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Pathologies of <strong>in</strong>telligence-policy<br />

relations<br />

Joshua Rovner<br />

From Fix<strong>in</strong>g the Facts: National Security and the Politics of Intelligence.<br />

Cornell University Press (2011). Book available <strong>here</strong><br />

1<br />

Excessive harmony<br />

Mutual satisfaction leads to shared tunnel<br />

vision. Intelligence and policy fail to challenge<br />

each others’ assumptions and beliefs,<br />

potentially lead<strong>in</strong>g to disaster.<br />

2<br />

3<br />

Direct manipulation<br />

Policymakers and staff pressure <strong>in</strong>telligence to produce specific<br />

f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs. Alternately, they appo<strong>in</strong>t malleable analysts.<br />

Politicization<br />

Indirect manipulation<br />

Policymakers send tacit signals about acceptable and unacceptable<br />

conclusions. Implicit threats and promises accompany these signals.<br />

Embedded assumptions<br />

Neglect<br />

Ignore the messenger<br />

Policymakers ignore <strong>in</strong>telligence that underm<strong>in</strong>es<br />

their objectives. Instead, they cherry-pick support<strong>in</strong>g<br />

<strong>in</strong>formation or ignore <strong>in</strong>telligence altogether.<br />

Self-isolation<br />

Intelligence self-consciously avoids contact<br />

with policymakers.<br />

Widely held strategic assumptions and social norms restrict the<br />

bounds of acceptable analysis.<br />

Intelligence subverts policy<br />

Intelligence estimates publicly underm<strong>in</strong>e policy decisions. Policymakers<br />

may ignore <strong>in</strong>telligence because they fear this k<strong>in</strong>d of subversion.<br />

ethics<br />

Shutterstock<br />

Intelligence parochialism<br />

Analysts tailor f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs for personal or professional ga<strong>in</strong>. Depend<strong>in</strong>g<br />

on the analyst’s goals, this can lead to “<strong>in</strong>telligence to<br />

please” or subversion.<br />

Bureaucratic parochialism<br />

Intelligence agencies tailor f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs to support their organizational<br />

<strong>in</strong>terests.<br />

Partisan <strong>in</strong>telligence<br />

Political parties use <strong>in</strong>telligence issues for partisan ga<strong>in</strong>, often by<br />

accus<strong>in</strong>g rivals of mismanag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>telligence.<br />

Intelligence as scapegoat<br />

Policymakers deride <strong>in</strong>telligence when it does not support policy<br />

decisions. In addition, <strong>in</strong>telligence is blamed for failure to predict<br />

events like surprise attacks.<br />

October 2012 <strong>Foreknowledge</strong> 9

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