the concept of critical historiography in the islamic world of the ...

Islamic Studies (Islamabad) 16:4 (1977)
THE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY
IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD OF THE MIDDLE AGES*
AHMED ZEKI VELIDI TOGAN
Translation, Notes and Commentary by M. S. KHAN
(A) Tbncydides (ca. 460-395 B.C.). J.B. Bury, Ancient Greek His-
torians (n.d.), 75-149; Norman Austin, The Greek Historians, (1969), 135-
190 (selected passages from his history). Thucydides of Athens in Arnold
J. Toynbee, GS, 31-43; 185-189; 195-197; Lenn Evan Goodman, "Ibn
KhaldGn and Thucydides" in the JAOS, vol. 9212, (1972), 250-270; Moses
Hadas, A History of Greek Literature, (1950), 1 18-1 23 ; Albin Lasky, HGL,
455-483 (very detailed, critical and balanced; contains good bibliography).
George Sarton, IHS, I, 106-107 (informative). Arnold J. Toynbee, SOH,
111, 291-92, 317-1 8; 180-8 1, 409-414 and passim. William T. Bluhm,
"Thucydides" in the EP, VIII, 123-24; A.W. Ge, "Thucydides" in the EB,
XI, 530, 1092-95 (contains bibliography). See the latest Enghsh u. of
The Peloponnesian War from the original Greek with an intr. by Rex War-
ner (London, 1962), pp. 553. Moses, I. Finley, The Greek Historians, the
Essence of Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Polybius (London, 1959)
pp. 510. G.E.M. De Ste Croix, The Origins of Peloponnesi~ War (1972),
a critical and detailed study of Thucydides - comparison with Herodotus,
Polybius etc; passim; bibl. 405-41 8. "Thucydides : Political Philosopher"
in Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture by Warner Jaeger, Eng. tr. by Gil-
bert Highat (1945), I, 382-41 l and 484-490.
(B) Polybius of Megalopolis (ca. 201-120 B.C.). J.B. Bury, op. cit.
191-220; Norman Austin, op. cit. 193-237 (selected readings from history);
shrewd remarks about Greek historiography in the introduction, 1-75.
See Arnold J. Toynbee, GS, 43-47; 173-179; Moses Hadas, op. cit. 227-
233; Albin Lesky, HGL, 773-777 (critical estimate); George Sarton, IHS,
I, 188 (factual); EB, XVIII, 194-196. "All historians", according to Poly-
bius (i, 1,2), "have insisted that the soundest education and training for
--
*The first instalment of this article appeared in the issue of Autumn 1975 ( No : 3,
vol. xiv. pp. 175-184). Translated from Ahmed Zeki Velidi Togan, "Ortacag Islam
Aleminde Tankidi Jarih Telakkisi," in the Ishm TeMlkleri ENfifuso Dergisi, ed., by
Zeki Velidi Togan Istanbul 1953 -4 ) .

304 AHMED ZEKI VELIDI T ~ A N
political activity is the study of history and that the surest and indeed the
only way to learn how to bear bravely the vicissitudes of fortune is to recall
the disasters of others". Arnold J. Toynbee, SOH, 111, 312-313, 317,
289, 90. John E. Rexine, Polybios in EWB, VIII, 155-516.
(C) Hegel, George Wilhelm Friedrich (d. Berlin Nov. 14, 1831);
H.B. Acton, EP, 111, 435-451 ; useful bibliography on 449-451 ; "Hegel" in
the EB, XI, 298-303, (contains bibliography). See the new translation of
Hegel's Introduction to the history of Philosophy by Quentin Lauer
(1971), pp. 159; R.G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (l%l), 1 13-126;
Hegel, Philosophy of Right, translated with notes by T.M. Knox (1958)
pp. XVI +382. Jacob Fleischmann, "Hegel's Theory of the Will" in the
Studies in Philosophy, edited by S.H. Bergman (1960), 268-315; E. Goreth,
NCE, VI, 986-990 (good bibliography). Stephen D. Crites, "Hegelianism"
in the EP, 111,451-459 with bibliography. For a general discussion on his-
torical explanation and historical materialism see EP (1967), IV, 7-21;
see also "Historiography" by E. Troeltsch, ERE, VI, 716-723; Ludwig
Geiger, G.W.F, Hegel, ADB, (1969) XI, 254-274; BE(1969), VIII, 286-88
(good bibliography).
(D) Sunna. Siira XLVIII, verse 23, "Such has been the practice
approved of God already in the past; no change wilt thou find in the
practice (approved) of God". 'AbdullBh Ycsuf 'Ali's tr. 11, 1397.
This is repeated in Siira XXXIII, verse 62. See ibid, 11, 1127 and its note
no. 3770, where the "practice" is equated with "Jewish law".
For a critical and detailed study of the Sunna of the Prophet and its
difference with the Vadith see I. Goldziher, MSt, 11, 3-87. Eng. tr. MSt,
11, 17-88. The different meanings of the word and its uses are explained
by A.J. Wensinck, Sunna, EI(l), IV, 555-557; J. Schacht, 'Sur 1' expression
"Sunna de Prophete" 'in MiYange Henri Masse, 361-365. See also Rudi
Paret, Der Koran: Kommentar und Konkerdanz (1 97 1 ) , 188 (Commentary
on Siira VIII, verse 38, refers to other verses with the word Sunna.
Fazlur Rhmln, Islamic Methodology in History (1965), 1-84; Th. W.
Juynbol, @adis in IAns., V, 47-54. See the different interpretation of this
word in M.M. Bravmann, The Spiritual Background of Early Islam: Studies
in Ancient Arab Concepts (1972), pp. VII + 336.
(E) This is a correct statement and Bertold Spuler explains the
causes. See his paper included in this book. However, the historical
work of the Spaniard Paulus Orosius was translated later into Arabic.

THE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY 305
(0 Tacitus, C.Cornelius. J.B. Bury, op. cit. 228-232; Norman
Austin, op. cit. 39 ff; George Sarton, IHS, I, 263; W.R.F. Tongue, "Taci-
tus" in NCE, XIII, 911, 912, mentions C.W. Mendell, Tacitus, the Man
and his works (1957) and R. Syma, Tacitus, 2 vols. (1958). His Annals
is cited in A.J. Toynbee's SOH, 111, 78; The Annals of Imperial Rome, tr.
with an introduction by Michael Grant (1963), pp. 442; Thomas Alan
Dorey, Tacitus, chapters by T.A. Dorey and ors (1969). pp. XII+ 180;
EB, XXI, 60@602 (useful bibliography).
(G) See the works of al-Wiqidi on the conquest of individual
towns and countries culminating in the Futiib al-Buldtin of al-Balidhuri.
Ibn 'Abdu'l-Hakam (803-870) wrote a history of the conquest of Egypt,
Africa and Spain, KitEb Fufiih Mip Wa'l-Andalus by Charles C. Torrey
(1922), tr. into Spanish with critical notes by E. Vidal Beltran, (1966).
Ibn A'tham al-Kfifi (d. ca. 3141926) calls his book Kitiib al-Fut* (Book
of Conquests). Eight volumes of this book have so far been published by
the DZ'irat al-Ma'Erif of Hyderabad.
(H) Usiil al-Hadith; The Mqfalab al-Hadith and Ma'rifat ar-
RgEl taken together may be called Up21 al-Hadith. Sek KitZb Ma'rifat
'Uliim al-Hadith by Muhammad bin 'Abdullah al-Hifiz An-Nishipiir,
edited and annotated by Syed Mn'azzam Husain, (Cairo, 1937), pp. 266;
KitEb 'Uliim al-Hadith, commonly known as the Muqaddima of Ibn as-
Salih (Aleppo, 1931) pp. 421 ; and Ibn Hajar aL6Asqalini's Nukhbat
al-Fikr fi mugal& al-Athar. There is a substantial article on Upil by
Joseph Schacht in the EI(l), IV, 1054-1058, (short and informative biblio-
graphy but deals more with Fiqh than with Hadith). Arabic trans. in DMI,
111, 482-506 with detailed critical comments. See Farid Wajdi's paper
on Hadith in DM, 111,360-376; at-Thinawi, Hadith in KIF, I, 279-282 and
translator's note 'G' to M. Kirnil 'Ayiid's paper, referred to below.
(I) Here Togan perhaps tefers to Johannes Wilhelm fick's paper
published in Bibliotheca Orientalis, 1015 (Leiden, 1953), pp. 196-99; Dt is
mentioned also by Bertold Spuler. See his paper below]. See the review
of Schacht's The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence.
(J) At-Tabari, see translator's note 'W' to M. Kiimil 'Ayid's
paper above.
(K) Nicholson & Fischel. Reynold Alleyne Nicholson, British
Orientalist: born, August 19, 1868. See for his biography "The Dervish"
in the Oriental Essays: Portraits of Seven Scholars by A.J. Arbeny (1960),

306 AIfilED ZEKI VELIDI TOGAN
pp. 261 at 197-232. For Nicholson's opinion about Ibn Khaldiin see
A Literary History of the Arabs, (1941), 437-440. Walter J. Fischel, Orien-
talist, born Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany in 1902. For Fischel's works
on Ibn KhaUrin see bibliography.
essay.
(L) Ibn Khaldiin. See translator's note "A" to M. KBmil 'AyM's
(M) Al-B-mni. D. Biolot, EI (1960), I, 1236-1238;- - -
"Maitre Abu'l-RayhBn Al-Eiriini: Un precurseur de la science moderne
et du dialogue culture1 au XI6 siecle", in the Melange (Cairo: 1972), XI,
353-64; "Al-Biriini" by E.S. Kennedy, DSB, 11, 147-158. Ahmad Sa'eed
Khgn, A Bibliography of the Works of al-BirE~zi, cyclostyled copy distributed
at the symposium on "Al-Bifini and Indian Sciences" (Nov. 8-9. 1971)
organised by the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi. Persian
translation by 'Abdu'l-&yy Habibi, Kitib 6hanisi Abll Raybiin Biriini
(1352 A.H. Shamsi), pp. 230. On the works of al-Bifini and their MSS
available in the Libraries of the world see Salah'uddin al-Munajjid, Renzarques
sw les editions de I' oeuvre de Biriini, (1 973), pp. 14 ; Al-Biriini, al-Falsafat
al-Himfiyah, ed. by 'Abdu'l-Halim Mamiid and 'Uthmiin al-Mun'im
Yiisuf (1959); 'AII Ahmad ash-Shahat, Abu'r-Rayhcin al-Biriini hayituhu',
mu'allzjiitd~u, ibhdtuhu al-'ilmiyall (1968), pp. 242. I.U. Krachkovski,
Istoria Arabskoi Geograjicheskoi Literatury (1957). I, 244-262; Arabic
trans. by Salahu'ddin 'UthmBn Hashim, Ta'r~kh al- Adab al-Juglrr@iy al-
'Arabi (1963), I, 245-258 and notes 1-102 on pp. 265-268; Aldo Mieli, LSA
150-155 and passim; George Sarton, IHS, I, 707-709 (informative but now
out of date). Brockelmann, GAL, I, 626-27; SI, 870-875; al-Biriini dedicated
his book Kitib Maqdid 'Ilm al-Hay'i (155 folios) to Isfahbad JTI
Elin Marzubiin bin Rustam. P.K. Hitti, "al-Biriini" in NCE, 11, 583.
'U.R. KahhUB, MM, VIII 241-242 (useful bibliography); al-Zirekli, QA,
VI, 205-206; S. Krenkow, "The Drug Book of al-Biriinl" in the IC, vol.
XX, (1946), 109-11; Max Meyerhof, "The Article on Aconite from al-
Biriini's Kitib as-$zydanaM in the IC, XIX (1945). 323-328; Sayyed Hossein
Navr, BAB, pp. 146 (English) and 76 Persian. 'Abdu'l-Hayy Habibi has
published a bibliography of al-Biriini in Pushtii, (Kabul, 1352 Shamsi),
(not seen); BE, 11,767; al-Biriini by David Pingree, EWB, I, 578-79. Biriini
Sbornik Statej (Moscow-Leningrad, 195 1). Sayyed Hossein Nasr,
IICD, 1051 74; Bibliography, 293-295. 'Umar Farrukh, TFA 4-3-438.
For a critical study of his scientific achievements and a list of his books
on scientific subjects see Qidri Hifh Togan, Turiith al-'Arab al-'Ilmifir-
Riyidiyit Wa'l-Falak (1 3821 l963), 310-321 and his al- 'Uliim 'ind al- 'Arab,

THE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY 307
(1960), 173-179. 'Umar Famkh, Ta'rikh al- 'Uliim 'ind al-'Arab, (13901
1970), 154-156; 223-225. The Hyderabad text of his work on India is a
revised edition based on thc oldest extant Ms. at the B.N. Paris, (Schefer,
6080). See Zeki Velidi Togin and Fatin Gokmen, "Biriini? in IAns.
(1944), 11, 645-647. A.A. Dehkhodl', LN, (A-Abii Sa'id, Tehran, 1325
A.H. Shamsf), 461-487. M.S. Khln, ''A Select Bibliography of Soviet
Publications on al-Biriini" in Janus(Amsterdam), Oct. 1975, pp. 279-288;-
"Al-Biriini and the Political History of India" in Oriens, FFM, Vol. 25-26,
pp. 86-1 15.
(N) About the impartiality of al-Biriini as displayed in his book
Kitiib al-Hind, Edward Sachau writes, "His impartiality, which to many
a Muslim may seem to exceed due limits, is such that the reader may
pursue many pages of his book without even noticing that the author is a
Muslim". Preface to the English translation, pp. VI, VII.
(0) AI-mu'lmaIiit al- Wad'iya means business transactions with
money as the basis, expressed in Greek as thesei as opposed to Greek
physei which expresses the idea of natural or barter economy or al-Mu'cima-
llt af-Tabi'iya as expressed by al-BIriini. See an unknown author's views
on the subject who flourished before al-Biriinl. Helmut Ritter, "Eine
arabisches Handbuch der Handelwissenschaft" in DI, VII, (1916). Mu-
'Zmala only means the business of buying and selling; E.W. Lane, Lexicon,
(1874) Bk 115, p. 2158; and for Tabi'l; see ibid. 1823.
"The problem of the role of money in a monetary economy has to
be separated into three successive stages both analytically and in a loose
sense historically; the replacement of a barter economy by a commodity
money system, in' which money of necessity bears no interest'. Henry
G.Johnson, Essays in Monetary Economics (1969), VI.
(P) Stones and fossils. The science that deals with fossil animals
and plant fossils are now called Paleontology and Paleobotany. The
study of the stones and other mineral compositions of the strata is called
geological paleontology. For a bibliography see EB (1973), XVII, 153.
The statements of al-Biriini seem to be remarkably modem. All modem
theories about the origin of the earth, like that of al-Birnni, admit the mol-
ten stage in the earth's evolution. Al-Biriini considered India as a recent
alluvial formation because stones are huge near the mountains and where
the rivers have a violent current but they are of smaller size at greater
distana from the mountains and where the streams flow more slowly.

308 AHMED ZEKI VELIDI TOGAN
See Kit& al-Hind, Eng. tr. Edward C. Sachau (1964) I, 198. About the
origin of the earth see Carl 0. Dunbar, Historical Geology (1949) pp. 567
and for the formative stages of the earth see Carl 0. Dunbar, The Earth
(1966), 113-125; 126157. It is not known from whom aEBiriini got the
idea of the origin of the solar system which anticipated the Nebular hypo-
thesis of Simon Pierre Laplace (1796) and the German philosopher Imma-
nuel Kant by so many centuries. Lester C. King, The Morphology of
the Earth (1962), 3-35.
(Q) Adhin al-Simak (mussels). Al-B-kiini's statements are origi-
nal in so far as shell and pearls are concerned. In the Kittib al-Jamrihir
he has correctly described the structure of a mussel with valves with hinge
and muscular closure. This expression is regularly used in the Arabic
translations of Aristotle's zoological works and then in works based on
these such as the relevant sections of Ibn Sina's Kittib arh-ShifiS' to mean
the gills of fish.
(R) The full tit!e of this work of al-Biriini is Kitiib al-Jamihir fi
Ma'rifat al-JawrShir, edited by S. Krenkow and published by the Di'iratu'l
Ma'lrif'il-'Osmaniyah, Hyderabad, I st ed. 1355 A.H. pp. 273 + 11 ; Indices
pp. 51. It is not satisfactory and a critical edition is a long-felt necessity.
On this book see Taqi ad-Din al-Hilali, Die Einleitung zu al-Biriini's Steinbuch
mit Erlauterungen (German trans.) (1941), Sammlung orientalist
Arbeiten, 7; M. Yahya Yi%himi, Die Quellen des Steinbuches des Beriini
(1935), University of Bonn Dissertation, pp. 47. Three papers concerning
this book were read at the International Congress on al-B-mni held at
Teheran in Sept. 1973. See its Proceedings (forthcoming) to be published
by the High Council of Culture and Arts, Govt. of Iran. M.A. Qadiri
presented a paper entitled, "al-Blriini's Contribution to Biological Studies
and concepts in his book Kitiib al-Jamtihir fi Ma'rifat al-JawrShir" at the al-
Biriini International Congress held in Pakistan in Nov.-Dm. 1973. On
this book see Sayyed Hossein Na~r, BAB, 87-94 (English). Translated into
Russian by A.M. Belenitzky, (Moscow-Leningrad, 1963).
(S) Kit& Tahdid Nihtiyat al-Amtikin li Tashih Mastifit al-Masti-
kin was first edited by Muhammad bin Tawit at-Tanji and published at
Ankara in 1962. In the same year it was published by Bulgakov in the
Revue de I' Institut des Manuscripts Arabes (Cairo, 1962), VIII, 1-328.
Trans. into English by Jamil 'Ali as The Determination of the Ceordinates
of Positions for the Correction of Distances between Cities (1967), pp.

THE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY 309
XVIII+278; trans. into Persian by Ahmad kim, Tehran University pub-
lication (1352 A.H. Shamsi), pp. 285. It is difficult to state whether this
translation is correct or not. On this book see Seyyed Hossein Nagr.
BAB, 73-82 (English). E.S. Kennedy is writing a commentary on this book.
P.G. Bulgakov has published a Russian translation.
(T) Al-Jayhini, Abii 'Abdullih Muhammad bin a mad bin Nagr;
Vizier of the Shinid ruler Nqr I bin Ahmad who reigned from 2611874
to 2791892. 'U.R. Kahhfila, MM, IX, 25 (short). D.M. Dunlop, AC,
151, states that his geographical work was based on the Kitdb al-Masiilik
Wa'l-Mamdlik of Ibn Khurradidbih. See the most detailed account of the
life and works of al-Jayhfini in chapters XXIII, XXIV, XXV of Andre
Miquel's, La Geographie Hurnaine DU Monde Musulman Jusqu 'Au Milieu
du Xle Siecle (1967), pp. 420. See I.U. Krachkovski, op.cit. I, 219-224;
Arabic trans. I, 219-223 and notes 1-32 on pp. 238-39; Ibn an-Nadim states
that Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadhini (fl. ca. 2891902) borrowed extensively from
al-Jayhiini in his book Kitdb al-Bulddn without acknowledgement; Ibn an-
Nadim, KF, 154; George Sarton, IHS, I, 635-36, mentions that he flourished
between 893 and 907. As is evident from the books of al-Biriini, the geo-
graphical work of al-Jayhini based on that of Ptolemy was available to
him.
(U) Ptolemy - Claudius Ptolemaeus; Rene Taton1A.J. Pomerans,
History of Science, Ancient and Medieval Science (1963) 140-43; 270-72,
31 1-14; 319-22 and passim. See BE, XV, (no. 2), 240-241 ; EB, XVIII,
812-814 with short bibliography; Andre Miquel, op. cit. 71-77; 81-88
andpassim; Aldo Mieli, op. cit. 21 1,235,445,628, 806, 1 109 (bibliography);
al-Qifti, TH, 95-98; M. Plessner, "Ba/lamiyiis" in the EI (2) 1,1100-1 102
(good bibliography); George Sarton, IHS, I, 272-278 (informative). S.
Sambursky, Ptolemy' in NCE, XI, 996-997 (discusses Ptolemy's geocentric
system of the world). Batlamiyiis, Tarjimah Kitiib Ba/lamiyiis bi'l-'Ara-
biyah fi Tafiil al-Aqdlim md' Suwarah al-Ma'riif bi'l-Jughrdfiyah, not
dated; no page nos; translator's name not given. A. Pauly and G. Wis-
sowa, Real Enc. der Classischen Altertumswissenschaften XXIII12 (1959).
For translations of his works into Arabic and from Arabic into Latin see
CHI, 11, passim. David Pingree, "Ptolemy" in EWB, vol. IX, 33-35;
see the English tr. of the AlmrSgest of Ptolemy by R. Catesby Taliaferro,
Encyc. Brit. (Chicago, 1948), pp. 478. For the translation of his Almcigest
into Arabic see D.M. Dunlop, AC 182,215, 317.

310 AHMED ZEKI VELIDI TOGAN
(V) This para means that al-Binini, like his contemporary, Mis-
kawaih believed in philosophical ethics and it suggests that theGreek philo-
sophic-ethical tradition was known to him. By "virtue" is perhaps the
four cardinal virtues, temperance, courage, justice and liberality aremeant.
Cf. ~iskawaih's' Tuhdhib al-Akhliiq and his other works on ethics.
(W) A Greek author perhaps of the 1st century. For his identity
and work see Martin Plessner, Der Oikonomikos des Neuphythagoreers
'Bryson' und sein Einflzus auf die islamische Wissenschaft (1928), pp. 297.
An Arabic translation of his work on the education of the young was pub-
lished by Louis Cheikho in Al-Mashreq, XIX (1 921). 161-1 68 and Majmii'a
Arba'at Rast?'il (1920-23), 13-33, but the author has not been definitely
identified. One section of the Tuhdhib al-~khliiq'of Miskawaih is based
on this book. See Constantine IS. Zurayk's edition (1967), 55-64. Eng.
trans. 50-57. Bryson taught and studied mathematical problems; Werner
JaegerIGilbert Highat, Paidea, I, 317; F.E. Peters, iACom, 517, note 38;
F. Rosenthal, KT, 285, 288 ff,
(X) See 'Abdu'r-Rahmiin Badawi, Arislii 'ind aE 'Arab, dirii sc wa
nugii~
ghair mamhiira (1947). 1,pp. 340; F.E. Peters. Aristotle and the Arabs,
The Aristotelian Tradition in Islam (1970), pp. 328; C. Petraitis, The Arabic
Version of Aristotle's Meteorology (Arabic text) (1967) pp. 11 1 + 148;
Ibriihim Madkour, L 'Organon d' Aristot le dans le monde arabe ses traduc-
lions, son etude et ses applications, 2nd ed. (1969) pp. 302; R. Walzer, "Aris-
tutilis" or "Aristii" in E.I(2), I, 630-633 (with bibliography); 'Abdu'r-Rab-
miin Badawi, Commentaires sur Aristote perdm en grec et autres epitres,
(1972); XVIII +300 pp. See the Introduction (pp. 17-75) to the Persian
trans. of the Poetica by Soheil Afnan, Niima-i-Aris#ufiiIis dar Biira-i-Hunar
Shi'r (1948), pp. 236. Maqcila Tashtamil 'Ah Fell min Kit& al-fluyaw&
li ArisCii (Excerpts from 'Aristotle's BOOK on Animals or De Animalibus
Historia), ed. and tr. by J.N. Mattock (Cambridge, 1966) XVI + 1 1 1.
J. Owens, "Aristotle" in NCE, I, 809-814; J.J. Glanville, "Aristotelianism"
in NCE, I, 799-809; "Aristu@lis" in DMI, 11, 581-593; J.B. Kerferd, EP,
I, 151-162; Werner Jaeger, Aristotle, tr. by Richard Robinson, second ed.
(1960), pp. 475; Albin Lesky, HGL, 547-582; F.E. Peters, HOH, 350-78
and passim; GEL. Owen; D.M. Balme; Leonard G. Wilson and L.
Minio-Paluello, DSB, I, 250-28 1. The full title of this book of al-Biriini
is Kit& al-Athiir al-Btiqiya 'an al-Quriin al-fiiiliya written ca. 3911
1000, ed. by Edward Sachau (1923); Baghdiid reprint, (1963), pp. 362+
LXXIII; tr. into English with notes as The Chronology of Ancient Nations

THE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL HISM)RIOGRAPHY 31 1
or Vestiges of the Past by E. Sachau (1879), pp. XVIt-464. Some fragments
of this book not found in the edition of Sachau have been published
by Karl Garbers and Johann Fiick in the Documenta Islamica Inedita
(1952) 45 - 98. On this book see Ahmad Sa'eed Khin, op. cit. 40-43.
Tr. into Persian by Akbar Dinisirisht, (1352 A.H. Shamsi), pp. 617. See
Seyyed Hossein Nayr, BAB, 67-69 (English). Russian tr. by the Academy
of Sciences, USSR, Uzbekistan, 2 vols. (Tashkent, 1957-1973).
(Z) DhuV-Qarnayn, literally "the Two-homed one" or "the King
with the two horns" etc. There is a difference of opinion as regards the
identification of Dhu'l-Qarnayn, but the popular and majority opinion
identifies him as Alexander, the Great. See 'Abdulliih Yiisuf 'Ali's trans.
I, 753-757, note no. 2428 and Appendix VII, ibid, 760-765. According to
the Qur'iin (Siira XVIII, 83-98) Dhu'l-Qarnayn reaches the western and
eastern limits of the earth but nothing has been said about the north and
the south. Farid Wajdy states (DM, I, 31 1-325 at 324) that Im5m ar-
Rizi and an-Naislliibiiry believed that he was Alexander and they have been
followed by the majority of the Qur'in commentators. Al-Mas'iidi gives
the title Dhu%Qarnayn to Alexander, MD, 11, 249; see Rudi Paret, op. cit.
316 with references; al-Biriini, ABAQ, 36-42; al-Himyiri, Shams al-'Uliim,
12-13. See J.M.S. Baljon, Modern Muslim Qur'cin Interpretation, 22, 31-
34, 90 (Comments on Azid's identification of Dhu'l-Qarnayn in Tarjumh
al-Qur'En). E. Mittwoch, EI(1) 961-62 (not noticed in the new edition).
(a) YZ'jiij and Md'jiij (Gog and Magog). A.J. Wensinck, Yd&4
Wa Mddsa'j in the EZ(1) ; IV, 1142 (with bibliography). The identification
of the Mongol invaders of Christian Europe with Gog and Magog was
rejected after the invaders had been found to be ignorant of Judaism.
See A.N. Poliak, "Geopolitical Ideas of the Struggle Between the Saracens
and the West" in the Proceedings, IV, 321-323. For comments of Kenneth
Cragg about Dhu'l-Qarnayn and his coming to a ravine between mountains
where he erected an iron rampart to defend the suppliant population from
marauding Gog and Magog, see The Event of the Qur'h (1971) 168-169.
'Abdullih Yiisuf 'Ali's trans. I, 756 and note 2439 and 760-765. Farid
Wajdy, DM, I, 68-69. The Gog and Magog of the Bible are very different
from those of the Qur'in. "Gog in the Bible, a hostile power that is to
manifest itself in the world immediately before the end of thing (Ezek,
XXXVII Seq. Rev. XX). Magog, who is joined with Gog in the passage
in Revelation is the name of Gog's origin in this passage in Ezekiel. In
Genesis X, 2 (and Ezek, XXXVIII, 2) Magog appears to represent a locality
.

312 AHMED ZEKI VELIDI TOGAN
in Armenia". EB, X, 529. Rudi Paret, up. cit. 320 (commentary on Siira
XVIII, verses 92-98). For an account of an expedition sent by the Caliph
al-Wiithiq Billiih to the land of Gog and Magog see Kit8b al-Mmdik Wa'l
Mamdik by Ibn Khurradiidbih (1306/1889), 162-170. This was led by one
called Salliim. Al-Mas'iidI, MD, I, 267, 337; 11, 308; 111, 66, records the
length and breadth of the rampart.
(b) Suviir-Turks. For a thorough discussion of the location of
the iron rampart constructed by Dhu'l-Qantayn see the Qur'Bn Appendix
VII to 'Abdulliih Yiisuf 'All's trans. I, 761-63; FarId Wajdy, DM, I, 69
states that the iron rampart built by Dhu'l-Qarnayan are the two chains of
mountains in Armenia and Adharbayjiin. The SuvBr-Turks here mean
the Turkish tribe living in Suviir a town near Bulgaria. See HAIMinorsky,
RW, 163, 461; I. Hrbek, "Bulghiir" in the EI(2), I, 1304-1308; see also
"Biib al-Abwiib" by D.M. Dunlop in EI(2), I, 835-36; W. Berthold, "Der-
bend" in EI(l), 940-945.
(c) Fanaticism and prejudice. In an age which was largely domi-
nated by theology, al-Biriini wrote that historians must be free from all
kinds of prejudices which are liable to make people blind against truth".
ABAQICAN, 413. According to al-Biriini these prejudices are due to in-
veterate custom, party-spirit, rivalry, being addicted to one's passions, the
desire to gain influence"; see loc. cit. Al-Biriinl adds that one should
guard oneself against numerous lies which are mixed up with all historical
records and traditions. Ibid 513. This means that the principle of source
criticism in historical writings was known to him. Cf. Ibn Khaldiin's critic-
ism of traditional history in his Muqaddima.
(d) Ibn Miskawaih. See translator's note 'X' to M. Kiimil 'AyBd's
essay.
(e) Ibn Sa'Id al-Maghribi, Abu'l-Hasan 'A11 ibn Miisa' al-Magh-
ribi (d. 67311 274). Al-Zirekli, QA, V, 179 gives details of his printed works.
'U.R. Kahhda, MM, VII, 249 with bibliography. A.Z.V. Togiin, TU,
155, 244. An account of his life and works is given by F. Wiistenfeld,
GAIW, 135-137 (no. 353); see EI(2), 111,926. An autographed MS of his
historical work is available at the Royal Egyptian Library at Cairo. A.R.
Nykl, HAP, 361; see his Kitcib al-Jughrdfiya, ed. by Ismii'il al-GharbI
(1970) pp. 264. Arabic text with a map. Emilio Gracia Gomez, EL Libro
de las Banderas de 10s Campeones de Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi (1942), Instituto
de Valencia de Don Juan. His aLMughrib fi Hula'l-Maghrib was edited

nlE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY 313
and published by Shawqi Dayf, 2 vols. (1953). D.M. Dunlop, AC, 126,
127, 200; EI(1) 11, 414 which mentions Pons Boigue's Ensayo bio-biblio-
grapico, p. 306 ff. There is a difference of opinion as regards the date of
his death. George Sarton, IHF, 1112, 1065; C. Brockelmann, GAL, I,
336-37; SI, 576-77; Muhsin Hamid al-'Ayyidi, "Ibn Sa'id a]-Andalusi"
(Dissertation on 'Ali ibn Mfisa al-Maghribi Ibn Sa'id, Thirteenth Century
Arab scholar of Spain) (Cairo, 1972) pp. 326.
(f) Rashid ad-Din apTabib (d. 71 8/13 18). B. Lewis and P.M. Holt
eds. HOME, 13 1-137; CHI, 11,729-30; CHIr, V, 517-1 8; 623-24 and passim.
E. Berthels, EZ,(l), 111, 1124-1 125 with bibliography; Perepiska (1971)
pp. 497; K.A. Nizimi, 'A unique and unknown Book of Rashid ad-Din
Fadl-Allih-The As'ila Wa Ajwiba', in IC (1966); Qazwini, Yaddashthai,
ed. by kaj Afshlr (1336 A.H. Shamsi), 111, 110-1 16; Karl Jahn, Rashid'ud-
din's History of India, collected essays with facsimiles and indices
(1966), pp. CXIX + 153 ; GhulSlm Husain Yfisufi, In 'ikris audri' Ijtimri'i dar
rithZr-i Rashid'uddin FadlulkSh in Revue de la Faculte des Letters et Sciences
Hurnaines de Mashad (1348/1969), vol. V/3, pp. 330-435; H. Masee, "The
Rida of Rashid ad-Din Fad1 al-L5h on Numbers (Risrilat al-'Ada.)"
in Levi-Provencal Memorial Volume, 11,649-661 ; The Successors of Genghis
Brin, trans. of his J hi' at-Tawririkh by J.A. Boyle (1971) pp. 384; see
translator's note E to M. Kamil 'Ayad's paper above. Bertold Spiiler,
"Rachid ad-Din-home d'Etat et son epoche" in the frrin Shincisi (1970),
1111, 1-15; John Andrew Boyle, "Rashid ad-Din: The first world Historian",
in frrin, (1971), IX, 19-26. (See the papers of I.P. Petrushevsky and K-
Jahn concerning Rashid ad-Din, mentioned on p. 26 of Boyle's paper). F.
Rosenthal, HOMH 81, 105, 141, 147 and 176. Walter J. Fischel, Jews
in the Economic and Political life of Medieval Islam (1 969), pp. 139 at 1 18-
125; p. 129 states "he was a physician by profession, to whom the duty of
supervising the Commissariat of the 11-Khan could be entrusted". J6mi'
at -Tawririkh(Histoire Universelle), Persian text edited with an introduction
and translation by Karl Jahn, vol. I, Histoire des France (1951), pp. VIII.+
78+60.The full Persian text of his Jrimi' at-Tawririkh has been published
under the auspices of the Azerbayjan branch of the Akademiya Nauk in
three vols. (Moscow, 1957-1965). Parts of his history were published by
E. Quatremere (1936); J.M. Berezin (1858-1888), E. Blochet, Vol. I1 (191 1);
K. Jahn (1940); 'Ali ade, Vol. I11 (1957); A. Atesh (1957). A Russian trans-
lation of his history dealing with the Mongolian tribes, Chenghiz Khin
and Ghizin Khan was published between 1946 and 1952. Karl Jahn,
Rashid al-Din's History of India (1965) CXIX+153. A.A. Dehkhodi',

314 AHMED ZEKI VELIDI TOGAN
LN (1967); No. 128,469. See J.A. Boyle's study on "Juvayni and Rashid
aEDin as source on the history of the Mongols" in HOME 133-137; C.
Brockelmann, GAL, 11, 200; SII, 273 where his Arabic works specially
those concerning the Qur'in are mentioned. About his historical work
Bertold Spfiler's views are identical with those of Friedrich Heer who
writes (The Medieval World, 230), "The scope of this history, extending
from China to England, is remarkable; another five centuries had to elapse
before Europe could produce anything of comparable range". See the standard
work in Arabic Afu'arrikh al-Mughal al-Kabir: Rashid ad-Din F@lul-
Icih al-Hamadcini by Fu'id 'Abdu'l-Mu'ti as-Sayyid and 'Abbis al-'Azziwt
al-Muhhi's work on the historians of the Mongol period at-Ta'rif bi41
Mu'arrikhin fi 'Ahdal-Mughal war-Turk&, vol. I (1957), pp. 299; Muhammad
Sidiq Nash'at and others have translated his historical work into
Arabic. For translations of his history in other foreign languages see Jean
Sauvaget and Claude Cahen, op. cit. 169 and for ciritical comments on his
historical works see Jan Rypka, CHIr. V, 623-24. Some Chinese books
were translated into Persian in the 14th century. See Mojtabi Minovi,
Tarjicma-i-'UliirP1-i-Chini (Tehran, 1955), pp. 26; See the letters of Rashid
ad-Din Fadlullih, ed. by Muhammad Shafi' (Lahore, 1947), pp. 479.
(g) Tij ad-Dln as-Subki, 'Abdu'l-Wahhib ibn 'Ali ibn 'Abdu'l-
Kifi ibn Tamam ibn Yiisuf. . . . .al-An~lri, Abii Na~r, Tij ad-Din (d. 7711
1370). 'U.R. Kahhala, MM, VI, 225-226; with bibliography; al-Zirekli
QA, IV, 335-36; A.Z.V. Togin, TU, 55, 57, 156, 238; C. Brockelmann,
GAL, 11,108-1 10; S 11, 105-107. A member of the Shifi'i family of scholars;
Joseph Schacht, EI (I), IV, 494; see his Tabaqcit ash-Shdji'iyiit al-klubrii',
6 vols. 1st ed. (190611324 A.H.) The history of Huligti, his
campaigns, the capture of Baghdad aad the conquest of Syria (Tabagcit,
vol. V, 113-1 18 at the end of the biography of al-'Azim ibn 'Abdu'l-Qawi)
has been studied by Otto Spies, "A Hitherto Unknown Account of the
Destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols" in the Proceedings, IV, 346;
F. Rosenthal, HOMH. 370-75,414-416 and passim.
(h) Al-Kifiyiiji Abii 'Abdulliih Muhyi ad-Din Muhammad ibn
Sulaymin, (d. 87911474). 'U.R. Kahhfila, MM, X, 51-52; al-Zirekli, QA,
VII, 22 (good bibliography in both). F. Rosenthal, HOMH, 245-262; 264-
267; 318-320; 547-580 and passim. C. Brockelmann, GAL, 11, 138-140;
SII, 140-141. His work is criticized by A.Z.V. Togan, see TU, 167-168.
For his al-Mukhtapr fi 'Zlm at-Ta'rikh or Short Work on Hhtoriography
see translator's note 'J' to this paper; for general remarks about him see

F. Rosenthal, HOMH, 245-48; 'U.R. Kahbila states (loc. cit.) that he was
called Ksyiiji because of his deep devotion to al-Klifiya, a book on Arabic
syntax but F. Rosenthal records that he was a native of Kokjaki in Anatolia.
He is not noticed in the EL
(3 See translator's note 'ee' to F. Gabrieli's essay.
(j) Al-Kifiyij.ji7s Al-Mukhtqar al-Mufid fi 'Ilm at-Ta'rikh (The
Instructive Short Work on Historiography). Ayi Sofyi Ms. No.
3402, 3403 and also Tal'at Ms in the Egyptian Librrrry and Ms Cairo
Ta'rikh. 528. The text and translation have been published by F. Rosen-
thal, HOMH, 547-580 (Arabic) and 245-262 (English). It also discusses
(245-247) the merits and demerits of this work which greatly influenced as-
Sakhawi.
(k) See Walter J. Fischel's Ibn Khaldiin in Egypt, His Public Func-
tions and His Historical Research (1382-1406). A Study in Islamic Histo-
riography (1967), pp. XII+217. Ibn Khaldiin's autobiography entitled
At-Ta'rifbi Ibn Khaldin R$latuhu Sharqan wa Gharban, editcd by Muham-
mad Tiwit at-Tanji (1370/1951), pp. 459. For an English translation and
commentary on this autobiography see Walter J. Fischel, Ibn Khaldiin and
Tamerlane, Their Historic Meeting in Damascus in 803/1401 (1964), pp.
231. See Hassan Sa'ab, Ibn Khaldiin, EP, IV, 107-109 with bibliography.
(1) Muhammad ibn Ibriihim ibn Muhammad al-fji known as
Shams ibn Shaihib al-fji (d.ca. 78311381-82), was a student of the famous
philosopher 'Adud ad-Din al-fji (d. 75611355); A.Z.V. Togin, TU, 137;
Ismk'il Pishi', al-Baghdidi, al-Makniin, ed. by S. Yaltaqaya, I
(Istanbul' 136411945), col. 255.
(m) Al-fji's Tubfat al-Fqir' ikf &tib as-Sarir or Gilt of A Poor
Man to the Owner of the Throne. Unique Ms in the Sulayrniniya Library
at Istanbul in the collection Hatice Turhan Valide Sulpn. The text has
not yet been published but parts of it are translated into English and
published by F. Rosenthal in HOMH, 205-244; see also its introduction
201-205 which notices al-fji and assesses the Tujrfa. This book was writ-
ten in 78311381-82 but Ismi'il Pishi, al-Baghdidi states, loc. cit. that it
was written in 84011436 which seems to be incorrect.
(n) Al-Bibini, al-Baghdidi, Ismi'il Pishi ibn Mdammad Amin
ibn Mir Salim, born and brought up at Baghdid. (fi. ca. 13391 1920). 'U.R.
MAD, Kabbtdi, MM, 11,289-90. See 'Izz'uddfn at-Taniikhi, RAAD, XXX,

316 AHMED ZEKl VELlW TOGAN
pp. 120-1 31; al-Zirekli, QA, I, 325. Author of Haa'yat al-'Arifin li Asmti'
al-Mu'allgin wa Asrtir al-Mzqannifn, 2 vols. (Istanbul, 1955) and also
of f&h al-Makniin fidh-Dhayl 'a15 Kashf upZuniin, edition cited 2 vols.
(Instanbul, l364-66/1945-47), I, 1-622 ; 11, 1-732 columns. Franz Babinger,
Die Geschichtsachreiber der Osmanen und ihre Werke (Leipzig, 1927), 402,
no. 373.
(0) 'Adud ad-Din al-Iji; 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn 'Abdu'l
GhaEr ibn Ahmad al-Ui (d. 75611355). 'U.R. Kahhala, MM, V, 119;
al-Zirekli, QA, IV 66 with a bibliography. See the commentary of Mir
Syed Sharlf Jurjani on his al-Mawiiqiffi 'Ilm al-Kaltim wa Tdqiq al-Maqtiid
wa Tabyin al-Martim (Astfma', 131 1 A.H.); also edited by Ibrfihlm ad-
Dasiiqi (Cairo : 1357 A.H.); EI (I), 447 (name of writer not mentioned);
Joseph van Ess, "Adud al-Din al-Tjf" in EZ (2), 111, 1022 (Life and works,
contains short bibliography); Majid Fakhry, A History of Islamic Philosophy
(1970), 358; Louis Gardet, La Cite Musulmane, 3rd ed. (1969), 45; C.
Brockelmann, GAL, 11, 267-271; SII 287-293; Joseph van Ess. Die Erkenntnislehre
des 'Adudaddin al-fji, Ubersetzung und Kommentar des ersten
Buches seiner Mawtiqif (1966), pp. ~~1~510; F. Rosenthal, KT, (1970),
48, 52, 56, 58; George Sarton, IHS, 11111, 628-29 (contains a critical appre-
ciation of his Kittib al-MawZqif).
@) An-Nairizi; 'All ibn Muhammad ibn 'Al? an-Nairlzl, Arshad
ad-Din Abu'l-Hasan (d. 604/1208). 'Umar Rada Kahhila, MM, VII,
224 records three of his works. He was a jurist, traditionist and commenta-
tor of the Qur'an; not noticed in the Tabaqtit al-Mufassirin of JalZll ad-
Din as-Suyiiti. Not in GAL, nor in GAS, vol. I, nor in al-Zirekl?. For
Nirk, see V. Minorsky, EI(l), 111, 925.
(q) Ash-Shaikh Shah&bu7ddin Yahya' bin Habash bin Amlrak
as-Suhrawardl, known as al-Maqtiil. (Killed in 58611 190 when he was only
36); 'U.R. Kahhala, MM, VII, 310; al-Zirekll, QA, IX, 169-70 with biblio-
graphy in the foot-note. Ibn Khallikan states wa KZnii 'ilmuhu akhthar
min 'aqlihi or "he possessed more knowledge than intelligence". He
advocated the philosophy of illuminative wisdom or ishrZq for which see
R. Arnaldez, EI(2), IV, 119-121; C. Brockelmann, GAL, I, 564-66; SI,
781-783 ; see his Mantiq at-Talwibcit, ed. 'All Akbar Fayyad (1 334/1955),
pp. 100. Pub no. 270. Henry Corbin, Suhrawardi d' Alep (d. 1191 A.D.)
fondateur de la doctrine illuminative (ishrtiqi) (1939) ; - - - , En Islam Zranien,
Aspects Spirituels et Philosophiques; Suhrawardi et les Plantoniciens de

THE CONCEPT OF CR~TICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY 317
Perse (1971), 11, pp. 392. Muhammad Mo'in, Huraxs in the Transactions,
11, 326-28; S.Van Den Bergh, "Al-Suhrawardi" . . . . . . ... . . . . EI(1)
IV, 506-507; 'Ali bin Zayd al-Bayhaqi, TSH, Fasc. 11, (Durrat al-Akhbcir
Pers.), 1 19-120; See Opera Metaphysics et Mystica, edited with an introduction
by H. Corbin, vol. I (1945), pp. LXXXI (French) + 51 1 (Arabic).
S.H. Na~r, "The Persian Works of Shaykh al-Ishriq Shihib al-Din Suhra-
ward?" in Acta-Iranica, I (Tehran, January-March, 1968); Henry Corbin,
Oeuvres Philosophiques et mystiques de Shihcibu'ddin Ydyii' Suhrawardi.
(1952) pp. 102+349; - - - - , Shihib al-Din Yahyi' Suhrawardi, EP, VII,
486-487. Mijid Fakhry, op. cit. 327-338.
(r) Al-Ghazzili; Maurice Bouyges, Essai de Chronologie des
Oeuvres Deal-Ghazcili, ed. by Michel Allard (1959), pp. 205; 'U.R. Kahhda,
MM, XI, 266-269 with exhaustive bibliography; al-Zirekli, QA, VII, 247-48.
Ahmad Ghazzcili's Aphorismen uber die Liebe, edited byHellmut Ritter (1942),
pp. VII, 106; W. Montgomery Watt, al-Ghazcili. in EI(2) 11, 1038-1041
(short and unsatisafctory bibliography); O.E. Chahine L'Originalite
Creatrice de la Philosophie (1972) pp. 301. Alonso Manuel Alonso,"
"Influencia de Algazel en el mundo Latino" in Andalus, (Madrid, 1958)
pt. 2. 271-308; M. Sa'eed Shaikh, "al-Ghazzali" in HMP, 11, 581-642.
chaps. XXX-XXXI, Bibl. 640-642; '~ava, Lazarus-Yafeh, Al-Ghazzili's
(The Deliverer from Error, tr. into Hebrew with notes and introduction,
1965) pp. 76; - - - , The Literary Character of al-Ghazzdi's Writings,
(1965) pp. 276 + 101 + 13 in English. 'Ali 'kt' 'Osman, The Concept of
Man in Islam in the writings of al-Ghazzdli (1960), pp. 213; Sabih &mad
Kamali, Types of Islamic Thought (1963) pp. 31-52 discusses some aspects
of Tahifut and Ihyci'; L.V. Vaglieri and B. Rubinacci, Scritti Scelti di al-
Ghazdi, tr. into Latin (1970) pp. VIII + 702; A. Fadlou Shehadi, Al-GhazZ-
li's Al-Mag& al-Apui fi sharh ma'cini asmd' Allcih al-husnd (1 972); Hans
Kindermann, ~ber die guten Sitten beim Essen und Trinken, das
11 Buch von al-Ghazzali's Hauptwerk. Ubersetzung und Bearbeitung
als ein Beitrag zur Geschichte unserer Tischsitten (1 964), pp. XXIX +
330; B. Carra De Vaux, Gahzcili (1902), out of date; Muhammad TaqI
Dinishpiziih, Tuhfat al-Muliik of al-Ghazzili in the Revue de la Faculte des
Lettres a% Meched (1344/1965); Al-Ghazzili, Book of Fear and Hope,
tr. by W. McKane (1962) pp. XX+98. Al-Ghazzili, Nqihat al-Muliik,
Eng. trans. Counsel for Kings by F.R.G. Bagley, (1964) pp. 197; A Fadlou
Shehldi, Ghazzcili's Unique Unknowable God. A. Philosophical and critical
analysis of some of the problems raised by al-Ghazili's view of God as
utterly unique and unknowable. (1964) pp. X+ 132. L. Zolondek, Book

318 AHMED ZEKJ VEL~DJ TOGAN
XX of al-Ghaidi's Zbyii' 'UlGn ad-Din, (1 963) pp. VI + 78; Farld Jabre,
La notion de certitude selon Ghaziili duns ses origines psychologiques et historiques
(1958) pp. 476. W.M. Watt, Muslim Intellectual: A Study of al-
Ghazzcili (1963) pp. VIII +215, short bibliography 203-206. A.J. Wensinck,
La Pensee De Ghazzcili (1940), pp. 205; Abu'l-Hasan 'A11 Nadwi, Saviours
of Islamic Spirit (1971) 112-176 (orthodox interpretation of the writings of
al-Ghazzdi); Zaki MubBrek, al-Akhhiq 'ind al-Ghazcili (Cairo, n.d.) pp.
297; H. Laoust, La Politique rle Ghaziili(1971) pp. 414; Farid Jabre, Essai
sur la Iexique de Ghazcili (1970) pp. XVIII+297 (studies the terminology of
al-Ghazzfdi used in his principal works except the Tahcifut), pp. 147 + 52;
Muhammad Ahmad Sharif, Ghazziili's Theory of Virtue (1974). See his
Kit& M~akk an-Napw fi'l-Mantiq, The Touchstone of Thinking (Cairo,
n.d.). The abbreviated edition of the Mustaqhiri was published with commentary
by I. Goldziher (1916); Henry Corbin, EP, 111, 326-328 (bibliography
not satisfactory); Richard N. Verdery, "a]-Ghazfdi" in EWB, IV,
376-378. W.M. Watt, EB, X, 387; Farid Wajdy, DM, VII, 65-68.
(s) Ilkhanids (663-73611 265-1337). Igor de Rachewiltz, Papal
Envoys to the Great Khiins (1971), pp. 230; Ralph Winston Fox, Chenghis
Khgn (1962) pp. 178; 11-Khhs, EB (1973), XI, 1077; H.A. Hamdi, ad-
Dawlat al-Khuwiirizmiyya wa'l-Mughul (Cairo, 1949); Bertold Spuler,
"flkhans" (Historical) and R. Ettinghausen "Ilkh&ns" (Art and Architecture)
in EZ (2) 1 120-1 123 and 1 123- 1 127 respectively. See Fadlullah bin
'Abdulliih Shirki called Wa~~iif, Ta'rililr-i- W~~iif &r Abwiil-i-SalfFin-i-
Moghol, 5 Vols. in one (Tehran, 1338 A.H. Shamsi) pp. 708. ~aniichehr
Murtadawi, Tdqiq dar ~iira-i-Ilkhiiniyiin-i-Iriin (Tabriz, 1341 A.H.
Shamsi). For other papers by Maniichehr Murtadawi on the Ilkhgnids
see the bibliography. Bertold Spuler, Die Mongolen in Iran; Politik,
Verwaltung und Kultur der Zlchanzeit, 1220-1350,3rd revised edition (1968),
pp. XVI+624. A.J. Toynbee, SOH, I, 363-64; 11, 78, 144; III,25,417,
439,450. J.A. Boyle, "Juvayni and Rashid al-Din as Sources on the
History of the Mongols" in HOME, 133-137. See the translator's note
E to M. Kamd 'Ayiid's paper.
(t) Timiir or Timiir Lang (Tamerlane); L. Bouvat, EZ (I), IV,
777-779. Sami' Ni*m ad-Din, Zafarniimu' (History of the Conquests of
Tamerlane), ed. by Felix Tauer, Persian text, introduction, commentary
and Indexes, 2 vols. (1937-1956) pp. XXIV+320; 295. 'AbdullPh Mar-
wgrid, Sharaf-n-', critical edition by Hans Robert Roemer, Staatsschre-
iben der Timwidenzeit (1952). pp. VIII+224 and 75 pages of Persian text.

THE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY 319
Lucien Bouvat, "Essai sur la civilisation Timouride in JA, 208(1926), 193-
299. SauvagetICahen, IHME, 170-171 ; A.Z.V. Togan, TU, 59; Abii T3lib
Husain Turbati, Tuzakcft-i-Timiiri with an English tr. by Major Dewey
and an introduction by Mujtaba MinovI, (1342 A.H. Shamsi) pp. 408;
Harold Lamb's book on Timfir has been translated into Persian by 'Ali
Jawahir Qalam (Tehran) pp. 288. George Sarton, ZHS, 111, 1467-1474.
A.J. Toynbee, SOH, I1 and I11 passim (a detailed historical account).
See Jean Aubin "Tamerlane A Baghdad" in Bagdad (l962), 303-309; Farid
Wajdy, DM, 11, 729-731. H. Horst, Timl3r md Khoja' 'Ali (1958); "Timiir"
in EB, (1973), XXII, 3-4.
(u) Mabiidi 'ilm at-Ta'rikh wa mi)& Naqd al-Akhbiir. The Prin-
ciples of Historiography and the Criteria of Historical Criticism. This is
the title of the sixth chapter of al-Zji's Tdfah divided in twelve sections.
Its text is not published yet. For its English tr. See F. Rosenthal's
HOMH, 235-244.
(v) Long bones, perhaps means bones of the thigh and upper arm-
one of the seven categories of information derived from the examinztion of
a complete skeleton. See "Physical Anthropology" in EB, (1973), 11, 46.
(Identification of Skeletal Remains) and "Evolution of Man", 2, EB,
(1973), XIV, 73 1-743 with a bibliography.
(w) On the mathematical accuracy of al-Bi~ni see translator's
note 'lT' to G. Richter's essay.
(x) Karrgmites Originated in Khurasin out of the teachings of Abfi
'Abd-Alkh Muhammad ibu Karrim (d. 2551869). D.S. Margoliouth,
"Karrfimiya" in the EZ(1) 11, 773-74; (good bibliography). J.T.P. De
Bruijn, "l[r&n" (Religious) in the EZ (2) IV, 46 which states that in the 5thl
1 Ith century they exercised influence on the Ghaznavid rulers and the early
Ghiirids. For the founder of this sect see al-Zirekli, QA, VII, 236 (with
bibliography); 'U.R. Kahhila, MM, 161-62 (with references to Arabic
sources), C.E. Bosworth, "The Rise of the Karramiyyah in Khurgshn,
MW, L, (1960) 5-14; Richard W. Bulliat, op. cit. 46, states that the Hanafis
and Shafi'i's at Nishapiir were opposed to the Karrgmites. F.E. Peters,
ACom, 426-27; 462-63 (discussed Ibn Karram's work as a theologian).
(y) This statement is on the whole correct. But some Planets,
as is known today, are larger than the earth not only ten times but any
number of times. James Jeans, The Universe Around Us (1930), 16-88;
Carl 0. Dunbar, The Earth (1966), 30-112. About stars and planets in

320 AHMED ZEKI VELlDI TOGAN
Arabic astronomy see C. Schoy, EI(1) 11,831, under Kawkab. B. Tucker-,
mann, Planetary, Lunar and Solar Positions (Philadelphia, 1964).
(2) According to the modern explanation, astronomical obsema-
tion and research, the sun is about 333,000 times the mass of the earth.
Its diameter is 109 times larger than that of the earth and its volume is more
than one million times that of the earth. See "Earth" in the EB (1973),
VII, 846-853 and 'Sun' in ibid, XXI, 414-418. For "al-Shams", the "sun"
see C. Schoy, EI (1) IV, 308-309. "Planets" in EB, XVII, 1 156-1 159;
P.L. Whipple, Earth, Moon andplanets, (1963) ; "Die mittleren Bewegungen
der planeten in Tafelwerk des Khwarizmi", in Viertel jahresschrift der
Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Zurich (1 96 l), 106, 2 13-23 1.
(AA) Abii Nay Mansiir ibn 'Ali ibn 'Irfiq (d. ca. 42711036); see
Julio Samso' Moya, Estudios Sobre, Abii Nqr Maqiir bin 'Ah bin 'Irrfq,
(1969), pp. XI+ 161 (Review by Farida Abii-Haider in the BSOAS, XXXVI
Pt. I (1972), 145-146); "author of the most complete Arabic version of the
Spherics of Menelaus of Alexandria"; al-Zirekli, QA, VIII, 240 in which,
the date of his death is given as ca. 42511034. 'U.R. Kahhda, MM, XIII,
17, mentions some of his works still in MS. Not in the El (1) and al-Qifti.
He was a teacher of al-Biriini at one time. See Rasrf'il Abi Nqr ilrf' al-
Biriini by Abii Na~r Man~iir 'Ali ibn 'Iraq, containingfifteen tracts based
on the Bankipore Ms (136711948). The first part of the book of Sr.
Samso' "deals with the life of the astronomer, his relationship with al-
Bi~ni, his works and his importance in the history of Islamic trigonometry".
He was "also one of the discoverers of the theorem of the sine, a very
important discovery in the field of Islamic Trigonometry," (Farida Abii-
Haider in op. cit). George Sarton, IHS, I, 668; Zabihollah Safa' 'AbwiiZ
wa Athir Abii Raybrfn Biriini (Tehran, 1973), 119-129. See NDN, I, 83
(under Ibn Miskawaih) which states that he attended the court of Khwirazmshah
with Ibn Sina, al-Biriini, Miskawaih and others. In a short introduction
to the Rmrf'il of Abii Nay to al-Bifini, it has been stated (pp.
8-9) that he was a student of the famous astronomer Abii'l-Wafa' al-Biizjani
and he was a mawl5' (client) of the Caliph al-Qadir Billah. Abii
Na~r has been mentioned by Ni@mi 'Ariidi Samarqandi in his Chahcfr
Maqrfla and by Ibn al-Athir in his al-Kimil. See Julio Samso' Moya,
"Contribution a un analysis de la terminologia matematico-astronomica
de Abii Na~r Mansfir 'Ali bin 'Iraq", Pensamiento (1969), 25, pp. 235-
248 ; al-Biriini, T&did/Determination, Eng. trans. Jamil 'Ali, 1 16- 128
where his book al-Mrfjisti aZ-Shrfhi and his Risrfla to al-Bi~ni (see above)
are referred to.

THE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL HEKORIOGRAPHY 321
(BB) Ibn Rushd. F.J.R. Molero, "Un maestro de la medicina
arabigoespanola: Averroes" in Miscelanea de Estudios Arabes y Hebraicos
(1 962) XI/ 1 ; Rafael de Mendizabel, Allende, Averroes, un andalus para
Europa (1971) pp. 216+-250; Salim TShSat-Takriti, Zbn R d wa't-Tafkir
al-Uriibi, in al-Aqlcim, (Baghdad, 1389/1970) No. 4, pp. 147-154; His
Tahcifut . . . has been analysed in M WP, ed. by Frank N. Magill and Ian
P. McGreal (1963), 294-299; H. Gatje, "Die innern sinne bei Averroes"
in the ZDMG, vol. 115, pt. 2 (1965). R. Arnaldez, "Ibn Rushd" in EI (2)
111, 909-920 (a substantial contribution with extensive bibliography); E.J.J.
Rosenthal (4.) Averroes' Commenrary on Plato's Republic (1 956); Ibn
Rushd (Averroes) Kit& Fql al-Maqdl, Arabic text, edited by George F.
HourSni (1969) pp. 19+56; -- -, Ibn Rushd (Averroes in the History of
Religion and Philosophy, Eng. trans. of the same, (1967) pp. 128 - - -, "Ibn
Rushd's Defence of Philosophy" in the World of Islam (1960), 145-158
with a short bibliography about Fql al-Maqdl, pp. 157-58. R. Arnaldez,
La Pensee religieuse d' Averroes in SI, VII, VIII, X; R. Brunschvig, "Averroes
Juriste" in Etude Orientale Levi-Provencal(1962), I, 35-68; M&moud
Kassem, La philosophie religieuse d' Averroes, 3rd ed. (not seen). 'U.
R. KahhSla, MM, VIII, 228 (short and unsatisfactory); al-Zireklii, QA,
VI, 2 12-2 13 (satisfactory). See A verroes' Three Short Commentaries on
Aristotle's "Topics", "Rhetoric" and "Poetics", edited and translated by
Charles E. Butterworth (Albany, forthcoming); D.M. Dunlop, AC, 194,
197, 199, 200 and passim. "Averroes" and "Averroismus" in BE, 11,
166-167; F.E. Peters, Acom passim; Mme M. Le Bras, "Averroes" in the
GLE, I, 781-82, L. Guthier, Zbn RocM, Averroes (1948); J. Chaix-Ruy,
L'Averroes #Ernest Renan (1951); Averroes, Die Epitome der Parva natu-.
ralia des, Text. Herausgegeben von. H. Gatje (1962), XVIII+lI2
Tahafut at-Tahcifut (The Incoherence of the Incoherence), Translated from
the Arabic with introduction and notes by S. Van den Bergh, 2 vols.
(1954), pp. XXXVI+374 and 219; RSO (Rome: 1956), XXXI, 200-201.
B.H. Zedlar, "Averroes" in NCE I, 1125-1 127. (substantial contribution
with bibliography). Stuart MacClintock, "Averroes and Averroism"
in EP, I, 220-226 (bibliography out of date); R.R. Walzer, "Averros",
"Arabic philosophy" in EB, 11, 191-192; al-Halu 'Abduhu, Ibn Rushd,
Faylasiif al-Maghrib (1960) pp. 123.
(CC) Hippocrates of Cos (ca. 460 to ca. 380 B.C.). Ludwig Edle-
rtoin, EP IV, 6-7 (good bibliography) EB, XI, 518-19 (very short), R.A.
Ousbourn, NCE, VI, 1138-39; B. Carra De Vaux, Bukrat, EI, (1) I, 784-
85; (not noticed in the new edition); Al-Qifti, "BuqrSt bin Iraqalas", TH,

90.95; Ibn Abi Usaybi'a. UA. 43-61. I, 24 ff; Ibn an-Nadim, KF, 287-88;
George Sarton, ZHS, I, 96-102 (informative but out of date). His Kit&
Tadbfr d-amrr54d-Viiddii (Regimen in Acute Diseases), tr. and ed. by M.C.
Lyons (1966), pp. XXXII+139; Kitlibfl Tabi'at al-Ins& (On the Nature
of Man), tr. and edited by J.N. Mattock and M.C. Lyons (1968), pp.
XVII + 1 19; Kitiib fi'l-Amriid al-Bilidiyah (On Endemic Diseases), edited
and tr. by J.N. Mattock and M.C. Lyons (1960), pp. XXXIX+351; (also
entiled On Airs, Waters and Places); Kitiib fi'l-Akhlq (On Humours) and
Kitiib al-Ghirlhii') (On Nutriment), ed. and tr. by J.N. Mattock, (1971);
Ilitiib Buqriitfi gab1 'aliiD~abl(On Super foetation), ed. and trans. by J.N.
Mattock and Kitib al- Ma'nif bi-Qatitriiin ay Hamut at-Tabib (In the nugery)
ed. and tr. by M.C. Lyons (1968), pp. M + 1 ll and X + 7) respectively,
have all been published. For Hippocratic oath see A.W. Murphy, NCE,
VI, 1 139 "Hippokrates" in BE, VIII, 513; Rene Taton, A.J. Pomerans,
op. cit. passim. Albin Lesky, HGL, 485-493 and passim; Robert Joly,
DSB, 4 18-43 1 (with bibliography).
(DD) Galen of Pergamum (ca. A.D. 129-ca. lW), Neal W. Gilbert,
"Galen" in the EP, 111, 261-62 (with bibliography); I. Veith, NCE, VI,
247 (short); "Galen" in the EB,.IX, 1083-84 (mentions R. Walzer's works
on Galen). R. Walzer, "Djaliniis" in the EZ (2), 11,402403 (good biblio-
graphy); al-Qiffl, op. cit. 122-132; Ibn Abi Usaybi'a, op. cit. 1, 7) Ibn
an-Nadim, KF, 288; George Sarton, ZHS, 301-307 (very informative spe-
cialy about translation of Galen's works in Arabic). Rene Taton/A. J.
Pomerans, op. cit. 356-61 and passim, see the Refutaion by AIexander of
Aphrodisias of Galen's Treatise on the Theory of Motion, tr. from the Medii
eval Arabic version with an Introduction, notes and an edition of the
Arabic text by Nicholas Rescher and Michael E. Marmura, (Islamabad),
1965, pp. X+178. Diana Dyason, "Galen" in EWB, IV, 286-289; Leonard
G. Wilson, DSB, V, 227-237.
(EE) By revealed books, al-B-Mini perhaps meant the Torah, the
Bible and the Qur'an. The statement here is not only modern but also
scientific.
(FF) Tajriba. See E.W. Lane, Lexicon, 112 (1865) 402-404 where
an-Niibigha and al-A'sha are quoted and the standard Arabic lexicons
are mentioned. The title of Miskawaih's well-known historical work is
Tajdrib al-Umam wa Ta'Zqub al-Himam (The Experiences of Nations and
the Pursuit of Ambitions) in which Tajiirib means Experiences". Muham-

THE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL HlSLDRIOGRAPHY 323
mad Arkiin, "Ethic et histoire d'apres les TajcSrib al-Ummn" in the ADTCR,
83-112; cf. Munif ar-Razziiq's book's title at-Tajriht d-Murrd' or The
Bitter Experience (Beirut) pp. 309.
(GG) AfcSk, pl. of Falak or Sphere in particular the Celestial
Sphere. See Willy Hartner EI (2), 11, 761-763 (contains important bibliography).
"It means the place of the revolving of the stars. The astronomers
say that it is a term applied to every one by itself of seven atwiq
by which they mean surrounding spheres exclusive of the sky as meaning the
region of the clouds wherein have been set the seven stars, i.e. the Moon,
Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn." E.W. Lane,
Lrxicon, 116, (1877) 2443-2444, quotes the standard Arabic dictionaries.
Al-Khwilrazmi devotes one full d o n to 'Yf rlhikr al-Apdk" in the MAFU,
126131.
(HH) 'AmQir. Singular 'Aqar - an element (of those) whereof
are composed the material substances of different natures or an element
considered as that from which composed commences: it is of four kinds:
namely, fire, air, earth and water. But this application &longs to thecon-
ventional language of philosophy. E.W. Lane, op. cit. 1 15, (1874) 2063.
See also al-KhwHrazmi, MAFU, 66.
(11) See S. Pines, "La Theorie de la rotation de la terre a I'epoque
D' al-Bifini" in JA, 244 (1956) 301-306; Zeki Velidi Togan, "AI-BTfini
Ve makit-i-Ard" in Islam Tehkikleri Enstituso Dergisi I, i-iv, (1 953).
90.94:
AB -
ABAQ -
AC -
ACom -
ADB -
ABBREVIATIONS USED
Zakariyya bin Mubarnmad al-Qazwini. Ahir al-BiIISd, (1380/1960).
Aba Rayban Al-Bimni, ACdrh& al-Wiyah 'an al-Qwin a!-IWliyah, ed.
by C.E. Sachau, (1923).
DM. Dunlop, Arab Civilizafwn to A.D. 1500 (1971).
F.E. Peters, Allah's Common-weaIrh (New York, 1973).
Historische Commission. AIlgemine Deursche Bwgraphie (New ed.) 50
vols. (1971).
* This is a chapter from my forthcoming bookFive EFsays OnArabic Hisrorwgarphy,
which contains -h translation with my notes and comments. of essays by
(1) M. m i l 'Ayiid ( Islamic Studies, March 1978 ) (2) Gustav Richter
(3) A4mcd Zeki Velidi T om (4) Bertold Spiilcr and (5) Francesco Gabrieli.

324 AHMED ZEKl VELIDl TOGAN
ADTCR - Atti Del Terzo Congresso DiStudi ;idi E lshici, Ravello (1967).
BAB - wed Ijossein Na~r, ACBbPni, An Annotated Bibliognphy (1973).
BE
CAN
- F.A. Brockhaus. Brockhaw Enzyklopaedie, (Wiesbaden. F.A. Brockhaw.
1966 - In progress). Vol. XM. 1973.
- Al-Bimni. l%e Chromlogy of the Ancient Nations, being the Eng. tr. of
CHI
ABAQ by E. Sachau, (1879).
- Zk Cambr%e History of lsh, ed. by P.M. Holt and ors., 2 vols. (1970).
CHIR - The Cambridge History of Iron, ed. by J.A. Boyle, vol. V (1963). Vol. IV
(1975) ed. by R.N. Frye.
DI - Qaa Aba &mifa an-Nu'm8n al-Maghribi. Da'ci'im al-IslkSm wa cthikr d-
v&l wa'l-vmdm wa'l-Qa&yd wa'l-A&h, ed. by AQaf bin 'Ali A~ghar
Fyzee (1383-1963). 2 vols.
DM - Farid Wajdy. DcS'irat al-Ma'rSriJ dQmn &-mi' 'Ashar, 4th ed.. 10 vols.
(Cairo: Da'irat al-Ma'M Press. 1386/1967).
DM1 - Ib- Zaki Khurshid. 'AWu'l-Ijamid Yiinuc & Ors., DZirat dMa'rSrv
&-IsEmya (being the Arabic tr. of the Eiu. of Islam. 1st edition) (Cairo,
1933). VO~S. 1-IV.
DSB - Charles Coulston Giipie (Chief ed.) Dictionmy of Schtific Biography
(New York: Charles Scbribner's Sons. 1970-1972). Vols. I to V (In progress).
EB - University of Chicago etc.. Encyclopedia Britdca, (Chicago: 1968) 23
vols. Index 1 vol.
EI(~) - M. Tb. Houtsma. T.W. Arnold and Om. (eds.). Tk Encyclopedia of lslam,
4 vols. (1913-1934).
EI(~) - H.A.R. Gibb. J.H. Kramus and Om. (eds.), l7fe Jhyclopcdia of lshh,
3 vols. (New edition, 1960-1973). In progress.
EP - Pad Edwards (Chief 4.). l%e Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 8 vols.
(New York: Macmillan Co.. 1967).
ERE - Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. 12 vols. Index vol. Second Impression
(Edinburgh: T and T Clark, 1925-1952).
EWB - David I. Eggenberger (Chief ed.) l%e McCraw Hill Encyclopedia of WorM
Biography, II vols. (1973).
GAIW - F. Wiistenfeld. Die Geschichteschrieber &r Araber und Ihre Werke (repr.
1964).
GAL - Car Brackelmann, Geschichte Der Arabischen Litteratw, 5 vols. (I, 1943
11,1949; SI. 1937, SII. 1938 and SIU. 1942).
GAS - F at %gin, Geschichte Des Arabisckn Shr$tttlunr. vol. I (1967).
GLE - Larousse, Grand Larowse Encyclopedique (Paris : Librairie Larousse,l964).
10 vols.
HA - Anon. flu& al-'Alum min al-Mmhriq ila'l-Maghrib, ed. by Minuchthr
Sotiideh (134011962).

THE CONCEF'I' OF CRITICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY 32 5
HAP - A.R. Nykl, HispbArabic Poetry and its Relations with the old Provencal
Troubadours. (1970).
HGL - Albin Lcsky. A History of Greek Literature (London, 1966).
HOME - Bernard Lewis and P.M. Holt (eds.). Historims of the Midde East, (1962).
HOMH - F. Rosenthal. A History of Muslim Historiography (2nd rev. ed. 1968).
IANS - Istanbul Universitesi. Islam Ansiklopedisi, Islam Alemi. Tarih, Cosrafya.
Etnografya ve Biyografya. Lugati. Vols. I-IX (Istanbul Milli Egitim Basi-
mevi, 1950 - 1960).
IHME - Jean Sauvagct and Claude Cahen, Zntroduction to the History of the Muslh
IHS
Emt, (Berkeley and Los Angcles, 1965). pp. 252.
- George Sarton, Zntrouhction to the History of Science, Vol. I (Baltimore,
1927). pp. 839; Vol. n/l, 2 (London, 1931). pp. 1251 (Continuous). Repr.
KF
of 1962 not seen.
- Ibn an-Nadim. Kit& akFilirist, ed. by Gustav Hiigel; completed by Johannes
Roediger and August Miieller, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1872). Vol. I, pp. xxii
43 361 ; vol. IT, pp. 278.
IUF - At-Thanawi. Kaskhif Z$;iIW-t al-Funrln (A Dictionary of the Technicat
Terms) ed. by Mubammad Wajih, 'Abdu'l-uaqq and on. Tehran repr. in
2 vots. Not dated.
KT - 'Imd-Din Abu'l-uasan 'AU ibn AI-Athir, Al-AWnil fit-Ta'rlkh, ed. by C.
J. Tornberg. 14 vols.. (1851-1876).
LN
LSA
- A.A. Dehkhodii. Loghat Nk, 1st Fasc. (1325 A.H. Shamsi). in progress.
- Ado, Mieli. La Science Arabe et son Role dam I'Evolution Scientifiw
Mondiole (Leiden, 1966). PP. 467.
- Abn 'Abdullait Mubammad bin m a d bin YQsuf al-Kh-, Mafitrg
01-'Ulh. Repr. of Van Vloten:~ Leiden ed. of 1895 (Cairo: 134911930), pp.
155.
,
MD - Abu'l-&wm al-Mas'Odi. Mwiij adh-Dhahab wa Ma'rSdin al-Jawrshir, ad.
by C.A. Barbier de Maynard and A.J.B. Pavet de Courtelle, 9 vok.,
MEW - (1861-77). Friedrich Hecr, The Medieval World (Europe. 1100-1350). tr.
by Janet von Souheimer (1962).
MM - 'Umar Rada K&&llB, Mu'jam al-Mu'ollfln, Tajim Mu$annafi al-Kutub
al-'Arabiy& (Damascus: Taraqqi Press, 137611957 - 138111961), 15 vols.
MS - AI-Manubhi, Mu* ash-Shu'ar6,' ed. by 'Abdu'sSatm Alpmid Farraj
(1379-1960).
Mst. - Goldziher, Ignaz, Muliommcdanische Studicn, (Halle: Max Nicmeyer.
1888-1890). 2 vol.
NCE - John P. W e n and Patrick A.O'Boyle (eds.), New Catholic Encyclopedia,
15 vols. (New York: Mffiraw-Hi Book Company, 1967).
NDN - N&&-i-DcfnishwarrSn-i-N1iri (1 379 A.H.).

QA - Al-Zinldi, Khayr ad-Din, Al-A'k, m
138911969), 13 vols.
s Tajum. 3rd ed. (Beirut:
RW - V. Minorsky, T%e Regions of the World. Eng. tr. of the HA (2nd ed.) with
SOH
notes and commentary (1970).
- Arnold J. Toynbec, A Study of Hirlory 12 vols. (1962).
TFA
TH
- 'Umar Farrukh, Ta'rfkh al-Rkr al-'Ar&(1386/1966).
- Ibn al-Qii, Ta'rlkh aI-~ukaid, ed. by Julius Lippert (Leipzig, 1903).
pp. 22 496; Persian tr. by Bahin DMi (Tehran: University Press, 1347
TU
UA
shamsi). pp. 77+709.
- Abn 'Ali Miskawaih. Tafcirib al-Umam, Fasc. 4. pub. by Leone Caetani,
Vols. I, V & VI (1909-1914).
- Ibn-Qutayba. 'Uylin al-AkW, 4 vols., (138311963).
BSOAS -
IC -
JA -
JOAS -
MW -
RAAD -
Rso -
ZDMG -
PERIODICALS
Bulletin of the Schoolof Oriental mrd~rican Studies. University of London.
IsLnJc Culture. An English Quarterly. (Hyderabad: Islamic Culture
Board, 1927-1974) vols. I to XLW.
Journal Asiatique, Paris.
Journal of the American Oriental Society, New Heaven, Connecticut.
T%e Muslim World. Yartford, Co~ectiCUt.
Revue De L'Academie Arabe, Damascus.
Revuta Igli Studi Orientali, Rome.
Zeitschrift &r Deutschen Morgenltudichen GeselIrch@, WiubadQ