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LEADER: EUSTACE BARNES 

AMAZONIAN BRAZIL 

6 – 21 / 26 AUGUST 2011 

TOUR REPORT 

The Amazon rainforests are always a spectacular if challenging habitat for birders and our 

experiences provided no exceptions. Our itinerary took us back and forth across two major 

biogeographic boundaries in northern Amazonia; the Rio Negro and Rio Branco. This gave us a 

substantial number of species to search for and we ended up finding all the white-sand forest 

(campinas) and flooded forest (varzea and igapó) endemics and specialities. The terra firme forests are 

always tough but we did manage to see most of the Guianan Shield endemics. In total we recorded 

over 500 species from the Amazonian river islands to the campinas, varzea and terra firma forests and 

the open savannas and wetlands of Roraima. In that incredible total we recorded 21 raptors, 29 

parrots, 19 hummingbirds, 9 puffbirds, 10 toucans and barbets, 15 species of woodpeckers, 15 

species of woodcreepers, 51 antbirds and 15 cotingas and manakins. We enjoyed great views of 

some of he most difficult species to see in the Amazon and some of the rarest in the open country of 

Roraima including the Sun Parakeet. In addition we recorded 16 species of mammals including the 

endangered Pied Tamarin and the bizarre Giant Anteater. It is undoubtedly one of those regions to 

which I could happily return time and again and each and every time it would be different. 

On arrival at Manaus and after enjoying a sandwich at Bob’s diner we headed north to Presidente 

Figueiredo making a brief stop at the Rio Preto before continuing to the Iracema Falls hotel. The Rio 

Preto bridge, usually a good bet for Point-tailed Palmcreepers, failed to produce, but fortunately there 

were plenty of other species to keep us entertained. We had great views of Sulphury Flycatcher; 

another obligate palm specialist. There were also a few Golden-winged Parakeets, a Black Caracara, 

a Ruddy Pigeon, a pair of Red-bellied Macaws and a few Swallowing Puffbirds. At Iracema Falls we 

walked the entrance track finding a male Crimson Topaz at a favoured tree. Along the road we were 

treated to spectacular views of a male Spangled Cotinga, several Black-crowned Tityras and a pair of 

Dusky Purpletufts; an infrequently seen species that has a decidedly patchy distribution. We also had 

brief views of Marail Guan, Dusky and Blue-headed Parrots and quite a number of White-thighed 

Swallows. At dusk we saw a good number of Short-tailed Nighthawks cruising up and down the road 

while the Marail Guans were making a racket while going to roost. Somewhat unexpectedly we then 

found a Marbled Wood-quail roosting in a tree by the road and managed poor views of the bird as it 

crashed about. After this we called it a day and headed back to the lodge for dinner to celebrate a 

great start. 

1 Birdquest: Amazonian Brazil 2011

The following morning we began our exploration of the area around the hotel grounds. During the 

course of the day we enjoyed a broad selection of the Guianan Shield avifauna. We first walked the 

entrance road finding a number of Waved Woodpeckers, a single Green Aracari and a pair of Blackheaded 

Antbirds, and enjoyed good looks at a pair of Guianan Warbling Antbirds. Overhead we were 

treated to a near endless procession of parrots including Blue-and-yellow and Scarlet Macaws, and 

Caica Parrot, Dusky, Blue-headed and Orange-winged Parrots. At flowering trees in the grounds we 

saw Grey-breasted Sabrewing and White-necked Jacobin, while along the road we saw Black-eared 

Fairy and had better views of the male Crimson Topaz. We also saw a number of Guianan 

(Violaceous) and Green-backed (Amazonian White-tailed) Trogons, a couple of Paradise Jacamars, a 

Black Nunbird dust bathing in the road, a pair of Black-spotted Barbets, Channel-billed and Whitethroated 

Toucans, and Yellow-tufted, Yellow-throated, Waved and several huge Red-necked and 

Lineated Woodpeckers. Along the forest trails we saw a pair of Ruddy Spinetails, a family group of 

Musician Wrens, a single Scale-backed Antbird and, most memorably, a Pavonine Cuckoo. The 

latter, a rarely seen denizen of terra firma rainforests, simply flopped onto a dead branch right next to 

us. As Charlotte had not seen Screaming Piha before we made the effort to see a couple of these 

rather drab cotingids. We also found a mixed flock with Dusky-throated Antshrike, Brown-bellied 

Antwrens, Wedge-billed and Chestnut-rumped Woodcreepers and a Whiskered Flycatcher. In the late 

afternoon, after seeing a number of Red-throated Caracaras, several Little Chachalacas, innumerable 

White-throated Toucans and a number of parrots we found a group of three Red-billed Pied Tanagers. 

So ended another bird packed day and we retired to the dining facilities for another huge meal. 

The following morning we headed south to the INPA Canopy Tower. This magnificent 42-meter 

tower gave us unparalleled views over the canopy and an instant flurry of activity. We started with 

another group of stunning Red-billed Pied Tanagers, Flame-crested and Fulvous-crested Tanagers, a 

Yellow-backed Tanager together with a rather plump looking Golden-sided Euphonia. During the 

course of a somewhat warm morning we had a male Guianan Toucanet come to have a look at us 

and numerous Waved Woodpeckers while the parade of displaying Pompadour Cotingas and the 

Spangled Cotingas provided us with a memory that will last for some time. We also saw Plumbeous 

Pigeon, Golden-winged Parakeets, a number of Grey Elaenias and a Guianan (split from Slenderfooted) 

Tyrannulet, and a number of Yellow-throated Flycatchers. We enjoyed great views of Greenbacked 

Trogon, White Hawk the rare Glossy-backed Becard and quite a number of tanagers and 

honeycreepers; including Spotted and Yellow-backed Tanagers and Black-faced and Blue Dacnis, as 

well as Short-billed, Purple, and Green Honeycreepers. Walking away from the tower we hit an 

understorey flock with its attendant leaders: Dusky-throated and Cinereous Antshrikes. These bullies 

were keeping a wary eye on their workers; pairs of White-flanked, Long-winged, and Grey Antwrens. 

In the same flock we also saw Chestnut-rumped, Plain-brown, Olivaceous and Wedge-billed 

Woodcreepers along with both the commoner Plain Xenops and a single Rufous-tailed Xenops. 

After a long hot day we made a quick visit to the INPA campina along the highway looking for the 

small number of specialities restricted to nutrient deficient white-sand forest. Although often a 

difficult habitat to work, we very quickly found a couple of pairs of Bronzy Jacamars, a single Spotted 

Puffbird and numerous Saffron-crested Tyrant-Manakins. The latter must be thought of as abundant at 

this site. We then found a male Yellow-crested Manakin which displayed for some of us. A storm was 

brewing and we went in search of Mario who had vanished to get a tyre fixed. As is the Brazilian way 

he turned up just in time and we retreated to Presidente Figuierido. Anyway, suitably famished we 

eagerly conjured images of our next feast which duly arrived at table on our return. 

At 5.45 the following morning we were enjoying breakfast at the Lajes Campina. This is the best of 

the accessible white-sand forests near Manaus and we devoted the entire morning to finding some of 

the rarest and most localized species in the Amazon basin. We started walking the newly cut grid 

finding, firstly the numerous Green-tailed Goldenthroats and a pair of Rufous-crowned Elaenias, 

while Scaled Pigeons displayed and numerous pairs of Blue-and-yellow Macaws flew overhead to 

some distant feeding ground. A single Southern White-fringed Antwren sang at the precise moment a 


White-naped Seedeater began to sing and another campina specialist was in the bag, as many an 

English Victorian vicar might have said. We then entered taller campina woodlands to be confronted 

by a good number of very confiding and indeed welcoming Bronzy Jacamars along with the rarely 

seen Pale-bellied Mourner. The Black Manakins were more elusive but eventually we found a 

number of males and females along with a calling Yellow-crested Manakin and a couple of Redshouldered 

Tanagers. The big draw at this site however, is the highly localized Pelzeln’s Tody-Tyrant, 

a drab tyrannid whose status remained an enigma for more than a century after its discovery. Its 

rediscovery near Manaus led to renewed interest in the campinas and white sand forests generally 

leading a much greater understanding of the avifauna of these nutrient deficient forests in the 

Amazon. We were to be given a hard time connecting with this species as well; we had already 

heard one bird and failed to find that, but after tracking one bird for a couple of hours it eventually 

gave itself up and we had great views a single bird. We then made our way back to base but not 

before getting great views of a Black Hawk-Eagle soaring over our vehicle. It was very hot, we were 

tired and ready for lunch. 

The remainder of the day was spent birding around the hotel. Our first find was a single Pied Puffbird 

followed by several Paradise Jacamars and a surprising number of toucans feeding in the forest subcanopy 

nearby. Understorey flocks comprised Cinereous and Mouse-coloured Antshrikes, Brownbellied, 

Pygmy and Spot-backed Antwrens and a number of White-crowned Manakins. We also 

watched a grand display at a Golden-headed Manakin lek. It was late in the afternoon and time to 

quit in preparation for the following day after what had been a spectacular days birding. 

The following morning we were back at the canopy tower at dawn. Flock activity was slow but we 

recorded a steady procession of species until about 9am. This again included a couple of male 

Pompadour and Spangled Cotingas, three species of Celeus woodpeckers including a pair of Waved 

Woodpeckers a pair of the beautiful Cream-coloured Woodpeckers, and a stunning Ringed 

Woodpecker. In the flock that did appear we saw Buff-cheeked Greenlet, Golden-collared 

Woodpecker, Spot-backed and Ash-winged Antwrens, a single Olive-green Tyrannulet, Blue and 

Black-faced Dacnises, Purple and Short-billed Honeycreepers, Spotted Tanagers, Fulvous-crested and 

Flame-crested Tanagers along with a couple of Green-backed and Guianan Trogons. There was also a 

pair of Guianan Toucanets and a magnificent selection of parrots including Blue-and-yellow, Scarlet 

and Red-and-green Macaws, at least four Red-lored Amazons, five Red-fan Parrots perched by the 

tower and several Dusky Parrots. Creeping about the canopy vine tangles we found a couple of 

Black-bellied Cuckoos and a Yellow-throated Woodpecker while a Guianan Puffbird, a couple of 

Black Nunbirds and a pair of White Hawks sat and watched the world go by. Recently arrived from 

the north, a flock of Swallow-tailed Kites gracefully sailed over the canopy while a Crowned Slaty 

Flycatcher was readying itself to head south. Some distant screeching alerted us to a predator in the 

area and a Crested Eagle was subsequently seen carting off some hapless creature to its eyrie. A few 

days earlier your hard working leader saw a Crested Eagle along the entrance road in the same area 

pointing to an active nest being nearby. It was time to go and we headed somewhat slowly back to 

Manaus stopping to look at more Scarlet Macaws, a few Guianan Howler monkeys and a troop of 

Golden-handed Tamarins along the entrance road. On the main highway we stopped at KM46 and 

found a pair of Point-tailed Palmcreepers much to your leaders relief. 

After a good rest we were at the pier at 4.30am for a full day exploring the Ilha Marchantaria and the 

Igarape Januari. The Marchantaria island, located in the Solimoes, is a white-water river island 

packed with birdlife. Crossing two of the most impressive rivers on earth: the Negro and the Amazon 

(here known as the Solimões), we gained a better understanding of the scale of the Amazon basin. At 

dawn, we reached the eastern end of the island, with open marshes and cecropia dominated 

woodlands. In the half light we watched a number of Band-tailed Nighthawks hawking around us. 

We then sat and watched in astonishment as possibly thousands of Striated Herons, Great and Snowy 

Egrets, Cocoi Herons, Neotropic Cormorants and Yellow-rumped Caciques streamed out from their 

roosts in a neatly sequenced departure for their daily commute to distant feeding grounds. All around 


us, in the floating mat of vegetation, hundreds of Yellow-headed Blackbirds and Lined Seedeaters fed 

on the seeding grasses and then one by one we picked off most of the specialities. These included a 

number of Little and Spot-breasted Woodpeckers, a stunning male Green-throated Mango, several 

Lesser Horneros, Dark-breasted, numerous White-bellied and Red-and-white Spinetails, the abundant 

Spotted Tody-Flycatcher, several River Tyrannulets and a small group of Pearly-breasted Conebills. 

Meanwhile a number of Lesser Yellow-headed Vultures sailed ominously around us and Blackcollared 

and Savanna Hawks and a number of Snail Kites fed. We then headed to the western and 

more mature end the island, where the taller cecropias dominate the woodlands, in search of 

Castelnau’s Antshrike which we duly found. As the temperature rose and bird activity diminished we 

headed to the Igarape Janauari where, parked up in the flooded forest, we saw a number of lovely 

Capped Herons, a worried looking Green Ibis, a Slate-coloured Hawk, a few Short-tailed Parrots, a 

single Chestnut-capped Puffbird, a pair of Long-billed Woodcreepers and a pair of Zimmer’s 

Woodcreepers at point blank range together with a Striped Woodcreeper. After a pleasant lunch in 

the shade of the flooded forests we returned to Marchantaria to see more river island birds before 

heading back to Manaus. 

After our exploration of sites around Manaus it was time to move on to São Gabriel da Cachoeira, a 

frontier town located on the banks of the upper Rio Negro. Our flight from Manaus provided us with 

stunning views of both the Anavilhanas Archipelago and Pico Neblina. On arrival we headed out 

along the Strada Cucui in search of our first target; the Fiery Topaz. Once on site we had little time to 

wait before its harsh chattering calls gave away the presence of our bird and before long we were 

enjoying fantastic views of this dazzling species; bird of the trip for many. We also found Yellowtufted 

Woodpeckers, White-lored Euphonia, White-necked Jacobin, Great Antshrike and numerous 

Slender-footed Tyrannulets. Although there has been a lot of forest clearance adjacent to this road it 

still produces regular sightings of a number of important species in the area as we were to find out 

ourselves during a subsequent visit. We then headed to town for the first of several excellent meals at 

the Dona Iris restaurant on the beachfront. After a short break and lunch we visited the Abacaxi trail 

near town. This trail runs through a variety of white sand forests and scrubby campinas in a shaded 

tunnel of vegetation and we were to visit this trail on a number of occasions over the following days. 

Picking through the flocks we came across a pair of Amazonian Antshrikes and numerous Mousecoloured 

Antshrikes along with both Cinereous and Dusky-throated Antshrikes. These flock leaders 

gave away the presence of many other understorey species including White-flanked, Grey and Longwinged 

Antwrens, Ochre-bellied Flycatcher, White-crowned and Golden-headed Manakins, Wedgebilled 

and Olivaceous Woodcreepers and a number of others. Often in tow, interestingly enough, 

there are usually a good selection of canopy species that included, on this occasion, the range 

restricted Yellow-throated Antwren and equally localized Brown-headed Greenlet along with a pair 

of stunning Ringed Woodpeckers. 

On three of our days in São Gabriel we visited the west bank of the Rio Negro to work two excellent 

trails through extensive terra firma forests. Although birding in terra firma forests is not easy we did 

see an excellent selection of species. We spent two full days exploring the network of trails behind 

Snr Moises house and which is known as the Moises trail. We managed to see a great variety of birds 

that started with a pair of Yellow-browed Antbirds, a Spot-backed Antbird and a pair of Dusky 

Antbirds. Walking into the forests we found Cobalt-winged Parakeets and Orange-cheeked Parrots as 

well as brief views of a Tiny Hawk and then it began to rain. We retreated to Snr Moises house for 

the remainder of the morning and an early lunch. After lunch we found a Chestnut-capped Puffbird 

sat soaked on a branch while a Lesser Seedfinch sang. We then headed back out again onto the trails 

to find a small flock of Maroon-tailed Parakeets, several Straight-billed Hermits at a large lek along 

the trail followed by a number of Reddish Hermits a little further on. The trail runs through a small 

area of tall campina where Grey-bellied Antbird was found a week before holding territory but in 

spite of searching we failed to find it. However, we did find a pair of White-necked Puffbirds and a 

single Yellow-billed Jacamar lurking in the undergrowth. We had great views of Amazonian Barred 

and Ocellated Woodcreepers, several Fasciated Antshrikes, Stipple-throated and Rufous-tailed 


Antwrens, and Whiskered Flycatcher. We also saw several understorey flocks and worked our way 

through Cinereous and Dusky-throated Antshrikes, Spot-winged Antshrike, Grey, Long-winged and 

White-flanked Antwrens, Plain Xenops, Olivaceous and Wedge-billed Woodcreepers, Ochre-bellied 

Flycatchers and a few trogons, nunbirds and toucans. The clouds were gathering and we were forced 

to head back to the river seeing an (Amazonian) Royal Flycatcher on the way. On the river we were 

accompanied by large numbers of Black-collared Swallows. In the late afternoon we walked another 

trail to find a few Short-tailed Nighthawks, a pair of Blackish Nightjars and a Pauraque. 

The following day we birded the Cucui road. At our first spot we found a Tiny Hawk being mobbed 

by a pair of White-browed Purpletufts in an open tree, quite a sight indeed. Overhead we picked up a 

few Swainson’s Hawks, a White Hawk, a Double-toothed Kite and large flocks of Southern Martins, 

while in the tall trees along the road we found a few Paradise Jacamars, Gilded Barbets, Channelbilled 

and White-throated Toucans, a pair of Rufous-tailed Flatbills and several Dusky-chested 

Flycatchers. On hearing the ringing calls of a Wing-banded Wren we arranged ourselves with a view 

into the forest and were quickly treated to great views of this often shy species. After some cold 

calling we could hear, in the distance, a Tawny-tufted Toucanet calling back and walking quickly 

along the road we were treated to outstanding views of this lovely target species. We then enjoyed 

spectacular views of this bird as it called back to us. A Black-necked Red Cotinga was calling but 

would not come to us although Noel saw it rather briefly before it vanished altogether. While walking 

the road we worked through a number of canopy flocks that contained several dacnis and 

honeycreeper species as well as Flame-crested, Fulvous-crested and Opal-rumped Tanagers. The 

temperatures soared and clouds began to build and we headed back to São Gabriel stopping to see 

our Fiery Topaz again. In the afternoon we again visited the Abacaxi Trail to see a pair of whitenecked 

puffbird excavating a nest hole in a termite nest and more Brown-headed Greenlets and 

Yellow-throated Antwrens plus more Ringed Woodpeckers. 

The following day we again walked the trails around Snr Moises adding a good many species to our 

list. We found a superb pair of Black-faced Hawks that called from an open tree above us. We also 

saw a Black Hawk Eagle, a Black-eared Fairy, several Scale-breasted Woodpeckers, a single Creamcoloured 

Woodpecker and four magnificent Ringed Woodpeckers, the latter usually a rarely seen 

canopy species. Late morning we found a White-crested Spadebill and enjoyed great views of this 

forest gem. A small clearing deep in the forest gave us three Spangled Cotingas and a couple of Bluebacked 

Manakins. After a long day we retreated to São Gabriel for another great meal and a well 

earned rest. 

Our final day on the west bank was spent walking the Inebo Trail. This trail crosses a vast tract of 

terra firma forest to an indigenous settlement some fifty kilometres away. As we started the trail we 

quickly found a pair of Black-headed Antbirds of the form minor often considered a separate species: 

the Amazonas Antbird. We then found Slate-coloured Grosbeak, numerous Scale-backed Antbirds 

feeding young, a pair of Imeri Warbling Antbirds, and a highly territorial Banded Antbird. After all 

getting superb views of this magical little bird it started to rain and it rained hard for a couple of hours 

with no shelter we could avail ourselves of. After the rain the forest was quiet for some time but we 

did see a good number of flocks that held Yellow-throated Woodpecker, Stipple-throated Antwren, 

Tawny-crowned Greenlet and Yellow-throated Antwrens. Walking through the tall forests we 

glimpsed a couple of Fiery Topaz in the canopy and came across a number of understorey antbirds. 

Amongst these there was a pair of Undulated Antshrikes; surprisingly difficult to see given their size 

and the openness of the forest. We then began to make our way back to the river and our boat back 

to São Gabriel. 

It would seem appropriate to acknowledge that in spite of spending 30 hours in terra firma searching 

for antswarms and their attendant obligate followers that we failed to find any. However in the week 

before the tour while checking trails and access to them there were ant swarms along the Moises trail. 

In the course of a morning watching the birds on this huge antswarm the following species were 


ecorded: up to eight Chestnut-crested Antbirds, maybe 15 White-plumed Antbirds (several pairs with 

fledged young), five or six Bicoloured Antbirds, a pair of Reddish-winged Bare-eyes, a pair of Barbellied 

Woodcreepers, six White-chinned woodcreepers and eight or more Plain-brown 

Woodcreepers. This just goes to show how unpredictable this phenomena is, although it is still 

disappointing not to have found an antswarm on the tour. 

On our last morning in São Gabriel we searched for Yellow-throated Antwren for Noel. In no time we 

were enjoyed great views of a pair in a large canopy flock together with Spot-backed Antwren, 

Pygmy Antwren, Amazonian Antshrike, White-crowned Manakins, more Ringed Woodpeckers and a 

White-necked Puffbird before we had to head to the airport for our flight to Manaus. In the afternoon 

we headed to the Sumauma park a tiny 50ha fragment of rainforest within Manaus. This park is one 

of the best localities for the very local Pied Tamarin, a species restricted to the metropolitan area of 

Manaus and highly threatened. Indeed it is considered the most threatened of South America’s 

primates. It is now the subject of an intense breeding programme and conservation effort to secure a 

viable population and by coincidence has also been the subject of a recent BBC Wildlife programme 

on breeding programmes for endangered species. After walking the trails we did find and watch a 

troop of this very attractive primate for some time. We also found a Red Acouchy and a roosting 

Blackish Nightjar along with a number of other common urban birds that have filled the niches 

previously occupied by true rainforest species.. 

The following morning we transferred to the Anavilhanas Jungle lodge. While crossing the Rio Negro 

we saw a single Grey river Dolphin or Tucuxi. We then arrived late morning at the lodge. In the 

afternoon we found the pallens form of Snethlage’s Tody-Tyrant and the magnificent Yellow-crowned 

Manakins around the lodge. Our afternoon trip took us out to the islands in the archipelago. Our first 

stop on a narrow river bank produced most of the specialities. The first to call was the lovely Ashbreasted 

Antbird, a pair of Black-chinned Antbirds, a superb pair of Black-crested Antshrike and a 

pair of Blackish-grey Antshrikes. With a little more work we also saw a few Buff-breasted Wrens and 

a pair of Klages’s Antwrens. Previously thought to be restricted to this archipelago it is now found 

more widely in suitable habitat along many of the larger rivers in Brazilian Amazonia. Along the river 

we then found a group of Green-tailed Jacamars, several Black-fronted Nunbirds, a couple of Greychested 

Greenlets and a pair of Leaden Antwrens. Exploring the narrow channels that make up the 

archipelago we saw a few Bare-necked Fruitcrows, a male Amazonian Umbrellabird, a few Festive 

Parrots, several Muscovy Ducks and a Grey-headed Kite. Also at one site we heard maybe three 

Lesser Crestless Curassows, although they are notoriously difficult to see when booming. Exploring 

the entrance track and terra firma trails at the lodge we worked through a number of sub-canopy and 

canopy flocks finding a number of new species including White-shouldered Antshrike, Black-faced 

Antbird and Rufous-tailed Xenops. The canopy flocks here were very active and we saw good 

numbers of tanagers, dacnises, honeycreepers and woodcreepers before we had to head back to the 

lodge for lunch and our return to Manaus. 

The following morning we were at the port at 5am to catch our speedboat to Careiro on the south 

bank. In no time we were heading south along the Porto Velho road. Our breakfast stop was alive 

with birds and we quickly found a pair of Scarlet Macaws, dozens of Festive Parrots, Tui and Canarywinged 

Parakeets and quite a number of Short-tailed Parrots. We then began our search for the 

splendid Glossy Antshrike which we duly found and enjoyed superb views of. We then added 

hundreds of Black-bellied Whistling-Ducks, Muscovy Duck, Anhinga, Rufescent Tiger Heron, a few 

Hoatzins, a pair of Horned Screamers, a Great black Hawk, Limpkin and hundreds of egrets and 

herons. While enjoying a strong coffee we saw an adult Slender-billed Kite fly low over the road. In 

the more open cecropia woodlands we found a few Bicoloured Conebills, Yellow-chinned Spinetails, 

a single Brownish Elaenia, a pair of Masked Tityras, Hooded Tanagers and a Chestnut-crowned 

Becard. Nearer to Careiro we saw a single Buff-necked Ibis which was very unusual for the area. It 

was then time to head back to Manaus and our onward flights home, or to Roraima. 


On arrival in Boa Vista we headed to our hotel for a late lunch. In the late afternoon we headed 

north to an area of open savannas and gallery woodlands along the Rio Uraricoera. The savanna 

areas held a good selection of open country and wetland species including a pair of Azure Gallinules. 

Large numbers of Red-bellied Macaws flew into the Moriche palms to feed while Brown-throated 

Parakeets and Green-rumped Parrotlets fed in roadside trees. A family group of Bicoloured Wrens fed 

noisily nearby as large numbers of Eared Doves flew back and forth across the grasslands. Along the 

Rio Uraricoera we found several pairs of the range restricted Rio Branco Antbird in vine tangles near 

the village. It seems this species is rather more numerous than previously thought as we found it in 

any riverine woodlands with vine tangles. On our return to Boa Vista we saw six Toco Toucans, large 

numbers of Orange-winged Parrots and Least Nighthawks. 

At dawn the following morning we were along the Rio Uraricoaera birding the gallery woodlands. 

We watched as hundreds of Yellow-rumped Caciques and Shiny and Giant Cowbirds fly out of their 

roost towards their feeding grounds. The marshy pond held a number of Hoatzins, Striated Herons, 

Yellow-chinned Spinetails, Lined Seedeaters and several Pale-legged Horneros as well as numerous 

Slate-headed Tody-Flycatchers and a number of Pale-tipped Inezias. We really did not have to walk 

very far before we heard both of our targets at this site: Hoary-throated Spinetail and Rio Branco 

Antbird. Once we had seen both species as well as was possible we began to search for other 

species. We found the lovely Flavescent Warbler at one of very few sites in northern Brazil. We had 

great looks at Streak-headed Woodcreeper, Southern White-fringed Antwren, Bicoloured Wren, Ashyheaded 

Greenlet, Fuscous Flycatcher, Mouse-coloured Tyrannulet and Spectacled Thrush. We then 

headed north to have breakfast with the gauchos by the highway happy that we had seen all of our 

morning target species. Continuing north towards the Venezuelan border we explored some pristine 

looking savannas. Here, we saw at least three Giant Anteaters lumbering across the open grasslands, 

several Crested Bobwhites, a pair of Aplomado Falcons and a single White-tailed Kite. Continuing 

north we found a pair of Xenopsaris building a nest; an uncommon species in this part of its range. 

There were also numerous flocks of Grey and Plumbeous Seedeaters before we headed north to 

Pacaraima on the border. After an excellent lunch at the best churrascaria in town, it was back to 

work in the savannas. In the heat it was hard to get going again but suddenly there they were. First 

two, then several more Sun Parakeets. One of the most beautiful and, as it happens, rarest species in 

northern South America. Not known from this area, and largely trapped out for the cage bird trade, 

this was a great success and we spent the rest of the day watching these stunning birds. At dusk we 

headed back to town for a superb dinner at the bus station. How is it that the biggest and most 

expensive hotels fail miserably to produce anything vaguely memorable and yet a basic roadside 

restaurant can turn out such a fantastic meal? 

The following morning after dawn in foothill forests on the border we headed south to Boa Vista. The 

foothill forests produced the clattering racket of a pair of Spix’s Guan, Black-headed Parrots, 

numerous Screaming Pihas and a few other species before it started to rain. On our way south 

through the savannas we stopped again to see the Sun Parakeets, found a singing male Large-billed 

Seedfinch, a breeding colony of Ruddy-breasted Seedeaters, a number of Wedge-tailed Grassfinches, 

several Black-crowned Night Herons and a Purple Gallinule. A stop in drier savannas again produced 

a number of Giant Anteaters, several Jabirus, Maguari Storks and Zone-tailed and Savanna Hawks. 

We then slowly worked our way back to Boa Vista for a pleasant meal and a rest. 

Virua National Park, a few hours south of Boa Vista was our final port of call; a magnificent national 

park protecting a mix of campina woodlands, Igapo forests and hilly terra firma. Although little 

known the park clearly has a substantial proportion of the region’s specialities. We only had one day 

but we did see a good selection of species in both the campina woodlands and along the entrance 

track. Working the entrance track to the administration we found a pair of the spectacular 

Ferruginous-backed Antbird, a pair of the localized Willis’s Antbird and a large troop of Goldenhanded 

Tamarins which allowed us to watch them for half an hour or so. Understorey flocks and 


canopy flocks held many of those species we had become quite familiar with over the last couple of 

weeks but we did manage to add both Pink-throated Becard and Dot-winged Antwren to that list. 

We did try to get to the site for Yapacana Antbird but unfortunately we needed a boat. Although our 

visit was specially permitted by IBAMA to see how tourism might work in the park they had used 

their boat for research along the Rio Branco 50km away. Next time we were promised it would be 

available. As we moved on to the campina woodlands we found several Cherrie’s Antwrens and 

managed spectacular views of a family group. We also saw a number of Black-crested Antshrikes, 

Guianan Slaty Antshrikes and a group of Green-tailed Jacamars. In the late afternoon, large numbers 

of Blue-and-yellow Macaws plus a few Scarlet Macaws screeched away to their roost sites making for 

a fitting end to a spectacular day. We then headed back to Caracarai for a fantastic dinner before 

continuing on to Boa Vista. 

Our last morning was spent visiting a number of wetlands along the Bonfim road where we caught up 

with a number of open country species. These included nesting Pied-billed and Least Grebes, 

Double-striped Thick-knees, Yellowish Pipits, recently arrived Greater and Lesser Yellowlegs, a 

number of Jabiru, Buff-necked Ibises, several Capped Herons and a couple of roosting Black-crowned 

Night Herons. Interestingly we watched an adult Pied-billed Grebe attacking a Jabiru that strayed too 

close to its nest. At a palm swamp on the edge of town we saw dozens of Red-bellied and Redshouldered 

Macaws along with another very responsive Point-tailed Palmcreeper finishing the tour as 

we started it with a Palmcreeper hunt. It was time to wrap things up and we returned to town for our 

flights back to Manaus after a very successful tour. 


SYSTEMATIC LIST 

Species which were heard but not seen are indicated by the symbol (H). 

Species which were not personally recorded by the leader are indicated by the symbol (NL). 

Species which were only recorded by the leader are indicated by the symbol (LO). 

TINAMIDAE 

Great Tinamou Tinamus major (H): Several heard during the trip starting at Iracema falls. 

Little Tinamou Crypturellus soui (H): Heard at Iracema falls and at São Gabriel. 

Undulated Tinamou Crypturellus undulates (H): Heard at Anavilhanas Jungle lodge 

Variegated Tinamou Crypturellus variegatus (H): Heard at São Gabriel. 

ANATIDAE 

Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata: Several small flocks seen on Marchantaria, in the Anavilhanas and 

in Roraima. 

DENDROCYGNIDAE 

Black-bellied Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna autumnalis: Numerous on Marchantaria. Abundant in 

Roraima. 

White-faced Whistling Duck Dendrocygna viduata: Abundant in Roraima 

Brazilian Teal Amazonetta brasiliensis: Three seen near Boa Vista. 

CRACIDAE 

Little Chachalaca Ortalis motmot: Heard and seen at Iracema Falls in good numbers. 

Spix’s Guan Penelope jacquacu (H): A couple heard at Pacaraima. 

Marail Guan Penelope marail: Seen at Iracema falls. Slightly larger than a chachalaca but smaller 

than Spix’s Guan. This species is a true Guianan Shield endemic as its range does not 

extend south of the Amazon or west of the Rio Negro. 

Lesser Razor-billed Curassow (Crestless C) Mitu tomentosa (H): Several heard in the Anavilhanas 

and one briefly seen at Virua NP by our field assistant. A very rare and localized species. 

ODONTOPHORIDAE 

Crested Bobwhite Colinus cristatus: Fairly common in Roraima. 

Marbled Wood-Quail Odontophorus gujanensis: Several heard and one seen at Iracema Falls 

roosting in a small tree. 

GREBES 

Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps: Several pairs with young seen near Boa Vista. 

Least Grebe Tachybaptus dominicus: Several pairs seen near Boa Vista. 

PHALACROCORACIDAE 

Neotropic Cormorant (Olivaceous C) Phalacrocorax olivaceous: Common on Marchantaria. Small 

numbers elsewhere. 

ANHINGIDAE 

Anhinga Anhinga anhinga: Seen along the Careiro road and at a number of sites in Roraima. 

ARDEIDAE 

Rufescent Tiger Heron Tigrisoma lineatum: One seen along the Careiro road and another in the Virua 

NP. 

Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax: Seen in Roraima. 


Striated Heron Butorides striata: The most common heron throughout our area. Note that birds from 

North America have been split and now referred to as the Green Heron. 

Western Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis: Common and widespread in open areas. The nominate race of 

this species apparently invaded South America in the late 19th century, one of the most 

rapid avian range expansions in historic times. 

Cocoi Heron (White-necked H) Ardea cocoi: A few birds encountered along the Rio Solimões, one 

in the Anavilhanas and a few in Roraima. 

Great Egret Casmerodius albus: Large numbers along the Rio Solimões and other sites with aquatic 

environments. Note that at present this species is sometimes placed within the genus 

Ardea. 

Capped Heron Pilherodius pileatus: Up to seven seen along the Igarape Januari and a few in 

Roraima. 

Snowy Egret Egretta thula: Very common on Marchantaria and along the Careiro road. 

THRESKIORNITHIDAE 

Green Ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis: One seen in at Janauari and another in Mindu Park. 

Buff-necked Ibis Theristicus infuscatus : One seen along the Careiro road was an extralimital record. 

Common in the savannas of Roraima. 

CICONIDAE 

Wood Stork Mycteria mycteria: A few in Roraima. 

Maguari Stork Ciconia maguari: Up to 30 in Roraima. 

Jabiru Jabiru mycteria: Up to 20 in Roraima. 

CATHARTIDAE 

Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura: Common throughout the trip in open and urban areas. Although 

traditionally placed with raptors modern studies indicate a more convoluted origin 

placing them nearer storks. No doubt the ongoing taxonomic research will again revise 

this. 

Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes burrovianus: Numerous on Marchantaria and along the 

Solimoes. 

Greater Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes melambrotus: The commonest vulture of forested areas 

north of Manaus and around São Gabriel. 

Black Vulture (American B V) Coragyps atratus: Abundant throughout the tour. 

King Vulture Sarcoramphus papa: One seen at Iracema falls. The specific name papa is Latin for 

bishop and the name refers to the immaculate white plumage of the adult. 

ACCIPITRIDAE 

Osprey Pandion haliaetus : A couple seen along the Rio Negro. 

Grey-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis: A single bird seen along the Rio Negro. A somewhat thinly 

distributed species. 

Swallow-tailed Kite (American S-t K) Elanoides forficatus: A big group during our second visit to the 

INPA Tower. 

Pearl Kite Gampsonyx swainsonii: Two seen in Roraima. 

White-tailed Kite Elanurus leucurus: A few in Roraima. 

Snail Kite (Everglade K) Rostrhamus sociabilis: Numerous on Marchantaria and along the Careiro 

Road. This species feeds almost exclusively on apple snails (Pomacea sp.), apparently 

without ill effect. 

Slender-billed Kite Rostrhamus hamatus: One seen along the Careiro road. 

Double-toothed Kite Harpagus bidentatus: Two birds seen at the INPA Tower and another pair along 

the Cucui road. 

Plumbeous Kite Ictinia plumbea: Several birds seen north of Manaus and other on Marchantaria. 


Tiny Hawk Accipiter superciliosus: A somewhat rare species quite commonly recorded around São 

Gabriel. We saw one perched and all got scope views as it was mobbed by a pair of 

White-browed Purpletufts. 

White Hawk Leucopternis albicollis: Several pairs seen from the INPA Tower. 

Black-faced Hawk Leucopternis melanops: A spectacular views of a pair at São Gabriel seen along 

the Moises Trail. 

Great Black-Hawk Buteogallus urubitinga: A single bird seen along the entrance road to the INPA 

Tower and another along the Careiro road. 

Savanna Hawk Buteogallus meridionalis: One on Marchantaria, several along the Careiro Road and 

common in Roraima. 

Black-collared Hawk Busarellus nigricollis: A few birds seen on Marchantaria and along the Igarape 

Janauari. 

Roadside Hawk Buteo magnirostris: Seen from Iracema falls onwards. Especially numerous along the 

Rio Solimões where possibly ‘Riverside Hawk’ would seem more appropriate. 

White-tailed Hawk Buteo albicaudatus: Commonly seen in Roraima. 

Swainson’s Hawk Buteo swainsonii: A few seen along the Cucuiro Road near São Gabriel was very 

unusual. 

Zone-tailed Hawk Buteo albonotatus: Several seen at widely scattered sites throughout Roraima. 

Black Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus tyrannus: Good views of a single bird over the Campina das Lajes and 

another at São Gabriel. 

Crested Eagle Morphnus guianensis: A single bird seen carrying prey over the canopy at the INPA 

Tower. This was close to where a bird was seen on a reconnaissance visit just before the 

trip began. 

FALCONIDAE 

Black Caracara Daptrius ater: One north of Manaus and several in the Anavilhanas.. 

Red-throated Caracara Ibycter americanus: A very noisy frugivorous forest falcon seen at Iracema 

Falls and around São Gabriel. 

Northern Crested Caracara Caracara cheriway: Common in Roraima. 

Yellow-headed Caracara Milvago chimachima: The most common raptor in open and disturbed 

habitats. 

Lined Forest-Falcon Micrastur gilvicollis (H): One bird heard at the INPA Tower. 

American Kestrel Falco sparverius: Common in Roraima. 

Aplomado Falcon Falco femoralis: A couple of pairs in Roraima. 

Bat Falcon Falco rufigularis: Seen at Iracema falls, São Gabriel and Anavilhanas. . 

ARAMIDAE 

Limpkin Aramus guarauna: Seen and heard along the Careiro Road and in Roraima. 

PSOPHIIDAE 

Grey-winged Trumpeter Psophia crepitans: Three seen near the tower. The generic name Psophia 

simply means inarticulate noise while crepitans means to ‘break wind’. 

RALLIDAE 

Grey-necked Wood Rail Aramides cajanea (H): A single bird heard briefly on Marchantaria. 

Rufous-sided Crake Laterallus viridis: Several individuals heard on Marchantaria, where two birds 

were very briefly seen jumping out of the grass. 

Ash-throated Crake Porzana albicollis: One seen and several heard in Roraima. 

Purple Gallinule (American P G) Porphyrio martinica: Several birds seen along eastern edge of Ilha 

Marchantaria. 

Azure Gallinule Porphyrio flavirostris: At least two birds seen at Ilha Marchantaria Island. An 

uncommon bird. 


BURHINIDAE 

Double-striped thick-knee Burhinus bistriatus: Four seen near Boa Vista. 

CHARADRIIDAE 

Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis: A few seen along the Rio Solimões. 

Collared Plover Charadrius collaris: One seen on Marchantaria. 

Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca: A few seen near Boa Vista. 

Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes: A few seen near Boa Vista. 

Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria: Small numbers throughout. 

JACANIDAE 

Wattled Jacana Jacana jacana: Numerous along the Rio Solimões and the Careiro road. Like 

tinamous, jacanas exhibit sexual role reversal. The males perform most or all nest 

building, incubation and brooding. In addition they employ a polyandrous mating system 

in which a single female mates with several males who then take responsibility for the 

eggs and offspring. 

STERNIDAE 

Yellow-billed Tern Sternula superciliaris: A few seen along the Rio Solimoes. 

Large-billed Tern Phaetusa simplex: Quite numerous along the Rio Solimões and small numbers seen 

elsewhere. 

COLUMBIDAE 

Common Ground-Dove Columbina passerina: Common and widespread throughout the trip. 

Ruddy Ground-Dove Columbina talpacoti: Also a common species near houses and open areas. We 

recorded a good many en route to the Anavilhanas jungle lodge. 

Feral Pigeon (Rock Dove) (introduced) Columba livia: An abundant synanthropic species found in 

towns and cities. In South America birds may be of either feral or domestic origin. 

Scaled Pigeon Patagioenas speciosa: Several birds seen at Presidente Figueiredo. 

Pale-vented Pigeon Patagioenas cayennensis: Commonly seen and heard along rivers and lakes. 

Plumbeous Pigeon Patagioenas plumbea: Several heard and one seen from the INPA Tower and 

others around São Gabriel. 

Ruddy Pigeon Patagioenas subvinacea: Several seen near Iracema Falls and São Gabriel. 

White-tipped Dove Leptotila verreauxi: Seen at Iracema Falls and São Gabriel. 

Grey-fronted Dove Leptotila rufaxilla: Seen at several sites. . 

Ruddy Quail Dove Geotrygon Montana: Seen near Iracema falls. 

PSITTACIDAE 

Blue-and-yellow Macaw Ara ararauna: A good many small groups seen flying over Lajes Campina, 

around Iracema falls and São Gabriel. Up to 36 seen together in Virua NP. 

Scarlet Macaw Ara macao: Several pairs noted at sites throughout the trip. 

Red-and-green Macaw Ara chloropterus: Several pairs noted at the INPA Tower and São Gabriel; a 

generally rare species now. 

Chestnut-fronted Macaw Ara severa: A pair seen on Marchantaria were the only birds we saw. 

South of the Amazon this is a common species. 

Red-bellied Macaw Orthopsittaca manilata: A pair nesting at our first stop at the Rio Preto and up to 

40 seen there on our second stop. This species is strongly associated with Mauritia palms 

and almost always found near such palm groves. 

Red-shouldered Macaw Diopsittaca nobilis: Small numbers seen around Boa Vista. 

White-eyed Parakeet Aratinga leucophthalma: Large numbers seen on Marchantaria and in Manaus. 

Sun Parakeet Aratinga solstitialis: At least twelve seen west of Normandia. The Sun Parakeet is 

restricted to central Guyana and Roraima, Brazil, and may have occurred in Surinam. It 


was quite common in the Rupurumi savannas of western Guyana and adjacent Roraima it 

has long since been extirpated from much of this tiny range. In Guyana nesting has been 

proven near Karasabai on the Brazilian border where up to 80 birds were found in 2003. 

In Roraima small populations have recently been discovered Current estimates put the 

population at no more than 2000 birds. Up until the 1980’s birds were exported from 

Guyana with an annual export quota of 600 birds set and about 2200 taken for the US 

market between 1981 and 1985. Although there is still pressure on remaining birds from 

trappers there is now mounting pressure to conserve those left. 

Brown-throated Parakeet Aratinga pertinax: The common parakeet in Roraima. 

Maroon-tailed Parakeet Pyrrhura m. melanura: We saw several small flocks around São Gabriel. The 

taxonomy of this species is complex and more than one species may be involved within 

the presently recognized species. 

Painted Parakeet Pyrrhura picta: A few seen at Iracema falls. 

Green-rumped Parrotlet Forpus passerines: Common in Roraima. 

Blue-winged Parrotlet Forpus xanthopterygius: Seen outside our hotel, at the Sumauma park in 

Manaus and along the Careiro road. 

Canary-winged Parakeet Brotogeris versicolurus: Seen at a fruiting tree in Manaus and along the 

Careiro road. 

Cobalt-winged Parakeet Brotogeris cyanoptera: Small groups were recorded daily around São 

Gabriel and at Anavilhanas, where the nominate form occurs. Cobalt-winged Parakeet 

replaces the following species west of the Rio Branco. 

Golden-winged Parakeet Brotogeris chrysoptera: We saw quite a number of small flocks at Iracema 

Falls and a good number from the INPA Tower. 

Tui Parakeet Brotogeris sanctithomae: We recorded large numbers of the nominate form on the Ilha 

Marchantaria and along the Cariero road. The scientific name refers to the island of São 

Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea, obviously an erroneous toponym. 

Black-headed Parrot Pionites melanocephala: Two seen at São Gabriel and others at Pacaraima. 

Orange-cheeked Parrot Gypopsitta barrabandi: We saw a couple of flocks at São Gabriel and 

another at the Anavilhanas Jungle lodge. 

Caica Parrot Gypopsitta caica: A group six seen at Iracema falls and a pair seen very well at São 

Gabriel on the east bank. The birds were in a small dead tree by the Abacaxi trail and we 

had point blank views of them. This and the previous species are said to replace one 

another east and west of the Rio Branco. 

Short-tailed Parrot Graydidascalus brachyurus: Up 25 seen in seasonally flooded varzea forests on 

Marchantaria Island. Smaller numbers seen along the Careiro road. Its generic name 

honours John Edward Gray, a 19th century English ornithologist. Didascalos is ancient 

Greek for teacher or master, and thus the name of this monotypic genus honours the 

influence of Gray to ornithology. 

Blue-headed Parrot Pionus menstruus: A generally common species recorded throughout our trip in 

small numbers. 

Dusky Parrot Pionus fuscus: We had excellent views of this Guianan speciality north of Manaus from 

the INPA Tower and at Iracema falls. This species tends to be seen alone or in pairs 

unlike many other Psittacids . 

Red-lored Parrot (RL Amazon) Amazona autumnalis: We saw several from the INPA Tower where 

uncommon. Generally found in riverine forests in this part of its range. 

Festive Parrot (F Amazon) Amazona festiva: A few in the Anavilhanas Archipelago and dozens along 

the Careiro road. Not as abundant as in other years. This species is largely restricted to 

riverine forests and is becoming increasingly rare. 

Orange-winged Parrot (O-w Amazon) Amazona amazonica: Generally the commonest Amazona 

throughout the trip. 

Kawall’s Parrot Amazona kawalli (H): We heard a couple of birds in the Anavilhanas This has only 

very recently been described. It is a cryptic species once thought range-restricted but has 


proven to be widespread, although local and uncommon. Kawali was a Brazilian 

aviculturalist. 

Yellow-crowned Parrot (Y-c Amazon) Amazona ochrocephala: A few seen north of Boa Vista. 

Mealy Parrot (M Amazon) Amazona farinosa: Fairly common in tall forest throughout the trip. We 

saw good numbers from the INPA Tower. 

Red-fan Parrot Deroptyus accipitrinus: A pair seen at Iracema Falls and good numbers seen superbly 

from the INPA Tower. A group of five preening in an open tree adjacent to the tower was 

very memorable 

OPISTHOCOMIDAE 

Hoatzin Opisthocomus hoazin: Four seen along the Careiro road on the south bank of the Amazon. 

Others seen north of Boa Vista. 

CUCULIDAE 

Squirrel Cuckoo Piaya cayana: Seen only in the Anavilhanas Archipelago but heard at a few other 

sites. Up to 14 sub-species are known of this species with the form occurring here being 

the nominate form. 

Black-bellied Cuckoo Piaya melanogaster: Commonly recorded around São Gabriel and at the INPA 

Tower where Squirrel Cuckoo was not recorded. 

Greater Ani Crotophaga major: The largest in the genus found exclusively in flooded and riverineedge 

forests. Particularly numerous in flooded areas on Ilha Marchantaria and in the 

Anavilhanas Archipelago. 

Smooth-billed Ani Crotophaga ani: An abundant opportunist taking full advantage of degraded 

habitats throughout the tour. 

Striped Cuckoo Tapera naevia: Several heard in Roraima and one male seen calling in the open. An 

immature bird also seen nearby. 

Pavonine Cuckoo Dromococcyx pavoninus: Quite extraordinary views of this rarity at the Iracema 

falls hotel. A very rarely seen species anywhere. The word pavonine means turkey-like 

which is rather odd when applied to this species as it is less turkey like than any other 

species! 

STIGIDAE 

Tropical Screech Owl Megascops choliba (H): A couple heard at Anavilhanas Jungle lodge. 

Northern Tawny-bellied Screech Owl Megascops watsonii (H): Heard at Iracema Falls. 

Spectacled Owl Pulsatrix perspicillata (H): One bird heard at the Anavilhanas Jungle Lodge. 

Crested Owl Lophostrix cristata: (H): Heard at Iracema falls. 

Amazonian Pygmy-Owl (Hardy’s P-O) Glaucidium hardyi: We saw a single bird and heard others at 

the INPA Tower. The bird we saw was being mobbed by dacnis and tanager species. 

Ferruginous Pygmy Owl Glaucidium brasilianum: Several heard in the savannas north of Boa Vista. 

Burrowing Owl Speotyto cunicularia: One seen along the road to the Anavilhanas Jungle lodge 

would seem to be a range extension. One other seen near Boa Vista. 

NYCTIBIDAE 

Great Potoo Nyctibius grandis (H): Heard at Iracema Falls. 

Common Potoo Nyctibius griseus (H): At least one heard at São Gabriel and another at Anavilhanas 

jungle lodge. 

CAPRIMULGIDAE 

Short-tailed Nighthawk (Semicollared N) Lurocalis semitorquatus: Good views of a number at 

Iracema Falls, around São Gabriel and Anavilhanas Jungle Lodge. 

Least Nighthawk Chordeiles pusillus: Common in Roraima. 

Band-tailed Nighthawk Nyctiprogne leucopyga: Good numbers seen on Ilha Marchantaria and in the 

Anavilhanas Archipelago. On Ilha Marchantaria we heard and saw the widespread 


nominate form but the birds along the Rio Negro apparently have a distinct vocalisation. 

Although identical it is possible that there are two sister species involved here. The Rio 

Negro populations may already have the name N. Latifascia; a race described in 1945 

from S Venezuela which may well prove to be the same as other populations recently 

found on black water rivers in Peru . 

Nacunda Nighthawk Podager nacunda: One seen near Rio Urarcoeara. 

Pauraque (Common P) Nyctidromus albicollis: A pair seen at São Gabriel and others at Anavilhanas 

Jungle Lodge. A bird incubating a single egg found at Anavilhanas Jungle lodge. 

White-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus cayennensis: A couple seen north of Boa Vista. 

Spot-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus maculicaudus: A few seen during the day in savannas north of Boa 

Vista. 

Blackish Nightjar Caprimulgus nigrescens: First found at São Gabriel and subsequently found at the 

Sumauma Park in Manaus. A nesting pair also found at the Anavilhanas Jungle Lodge. 

APODIDAE 

White-collared Swift Streptoprocne zonaris: Several flocks seen at São Gabriel where bad weather in 

the Tepuis had driven them out over adjacent lowlands. A generally uncommon species 

in the areas visited on this tour. 

Band-rumped Swift Chaetura spinicaudus: This was the commonest swift at São Gabriel with smaller 

numbers seen elsewhere. 

Grey-rumped Swift Chaetura cinereiventris: Very common throughout. 

Chapman’s Swift Chaetura chapmani: A few seen from the tower where until recently these Chaetura 

swifts went unidentified. They are increasingly being found here and indeed over a much 

wider area. 

Short-tailed Swift Chaetura brachyura: Seen in small numbers throughout. 

Fork-tailed Palm-Swift (Neotropical P-S) Tachornis squamata: Commonly seen in the vicinity of 

Mauritia palms, where it nests. 

Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift Panyptila cayennensis: One seen along the Cucui road. 

TROCHILIDAE 

Great-billed Hermit Phaethornis malaris: Several birds heard but none seen along the Cucui road 

This species was formerly lumped in Eastern Long-tailed Hermit. The generic naming 

means sun bird. 

Eastern Long-tailed Hermit Phaethornis superciliosus: Several seen and heard north of Manaus. 

Straight-billed Hermit Phaethornis bourcieri: Several birds heard during the trip and a large lek at São 

Gabriel along the Moises Trail. We all managed great views of this species at the 

Anavilhanas Jungle lodge with an adult feeding a youngster. 

White-bearded Hermit Phaethornis hispidus: Several seen very briefly and others heard as they shot 

through the forest. 

Streak-throated Hermit Phaethornis rupurumi: Several seen in the Anavilhanas. 

Reddish Hermit Phaethornis ruber: Several birds seen at the large lek along the Moises Trail at São 

Gabriel. 

Grey-breasted Sabrewing Campylopterus largipennis: Seen rather briefly at Iracema Falls and again at 

São Gabriel. 

White-necked Jacobin Florisuga mellivora: Several males and females seen at Iracema falls and São 

Gabriel. 

Green-throated Mango Anthracothorax viridigula: A single male seen on Ilha Marchantaria. A very 

uncommon species. 

Black-throated Mango Anthracothorax nigricollis: A single female-plumaged bird seen in São 

Gabriel. 

Fiery Topaz Topaza pyra: This and the following species are the most stunning and elegant of 

hummingbirds. We enjoyed repeated close up views of a male holding territory along the 

Cucui road. We also heard a number of other in the forest canopy along the Inebo Trail. 


This and the following species are part of another group of species that seem to replace 

each other within the Rio Branco – Rio Negro interfluvium, 

Crimson Topaz Topaza pella: A fine male was in residence at Iracema Falls feeding on the red 

flowering tree near the hotel. 

Ruby Topaz Hummingbird Chrysolampis mosquitus: A few seen in Roraima. 

Racket-tailed Coquette Discosura longicauda (LO): One male seen but only by the leader at Iracema 

Falls.. 

Blue-tailed Emerald Chlorostilbon mellisugus: A few seen in Roraima. 

Fork-tailed Woodnymph Thalurania furcata: Several birds seen during the trip. 

Rufous-throated Sapphire Hylocharis sapphirina: One seen at Iracema and others in Virua NP. 

Green-tailed Goldenthroat Polytmus theresiae: Very common at the Lajes campina and in the low 

igapo at Igarapé-Açu. Others seen in Virua NP. This species is named after Therese 

Charlotte Maria-anna, Princess of Bavaria a zoologist, explorer and daughter of Luitpold 

Prince Regent of Bavaria. 

Versicoloured Emerald Amazilia versicolor: A few seen during the trip. 

Glittering-throated Emerald Amazilia fimbriata: A few seen in Roraima. 

Black-eared Fairy Heliothryx aurita: A very handsome bird seen at São Gabriel. 

TROGONIDAE 

Black-tailed Trogon Trogon melanurus (H): Heard at Iracema Falls and near São Gabriel. 

Green-backed Trogon (Amazonian W-t T) Trogon viridis: Seen and heard at all forest sites throughout 

the trip. 

Black-throated Trogon Trogon rufus: Heard and seen at São Gabriel along the Moises Trail. 

Guianan Trogon (Amazonian V T) Trogon violaceus: Good views of up to five birds at Iracema Falls. 

Also seen at São Gabriel. 

ALCEDINIDAE 

Ringed Kingfisher Ceryle torquatus: Abundant along the Solimoes. Smaller numbers along the Rio 

Negro. 

Amazon Kingfisher Chloroceryle amazona: A few seen along the Solimoes and a few seen elsewhere. 

Green-and-rufous Kingfisher Chloroceryle inda: One adult seen very briefly as it shot across the road 

at São Gabriel. 

Green Kingfisher Chloroceryle americana: A single bird seen in Virua NP 

American Pygmy Kingfisher Chloroceryle aenea: One seen along the Urarcoera River north of Boa 

Vista. 

MOMOTIDAE 

Blue-crowned Motmot Momotus momota: One bird seen at São Gabriel and others heard elsewhere. 

GALBULIDAE 

Yellow-billed Jacamar Galbula albirostris: A single bird along the Moises Trail at São Gabriel. 

Green-tailed Jacamar Galbula galbula: Great views of a pair in the Anavilhanas Archipelago. 

Bronzy Jacamar Galbula leucogastra: A surprising number of this somewhat local species seen at the 

Lajes Campina and at KM44. We had incredible views of several birds hawking over the 

trails. 

Paradise Jacamar Galbula dea: Recorded at Iracema Falls and at Sao Gabriel. Birds from Manaus are 

of the nominate form, while those on the west bank of the Rio Negro are of the form 

brunneiceps. 

Great Jacamar Jacamerops aureus: Heard near São Gabriel. 

BUCCONIDAE 

Guianan Puffbird Notharchus macrorhynchus: Several birds seen from the INPA Tower. 


White-necked Puffbird Notharchus hyperrhynchus: Several pairs seen at São Gabriel with one of 

them at a termite nest where they may have been excavating a nest chamber. Formerly 

considered conspecific with the above species. 

Pied Puffbird Notharchus tectus: One found at Iracema Falls and others heard at São Gabriel.. 

Chestnut-capped Puffbird Bucco macrodactylus: One seen along the Januaria creek and another seen 

at São Gabriel. Another three star bird. 

Spotted Puffbird Bucco tamatia: At least two seen and others heard at KM44 campina. Another seen 

from the tower. 

Black Nunbird Monasa atra: Fairly common north of Manaus. This is the Guianan Shield nunbird 

occurring north of the Amazon and east of the Rio Negro. 

Black-fronted Nunbird Monasa nigrifrons: Common in riverine habitats at the Anavilhanas 

Archipelago. 

White-fronted Nunbird Monasa morphoeus: Seen in terra firma forests at São Gabriel. 

Swallow-wing (S-winged Puffbird) Chelidoptera tenebrosa: Fairly common throughout our trip. 

CAPITONIDAE 

Black-spotted Barbet Capito niger: Seen at Iracema Falls in most flocks. This and the following 

species were considered conspecific. However, morphological and vocal differences are 

sufficient to warrant specific separation. Found east of Branco and north of Amazon. 

Gilded Barbet Capito auratus: Seen around São Gabriel. This species being found west of the Rio 

Branco but considerably east of it in the upper headwater region in northern Roraima. 

RAMPHASTIDAE 

Channel-billed Toucan Ramphastos vitellinus: Numerous individuals heard from Manaus to São 

Gabriel with little vocal difference between these populations. However, they do differ in 

plumage with western populations having an all white throat and breast while the eastern 

populations have a rich orange wash on the breast. 

Toco Toucan Ramphastos toco: Eight birds seen in Roraima. 

White-throated Toucan (Red-billed T) Ramphastos tucanus: Commonly heard and seen throughout 

the trip. Nominate form near Manaus, and the form cuvieri west of the Rio Negro. 

Tawny-tufted Toucanet Selenidera nattereri: Fantastic views of a male along the Cucui Road near São 

Gabriel. It forms a superspecies with Guianan, Golden-collared, Gould’s, and Spot-billed 

Toucanets, which are allospecies with parapatric distributions. Dr Johann Natterer was an 

Austrian zoologist who lived in Brazil in the nineteenth century. 

Guianan Toucanet Selenidera culik: Several pairs seen from the INPA with especially good views of 

a number of individuals at eye level. 

Green Aracari Pteroglossus viridis: A good many seen from the INPA Tower, at Iracema falls and in 

Virua NP. 

Chestnut-eared Aracari Pteroglossus castanotis (H): Heard on Marchantaria. 

Black-necked Aracari Pteroglossus aracari (H): Heard at Iracema Falls. 

Many-banded Aracari Pteroglossus pluricinctus: Several pairs seen near São Gabriel where quite 

numerous. 

PICIDAE 

Yellow-tufted Woodpecker Melanerpes cruentatus: Fairly common throughout the trip. The specific 

name cruentatus is Latin for ‘blood-stained’, referring to the red belly patch, typical of the 

genus. We also saw the form in northern Roraima that lacks the yellow tuft. 

Little Woodpecker Veniliornis passerinus: Several birds on Marchantaria Island. 

Golden-collared Woodpecker Veniliornis cassini: Another Guianan Shield endemic, which we had 

great views of at Iracema Falls. 

Yellow-throated Woodpecker Piculus flavigula: Commonly heard and seen in mixed-species flocks. 

We saw a number very well from the INPA Tower. 


Spot-breasted Woodpecker Colaptes punctigula: We saw a good number of this species both in the 

Anavilhanas and on Marchantaria. 

Golden-olive woodpecker Piculus rubiginosus: A pair seen near Pacaraima. 

Waved Woodpecker Celeus undulatus: We saw quite a number of this pretty species both at Iracema 

Falls and at the INPA Tower. This species is replaced by the following species south of 

the Amazon and west of the Rio Branco. 

Scale-breasted Woodpecker Celeus grammicus: A number of pairs of this lovely species near São 

Gabriel, where it replaces the previous species west of the Rio Branco. 

Chestnut Woodcreeper Celeus elegans: A single bird seen at São Gabriel and another heard at Virua 

NP. 

Cream-coloured Woodpecker Celeus flavus: We saw a pair from the INPA Tower and a number of 

others near São Gabriel. 

Ringed Woodpecker Celeus torquatus: A pair from the INPA Tower and several pairs seen at very 

close quarters around São Gabriel. A pair of very confiding birds seen along the Abacaxi 

Trail. 

Lineated Woodpecker Dryocopus lineatus: We saw and heard quite a number throughout the trip. . 

Red-necked Woodpecker Campephilus rubricollis: We heard a number and saw several birds. 

Crimson-crested Woodpecker Campephilus melanoleucos: A bird seen along the Careiro road. 

FURNARIIDAE 

Pale-legged Hornero Furnarius leucopus: Several pairs seen and heard in Roraima where quite 

common in gallery woodlands. 

Lesser Hornero Furnarius minor: Several pairs seen on Marchantaria Island and also along the first 

section of the Careiro road which appears to have quite a number of island species. 

Pale-breasted Spinetail Synallaxis albescens: Common along the Careiro Road and in Roraima. 

Hoary-throated Spinetail Synallaxis kollari: Several birds seen along the Rio Uracoeara where 

common in gallery woodlands. 

Dark-breasted Spinetail Synallaxis albigularis: Common on Marchantaria Island and along the Careiro 

Road. 

Ruddy Spinetail Synallaxis rutilans: A pair of this uncommon terra firma species seen at Iracema Falls. 

White-bellied Spinetail Synallaxis propinqua: A common river island specialist on Marchantaria Is. 

Yellow-chinned Spinetail (Y-throated S) Certhiaxis cinnamomeus: Common along the Careiro Road. 

Red-and-white Spinetail Certhiaxis mustelinus: A very common species on Marchantaria Island. 

Point-tailed Palmcreeper Berlepschia rikeri: We saw a pair at KM45 and another very cooperative 

individual near Boa Vista. 

Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner Automolus ochrolaemus (H): One bird heard at Virua NP. 

Rufous-tailed Xenops Xenops milleri: A single bird at the INPA Tower and a pair seen at the 

Anavilhanas Jungle lodge. 

Plain Xenops Xenops minutus: A number seen around São Gabriel, at the INPA Tower and in Virua 

NP. 

Plain-brown Woodcreeper Dendrocincla fuliginosa: One bird seen and several heard at São Gabriel. 

Long-tailed Woodcreeper Deconychura longicauda: A few heard at São Gabriel. 

Olivaceous Woodcreeper Sittasomus griseicapillus: Seen throughout the trip. More than one species 

is likely involved. Birds from Manaus are of the form axillaris, whereas birds from São 

Gabriel are of the form amazonus. 

Wedge-billed Woodcreeper Glyphorynchus spirurus: Quite common throughout the trip. 

Long-billed Woodcreeper Nasica longirostris: A number of pairs seen along the Igarape Janauari and 

in the Anavilhanas. A spectacular woodcreeper. 

Amazonian Barred Woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes certhia: Superb views of a confiding pair bird near 

São Gabriel. 

Black-banded Woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes picumnus: We only heard this species at the 

Anavilhanas Jungle lodge. It is commonly associated with ant swarms. 


Straight-billed Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus picus: Seen and heard in riverine habitats throughout 

the tour. 

Zimmer’s Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus kienerii: Great views of several pairs on Marchantaria Is, 

along the Igarape Januari and in the Anavilhanas Archipelago. A cryptic species lost to 

science for many years and unknown in life until a few years ago. Initially thought rare it 

is now known to be quite common and occurs sympatrically with Straight-billed 

woodcreeper. 

Striped Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus obsoletus: We saw quite a number of pairs in flooded forests 

along the Negro and the Igarape Janauari. 

Ocellated Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus ocellatus: A couple of birds seen in mixed flocks on the west 

bank of the Rio Negro opposite São Gabriel and at the Anavilhanas Jungle lodge. This 

species is replaced by the following species east of the Negro. 

Chestnut-rumped Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus pardalotus: Several pairs seen north of Manaus in 

terra firma forests and others at Virua NP. 

Buff-throated Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus guttatus: Generally the commonest woodcreeper vocally. 

We saw many individuals at many localities throughout the trip. 

Streak-headed Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes souleyetii: A few seen and heard in Roraima. 

Lineated Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes albolineatus: We saw this species from the tower of the 

nominate race with its striped crown and chattering call and another pair near São 

Gabriel of the form duidae with its plain-crown and distinct whistled song. 

THAMNOPHILIDAE 

Undulated Antshrike Frederickena unduligera: A pair seen along the Inebo trail at São Gabriel. A rare 

and tricky species to see at all. 

Fasciated Antshrike Cymbilaimus lineatus: We saw several birds at the Anavilhanas Jungle lodge. 

Numerous individuals heard elsewhere. The generic name is derived from a type of boat 

destined to ferry the dead. Presumably this is in reference to the form of bill these species 

have. 

Great Antshrike Taraba major: Several heard and a couple seen along the Cucui road near São 

Gabriel. 

Black-crested Antshrike Sakesphorus canadensis: Common in the Anavilhanas Archipelago and 

Roraima. 

Glossy Antshrike Sakesphorus luctuosus: A pair of this very handsome species found along the 

Careiro Road. 

Barred Antshrike Thamnophilus doliatus: A pair seen along the Careiro road and others in Roraima. 

Blackish-grey Antshrike Thamnophilus nigrocinereus: Very numerous in the Anavilhanas where we 

all got great views of this Igapo specialist. 

Castelnau’s Antshrike Thamnophilus cryptoleucus: A pair showed well at the upper end of 

Marchantaria Island. A very smart Antshrike. 

White-shouldered Antshrike Thamnophilus aethiops : A pair seen very well at the Anavilhanas Jungle 

lodge. 

Mouse-coloured Antshrike Thamnophilus murinus: Commonly recorded throughout the trip. Often a 

common species in mixed flocks. 

Guianan Slaty Antshrike (Northern S A) Thamnophilus punctatus: Numerous birds heard at Virua, 

KM44 campina and northern Roraima. This is the nominate race of the T. punctatus 

complex. 

Amazonian Antshrike Thamnophilus amazonicus: A pair seen at São Gabriel and others at Virua NP. 

Dusky-throated Antshrike Thamnomanes ardesiacus: The most commonly heard understorey flock 

leader throughout the trip. 

Cinereous Antshrike Thamnomanes caesius: Another sub-canopy flock leader. Rather more vocal 

and easily detected than the above species. 


Spot-winged Antshrike Pygiptila stellaris: Seen at São Gabriel and at the Anavilhanas jungle lodge. 

An interesting species that behaves like an antwren picking about in dead leaves and vine 

tangles and indeed has the structure of an antwren as well. 

Rufous-tailed Antwren Myrmotherula erythrura: Several seen on the west bank at São Gabriel. 

Brown-bellied Antwren Myrmotherula gutturalis: Several pairs seen near the INPA Tower and others 

in the Virua NP. A dead leaf specialist found in mixed flocks this species replaces the 

following species east of the Rio Negro. 

Stipple-throated Antwren Myrmotherula haematonota: Several pairs seen on the west bank at São 

Gabriel. 

Pygmy Antwren Myrmotherula brachyura: Numerous throughout the trip. 

Yellow-throated Antwren Myrmotherula ambigua: A canopy species that can prove a challenge to 

see well. We all eventually saw this lovely little antwren along the Abacaxi Trail near São 

Gabriel. An Imerí endemic that replaces Sclater’s Antwren M. sclateri north of the 

Amazon 

Cherrie’s Antwren Myrmotherula cherriei: After failing to find this species along the Igarapé-Açu it 

was good to find it to be numerous in the Virua NP where we saw up to five birds at 

close quarters. Having been considered an Imerí endemic this species has been found to 

be rather more widespread in campinas and white sand forests. Named after George K. 

Cherrie (1865-1948), an American ornithologist. 

Klages’s Antwren Myrmotherula klagesi: Abundant in the Anavilhanas. This Igapo forest specialist 

was thought to occur only in the Anavilhanas and at its type locality, on the Rio Tapajós. 

However, it too has now been found along the Solimões, the Lower Rio Negro, the Rio 

Branco and the Madeira. 

White-flanked Antwren Myrmotherula axillaris: A common species in sub-canopy flocks seen from 

Manaus to São Gabriel. Note that this species is undergoing taxonomic revision. 

Long-winged Antwren Myrmotherula longipennis: Several pairs seen in mixed-species flocks. 

Grey Antwren Myrmotherula menetriesii: Commonly encountered throughout the trip. 

Leaden Antwren Myrmotherula assimilis: We found a nice pair and heard many others of this river 

island specialist in the Anavilhanas Archipelago. 

Dot-winged Antwren Microrhopias quixensis: Several seen in the Virua NP. This species is named 

after the type locality; the Rio Quijos in Ecuador. 

Banded Antbird Dichrozona cincta: A single bird was taped in and superb views enjoyed by all. An 

odd and highly disjunct population of this species that is found mainly south of the 

Amazon. 

Spot-backed Antwren Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus: An abundant species seen in most canopy 

flocks. Although tricky to get good views of this bird we all managed to do so near São 

Gabriel in stunted woodlands. 

Southern White-fringed Antwren Formicivora grisea: Heard at the Lajes campina and very common 

in Roraima. 

Ash-winged Antwren Terenura spodioptila: Seen and heard in a number of flocks. 

Grey Antbird Cercomacra cinerascens: We heard this bird almost daily, but managed to see it at São 

Gabriel. 

Dusky Antbird Cercomacra tyrannina: A very common species. We saw two distinct races during our 

trip; the saturatior form along the Cucui Road and the nominate form along the Moises 

Trail on the west bank of the Rio Negro. 

Willis’s Antbird Cercomacra laeta: A pair seen in Virua NP where considered common. 

Rio Branco Antbird Cercomacra carbonaria: In gallery woodlands and scrub with vine tangles must 

be considered common in Roraima. We even managed to find several pairs in a village 

along the Rio Uracoaera. 

Black-faced Antbird Myrmoborus myotherinus: A pair with young seen at Anavilhanas. 

White-browed Antbird Myrmoborus leucophrys: A number heard in Virua NP. 

Ash-breasted Antbird Myrmoborus lugubris: We had good views of a male in the Anavilhanas. This is 

also a river island specialist, restricted to Igapo and river islands. 


Imeri Warbling Antbird Hypocnemis flavescens: We saw several pairs of this species around São 

Gabriel. 

Guianan Warbling Antbird Hypocnemis cantator: This is a common understorey species which we 

saw north of Manaus. A comprehensive revision of this complex has split the Warbling 

Antbird Hypocnemis cantator into six allospecies 

Yellow-browed Antbird Hypocnemis hypoxantha: We saw this rather pretty relative of the previous 

species at São Gabriel and at Anavilhanas. 

Black-chinned Antbird Hypocnemoides melanopogon: Common in the Igapo in the Anavilhanas 

Archipelago. 

Black-headed Antbird Percnostola rufifrons: Fairly common at Iracema Falls and Virua NP where the 

form concerned is subcristata. In São Gabriel we saw the form minor. The latter has been 

considered a separate species; the Amazonas Antbird. However both vocal and 

morphological differences are so slight they are better considered subspecies. The generic 

name is from the Greek Pernos meaning ‘dusky’ and stole meaning dress or attire and so 

we have yet another means by which to describe the greyish hues and tones of antbirds. 

Ferruginous-backed Antbird Myrmeciza ferruginea: We enjoyed great views of a pair at Virua NP. 

Black-throated Antbird Myrmeciza atrothorax: A common bird seen and heard throughout the trip. 

Usually foraging low in dense forest edge vegetation. 

White-plumed Antbird Pithys albifrons (H): We failed to connect with an ant swarm and only heard 

this species calling in the rain at São Gabriel. 

Bicoloured Antbird Gymnopithys leucaspis: Seen and heard at Anavilhanas Jungle lodge. 

Spot-backed Antbird Hylophylax naevia: We saw a pair on the west bank of the Rio Negro opposite 

São Gabriel. 

Scale-backed Antbird Hylophylax poecilinotus: We saw this species at Iracema Falls and São 

Gabriel. In São Gabriel we form concerned is the race duidae. A very smart antbird with 

considerable variation in female plumage across its huge range. 

FORMICARIIDAE 

Rufous-capped Antthrush Formicarius colma (H): A couple heard at São Gabriel. 

Variegated Antpitta Grallaria varia (H): Heard at the INPA Tower. 

Thrush-like Antpitta Myrmothera campanisona (H): Heard at São Gabriel and in Virua NP. 

Chestnut-belted Gnateater Conopophaga aurita: One seen at Anavilhanas Jungle lodge. 

TYRANNIDAE 

Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet Tyrannulus elatus: Heard and seen most days. We saw a pair more or 

less at ground level at Iracema Falls giving us unbeatable views of what is usually a 

canopy species. 

Forest Elaenia Myiopagis gaimardii: Seen and heard throughout. 

Grey Elaenia Myiopagis caniceps: We saw and heard many individuals throughout. 

Yellow-bellied Elaenia Elaenia flavogaster: Seen and heard in Roraima. 

Plain-crested Elaenia Elaenia cristata: A few seen in Virua NP. 

Lesser Elaenia Elaenia chiriquensis: Several seen in Virua NP. 

Brownish Elaenia Elaenia pelzelni: One bird seen very briefly along the Careiro Road. It never came 

back to tape despite a lengthy attempt. 

Rufous-crowned Elaenia Elaenia ruficeps: Good looks at this very localized species at the Lajes 

campina. 

White-lored Tyrannulet Ornithion inerme: Seen and heard at a great many sites throughout the trip. 

Southern Beardless Tyrannulet Camptostoma obsoletum: A widespread species that we saw at the 

Lajes campina, and in Roraima. 

River Tyrannulet Serpophaga hypoleuca: Several pairs on Marchantaria Island. 

Mouse-coloured Tyrannulet Phaeomyias murina: A few seen throughout the trip. 

Slender-footed Tyrannulet Zimmerius gracilipes: We saw this species around São Gabriel where the 

nominate race is involved. 


Guianan Tyrannulet Zimmerius acer: Very common north of Manaus and in Virua NP. This species 

was lumped in Slender-footed Tyrannulet. 

Olive-green Tyrannulet Phylloscartes virescens: One seen from the INPA Tower. A rather uncommon 

species seen most frequently seen from this tower. 

Ochre-bellied Flycatcher Mionectes oleagineus: Commonly seen around São Gabriel. 

McConnell’s Flycatcher Mionectes macconnelli: A few seen north of Manaus. . 

Amazonian Inezia (Amazonian Pale-tipped Tyrannulet) Inezia subflava: Fairly common along the 

Igarapé-Açu. This species was recently split from Pale-tipped Tyrannulet (I. caudate). The 

genus is named after Cherrie’s daughter, with which it still shares the habitat (see 

Cherrie’s Antwren). 

Pale-tipped Tyrannulet Inezia caudata: Very common in gallery woodlands in Roraima. 

Short-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant Myiornis ecaudatus (H): Heard at São Gabriel. 

Double-banded Pygmy-Tyrant Lophotriccus vitiosus: Heard and seen at Iracema Falls. 

Helmeted Pygmy-Tyrant Lophotriccus galeatus: Seen and heard at several sites throughout. 

Snethlage’s Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus minor: Very common in the Anavilhanas Archipelago. The form 

involved here being pallens. 

White-eyed Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus zosterops: We saw one and heard others at Anavilhanas 

Jungle lodge. 

Pelzeln’s Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus inornatus: After three hours we all managed fantastic views of this 

rare campina specialist that feeds in the canopy of tall thick woodlands. A species only 

recently rediscovered in the campinas north of Manaus. Now found to be quite 

widespread across the campina of the region. Named after the Austrian ornithologist and 

collector August Edler Von Pelzeln. It would seem he has had a number of rather drab 

species that are difficult to see named after him: Grey-bellied Antbird and Brownish 

Elaenia amongst them. 

Pearly-breasted Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer: We heard this widespread species at 

the Virua NP. This has only recently been discovered in this area and therefore occurs 

sympatrically with Pelzeln’s Tody-Tyrant. It seems the latter occupies the tall campina 

woodlands and the former more open scrubby habitats. 

Spotted Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum maculatum: Common throughout. 

Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum: We heard a number at São Gabriel 

and saw a pair along the Careiro Road. 

Amazonian Royal Flycatcher Onychorhynchus coronatus: One seen and another heard at São 

Gabriel. 

Rufous-tailed Flatbill Ramphotrigon ruficauda: Several seen and heard along the Cucui Road. 

Yellow-olive Flycatcher (Y-o Flatbill) Tolmomyias sulphurescens: Seen in Roraima and probably in 

the Anavilhanas. 

Yellow-breasted Flycatcher (Y-b flatbill) Tolmomyias flaviventris: Several seen in Roraima. 

Zimmer’s Flycatcher (Z Flatbill) Tolmomyias assimilis: We saw a number of birds north of Manaus of 

the form examinatus form and near São Gabriel of the form named neglectus. Note that 

more than one species seem to be involved. 

Grey-crowned Flycatcher Tolmomyias poliocephalus: Very common throughout. 

White-crested Spadebill Platyrinchus platyrhynchos: We saw a single bird near São Gabriel. 

Whiskered Flycatcher Myiobius barbatus: Several birds seen at São Gabriel. 

Fuscous Flycatcher Cnemotriccus fuscatus: We saw a couple of birds in Roraima in gallery 

woodlands. There is research suggesting the varzea form fuscatior, and the white sand 

form duidae are separate species. Indeed although these forms are vocally distinct there 

are quite a number of other forms whose designation would be problematic as a 

consequence. 

Vermillion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus: Common to abundant in Roraima. 

White-headed Marsh Tyrant Arundinicola leucocephala: Common in Roraima. 


Piratic Flycatcher Legatus leucophaius: Fairly common throughout. Less common than elsewhere in 

the Amazon. This may well be as a result of there being smaller numbers of oropendolas 

in this region. 

Rusty-margined Flycatcher Myiozetetes cayanensis: Fairly common throughout. 

Social Flycatcher Myiozetetes similis: Common throughout except Roraima. 

Dusky-chested Flycatcher Myiozetetes luteiventris: A few pairs seen around São Gabriel. 

Great Kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus: Very common. 

Lesser Kiskadee Pitangus lictor: Common along Igarape Janauari, on Marchantaria and in Roraima. 

Yellow-throated Flycatcher Conopias parva: Seen well from the INPA Tower and around São 

Gabriel. 

Streaked Flycatcher Myiodynastes maculatus: Several birds seen on Marchantaria Island of a very 

lightly streaked form. Elsewhere we saw the more heavily streaked forms from the south. 

Variegated Flycatcher Empidonomus varius: Several seen at Iracema Falls in the gardens. . 

Crowned Slaty Flycatcher Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus: A few seen near São Gabriel. 

White-throated Kingbird Tyrannus albogularis: A few seen around São Gabriel and in Roraima. 

Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus: Abundant. 

Fork-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus savana: Large numbers seen at São Gabriel and in Roraima coming 

from southern South America. 

Greyish Mourner Rhytipterna simplex: Heard very frequently and a few seen at Iracema Falls and São 

Gabriel. 

Pale-bellied Mourner Rhytipterna immunda: Good views of a bird at the Lajes Campina. 

Swainson’s Flycatcher Myiarchus swainsonii: Several seen at sites throughout. 

Brown-crested Flycatcher Myiarchus ferox: Quite numerous in Roraima. 

Short-crested Flycatcher Myiarchus ferox: Especially common along Igarapé-Açu. 

Cinnamon Attila Attila cinnamomeus: Seen in the Anavilhanas Archipelago. 

Bright-rumped Attila Attila spadiceus (H): Heard almost every day but not seen. 

COTINGIDAE 

Black-necked Red Cotinga Phoenicircus nigricollis: Heard at São Gabriel in several places. 

Spangled Cotinga Cotinga cayana: Seen at Iracema, from the INPA Tower and around São Gabriel. 

Screaming Piha Lipaugus vociferans: Many birds heard and seen throughout. 

Pompadour Cotinga Xipholena punicea: We had magnificent views of this splendid creature from the 

INPA Tower. Its generic name is derived from the ancient Greek words xiphos (‘sword’) 

and olene (‘lower arm’), and refers to this genus’s stiff, elongated upper wing coverts. The 

English name, however, refers to Madame de Pompadour, a fancy lady from the French 

court. 

Bare-necked Fruitcrow Gymnoderus foetidus: Several birds seen at a fruiting tree in the Anavilhanas. 

Amazonian Umbrellabird Cephalopterus ornatus: A single bird seen in the Anavilhanas Archipelago. 

PIPRIDAE 

Saffron-crested Tyrant-Manakin Neopelma chrysocephalum: This is very common at the KM44 

campina. We saw up to 10 birds during our brief visit. 

Dwarf Tyrant-Manakin Tyranneutes stolzmanni (H): Several birds heard at São Gabriel. 

Blue-crowned Manakin Lepidothrix coronata: Common throughout. 

White-bearded Manakin Manacus manacus: A single female seen at Pacaraima. 

Blue-backed Manakin Chiroxiphia pareola (H): Heard at São Gabriel. 

Black Manakin Xenopipo atronitens: We had great views of a number of this localized species at the 

Lajes campina. Its genus name xeno (weird, strange) refers to is distinctiveness as a 

manakin. 

Yellow-crowned Manakin Heterocercus flavivertex: We saw one at the KM44 Campina, another at 

the Lajes Campina and several males at the Anavilhanas Jungle Lodge. The generic name 

refers to its tail. The genus is characterized by a rather short but slightly curved and 

graduated tail. 


White-crowned Manakin Dixiphia pipra: Very common at São Gabriel in light campina woodlands. 

Recent behavioural and syringeal studies have shown that this species is neither close to 

Pipra or Lepidothrix manikins. There is considerable variation in vocalizations, and in 

female plumage. All the birds we have seen belonged to the nominate race. 

Golden-headed Manakin Pipra erythrocephala: Very common throughout. 

INCERTAE SEDIS 

Black-tailed Tityra Tityra cayana: Several pairs seen from Iracema to São Gabriel. 

Masked Tityra Tityra semifasciata: Several pairs seen along the Careiro road. 

Black-crowned Tityra Tityra inquisitor: A pair seen along the entrance road at Iracema falls road. 

Thrush-like Manakin (T-l Schiffornis, T-l Mourner) Schiffornis turdinus: One seen at São Gabriel. 

Cinereous Mourner Laniocera hypopyrrha: Several seen from Iracema to São Gabriel. 

Dusky Purpletuft Iodopleura fusca: A pair seen at the Iracema Falls Hotel. We all got fantastic scope 

views of this rarely seen species. 

White-browed Purpletuft Iodopleura isabellae: A number of pairs seen along the Cucui Road and 

another pair at the Anavilhanas Jungle Lodge. 

White-naped Xenopsaris Xenopsaris albinucha: A pair building a nest in Roraima. The somewhat 

exotic sounding name means strange genus from the Greek xenos. 

Chestnut-crowned Becard Pachyramphus castaneus: One seen along the Careiro road. 

Black-capped Becard Pachyramphus marginatus(H) : Several heard at widely scattered sites. 

Glossy-backed Becard Pachyramphus surinamus: Good scope views of this uncommon species from 

the INPA Tower. 

Pink-throated Becard Pachyramphus minor: A pair seen in Virua NP. 

Wing-barred Manakin (W-b Piprites) Piprites chloris: Heard several times at São Gabriel. 

CORVIDAE 

Violaceous Jay Cyanocorax violaceus: A family group near Pacaraima. 

Cayenne Jay Cyanocorax cyanus: A family group seen in Virua NP. 

VIREONIDAE 

Rufous-browed Peppershrike Cyclarhis gujanensis: Seen and heard throughout. A pair feeding young 

at Iracema falls. 

Slaty-capped Shrike-Vireo Vireolanius leucotis: Common vocally but harder to see. 

Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus: Small numbers seen throughout. 

Lemon-chested Greenlet Hylophilus thoracicus (H): One bird heard along the Inebo trail near São 

Gabriel. . 

Grey-chested Greenlet Hylophilus semicinereus: We saw several in the Anavilhanas Archipelago. 

Ashy-headed Greenlet Hylophilus pectoralis: Common in gallery woodlands in Roraima. 

Buff-cheeked Greenlet Hylophilus muscicapinus: Good views from the tower and in Pacaraima. 

Brown-headed Greenlet Hylophilus brunneiceps: A very localized campina species we saw quite 

easily near São Gabriel. 

Dusky-capped Greenlet Hylophilus hypoxanthus: Quite common vocally around São Gabriel, where 

we saw a few. This is the western geographical replacement for the Buff-cheeked 

Greenlet. 

Tawny-crowned Greenlet Hylophilus ochraceiceps: We saw the race ferrugineifrons on the west 

bank of the Rio Negro opposite São Gabriel. We only heard the dark eyed form luteifrons 

at Iracema Falls. 

HIRUNDINIDAE 

White-winged Swallow Tachycineta albiventer: Numerous. 

Blue and white Swallow Notiochelidon cyanoleuca: A few seen at Pacaraima. 

Brown-chested Martin Progne tapera: Very common along larger rivers. 

Grey-breasted Martin Progne chalybea: Abundant throughout the trip. 


Southern Martin Progne elegans : Up to 250 seen around São Gabriel. Birds in Amazonia represent 

austral migrants from southern South America. 

Black-collared Swallow Atticora melanoleuca: Large numbers of this pretty black-water-loving 

swallow along the Rio Negro at São Gabriel. 

White-thighed Swallow Neochelidon tibialis: Several seen along the entrance road to Iracema Falls. 

Southern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx ruficollis: Common. 

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica: About 25 early migrants seen along the Solimões on Marchantaria. 

TROGLODYTIDAE 

Bicoloured wren Campylorhynchus griseus: Fairly common in Roraima. 

Wing-banded Wren Microcerculus bambla: We heard a number of birds around São Gabriel. With 

some effort we all had fantastic views of this difficult species. 

House Wren Troglodytes aedon: Common. 

Coraya Wren Thryothorus coraya: Heard daily. Several seen on a number of occasions. 

Buff-breasted Wren Thryothorus leucotis: Fairly common in flooded forests of the Anavilhanas and 

along the Solimões-Negro interfluvium. 

Musician Wren Cyphorhinus arada: We saw a pair of this pretty wren at the Iracema Falls loop trail. 

Local legend has it that when this bird sings all others stop to listen to its beautiful fluid 

song. 

POLIOPTILIDAE 

Collared Gnatwren Microbates collaris: Seen and heard at Iracema falls. 

Long-billed Gnatwren Ramphocaenus melanurus: Heard and seen at Iracema Falls. 

Tropical Gnatcatcher Polioptila plumbea : Common in the Anavilhanas Archipelago. 

INCERTAE SEDIS 

Black-capped Donacobius Donacobius atricapilla: We saw three birds on Marchantaria Island. 

TURDIDAE 

Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas: The common thrush in cities and towns. We saw several in 

Manaus. 

Black-billed Thrush Turdus ignobilis: A few seen at the Lajes campina. 

Cocoa Thrush Turdus fumigatus: A couple of birds seen in the Sumauma Park. 

Spectacled Thrush (Bare-eyed T) Turdus nudigenis (H): Several heard in Roraima. 

MIMIDAE 

Tropical Mockingbird Mimus gilvus : Abundant in Roraima. 

THRAUPIDAE 

Red-billed Pied Tanager Lamprospiza melanoleuca: A very handsome tanager seen by all of us 

around the INPA Tower and at Iracema Falls. 

Hooded Tanager Nemosia pileata: Several seen along the Careiro road and in Roraima. 

Flame-crested Tanager Tachyphonus cristatus: Common throughout the trip. 

Fulvous-crested Tanager Tachyphonus surinamus: Less common but seen at many sites throughout 

the trip. 

White-shouldered Tanager Tachyphonus luctuosus: One seen near São Gabriel. 

Red-shouldered Tanager Tachyphonus phoenicius: A couple at the Lajes campina. 

Silver-beaked Tanager Ramphocelus carbo: Abundant 

Blue-grey Tanager Thraupis episcopus: Common. 

Palm Tanager Thraupis palmarum: Very common. 

Turquoise Tanager Tangara mexicana: Seen at São Gabriel. 

Paradise Tanager Tangara chilensis: Fairly common around Manaus and São Gabriel. 

Yellow-bellied Tanager Tangara xanthogastra: A few seen near Pacaraima. 


Spotted Tanager Tangara punctata: A few seen at sites throughout. 

Opal-rumped Tanager Tangara velia: Great views of a number near São Gabriel. 

Black-faced Dacnis Dacnis lineata: Several pairs were recorded during the trip. Common around São 

Gabriel. 

Blue Dacnis Dacnis cayana: Very common. 

Yellow-bellied Dacnis Dacnis flaviventer: A pair in the Anavilhanas Archipelago. 

Short-billed Honeycreeper Cyanerpes nitidus: A few small flocks seen throughout. 

Purple Honeycreeper Cyanerpes caeruleus: Fairly common. . 

Green Honeycreeper Chlorophanes spiza: Common. 

Guira Tanager Hemithraupis guira: A few seen near Pacaraima. 

Yellow-backed Tanager Hemithraupis flavicollis: A few seen around Manaus and São Gabriel. 

Bicoloured Conebill Conirostrum bicolor: A pair seen along the Careirpo Road. 

Pearly-breasted Conebill Conirostrum margaritae: We had excellent views of up to five birds on the 

lower part of Marchantaria Island. 

COEREBIDAE 

Bananaquit Coereba flaveola: Several seen at sites throughout. 

Yellow-browed Sparrow Ammodramus aurifrons: Very common. 

Grassland Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum: Fairly common in Roraima. 

EMBERIZIDAE 

Orange-fronted Yellow-Finch Sicalis columbiana: A few on Marchantaria Island. . 

Wedge-tailed Grassfinch Emberizoides herbicola: A few seen in Roraima. 

Blue-black Grassquit Volatinia jacarina: A few seen in open and disturbed areas throughout. 

Wing-barred Seedeater Sporophila Americana: A few seen north of Manaus. 

Grey Seedeater Sporophila intermedia: Fairly common in Roraima. 

Plumbeous Seedeater Sporophila plumbea: Numerous in Roraima. 

Lined Seedeater Sporophila lineola: Abundant on Marchantaria Island and in Roraima. 

Chestnut-bellied Seedeater Sporophila castaneiventris: The most common seedeater throughout the 

trip. 

Ruddy-breasted Seedeater Sporophila minuta: Small numbers found breeding north of Boa Vista. 

Yellow-bellied seedeater Sporophila nigricollis: A few seen near Pacaraima. 

Lesser Seed-Finch Oryzoborus angolensis: Several seen near São Gabriel and Boa Vista. 

Large-billed Seedfinch Oryzoborus crassirostris; A single male seen singing north of Boa Vista. 

Literally translated the scientific name of this bird means thick-billed rice devourer. 

White-naped Seedeater Dolospingus fringilloides: Great scope and detailed views of this campina 

speciality, which didn’t take long to show at the Lajes campina. Among the top five birds 

of the trip. The generic name means false-finch while the specific name means 

‘resembling a finch’. As it happens it looks like a finch, sounds like a finch and behaves 

like a finch. 

Pectoral Sparrow Arremon pectoralis: A few seen near São Gabriel. 

Red-capped Cardinal Paroaria gularis: Seen on Marchantaria and in Roraima. 

CARDINALIDAE 

Green Grosbeak (Yellow-green G) Caryothraustes canadensis: Several seen near Manaus. 

Slate-coloured Grosbeak Saltator grossus: One seen near São Gabriel. 

Buff-throated Saltator Saltator maximus: Several seen throughout. 

Greyish Saltator Saltator coerulescens: The common saltator in varzea and second-growth forests. 

Abundant on Marchantaria Is. 

Blue-black Grosbeak Cyanocompsa cyanoides (H): Heard in the Anavilhanas and another on at 

Iracema Falls. 


PARULIDAE. 

Masked Yellowthroat Geothlypis aequinoctialis: Common on Marchantaria 

Flavescent Warbler Basileuterus flaveolus: A pair found north of Boa Vista. 

Golden-crowned Warbler Basileuterus culicivora: Several seen near Pacaraima. 

American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla: One seen near Pacaraima. 

ICTERIDAE 

Green Oropendola Psarocolius viridis: Several seen around Manaus and others around São Gabriel, 

where it occurs with the Olive Oropendola. 

Crested Oropendola Psarocolius decumanus: A few birds recorded in the Anavilhanas Archipelago. 

Olive Oropendola Psarocolius bifasciatus: Abundant around São Gabriel. Note that this species is 

considered a subspecies of the Amazonian Oropendola. Although the two look very 

different, there is good evidence that these differences represent a clinal and geographic 

variation of a single species, and different populations hybridize over large areas. 

Solitary Black Cacique (Solitary C) Cacicus solitarius: A single immature bird (with black bill) seen 

along the Careiro road. 

Yellow-rumped Cacique Cacicus cela: Common. 

Moriche Oriole Icterus chrysocephalus: Fairly common in Moriche palms near Manaus. 

Orange-backed Troupial Icterus croconotus: Seen on Marchantaria Island. and others in Roraima. . 

Yellow Oriole Icterus chrysocephalus: Fairly common in northern Roraima. 

Oriole-Blackbird Gymnomystax mexicanus: Large numbers around Marchantaria Island. 

Yellow-hooded Blackbird Chrysomus icterocephalus: Abundant n the lower end of Marchantaria Is. 

Giant cowbird Molothrus oryzivorus : A good number seen north of Boa Vista at a Cacique roost. 

Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis: A huge flock of birds (about 200 individuals) seen at 

Marchantaria Is. 

Red-breasted Blackbird Sturnella militaris: A few on Marchantaria island and abundant in Roraima. 

FRINGILLIDAE 

Golden-bellied Euphonia (White-lored E) Euphonia chrysopasta: A few seen at a number of sites 

throughout. 

Finsch’s Euphonia Euphonia finschii: A few seen in Roraima. 

Rufous-bellied Euphonia Euphonia rufiventris: Common around São Gabriel, where it replaces the 

following species, with which it forms a superspecies. 

Golden-sided Euphonia Euphonia cayennensis: Great views of a male from the INPA Tower. It 

occurs outside this biogeographical unit at the mouth of the Amazon, where it crosses the 

river and maintains a stable population. 

MAMMALS 

Giant Anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla: At least 10 seen in savannas north of Boa Vista. 

Red Acouchy Myoprocta acouchy: One seen in Sumauma Park. An uncommon mammal. 

Black Agouti Dasyprocta fuliginosa: Seen near São Gabriel. 

Red-rumped agouti Dasyprocta leporine: several seen in Mindu Park and elsewhere on the tour. 

Golden-handed Tamarin (Golden-h M) Saguinus midas: Several troops seen near the INPA Tower 

and others in the Virua NP. A widely distributed tamarin in north-west Amazonia. Its 

specific name midas refers to King Midas, who unwisely wished that all he touched 

would turn to gold. 

Pied Tamarin (Bare-faced Tamarin) Saguinus bicolour: A group of six seen in Sumauma Park. A 

highly threatened species only found within the metropolitan area of Manaus and now 

the subject of an intense breeding programme to secure a viable breeding population. 

The entire range is now reduced to a number of disjunct forest fragments that are being 

rapidly degraded and reduced. Considered endangered. 

Common Squirrel Monkey Saimiri sciureus: Common along the Igarape Janauari and at São Gabriel. 


Brown-tufted Capuchin Cebus apella: Seen at São Gabriel and from the INPA Tower . 

White-fronted Capuchin Cebus albifrons: A large group seen in the Virua NP. 

Collared Titi (Yellow-handed T Monkey) Callicebus torquatus: A group seen along the Abacaxi Trail 

near São Gabriel. 

Black Spider Monkey Ateles paniscus: Heard from the INPA Tower. 

Red-handed Howler Monkey Alouetta belzebul; Heard along the Careiro Road. 

Guyanan Red Howler Monkey Alouatta macconnelli: Several groups heard during the trip. Certainly 

an unforgettable sound of the forest. 

South American Coatimundi Nasua nasua: Seen in the Virus NP. 

Amazon River Dolphin (Pink R D, Boto) Inia geoffrensis: Several seen along the Rio Negro. 

Tucuxi (Grey Dolphin) Sotalia fluviatilis: One seen along the Rio Negro. 


Top Left: Striated Heron. Top right : Waved Woodpecker. Mid left:: Large-billed Tern 

Mid right : Pied Puffbird . Lower : Black-tailed Tityra.

Top left: Red-necked Woodpecker Top right : Cream-coloured Woodpecker. 

Mid left : White-tailed Hawk Mid-right : White-necked Puffbirds. Lower: Horned Screamer.

Top : The flooded savannas of Roraima. 

Lower : Sun Parakeets are a very rare species in Roraima.

Top left : Blue and Yellow Macaws are a common sight near Manaus and in Virua NP.Top right: 

White-naped Xenopsaris breeds north of Boa Vista. Lower : The bizarre Giant Anteater is a common 

sight north of Boa vista.

Top left : Rio Branco Antbird is common in gallery woodlands in Roraima. 

Top right : Savanna Hawk is found in both the open savannas of roraima and the river islands along 

the Amazon. 

Lower left; Bicoloured Wren 

Lower right: Orange-backed Troupial.

Top: Campina. Mid-right;Bronzy jacamar. Mid-left : Glossy Antshrike. Lower: Blackish Nightjar

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