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§11.] SOUNDS AND SOUND-CHANGES. 7
e.g., Mod.W. marchog= Mid.W. marchawc, but Mod.W. pa\^b
= Mid.W. paT^b. For other instances of vowel weakening in
unaccented syllables see § 4.
PROTHETIC VOWEL.
9. Before words which in O.W. began with s + consonant there
developed in the Mid.W. period a prothetic y, e.g. ysgriveri
writing: O.W. scribenn, ystavell chamber: O.W. stabell,
ystrodurpacksaddle: O.W. strotur, yspeil spoil: O.W. *speil,
from Lat. spolium.
EPENTHETIC VOWEL.
10. Before a final liquid, nasal, or v, an epenthetic vowel is
often written, which, however, does not count metrically as a
syllable.
(a) Consonant-hi, e.g. mynwgyl by mynwgl neck = MoA.
W. mynwgl; kenedel, kenedyl by kenedl race=O.W.
cenetl, Mod.W. cenedl; kwbwl, kwbyl by kwbl whole=Mod.W.
cwbl; tavyl sling =Mod..\N. tafl.
(b) Consonant-hr, e.g. hagyr by hagr ugly^U.od.'W.
hagr; Ileidyr by lleidr robber^MoA-W. lleidr; llestyr
vessel=^O.W. llestr, Uestir, Mod.W. llestr; dwvyr, dwvwr
by dwvr water^Mod.'W. dwfr.
(c) Consonant+ m, e.g. talym .y/a^e=Mod.W. talm.
(d) Consonant-1-n, e.g. gwadyn by gwadn w/« = Mod.W.
gwadn; dwvyn deep = Mod.W. dwfn.
(e) Consonant-f V, e.g. dedyf custom = M.od.W. deddf;
baraf, baryffear^= Mod.W. barf; twrwf, twryf by t^tinoise.
CONSONANTAL CHANGES.
11. The following changes of consonants in combination are of
importance for accidence :—
(a) In the Indo-Germanic parent language d or t -t-1 became t"t,
and ft in Celtic became ss, e.g. W. lias was killed =lr. -slass from
*slat''t0S : Had kill= Ir. slaidid hews.