MALAY LANGUAGE IN SRI LANKA: SOCIO-MECHANICS OF A ...

Islamic Studies, 31:4 (1992)
MALAY WRITING AND LlTJ%RATURE
As has been mentioned above, Malay was written in gundul. It has
to be carefully learnt for one cannot dispense with vowels as one can in
Arabic after learning that language. Gundul had one advantage in that it
could be read by anyone who could read Arabic-Tamil (which was known
to all educated non-Malay Muslims) but they had to know spoken Malay at
least. Gundul was learnt mainly by the traditional Malay scholars and by
mosque officials such as lebbe, katib and mua'zzin. It can be said thatgundul
was kept alive by thesepups. It is known that at least one journal was
published in this regard.
It could not be expected that gundul could compete successfuly with
languages such as English, Tamil and Sinhala for the attention of the average
Malay of Sri Lanka. Gundul s-ed as the language in which Malay bills
of marriage (kavin) were drawn, till the forties of the twentieth-century.
Essentially, kavin were formal documents with set phraseology; hence, they
did not need much linguistic expertise.46 By that time, Malay (Indonesian)
written in Roman script had become popular in Malaya and @resent-day)
Indonesia (then called Dutch East Indies). That Malaya adopted the English
system of phonetics and Dutch East Indies, the Dutch system, caused vari-
ations in the transliteration, which was not helpful to the intending learner
of Malay in Roman script.
Some Malay classics flourished in translation in a curious way. In the
latter part of the nineteenthy century, translation of some works in Malay
were made. These were rendered into Tamil. These were wonderous tales,
some of them concerned with semi-legendary incidents in the lives of Islamic
personages (and so looked upon with some disfavour by the 'ulamri'). These
works included Hikayat Kejadian Noor Muhammad (The History of Noor
Muhammad), Hikayat Bulan Brbela (The Story of the Separation of the
Moon); Hikayat Bayan Budiman (rendered into Tamil as The Story of the
~arrots).~' By these means some Malay words came to the knowledge of
other Muslims.
An exclusive Malay literary activity is the making of panteh verses
or ballad poetry, rendered orally.48 Such traditional verses as the following
would have been popular in Sri Lanka.
Apa guna pasang pelita
Jika tidek dengan sumboh mya
Apa guna brmain mata
Kelau tidek dengan sunggoh ny.