N.Z. MARINE DEPARTMENT-FISHERIE,S BULLETIN No. .į

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Ponrahaka lìívcr-tributary of thc grcat Clrrtha Ilivcr in Otago (Sth. rccortls Is.). .,\nalyses suggest that thc of cliarv Irontahaka rnay lravc yicl
eaches of the Oreti the fish were of low average size, apparently because they u'ere caught before tliey had a chance of becoming olcl and large. It will be noted that this concl¡sion, applied for the first tin-re to a major angling river, was in accorcl rvith what Arthur and Spackman had found much earlier in smallet streams. MIGRATION Anglers' impressions of stocks are based only on such fish as they catch ancl see during tl-re angling season. Arthur (1883) says: "Migration appears to be the refuge of trout in Otago when plantecl in a streanl cleficient in size and range of water a¡cl of food. Hence the clisappearance of the largest trout from the Water of Leith, except during the spawning season. They evidently resort to the salt water of Otago lIarbour." There is to-day abunclant evidence cf the presence of trout in coastal \\aters cf the South Island, especialiy along the south and east coasts. Evidence of occurrencès in l{orth Islancl coastal waters is meagre, but exists in the case of the \A/ellington, Tarauaki. ancl llawke's B"y Provinces. Spackman (1892) referrecl to the capture of a ttout in the graving-dock at Lyttelton Halbour in 1891, manv n.riles frorn the nearest river. They sometimes travel great distances from streams in which they spamr. A spent fish, marked in the Selwyn River in June, 1931, rvas recaptured the follorving Febluary 16 miles up the Rangitata, lvhich e¡ters the sea 50 miles south from the outlet of Lake Ellesmere, into rvhich the Selwyn drains. It is a matter of common observation that large numbers of trout are taken as they enter from the sea srlch rivers as the \\¡aiau in Southlancl anrl the Waitaki. Opihi. Rangitata, Ashlturton, ancl Rakaia in Canterltuty. These are large livers to u,hich Arthur's description as regarcls size a.trcl range of rvater cannot appl1'. Tt is clear from Spackr¡an that fish rvere behaving this rval' before 1892. The view of Hope (1927) is tl-rat whitebait (larval G. atternnttLs) formerlv c¡terecl all rivers in greater numl)ers and ascendecl tc¡ the heaclwaters, grerv inlo aclults, alcl clescenclecl in 'r,virrter to spar'vn. Trout, he states, were thereby inclucecl to- enter from the sea early in the angling seesoll and to remain upstream accessible trr a¡glers throughout the seasou. He states further tJrat, rvith a decline in rrtrnrbers of u,hitebait, trout fed more on slxelts (Retroþinna.r11.), rvhich clo not ascend n1uch altove the influence oi the tides. They follorv the srnelts in from the sea ancl return to the sea ',vhen the smelts, having spa',vnecl, drop downstreanr' As against this vierv may be considered the better speciÊecl observations of Aitlrur (1883). Arthur mentions rvhitebait in the lou'er waters of the Shag lliver ancl iu pools near the mouth of the Leith, but records their presencc lorvhere ncar the heac1r,"'aters of streams ar-rd rarely away from coastal waters. T¡e exceptìon is the Pomahaka. large and quiet-florving tributary of the Clutha' The restrictio¡ of range then to more quietly-flou'ing coastal sections of streaurs, r,vith exte¡sions farther inland only in quiet-flor'ving and relatively stable strea',ns, agrees with present-day observations' Although Hope's clescrilttion of former clistribution cannot be accepted. it is probable 1¡at [e;n,er u,hiteltait ttol, entef many waters, and that of such as clo enter l,an lrets relativell, ¡tore a¡cl the trout gets less than formerly. It is agreecl Fisheries bulletin (N.Z. Marine Dept.) no. 9 (1948) tt
Page 1 and 2: .ç N.Z. MARINE DEPARTMENT-FISHERIE
Page 3 and 4: Ito -il ,A f { I { tIô i N E W ZEA
Page 5 and 6: t ta t CONTENTS Part L-Historical I
Page 7 and 8: ? e CONTENTS-Continued' DNiInonuBNr
Page 9 and 10: Plate t, Text LIST OF' ÍLLUSTRATIO
Page 11 and 12: PART I Historical INTRODUCTION 1.ur
Page 13 and 14: (15)Hitherto,restrictionsonangling,
Page 15 and 16: the transference of fish and had to
Page 17 and 18: 187G80-Releases of brown trout were
Page 19 and 20: have been successfully introducecl
Page 21 and 22: poltv'ef, alx1 have clisclntgecl wa
Page 23 and 24: Reference to forest fires causing h
Page 25 and 26: shadowed urater, and that the penet
Page 27 and 28: occurred fairly generally, may be n
Page 29 and 30: ö drainage has led, it is said, to
Page 31 and 32: The existing laws, which are a strr
Page 33 and 34: years ago" from the Lee. In 1883 he
Page 35: Orcti Ri 11 (St|. Is.) bct¡-een Di
Page 39 and 40: iÀr River !Vaipa.hi ....'. tt Slia
Page 41 and 42: N) \o River Lure Period 1880-18m' 1
Page 43 and 44: CHA}{GE I}f SIZE OF TROUT-SOUTH ISL
Page 45 and 46: fr) River Lure Period 1880-1890 189
Page 47 and 48: (¡ of sorle inadequacy of specific
Page 49 and 50: fallen in inverse proportion to the
Page 51 and 52: without a corresponding decrease 'o
Page 53 and 54: the Waipahi, increase in numbers bu
Page 55 and 56: \iVhile the number of anglers has i
Page 57 and 58: cent. in the smaller east and west
Page 59 and 60: Data from the special licensing are
Page 61 and 62: (Above) I)rought conditions at Quad
Page 63 and 64: PART II Recent Management of Fisher
Page 65 and 66: important sources of income in the
Page 67 and 68: v aim 'is solely one of transfer, i
Page 69 and 70: the same as the number of eggs stat
Page 71 and 72: û Exclusive of Taupo and Rotorua t
Page 73 and 74: handled where eggs are collected, a
Page 75 and 76: Í- stage.Subsequentlosses,aSgivenl
Page 77 and 78: L The reports of the Ballarat Fish
Page 79 and 80: J be seen, when abnormal losses are
Page 81 and 82: '] as -to losses in two lots of bro
Page 83 and 84: 715,000 fish distributed. This numb
Page 85 and 86: which those estimates were based an
Page 87 and 88:
CONSTRUCTION OF SPAWNING REDDS OF B
Page 89 and 90:
A con-iparison of losses recorded i
Page 91 and 92:
to time, abnormal flooding, occurri
Page 93 and 94:
It .n,otrlcl appear fronr the facts
Page 95 and 96:
'I'he fìoocl-trrcached rack in thc
Page 97 and 98:
oclies has been devotecl to recorcl
Page 99 and 100:
In 1935, which was a peak collectin
Page 101 and 102:
of the examìnation ol 2,883 birds
Page 103 and 104:
stations in the country in a year.
Page 105 and 106:
fry of rainbow trout recorded as re
Page 107 and 108:
Ë eggs. The "bag" of the other rvh
Page 109 and 110:
(t seasons, have used stationary li
Page 111 and 112:
t PART III Recent Investigational W
Page 113 and 114:
LAKE ALEXANDRINA_SOUTH CANTERBURY O
Page 115 and 116:
TABI-E XIX Duration of Species Size
Page 117 and 118:
ti 't becoming available. The short
Page 119 and 120:
- is nothing to srlggest that any s
Page 121 and 122:
S-inch fingerlings can be pr:oducec
Page 123 and 124:
-ì has shown that the estimated to
Page 125 and 126:
,t Its contributiori to the èatch
Page 127 and 128:
Discussion The various overseas stu
Page 129 and 130:
there are fundamental biological re
Page 131 and 132:
lnanagement to leave well alone anc
Page 133 and 134:
f of the lakes, where, in the absen
Page 135 and 136:
RIVER POLLUTION-Thc photographs ill
Page 137 and 138:
If man is to improve the fertility
Page 139 and 140:
excess, but to the quantity of t.he
Page 141 and 142:
with incligenons forms only where t
Page 143 and 144:
-È-' e tial increase of trout. Con
Page 145 and 146:
here. At present, it is justifiable
Page 147 and 148:
t- of fish from streams. Under tr)r
Page 149 and 150:
Setti;rg an cel baskct u'hcrc it is
Page 151 and 152:
It will be observed from the forego
Page 153 and 154:
d as the present v/fiter has on the
Page 155 and 156:
Environment Improvement-Physical LI
Page 157 and 158:
(3) \A/here the deficiency of cover
Page 159 and 160:
esselltial. Because, r,vith excessi
Page 161 and 162:
,.) in rivers of considerable size
Page 163 and 164:
( 1) The relative al,seuce of angle
Page 165 and 166:
!r'i11 not necessarily be the optim
Page 167 and 168:
fo¡gariro lìivcr-Iì¿unous rainL
Page 169 and 170:
¿> lin,it to llin. would result in
Page 171 and 172:
egulations can have no general sign
Page 173 and 174:
tìature of this iure nc¡r the rno
Page 175 and 176:
è organization in the provision of
Page 177 and 178:
larger ones. However, larger societ
Page 179 and 180:
L G o 4 equitably to obtain a more
Page 181 and 182:
ç o ç ,) of negative interpretati
Page 183 and 184:
0 õ o paid in licence fees, can le
Page 185 and 186:
I ,} o ê REFERENCES Arrrl, K. R. (
Page 187 and 188:
I Jl f Neeouau, Peur, R., & Slerr*.
Page 189 and 190:
J I APPENDIX A The 1941 Census of t
Page 191 and 192:
!L 't ,APPENDIX B Interference with
Page 193 and 194:
fl tf -ì APPENDIX C Injuries to Tr
Page 195 and 196:
APPENDIX D Claims of Success of Hat
Page 197 and 198:
å t.: I -'l t ta ¡ ,} f (3) Cessa
Page 199 and 200:
maxirnum'density. It is possible al
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N.Z. MARINE DEPARTMENT-FISHERIE,S BULLETIN No. .į

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