742 ODUHO ET AL. TABLE 5 Chronic toxicity study: performance <strong>of</strong> chicks fed corn-soybean meal diets containing high levels <strong>of</strong> menadione from menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfate (MPB) or menadione nicotinamide bisulfite (MNB) (Assay 4)1 <strong>Menadione</strong> dose2mg/kg030300 30002 60003Pooled SEMWeight gainMPB240239234 d244241240 219 218MNBg/14 1984Feed intakeMPB358361 351 337 667647MNBS/kg680680690 649 71.6 58.9 337MNB359354348 3136Gain:feedMPB670662 6338HemoglobinMPB78.287.5 72.4MNBg/L86.983.269.0 55.87.2 'Values are means <strong>of</strong> three pens <strong>of</strong> four chicks during the period 8 to 22 d posthatching; average initial weight was 73 g. 2MNB depressed (P < 0.05) weight gain, feed intake, gain:feed and hemoglobin. 3Both MPB and MNB depressed [P < 0.05) gain, feed intake and gain:feed, but only MNB depressed (P < 0.05) hemoglobin. Gain and hemoglobin depressions were greater {P < 0.05) for MNB than for MPB. and 5). In an 8-d chronic toxicity study comparing nicotinic acid and nicotinamide in chicks, Baker et al. (1976) observed only a slight growth depression from 5000 mg/kg dietary nicotinamide, while 10,000 mg/ kg was markedly growth depressing (20,000 mg/kg dietary nicotinic acid did not depress growth). It seems probable that the greater morbidity caused by MNB compared with MPB results from the combined effects <strong>of</strong> menadione and nicotinamide in MNB. The results <strong>of</strong> this investigation suggest that MNB is fully active as a source <strong>of</strong> bioavailable vitamin K and niacin activity. If used primarily as a source <strong>of</strong> vitamin K activity, it is worthy <strong>of</strong> note that meeting the vitamin K requirement from MNB would provide only a small portion <strong>of</strong> the niacin requirement. Tox icity studies revealed that MNB has a good safety pr<strong>of</strong>ile in that dietary levels <strong>of</strong> menadione well over 1000 times the chicks' minimal vitamin K re quirement were required to cause morbidity. Because menadione compounds may lose potency when stored in vitamin or vitamin-trace mineral premixes (Charles and Huston 1972) stability studies need to be done comparing MNB to MPB. LITERATURE CITED Ansbacher, S., Corwin, W. C. & Thomas, B.G.H. (1942) Toxicity <strong>of</strong> menadione, menadiol and esters. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 75: 111-124. Augustine, J. B. (1985) Methods <strong>of</strong> Vitamin Assay. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. Baker, D. H. (1986) Problems and pitfalls in animal experiments designed to establish dietary requirements for essential nutrients. J. Nutr. 116: 2339-2349. Baker, D. H., Allen, N. K. & Kleiss, A. J. (1973) Efficiency <strong>of</strong> tryptophan as a niacin precursor in the young chick. J. Anim. 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