Jgst. 8 The Treaty of Versailles
Jgst. 8 The Treaty of Versailles
Jgst. 8 The Treaty of Versailles
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M 1.1 Folie: Armistice<br />
Materialien für den bilingualen Sachfachunterricht<br />
GESCHICHTE auf Englisch<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Treaty</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Versailles</strong><br />
MATERIALIEN<br />
New York Times 11/11/1918<br />
<strong>Jgst</strong>. 8
M 1.2 Folie: Casualties <strong>of</strong> World War I<br />
Allies <strong>of</strong> World<br />
War I<br />
Total (Entente<br />
Powers)<br />
Central Powers<br />
Materialien für den bilingualen Sachfachunterricht<br />
GESCHICHTE auf Englisch<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Treaty</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Versailles</strong><br />
Population<br />
(millions)<br />
Casualties <strong>of</strong> World War I<br />
Military<br />
deaths<br />
Civilian<br />
deaths<br />
Total deaths<br />
<strong>Jgst</strong>. 8<br />
Military<br />
wounded<br />
790.2 5,711,696 3,674,757 9,386,453 12,809,280<br />
Population<br />
(millions)<br />
Military<br />
deaths<br />
Civilian<br />
deaths<br />
Total deaths<br />
Military<br />
wounded<br />
Total (Central<br />
Powers)<br />
Neutral nations<br />
143.1 4,010,241 3,143,000 7,153,241 8,419,533<br />
Grand total 944.0 9,721,937 6,821,248 16,543,185 21,228,813
M 1.3 Folie: Casualties <strong>of</strong> World War I<br />
Materialien für den bilingualen Sachfachunterricht<br />
GESCHICHTE auf Englisch<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Treaty</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Versailles</strong><br />
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_casualties<br />
<strong>Jgst</strong>. 8
L 1.1<br />
Questions and possible answers<br />
Materialien für den bilingualen Sachfachunterricht<br />
GESCHICHTE auf Englisch<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Treaty</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Versailles</strong><br />
Task: Read the headline. What does it tell you about November 11th, 1918?<br />
L 1.2<br />
<strong>Jgst</strong>. 8<br />
• armistice, therefore no more fighting<br />
• armistice signed by the Germans, therefore <strong>of</strong>ficial acceptance <strong>of</strong> German defeat and defeat<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Central powers<br />
• revolution in Berlin<br />
• chancellor wants to restore order<br />
• Wilhelm II has fled Germany<br />
• now in Holland<br />
• Germany is now a republic<br />
Tasks:<br />
1. Look at the table and find all the information about the cost <strong>of</strong> World War I.<br />
• information about casualties <strong>of</strong> the Allied Forces, the Central Powers and other nations<br />
• information about the number <strong>of</strong> dead (about 10 mio) and wounded soldiers (ca. 20 mio )<br />
• number <strong>of</strong> military and civilian casualties (about 7 mio)<br />
Millions <strong>of</strong> wounded soldiers on both sides<br />
Also millions <strong>of</strong> dead civilians<br />
2. Look at the diagram. Read out the data given in the diagram.<br />
Find out which side had more military losses.<br />
Find out which side had more civilian losses.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Entente powers had more military losses, the Central powers had more dead civilians at<br />
the end <strong>of</strong> the war<br />
3. Look at the two diagrams. Read out what it says.<br />
Name the countries which had suffered most.<br />
• Russia, France, British Empire<br />
• Germany, Austria-Hungary<br />
4. Find reasons why these countries lost the most soldiers.<br />
• major powers before and during the war<br />
• nations with big armies<br />
• war in the trenches with millions <strong>of</strong> casualties (Verdun, Somme)<br />
• new weapons with fatal effects ( machine guns, tanks, bombs etc.)<br />
Further information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_casualties
M 2.1<br />
Materialien für den bilingualen Sachfachunterricht<br />
GESCHICHTE auf Englisch<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Treaty</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Versailles</strong><br />
<strong>The</strong> Rules<br />
<strong>Jgst</strong>. 8<br />
1. You are a member <strong>of</strong> a delegation to the Paris Peace<br />
Conference. <strong>The</strong>refore you have to behave like a highranking<br />
diplomat: A diplomat does not raise his/her<br />
voice to answer a question or discuss a point.<br />
2. No conferring with (=talking to) other delegations. Your<br />
delegation will discuss the treaty “behind closed<br />
doors”.<br />
3. Your delegation has to consider the well-being and the<br />
interests <strong>of</strong> your country after the end <strong>of</strong> World War I.<br />
Follow that in your discussion.<br />
4. Appoint a speaker for your delegation and a keeper <strong>of</strong><br />
the minutes (=Protokollant).<br />
5. Look at all the materials carefully. Discuss them in<br />
your delegation.<br />
6. Discuss the aims <strong>of</strong> your delegation and your Prime<br />
Minister's / President's ideas.<br />
7. <strong>The</strong> keeper <strong>of</strong> the minutes will write them down on<br />
worksheet M 2.7 .<br />
8. Read the questions on worksheet M 2.8. Discuss them<br />
in your delegation and agree on the answers.<br />
9. Fill in worksheet M 2.8. This is your paper for the<br />
negotiations.
M 2.2<br />
Materialien für den bilingualen Sachfachunterricht<br />
GESCHICHTE auf Englisch<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Treaty</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Versailles</strong><br />
<strong>The</strong> Background<br />
<strong>Jgst</strong>. 8<br />
- <strong>The</strong> Allied powers meet in Paris to decide on the major issues <strong>of</strong> a peace treaty.<br />
- <strong>The</strong> countries that take part in the conferences are the 27 Allied Powers.<br />
- Some countries are excluded from the conferences:<br />
- Russia (because <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Treaty</strong> <strong>of</strong> Brest-Litowsk and many leaders do not trust the<br />
Bolsheviks)<br />
- the Central Powers (because they lost the war)<br />
- <strong>The</strong> delegations have to decide who is to pay for the war damages and what is to<br />
become <strong>of</strong> Germany, Austria and Europe as a whole.<br />
- <strong>The</strong>y have to consider what the real cost was, who suffered most and what their<br />
countries want to achieve at the conferences.<br />
- <strong>The</strong> peacemakers have to work quickly as Europe needs peace and security.<br />
- Compromises have to be made to agree on a treaty.<br />
You are one <strong>of</strong> the “Big Four” meeting in <strong>Versailles</strong> (January 8 th , 1919) to discuss the<br />
peace treaty with Germany.<br />
Lloyd George Orlando Clemenceau Wilson<br />
(Great Britain) (Italy) (France) (USA)
M 2.3<br />
Materialien für den bilingualen Sachfachunterricht<br />
GESCHICHTE auf Englisch<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Treaty</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Versailles</strong><br />
<strong>The</strong> United States and Woodrow Wilson<br />
(December 28, 1856–February 3, 1924)<br />
Wison entered politics in 1910 and was President by 1912.<br />
• He was an idealist and reformer.<br />
<strong>Jgst</strong>. 8<br />
• In 1916 he was re-elected under a pledge to remain out <strong>of</strong> the war but in 1917 he declared<br />
war on Germany.<br />
• Wilson wanted the United States to enter the world arena to fight for democracy,<br />
progressiveness and liberalism.<br />
• Woodrow Wilson had decided by then that the war had become a real threat to humanity.<br />
Unless the U.S. threw its weight into the war, as he stated in his declaration <strong>of</strong> war speech, on<br />
April 2nd, 1917, Western civilization itself could be destroyed.<br />
• His statement announcing a "war to end all wars" meant that he wanted to build a basis for<br />
peace that would prevent future catastrophic wars and needless death and destruction.<br />
• This provided the basis <strong>of</strong> Wilson's Fourteen Points (see M 2.9). Wilson hoped that the<br />
Fourteen Points would lead to an end to war and achieve peace for all the nations.<br />
• In the late stages <strong>of</strong> the war, Wilson took personal control <strong>of</strong> negotiations with Germany,<br />
including the armistice.<br />
• He went to Paris in 1919 to create the League <strong>of</strong> Nations and shape the <strong>Treaty</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Versailles</strong>.<br />
He wanted to make new modern democratic nations out <strong>of</strong> old empires.<br />
• He spent six months in Paris for the 1919 Paris Peace Conference (making him the first U.S.<br />
president to travel to Europe while in <strong>of</strong>fice). He worked tirelessly to promote his plan.<br />
What Wilson wants to achieve at the peace conference<br />
- Wilson wants a Europe that was saved from war but can also trade with the United States. <strong>The</strong><br />
U.S. see trade as a key part <strong>of</strong> any peace deal (<strong>The</strong>re are at least 4 points that deal with trade -<br />
can you spot them in the Fourteen Points?).<br />
- Wilson wants the League <strong>of</strong> Nations to look after the former colonies or they should become<br />
independent.<br />
- However, Wilson is prepared to compromise so that he can get the League <strong>of</strong> Nations.
M 2.4<br />
Materialien für den bilingualen Sachfachunterricht<br />
GESCHICHTE auf Englisch<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Treaty</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Versailles</strong><br />
France and Georges Clemenceau<br />
(28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929)<br />
Clemenceau entered politics in 1871 and was Prime Minister from 1906 to 1909.<br />
• In 1917 he was elected again as Prime Minister (1917 - 1920).<br />
<strong>Jgst</strong>. 8<br />
• He was commonly nicknamed le Tigre (the Tiger) and le Père-la-Victoire (Father Victory) for<br />
his determination as a wartime leader.<br />
• He supported the policy <strong>of</strong> "la guerre jusqu'au bout" (war until the end).<br />
• In 1918, Clemenceau thought that France should adopt Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points<br />
(see M 2.9) although he believed that some were utopian (because one <strong>of</strong> the points called<br />
for the return <strong>of</strong> Alsace-Lorraine to France). Clemenceau did not believe in the idea <strong>of</strong> a<br />
League <strong>of</strong> Nations.<br />
• After signing the armistice, it was decided that the peace conference would be held in Paris.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Allies thought that Clemenceau would be the most appropriate president <strong>of</strong> the<br />
conference. He spoke both English and French, the <strong>of</strong>ficial languages <strong>of</strong> the conference.<br />
• He was 77 when the talks began in 1919. He had seen France be invaded by the Germans in<br />
1870 and again in 1914. Almost 2 mio Frenchmen had died in the war. Parts <strong>of</strong> France had<br />
been destroyed by the battles and lay in ruins. Clemenceau was a hard uncompromising man.<br />
He wanted to make sure that Germany would never threaten France again.<br />
• Clemenceau was shot and wounded by an anarchist ‘assassin’ on 19 February 1919. It was<br />
discovered that if the bullet had entered a millimeter to the left or right, it would have been<br />
fatal.<br />
What Clemenceau wants to achieve at the peace conference<br />
- He wants French troops in the Rhine area to prevent France against any future German attacks.<br />
- He wants Alsace-Lorraine back from Germany.<br />
- He wants Germany to pay for the damage done and to weaken Germany.<br />
- He wants German territory for France, especially industrial areas, but also some <strong>of</strong> the colonies.<br />
- France does not want the old powers (= the Kaiser and his followers) to come into power again.<br />
- Clemenceau believes that France is entitled to German coal mines after Germany deliberately<br />
damaged the coal mines in Northern France.
M 2.5<br />
Materialien für den bilingualen Sachfachunterricht<br />
GESCHICHTE auf Englisch<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Treaty</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Versailles</strong><br />
Britain and David Lloyd George<br />
(17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945)<br />
• <strong>The</strong> only Welsh Prime Minister <strong>of</strong> the United Kingdom: He was also the only one to have<br />
spoken English as a second language (Welsh was his first).<br />
• He entered politics in 1890.<br />
• Prime Minister (1916-1922)<br />
• Lloyd George was a realist.<br />
• At the end <strong>of</strong> the war Lloyd George's reputation stood at its zenith.<br />
• Britain expects Germany to pay the entire cost <strong>of</strong> the war, including pensions.<br />
<strong>Jgst</strong>. 8<br />
• Lloyd George represented Britain at the <strong>Versailles</strong> Peace Conference. He did not agree with<br />
Clemenceau and Wilson.<br />
• Lloyd George was in a difficult situation. On the one hand as a realist he knew he had to<br />
compromise. However, he had just won an election, and the British public expected<br />
reparations and punishment (especially <strong>of</strong> Wilhelm II).<br />
• A lot <strong>of</strong> British soldiers had died in the war so the British expected a lot <strong>of</strong> him.<br />
What Lloyd George wants to achieve at the peace conference<br />
- He disagrees with point two <strong>of</strong> Wilson’s Fourteen Points .(Can you find out why?)<br />
- He wants Germany’s colonies.<br />
- <strong>The</strong> British want to see Germany weakened in some way. But it should not be weakened too<br />
much because this would lead to new problems.<br />
- He wants reparations.<br />
- <strong>The</strong> British want Kaiser Wilhelm II and those responsible for the war punished in a trial.<br />
- He doesn’t want France to get too strong.
M 2.6<br />
• Prime Minister from 1917 to 1919<br />
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<strong>The</strong> <strong>Treaty</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Versailles</strong><br />
Italy and Vittorio Orlando<br />
(19 May 1860 – 1 December 1952)<br />
<strong>Jgst</strong>. 8<br />
• After the Italian military disaster at Caporetto on October 25, 1917 Orlando became Prime<br />
Minister. He had supported Italy's entry in the war.<br />
• <strong>The</strong> Allies had made secret promises to Italy (significant Italian territorial gains in Dalmatia)<br />
• Orlando was called "Premier <strong>of</strong> Victory” because he was on the winning side in 1918.<br />
• He was the head <strong>of</strong> the Italian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.<br />
• Orlando (a liberal) could not speak English so he had a problem communicating.<br />
• His political position at home was not very strong. So the conservative foreign minister, the<br />
half-Welsh Sidney Sonnino, played a more important role. Orlando could not control him.<br />
• He was opposing U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's policy <strong>of</strong> national self-determination (see<br />
M 2.9).<br />
• Orlando dramatically left the conference early in April 1919. He returned briefly the following<br />
month. He had to resign just days before the signing <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Treaty</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Versailles</strong> because he<br />
had not managed to secure Italian interests at the Paris Peace Conference.<br />
• French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau called him "<strong>The</strong> Weeper".<br />
What Orlando wants to achieve at the peace conference<br />
- He wants to get territory in Dalmatia which the Allies had promised when Italy joined the war)<br />
- If he cannot get Dalmatia, he wants to have Fiume (Rijeka), an important port<br />
- If he cannot get what he wants, he will leave the conference