Targeted Vegetation Survey of Floodplains and Lower Slopes on the ...

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CCA08 Far North Coast <strong>Targeted</strong> <strong>Vegetation</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> Figure 1. The study area. The inset shows the location <strong>of</strong> the area in north-eastern NSW.
CCA08 Far North Coast <strong>Targeted</strong> <strong>Vegetation</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> 1.3 Study area The study area is located on the far north coast <strong>of</strong> NSW, extending from the Queensl<strong>and</strong> border south to the Evans River (Figure 1). It includes the FNC Planning Area, which comprises the Tweed, Byron, Ballina, Richmond Valley, Lismore <strong>and</strong> Kyogle local government areas. This survey focused on the coastal zone <strong>and</strong> adjoining areas <strong>of</strong> planning concern, <strong>and</strong> on gaps in existing environmental sampling. The study area lies within the South East Queensl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> New South Wales North Coast Bioregions (Thackway <strong>and</strong> Cresswell 1995). 1.3.1 L<strong>and</strong>-use The main l<strong>and</strong>-uses in the study area are agriculture, forestry, tourism, conservation <strong>and</strong> urbanisation. Crops include sugar cane <strong>and</strong> bananas in the Richmond <strong>and</strong> Tweed Valleys, <strong>and</strong> regionally important macadamia <strong>and</strong> tea-tree industries also occur in the study area. The population <strong>of</strong> the study area is increasing rapidly. Major population centres are Lismore, Tweed Heads, Ballina <strong>and</strong> Byron Bay. Over two-thirds <strong>of</strong> the study area is in private ownership <strong>and</strong> more than half <strong>of</strong> the l<strong>and</strong> has been cleared <strong>of</strong> native vegetation. Conservation <strong>and</strong> tourism l<strong>and</strong>-uses are centred on the large national parks <strong>and</strong> nature reserves <strong>of</strong> the coast <strong>and</strong> escarpment. 1.3.2 Geology The study area is located within the Clarence–Moreton Basin. The major geological types are Quaternary s<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> alluvium, Jurassic <strong>and</strong> Triassic sedimentary rocks, <strong>and</strong> Tertiary volcanics, including extensive basalt flows <strong>and</strong> extrusions <strong>of</strong> trachyte <strong>and</strong> rhyolite. A deposition <strong>of</strong> older Carboniferous meta-sediments underlie coastal ranges in the Tweed <strong>and</strong> Brunswick River Valleys (RACAC 1996a). Quaternary s<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> alluvium. Coastal barrier s<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> marine <strong>and</strong> Aeolian origin form a coastal strip <strong>of</strong> varying width. Beaches, dunes <strong>and</strong> hinddunes <strong>of</strong> Holocene age occur adjacent to the ocean. Adjoining these sediments are older Pleistocene s<strong>and</strong>s forming dunes, swales <strong>and</strong> back-barrier flats. Along the lower reaches <strong>of</strong> creeks <strong>and</strong> rivers, tidally influenced estuarine sediments have been deposited in swamps, tidal delta flats, basins <strong>and</strong> bays <strong>and</strong> coastal lagoons. Areas <strong>of</strong> Quaternary alluvium occur along the floodplains <strong>and</strong> backswamps <strong>of</strong> the Tweed, Richmond <strong>and</strong> Brunswick Rivers <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> Bungawalbin Creek <strong>and</strong> other major drainage systems <strong>of</strong> the study area (RACAC, 1996a). Sedimentary rocks. Older Carboniferous metasediments <strong>of</strong> the Beenleigh Block have been deposited in an oceanic basin <strong>and</strong> then folded by subduction <strong>and</strong> sea-floor scraping <strong>of</strong>f the oceanic plate. These rocks were then overlaid by the Jurassic <strong>and</strong> Cretaceous sediments formed in the Clarence–Moreton Basin. These sedimentary rocks include coarse-grained Kangaroo Creek s<strong>and</strong>stones <strong>and</strong> sediments <strong>of</strong> the Walloon Coal Measures, Bundamba Group <strong>and</strong> Grafton Formation (RACAC, 1996a). Volcanic rocks. Extrusive basalt flows <strong>and</strong> tertiary volcanic outcroppings from eruptions <strong>of</strong> the Mount Warning volcano were triggered by tectonic activity associated with movement <strong>of</strong> the continental plate 23 million years ago. Basalt flows extend from Byron Bay to Kyogle <strong>and</strong> south to Lismore, <strong>and</strong> overlay the older meta-sedimentary <strong>and</strong> sedimentary rocks (RACAC, 1996a). 1.3.3 Soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes Soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes have been mapped over the north coast <strong>of</strong> NSW (Department <strong>of</strong> L<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Water Conservation 1999). The study area is divided into a number <strong>of</strong> soill<strong>and</strong>scape groups: residual (McKee, Yorklea, examples <strong>of</strong> soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes), transferral (Disputed Plain, Dryaaba Arm), colluvial (Arthurs Gap, Burringbar, C<strong>of</strong>fee Camp), erosional (Afterlee, Bangalow, Billinudgel), alluvial (Leycester, Dungurubba, Empire Valley), stagnant alluvial (Physics Lagoon, Bungawalbin), Aeolian <strong>and</strong> barrier s<strong>and</strong> (Weapons Range, Illuka), beach/barrier (Black Rock, Wardell), estuarine/alluvial (Ukerabagh), swamp (Tuckean, Everlasting ) <strong>and</strong> vestigial (Wollongbar). Residual soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes are associated with soils formed from in situ weathering <strong>of</strong> parent material. Transferral soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes are deep deposits <strong>of</strong> mostly eroded parent materials washed from areas upslope. Alluvial soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes are formed by deposition from in-channel <strong>and</strong> bank overflows along river <strong>and</strong> streams. Aeolian soils are formed by the deposition <strong>of</strong> windblown s<strong>and</strong> particles. Swamp soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes occur in areas where soils are at least seasonally waterlogged. Stagnant alluvial l<strong>and</strong>scapes occur in parts <strong>of</strong> the alluvial plain where flows are reduced owing to steam migration. Deltaic <strong>and</strong> estuarine soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes form where rivers <strong>and</strong> streams meet the sea. Beach/Barrier soil l<strong>and</strong>scapes are formed from wave action or deposited during changes in sea level (Mor<strong>and</strong> 2001).
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Structure CCA08 Far North Coast <st
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Floristics CCA08 Far North Coast <s
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Sub-group 2 CCA08 Far North Coast <
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Appendix 5 - Equivalent ecological
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Casino State Forest Management Area
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Targeted Vegetation Survey of Floodplains and Lower Slopes on the ...

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