Burma : A Handbook of Practical Information - Khamkoo

More documents

Recommendations

Info

228 EURMA Tlie whole province now contains four circles .inrl twentynine territorial divisioiiSj besides which there arc one or more working-plan divisions. Tlie personnel of the controlling staff is recruited from two sources— («) officers appointed by the Secretary of State for India, trained in Kurope (since 1887 at Cooper's Hill), and appointed on arrival as assistant conservators of forests, rising through deputy conservators of various grades to conservators ; and (/;) olticers trained at the Imperial Forest school, Dehra Dun, United Provinces, India, who are usually a])pointed as i-angers, and rise to extra assistants, and then to extra deputies. The former are liable to serve in any province in India, while the latter belong to the various provincial services, and work only in the province to which they are appointed. In the lower controlling staff, natives can work their w;iy up from forest guards, or be appointed direct from Dehra Dun. Recently a school to train Bui'mans for the lower controlling staff has been opened at Tharrawaddy, but as the pay and prosjiects of the Barman in the Forest Department compare most unfavourably with those of subordinates in any other department, while the work is undoubtedly more unhealthy and unattractive, it is most difficult to get a good stamp of man. It must be remembered that the conditions of Burma are totally different from those in India Life in the forests is unhealthier and harder, while living is much more expensive, so what is a decent wage in India may be a miserable pittance in Burma. A Forest Act has lately been passed for the whole of Burma, and rules framed thereunder (5th December 190.')), thus doing away witii the different rules which were before in force in Upper and Lower Burma. Extraction.—From what has been said above it will be seen that the main revenue of the Forest Department is derived from, and its work is concerned with, the teak-tree. There are two methods by which this timber is extracted — (n) by direct Government agency, (6) private enter- prise. Direct Government Agency.—In the former method the Forest Department, after having girdled the trees, and so killed them by cutting through the cambium (the layer of
MINOR PRODUCE 22') tisf;ne lietwccn tlie -wood and the bavk), enters into contracts with Burmans owning elephants and buffaloes t'oi- tlie extraction of the timber, at so much per ton^ or log, as the case may be. The timber is then sent down to Rangoon or Mandalay, and sold periodically by auction. This is the system in Tliarrawaddy and I'rome, and also to a certain extent elsewhere in Lower Burma, and in Bhamo, in Upper Burma. Lease.—The other system is the lease or purchase contract. The sole right to extract the girdled trees in certain forests for a term of years is leased to a timber firm on payment of a fixed royalty per ton, calculated by measuring the logs extracted. This system is in force over almost the whole of Upper Burma, and the forests are in the hands of a few large firms, who have a practical monopoly of the trade. These firms extract the timber partly with their own elephants, and partly by means of sub-contractors owning elejjhants and buffaloes. They then float the timber in rafts down to Rangoon, where it is classified, and sold locally, or sawn up for export to Europe according to quality and the demand. Under both systems the girdling is controlled by the Forest De|)artment. The ro3'alty is collected at a station on the river, where the logs are all measured and stamped by an oflicer of the Forest Department. Minor Produce.—Besides teak there is a flourishing trade in what are known as "jungle woods," or unreserved woods, such as In (Dij>leivcarj)ii.
Page 1 and 2:
'-•^^_
Page 3 and 4:
Cornell University Library DS 527.4
Page 5 and 6:
BURMA
Page 9:
BURMA: A Handbook OF Practical Info
Page 12 and 13:
PUBLISHER'S NOTE For convenience of
Page 14 and 15:
viii CONTENTS PART V Religion— pa
Page 16 and 17:
X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS A Gathering
Page 18 and 19:
2 BURMA Pointj in 9° 55' north lat
Page 20 and 21:
4 BURMA some parts of the Northern
Page 22 and 23:
fi BURMA The Kachin Hills.— The K
Page 24 and 25:
8 BURMA Delta districts are Tliarra
Page 26 and 27:
10 BURMA the borders of Muug Nai an
Page 28 and 29:
12 BURMA west fairly regular!}' alo
Page 30 and 31:
14 BURMA sobriety to the confluence
Page 32 and 33:
16 BURMA soutli, and takes the name
Page 34 and 35:
18 13TTRMA blasting the rapids beyo
Page 37 and 38:
LAKES Id of so great a size as the
Page 39 and 40:
THE SOUTHERN' SHRINE OF THE SHWE DA
Page 41 and 42:
RANGOON 21 and is so referred to by
Page 43:
H D O Mt'f^ w Q ^5 J < < Q Z iiWl
Page 46 and 47:
24 BURMA a good deal of teak and ri
Page 48 and 49:
.•^rjr-^fjr^
Page 50 and 51:
26 BURMA Temperatures much over 80
Page 52 and 53:
28 BURMA of the province^ and by on
Page 54 and 55:
30 BURMA Of tlie curious Pangolins,
Page 56 and 57:
32 BUKMA birds and the Flower-pecke
Page 58 and 59:
34 BURMA the species are identical
Page 60 and 61:
3G BURMA first section of this fami
Page 62 and 63:
38 BURMA is easily recognised by th
Page 64 and 65:
40 BURMA great niiinbers, on the wa
Page 66 and 67:
42 BURMA like stems species of Conv
Page 68 and 69:
44 BURMA are scanty in such forests
Page 70 and 71:
40 BURMA tlie liills bordering the
Page 72 and 73:
48 BURMA HooKERj J. D., and Thomson
Page 74 and 75:
50 BURMA fossils within the peninsu
Page 76 and 77:
52 BUKMA Here and there on the edge
Page 78 and 79:
54. BURMA water would be liiglily b
Page 80 and 81:
56 BURMA centage of ash, which is l
Page 82 and 83:
58 BURMA the colour which is specia
Page 84 and 85:
60 BURMA Lead, copper, and antimony
Page 86 and 87:
63 BURMA are as much stranp;ers as
Page 88 and 89:
— 64 BURMA Tliis accounts for the
Page 90 and 91:
66 BURMA in Chinese learning, can d
Page 92 and 93:
68 BURMA of 10,543. The men dress l
Page 94 and 95:
70 BURMA the Aralfan Hill tracts, a
Page 96 and 97:
72 BURMA taking life. They greet ea
Page 98 and 99:
t4 BURMA the bells in the palace, t
Page 100 and 101:
7fl BURMA of beauty without the pos
Page 102 and 103:
78 BURMA so does a quail on the jaw
Page 104 and 105:
80 BURMA Ma Hmwe Thin, Miss Fragran
Page 106 and 107:
82 BURMA pect theii" son to stay at
Page 109 and 110:
MAKRIAGE 83 eulogistic rather than
Page 111 and 112:
COUNTRY-LOVING 85 that the Cumia de
Page 113 and 114:
IMMIGRATION 87 from Madras and Beng
Page 115:
o g £ u o X
Page 118 and 119:
90 BURMA roofing, because it saves
Page 120 and 121:
92 BURMA tliey give themselves, and
Page 122 and 123:
.h f^ ^ ^'v mf^j»^kj^^:W^^\iL:.'%
Page 124 and 125:
94 BURMA however, have not the comm
Page 126 and 127:
a, D O o
Page 128 and 129:
96 BURMA The La'hu or Mu-hso.—The
Page 130 and 131:
MKXG OR MIAO-TZU.
Page 132 and 133:
98 BURMA gear. Tlie women -wear lar
Page 134 and 135:
100 BURMA the piUars; but tliere is
Page 136 and 137:
' " s'v .•..'!' -^ .:'!« AKHA (K
Page 138 and 139:
102 BURMA All tho women let the lia
Page 140 and 141:
104 BURMA a (Treat deal of unnecess
Page 142 and 143:
106 BURMA under the cliav^c of a po
Page 144 and 145:
108 BURMA flisappeavance from our l
Page 146 and 147:
no BURMA are certainly wrong. There
Page 148 and 149:
112 BURMA very clear that the Tai h
Page 150 and 151:
114 BURMA was introJuced long befor
Page 152 and 153:
Y. •J Y.
Page 154 and 155:
— 116 BURMA the Burmese. Goitre i
Page 156 and 157:
113 nURMA anthorilieR r!o not agree
Page 158 and 159:
120 BUJ^MA Kekawngduj may, like the
Page 160 and 161:
A MYOSA (kAREX) with HIS WIFE (daXi
Page 162 and 163:
122 BURMA of black cord or lacquere
Page 165 and 166:
ENDOGAINIY 123 Like all hill women,
Page 167 and 168:
PADAUKGS 125 to know wliere he shou
Page 169:
Si:' ^i**:?^---' -=r-^ L,.^"^ )£s-
Page 172 and 173:
128 BURMA the Klmssi of Central Ass
Page 174 and 175:
130 BURMA objected to tliis ofTspri
Page 176 and 177:
132 BURMA number reUirned was 67,7/
Page 179 and 180:
WA 133 Silver eav-vings antl banjjl
Page 181:
A "TAIIE" \VA DAXCE.
Page 184 and 185:
136 BURMA not extending to 3 acres,
Page 186 and 187:
138 BURMA Villages,— W'a villages
Page 189 and 190:
RIANG TRIBES 130 known by their Sli
Page 191 and 192:
i C^ 2^^ y. < b O a, D O OS a
Page 193 and 194:
DANAW 141 for the study of tlie Mun
Page 195 and 196:
SELUNG 143 bees-wax, which they get
Page 197 and 198:
COMMISSIONERS 145 to certain areas,
Page 199 and 200:
w X o H M < o K O < a, W
Page 201 and 202:
GOVERNMENT OFFICERS 147 is under a
Page 203 and 204:
VILLAGE HEADMEN 149 were done away
Page 205 and 206:
REVENUE SYSTEM 151 ment. Tlie usual
Page 207:
A SAlvnn-A AT HIS HAW (r'.\r,.\CE)
Page 210 and 211:
154 BURMA St'ites, with other parti
Page 212 and 213:
o =
Page 214 and 215:
L5G BURMA ion, which rarely exceed
Page 216 and 217:
158 BURMA February and June ; and t
Page 218 and 219:
160 BURMA ministration is the maint
Page 220 and 221:
1G2 BURISIA and write. The number o
Page 222 and 223:
164 BURMA to receive them, to assis
Page 224 and 225:
1G6 BURMA is rather to ,'issist. re
Page 226 and 227:
1G8 BURMA make progress. IJnth ilip
Page 228 and 229:
170 BURMA This was in tile lifetime
Page 230 and 231:
172 BURMA Anawrat'a ininierliatflv
Page 233 and 234:
ROYAL CHRONICLE 173 but he brought
Page 235 and 236:
SHi^N KINGS IN BURMA 175 common Bur
Page 237 and 238:
INVASION OF SIAM 177 the Kaliniiiil
Page 239 and 240:
WAR WITH SIAM 179 liad not only uni
Page 241 and 242:
TRIBUTE TO CHINA 181 neglect of Peg
Page 243 and 244: FOUNDING OF RANGOON 183 to collect
Page 245 and 246: CHINESE INVASIONS 185 retreat of tl
Page 249 and 250: CONQUEST OF AEAKAN 187 At the same
Page 251 and 252: DESIGNS ON INDIA 189 The Indian Gov
Page 253 and 254: WAR WITH BRITATN 191 Sir Archibald
Page 255 and 256: WAE WITH BRITAIN 193 onlilv.-es, an
Page 257 and 258: TREATY OF AVA iur> ing the portion
Page 259 and 260: SECOND WAR WITH BRITAIN 197 fiirtli
Page 261 and 262: BRITISH MISSION TO AVA 199 Mindon M
Page 263: IVnIli 5- SkcilQ KIXG THIBAW AND QU
Page 266 and 267: 202 BUHMA in Rfingonii in the sprin
Page 268 and 269: 204 BURMA jn-oposed, jirepaiMlions
Page 270 and 271: 20G BURMA meiit, partly because of
Page 272 and 273: 208 BURMA tion is steadily spreadin
Page 274 and 275: 210 BITUMA ami waits .ill tlitoii!>
Page 276 and 277: 212 BURMA and sdn-sa iigfipi, wliic
Page 278 and 279: 214 BURMA last is foiiml only in th
Page 280 and 281: 21G BURMA disposal of this work bro
Page 282 and 283: 218 BURMA portance, though it was o
Page 284 and 285: 220 BURMA These forests are greatly
Page 287 and 288: EVERGREEN FORESTS 221 grcgate conta
Page 289 and 290: HILL VEGETATION 223 to confine itse
Page 291 and 292: FOREST DEPARTMENT 225 apparently in
Page 293: FOREST RESEHVATION 'I'l Taimgya Sys
Page 297 and 298: RESULTS OF RESERVATION 231 aiul con
Page 299 and 300: RUBY MINING 233 were then in operat
Page 301 and 302: RUBY MINING 235 working, and to ni.
Page 303 and 304: TETROLEUM 2G7 Petroleum.—The petr
Page 305: o D y. < w w o
Page 308 and 309: 240 BURMA a depth of 500 feet, and
Page 310 and 311: 242 BURMA only pieces of indifferen
Page 312 and 313: 244 BURMA They charge the purchaser
Page 314 and 315: 246 BURMA opposite sides of the sha
Page 316 and 317: 248 BURMA others the man\ifactuve i
Page 318 and 319: 250 BURIVIA blast. As the sulphur i
Page 320 and 321: 252 BURMA Burma it is very differen
Page 322 and 323: 254 BURMA the women thrust them int
Page 324 and 325: o =
Page 326 and 327: 256 BURMA in Kyanks6, and two in Mi
Page 328 and 329: 258 BURMA of holes in the dry weath
Page 330 and 331: 260 BURMA fire, and smoulder till t
Page 332 and 333: 2fi2 BURMA produce. 3. Tlic Asu-pon
Page 334 and 335: 264 BURMA cm-rent vate, but in the
Page 336 and 337: 266 BURMA cliauk, dry tea, and is c
Page 338 and 339: 2G8 BURMA })y the Cliinese, Avliicl
Page 340 and 341: '270 BURMA The afl\if e of an exper
Page 342 and 343: 272 BURMA weaver, which are connect
Page 344 and 345:
274 BURMA made blaclc by smearing t
Page 346 and 347:
276 BURMA tlie Irrawaddy Delta, Lat
Page 348 and 349:
278 BURMA there is now no manner of
Page 350 and 351:
280 BURMA two-tliirds of the gi-oss
Page 352 and 353:
282 BURMA largest and richest firms
Page 354 and 355:
284 BTTRMA was imicli l)c]ow the no
Page 356 and 357:
286 BtlRMA lessors wii^ on,i cdetn.
Page 358 and 359:
288 BTJRMA made from native-grown s
Page 360 and 361:
290 BURMA from that year on the fig
Page 362 and 363:
292 ]BURMA the market by their f^ve
Page 364 and 365:
2f)4 BURMA not exceed the average o
Page 366 and 367:
296 BURMA is no distinct indication
Page 368 and 369:
298 BURMA at Mogaung, and taken by
Page 371 and 372:
WATEHAVAYS 299 the left bank a few
Page 373 and 374:
WATERWAYS 801 the Tcunas- a complet
Page 375 and 376:
RAILWAYS 303 week from Rangoon to M
Page 377 and 378:
RAIT.WAYS 305 January 1898. Tlie fi
Page 379 and 380:
ROADS PA)7 All the railways in Buim
Page 381 and 382:
ROADS 309 tliem are now in use, exc
Page 383 and 384:
CURRENCY 311 planted in nests of pa
Page 385 and 386:
CURRENCY 313 housCj digs a tank, or
Page 387 and 388:
FINANCE 315 In 1871 Lord Miiyo's go
Page 389 and 390:
FINANCIAL PHOSPERITY 317 the net su
Page 391 and 392:
— — ; WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 319
Page 393 and 394:
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 321 There is a
Page 395 and 396:
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 323 double han
Page 397 and 398:
PART IV ARCHEOLOGY—ARCHITECTURE
Page 399 and 400:
ARCHAEOLOGY 327 in cliavacter in tl
Page 401:
PAGODAS AT M(jXG HENG. !^J^¥^
Page 404 and 405:
330 BURMA The erection of such a sh
Page 407 and 408:
ARCHITECTURE S31 in Burma and to de
Page 409:
THE MODERN ORXATE STYLE OF PAGODA.
Page 412 and 413:
m uuhma palaces, of Shan chiefs, wh
Page 414 and 415:
o s
Page 416 and 417:
836 BURMA still existing in India i
Page 418 and 419:
338 BURMA mark the approach to it.
Page 420 and 421:
310 BURMA a remnant of North-Indian
Page 422 and 423:
342 BURMA mostly in the Square Pali
Page 424 and 425:
344 BURMA mythological or heraldic
Page 426 and 427:
346 BURMA In all the important piec
Page 428 and 429:
348 BURMA colours used are so delic
Page 430 and 431:
350 BURMA Many Burmese women carry
Page 432 and 433:
352 BUIlMi\ Burmese Music and Music
Page 434 and 435:
Andante. 1. Nga-bouk-kyu than j^^-J
Page 436 and 437:
Alleoretto 5. KOUNG - GIN - KyO 1 ,
Page 439 and 440:
Andantino ii.Khain pan-s5n. pryj^jm
Page 441 and 442:
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 353 generally c
Page 443:
o y, 'A fa O D O
Page 446 and 447:
356 BURMA Another kind of harp corr
Page 448 and 449:
PART V RELIGION Buddhism Statistici
Page 450 and 451:
360 BURMA under the pipul-tree at B
Page 452 and 453:
302 BURMA not idols; tliey are not
Page 454 and 455:
364 BURMA forbidding the individual
Page 456 and 457:
366 BURMA of the foredoomed hunter,
Page 458 and 459:
3G8 BURMA town has grown round them
Page 460 and 461:
370 BURMA but is apt to rnerjfe int
Page 463 and 464:
EVENING DEVOTIONS 371 intelligent i
Page 465 and 466:
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE 373 siderable i
Page 467 and 468:
STRICT RULES AS TO WOMEN 375 of ful
Page 469 and 470:
MODERN SECTS 877 manded a new ordin
Page 471 and 472:
THE BUDDHIST ROBE 379 ciipiscence ;
Page 473 and 474:
UDDIIISM AND SPIRITS 381 tile mount
Page 475 and 476:
ANTHROPOMORPHIC SPIRITS 88'^ the he
Page 477 and 478:
BUDDHISM AND BRAHMANS 885 direct te
Page 479 and 480:
SACRIFICES 887 STicli as boiled fow
Page 481 and 482:
SERPENT WORSHIP 389 dryads and hama
Page 483 and 484:
ANIMISM 391 never admit, either to
Page 485 and 486:
THE SOUL BUTTERFLY 393 ligion" some
Page 487 and 488:
CROP SPIRITS 895 of Charon and Rlia
Page 489 and 490:
REASONS FOU HEAD-IIUNTlNCx 397 vill
Page 491 and 492:
THE STYGIAN FLOOD 399 wliich broods
Page 493 and 494:
ATTCURTES 401 and so tlie hnbit of
Page 495 and 496:
^"UIMBER OF ANIMTSTS 403 Census Ret
Page 497 and 498:
FETICHISM 405 adapt liimself to mod
Page 499 and 500:
BARBAUTC PHILOSOPHY 407 marry, thou
Page 501 and 502:
NON-PROFESSIONAL RELIGION 400 Final
Page 503 and 504:
TONES 41 very didiciilt for him to
Page 505 and 506:
WRITING 41.3 lationship of each to
Page 507 and 508:
OEDER OF WOEDS 415 Besides these fi
Page 509 and 510:
PICTURESQUE EXPRESSIONS 417 and in
Page 511 and 512:
LEAF-MANUSCRIPTS 410 sometimes cai-
Page 513 and 514:
STAGE PLAYS 421 Zats, or avatar tal
Page 515 and 516:
SERMON ON BEATITUDES 423 ncibhaii,
Page 517 and 518:
A DRAMATIC TALE 423 Thus bhe Zanekk
Page 519 and 520:
STORY OF ZANEKKA 427 termined to en
Page 521 and 522:
STORY OP ZANEKICA 429 glad faces ;
Page 523 and 524:
stohy of zanekka 431 of State, troo
Page 525 and 526:
STORY OF 2ANEKKA 4^.0 lie, "of alwa
Page 527 and 528:
A IIISTOKICAL TAT.E 435 of the sorb
Page 529 and 530:
A HISTORICAL TALE 437 Kiiic, but si
Page 531 and 532:
A HISTOmCAL TALE 439 on this date a
Page 533 and 534:
— : A HISTORICAL TALE 441 the Kin
Page 535 and 536:
SONG-FORMS 443 tongs), because they
Page 537 and 538:
A BURMESE LOVE-SONG 4i5 Dewa daiigl
Page 539 and 540:
ANTIPHONAL SINGING 447 five syllabl
Page 541 and 542:
A BURMESE NOVEL 419 years ago. This
Page 543 and 544:
THE IREAWADDY VALLEY 451 but usuall
Page 545 and 546:
THE REAL RURIMA 453 tickets and dec
Page 547 and 548:
THE REAL BURMA 455 be found mast us
Page 549 and 550:
SOME USEFUL HINTS 457 Those who arr
Page 551 and 552:
SPORT 459 Shall States. In the Shan
Page 553 and 554:
DIVISIONS AND DISTRICTS 461 verse t
Page 555 and 556:
DIVISIONS AND DISTRICTS 4G3 l)'ing
Page 557 and 558:
DIVISIONS AND DISTRICTS 465 plain p
Page 559 and 560:
DIVISIONS AND DISTRICTS 467 Headqna
Page 561 and 562:
DIVISIONS AND DISTRICTS 469 centre
Page 563 and 564:
STATISTICS OP SHAN STATES 471 The s
Page 565 and 566:
STATISTICS OF SHAN STATES 473 aged
Page 567 and 568:
STATISTICS or SHAN STATES 475 Myosa
Page 569 and 570:
STATISTICS OP SHAN STATES 477 nine
Page 571 and 572:
STATISTICS OP SHAN STATES 479 (35)
Page 573 and 574:
STATISTICS OE SHAN STATES 481 son,
Page 575 and 576:
STATISTICS OF SHAN STATES 483 many
Page 577:
STATISTICS OP SHAN STATES 485 admin
Page 581 and 582:
APPENDIX III LIST OF THE COMMONER B
Page 583 and 584:
English LIST OF BIRDS 489 BI RDS
Page 585 and 586:
English TvIST OF BIRDS 49] BIRDS
Page 587 and 588:
English Carps, including the Malisi
Page 589 and 590:
LIST or INSECTS 495 INSECTS, MOLLUS
Page 591 and 592:
LIST OF PLANTS LIST OF COMMON TREES
Page 594 and 595:
500
Page 596 and 597:
502
Page 598 and 599:
504
Page 600 and 601:
506
Page 602 and 603:
&od SURMA Sandstone Sapphire GEOLOG
Page 604 and 605:
510 - BURMA Bastian. Literature. Vi
Page 607 and 608:
Abui Yaza, i6o Administration, grow
Page 609 and 610:
Density of population, 85 Deprecati
Page 611 and 612:
Land i-evenufi System, difference f
Page 613 and 614:
Rice exported, amount of, 283 Kice
show all

Burma : A Handbook of Practical Information - Khamkoo

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?