Introduction to Cladistic Analysis - Integrative Biology - University of ...
Introduction to Cladistic Analysis - Integrative Biology - University of ...
Introduction to Cladistic Analysis - Integrative Biology - University of ...
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Copyright © 2009 by Department <strong>of</strong> <strong>Integrative</strong> <strong>Biology</strong>, <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> California-Berkeley<br />
Key Terminology from “<strong>Introduction</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Cladistic</strong>s <strong>Analysis</strong>” Reading<br />
By Nick Matzke and Stephanie Stuart<br />
The handouts involving cladistics/phylogenetics have a lot <strong>of</strong> confusing terminology. Below are<br />
the key terms. Scientists developed this terminology <strong>to</strong> make it easier <strong>to</strong> make careful distinctions,<br />
e.g. between different types <strong>of</strong> “similarity” or different types <strong>of</strong> “groups.” Therefore, the terms<br />
below have been organized by category.<br />
The definitions <strong>of</strong> a few words not in the reading have been given.<br />
Define these terms in your own words. Diagrams are encouraged.<br />
Representing relationships<br />
Cladogram –<br />
Phylogeny –<br />
Clade –<br />
Poly<strong>to</strong>my (vs. dicho<strong>to</strong>my) – A poly<strong>to</strong>my is an unresolved node, where three or more branches<br />
come <strong>to</strong>gether. A resolved node is dicho<strong>to</strong>mous, meaning it has only 2 daughter branches.<br />
Words for groups<br />
Taxon (plural taxa) vs. clade –<br />
Words for whether or not a group is phylogenetically supported:<br />
Monophyletic –<br />
Polyphyletic –<br />
Paraphyletic –<br />
Outgroup vs. ingroup –<br />
<strong>Introduction</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Cladistic</strong> <strong>Analysis</strong> - 22
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