INTRODUCTION Name of Structure Structure Name of the plant 4-O-galloylquinic acid R= COOH; <strong>In</strong>dol-3-carboxylic acid R= CHO; <strong>In</strong>dol-3-carboxaldehyde HO HO COOH O O OH OH H N OH R OH amarus (80) virgatus (40, 63)
- 33 - INTRODUCTION The Biological Activities of Genus Phyllanthus Reviewing the current literature concerning the biological activities of genus Phyllanthus, the following findings were abstracted: 1. Antioxidant effect : • Extract of Phyllanthus emblica (syn. Emblica officinalis) ( 84, 96- 100) , P. niruri (67, 101-103) , P. simplex (104) , P. oxyphyllus (16) , P. ussurensis (105) and P. reticulatus (106, 107) show strong antioxidant activity as they have direct free radical scavenging role and they protect the antioxidant enzyme like superoxide dismutase enzyme required for cellular defence (96) . 2. Antihepatotoxic activity: • Phyllanthus amarus (108) have antiviral activity against hepatic damage caused by HBV (i.e. cause hepatitis B and C), woodchuck and aflatoxin B1 through antioxidant activity which is associated with phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin lignans (109) . • Phyllanthus emblica (110, 111) , P. maderaspatensis (112, 113) , P. fraternus (114, 115) , P. rheedii (116) , P. niruri (101-103, 117- 120) and P. amarus (108, 121- 123) show antihepatotoxic activity against different models of hepatic rats. This protective activity is quite similar to silymarin (111, 122) , a standard hepatoprotective herbal drug, or it found to be better than silymarin in certain cases (113) , with the possible mechanisms of antioxidation (103, 111, 112, 116, 118, 119, 122) or the lipid lowering activity of the herb (102) which might be related to the high contents of polyphenolic compounds (123) .
Page 1 and 2: A PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY OF PHYLLA
Page 3 and 4: A PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY OF PHYLLA
Page 5 and 6: ﻢﻴﺣﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﲪﺮﻟﺍ
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS List of Figures………
Page 9 and 10: ﷲ ﺭﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻤﺤ
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Fig. 26: Fig
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Fig. 70& 71
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF TABLES Table Table 27 Table
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIDS ALT ANOV
Page 19 and 20: Introduction - 1 - INTRODUCTION Fam
Page 21 and 22: - 3 - INTRODUCTION placentation. St
Page 23 and 24: - 5 - INTRODUCTION Taxonomical posi
Page 25 and 26: - 7 - INTRODUCTION 11. P. urinaria
Page 27 and 28: (F) Timber plants (1) : - 9 - INTRO
Page 29 and 30: R= Me; Friedelin R= COOH; Polpunoni
Page 31 and 32: Fraternusterol - 13 - INTRODUCTION
Page 33 and 34: 2. Alkaloids: - 15 - INTRODUCTION A
Page 35 and 36: Dextrobursehernin - 17 - INTRODUCTI
Page 37 and 38: Urinaligran Pinoresinol R1= ═O, R
Page 39 and 40: - 21 - INTRODUCTION Table (6): Hydr
Page 41 and 42: - 23 - INTRODUCTION Name of Compoun
Page 49: - 31 - INTRODUCTION Name of Compoun
Page 53 and 54: 5. Effect on respiratory system: -
Page 55 and 56: - 37 - INTRODUCTION anti-inflammato
Page 57 and 58: AIM OF THE PRESENT WORK - 39 - INTR
Page 59 and 60: - 41 - INTRODUCTION These solvents
Page 61 and 62: - 43 - INTRODUCTION 11. GLC analysi
Page 63 and 64: - 45 - PART I Phyllanthus atropurpu
Page 65 and 66: • The calyx: - 47 - PART I The ca
Page 67 and 68: - 49 - PART I The root (Fig. 3) is
Page 69 and 70: Fig. (4): Sketch of Phyllanthus atr
Page 71 and 72: Fig. (5): The flower. A. Two lobes
Page 73 and 74: THE LEAF - 55 - PART I A transverse
Page 75 and 76: - 57 - PART I The spongy tissue (Fi
Page 77 and 78: - 59 - PART I Table (10): Microscop
Page 79 and 80: A B pr.cr. - 61 - u.ep. col. pal. l
Page 81 and 82: A E C F - 63 - pa. sec. Pr.cr. c.cr
Page 83 and 84: - 65 - PART I The rest of the corte
Page 85 and 86: C c.cr. A E D pr.cr. v. ep. c.col x
Page 87 and 88: - 69 - PART I 8. Fragments of the l
Page 89 and 90: The Epidermis: - 71 - PART I The ep
Page 91 and 92: Fig. (9): The old stem. - 73 - PART
Page 93 and 94: Fig. (10): The young stem. - 75 - P
Page 95 and 96: The Vascular Tissue: - 77 - PART I
Page 97 and 98: THE POWDERED STEM - 79 - PART I The
Page 99 and 100: The Pericycle: - 81 - PART I The pe
Page 101 and 102:
C A D E ep. col. c. xy. p. c.cr. c.
Page 103 and 104:
- 85 - PART I The epidermal cells s
Page 105 and 106:
Fig. (12): The calyx. - 87 - PART I
Page 107 and 108:
3-THE ANDROECIUM - 89 - PART I The
Page 109 and 110:
Fig. (13): The Androecium: - 91 - P
Page 111 and 112:
1- The ovary: 4-THE GYNAECIUM - 93
Page 113 and 114:
3- The stigma: - 95 - PART I The ep
Page 115 and 116:
C G E A D o.ep. col. m c.cr . . Ph.
Page 117 and 118:
- 99 - PART I 9. Fragments of the e
Page 119 and 120:
- 101 - PART I colour with ferric c
Page 121 and 122:
Fig. (15): The old root: - 103 - PA
Page 123 and 124:
Fig. (16): The root and rhizome: -
Page 125 and 126:
THE POWDERED ROOT AND RHIZOME - 107
Page 127 and 128:
CONCLUSION - 109 - PART II From the
Page 129 and 130:
Table (13): Physical, Chromatograph
Page 131 and 132:
- 113 - PART II The air-dried powde
Page 133 and 134:
Air - Dried Powdered organs Total E
Page 135 and 136:
I. Saponification of Light Petroleu
Page 137 and 138:
Results and conclusion: - 119 - PAR
Page 139 and 140:
Retention time - 121 - PART II Fig.
Page 141 and 142:
• Isolation of materials (1, 2):
Page 143 and 144:
Discussion and conclusion 125 PART
Page 145 and 146:
Characterization of material 2 127
Page 147 and 148:
129 PART II fragments at m/z 396, 3
Page 149 and 150:
+ H HO m/z 273 m/z 303 + -R HO HO m
Page 151 and 152:
- 133 - PART II 177.79 (C-1), 130.8
Page 153 and 154:
- 135 - PART II Fig. (23): IR spect
Page 155 and 156:
m/z 254 - CO m/z 124 (1.6%) H 3C H
Page 157 and 158:
- 139 - PART II The chromatoplates
Page 159 and 160:
- 141 - PART II Description of the
Page 161 and 162:
- 143 - PART II and 0.66 (solvent s
Page 163 and 164:
• A broad singlet at δ 6.615 - 6
Page 165 and 166:
- 147 - PART II Fig. (27): IR spect
Page 167 and 168:
- 149 - PART II Fig. (30): 13 C-NMR
Page 169 and 170:
Characterization of material 5 - 15
Page 171 and 172:
- 153 - PART II bathochromic shift
Page 173 and 174:
- 155 - PART II Fig. (34): Mass spe
Page 175 and 176:
Characterization of material "6" -
Page 177 and 178:
- 159 - PART II carbonyl besides an
Page 179 and 180:
- 161 - MeOH+ NaOMe MeOH PART II Fi
Page 181 and 182:
- 163 - PART II Fig. (40): 1 H-NMR
Page 183 and 184:
- 165 - PART II Fig. (44): APT spec
Page 185 and 186:
+ HO HO HO O HO O O m/z 309 ( 56.2
Page 187 and 188:
Table (26): 1 HNMR Spectral Data of
Page 189 and 190:
- 171 - PART II Comparison Robustas
Page 191 and 192:
- 173 - PART II Fig. (51): Mass spe
Page 193 and 194:
- 175 - PART II Column Chromatograp
Page 195 and 196:
• Isolation of material "8": - 17
Page 197 and 198:
- 179 - PART II m/z (% relative abu
Page 199 and 200:
─ MeOH ----MeOH+NaOMe - 181 - ─
Page 201 and 202:
MeO m/z 313 -OH m/z 296 -OH OMe O O
Page 203 and 204:
Mass Spectral Analysis: - 185 - PAR
Page 205 and 206:
- 187 - PART II The 1 H-NMR spectru
Page 207 and 208:
─ MeOH ----MeOH+NaOMe ─ MeOH+Na
Page 209 and 210:
- 191 - PART II Fig. (60): FAB-MS s
Page 211 and 212:
- 193 - PART II Fig. (64): gHSQCAD
Page 213 and 214:
Introduction: Biological Activities
Page 215 and 216:
- 197 - PART III • Subgroup (B) (
Page 217 and 218:
- 199 - PART III to form pyruvate h
Page 219 and 220:
- 201 - PART III • The antioxidan
Page 221 and 222:
ALT value 50 40 30 20 10 0 - 203 -
Page 223 and 224:
- 205 - PART III • Potent antioxi
Page 225 and 226:
- 207 - PART III Hort. Maurit. in t
Page 227 and 228:
3. Anti-tumour activity - 209 - PAR
Page 229 and 230:
- 211 - PART III As shown in Fig. (
Page 231 and 232:
C-Antimicrobial activity - 213 - PA
Page 233 and 234:
REFERENCES - 219 - References 1. Sh
Page 235 and 236:
- 221 - References 27. Miguel, O. G
Page 237 and 238:
- 223 - References 54. Hussain, R.
Page 239 and 240:
- 225 - References 78. El-Mekawy, S
Page 241 and 242:
- 227 - References vivo hepatoprote
Page 243 and 244:
- 229 - References 127. Islam, A.;
Page 245 and 246:
- 231 - References 147. Bandyopadhy
Page 247 and 248:
- 233 - References 168. Kassuya, C.
Page 249 and 250:
- 235 - References 195. Vogel, A.I.
Page 251 and 252:
- 237 - References 225. Hernandez-M
Page 253 and 254:
- 239 - References 253. Bosisio, E.
Page 255 and 256:
- 216 - SUMMARY 5. Short petiole sh
Page 257 and 258:
- 218 - SUMMARY 9. Quercetin-7- O-g
Page 259 and 260:
. ﺔﯿﺗﺎﺒﻧا بﻮﻘﺛ
Page 261 and 262:
2009
Page 263 and 264:
ﺝﺮﺳ ﻰﻔﻄﺼﻣ ﻪـﻃ
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