rom AR,EVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1941- 1953

y Mart!n Jacobson 

Entomology Research Division 

Agriculture Research Service 

rom 

A R,EVIEW OF THE 

LITERATURE, 1941- 1953 

Agricvlture Hal1dbook No, 154 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMeNT OF AGRICULTURE

INSECTICIDES FROM PLANTS 

A Review oJ the Lit:erat:ure, J 941-1953 

By Martin Jacobson, Entomology Research Division, Agricultural 

Research SerVice 

In 1945 the former BUreau of Entomology and Plant Qua.rantine 

issued as E-661, "Plants of Possible Insecticidal Value, a Review 

of the Literature up to 1941," by N. E. McIndoo. Since that time 

much more information has been obtained regarding these plants. 

and many others have been tested Dr used as insecticides, repellents, 

or attractants. This review has thereiore been extended to 

include the literature frottl 1941 through 1953, as well as a few 

references that were omitted from the previous publication. Because 

of the desirability of making the compilation as near COmplete 

as possible for a given period, the review does not extend 

beyond 1953; the lag is accounted for by the fact that references 

to much of the foreign literature are based on summaries appearing 

in abstracting journals, and these summaries sometimes appear 

several years after completion of the original work. 

The plants are grouped by families, a total of 3,111 species being 

represented. No attempt has been made to include the large 

volume of material on the plant insecticides pyrethrum, rotenone, 

and nicotine, which are a.lready well known and widely used. 

We are indebted to S. F. Blake and F. J. Hermann, of the Crops 

Research Division. for supplying the botanical authorities and 

checking the order, fa.mily, genus, and species names of the 

plants. Authority names could not be located for those few plants 

lacking such names in this review. 

1

were unaffected after immersion in the 

extract.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

COOPERIA PEDUNCULATA Herb. 

An aqueous extract of the leaves was 

slightly toxic to American' cockroaches 

when injected into the blood stream. German 

cockroaches immersed in the extra.ct 

were 'slightly affected. An aqueous extract 

of the bulbs was slightly toxic to American 

cockroaches and nontoxic to German cockroaches. 

Petroleum ether. alcohol, and 

cblo:roform extracts of the bulbs were 

toxic to black carpet beetle larvae, but 

n.ontoxic to German cockroaches, milkweed 

bugs I confu.sed flour beetle s, and larvae of 

the webbing clothes moth and Aedes mosquito.--Heal 

and coworkers (93). 

CRIN'UM ERUBESCENS Ait. 

An aqueous extract of the fresh bulbs 

was very toxic to American cockroacbes 

when injected into the blood stream; milkvo.:eed 

bugs and German cockroaches immersed 

in the extract were affected slightly 

and not at all, respectively.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

CRINUM MODESTUM Baker. 

An aqueous extract of the bulbs was toxic 

to American cockroaches when injected into 

the blood stream, but German cockroaches 

aud milkweed bugs were unaffected after 

immersion in the extract.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

CRINUM sp. 

Petrolemn ether, alcohol, and chloroform 

extracts of the bulbs were toxic to black 

carpet beetle larvae but not to German 

co ckroache s, milkweed bugs, confus ed flour 

beetles, and Aedes mosquito larvae. The 

alcohol and chloroform extracts showed 

slight toxicity to larvae of the webbing 

clothes moth. --Heal and coworkers (93). 

FURCRAEA GIGANTEA Vent. 

FURCRAEA TUBEROSA Ait. 

Both of these plants were nontoxic to 

house flies, mosquito larvae, and the larvae 

of several leaf-eating species.--Sievers 


HABRANTHUS ANDERSONII Herb. 

An aqueous extract of the fresh bulbs 

waS toxic to American cockroaches when 

injected into the blood stream, but German 

cockroaches and milkweed bugs were unaffected 

after immersion in the extract.- 

Heal and coworkers (93). 

10 

HAEMANTHUS AMARYLLOIDES Jacq. 

An aqueous extract of the bulbs was nontoxic 

to American cockroaches when injected 

into the blood stream, and German 




HIPPEASTRUM PUNICE UM (Lam.) Urban. 

HIPPEASTRUM sp. 

An aqueous extract was slightly toxic to 

American cockroaches when injected into 


and milkweed bugs were unaffected after 

immersion in the extracts. --Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

HYMENOCALLIS CALATHINA Nichols. 

Basket flower. 

The powdered bulbs were ineffective 

against melonworms, southern armyworms, 

and European'corn borers.--Jacobson (108). 

HYMENOCALLIS sp. 

The powdered plant was nontoxic to Mexican 

bean beetle larvae.--Hansberry and 

Clausen (86). 

HYPOXIS DECUMBENS L. 

An aqueous extract of the bulbs was very 

toxic to American cockroaches when injected 

into the blood stream, but German 


after immersion in the extract. - 


LYCORIS RADIATA Herb. Synonym: Nerine 

japonica. 

A water suspension of the leaves was nontoxic 

to Drosophila hydei"larvae, but a suspension 

of the combined roots and stems 

was toxic to the larvae. - - Yamaguchi and 

coworkers (l33). 

An aqueous extract of the bulbs was highly 




after immersion in the extract. 

Petroleum ether, alcohol, and chloroform 

extracts of the bulbs were toxic to black 

carpet beetle larvae, but not to German

ANNONACEAE 

ANNONA CHERIMOLA Mill. Synonym: A. 

tripetala. Cherimoya. 

Petroleum ether and chloroform extracts 

of the seeds were toxic to larvae of the 

black carpet beetle and webbing clothes 

moth, slightly toxic to Aedes mosquito 

larvae, and nontoxic to German cockroaches, 

milkweed bugs, and Anopheles 

mosquito larvae. An alcohol extract was 

toxic only to black carpet beetle larvae. - 


ANNONA DIVERSIFOLIA Safford. 

An aqueous extract of the seeds was very 

toxic to A'merican cockroaches when injected 


cockroaches were unaffected after immersion 

in the extract.--Heal and coworkers 

(93 ). 

ANNONA GLABRA L. Alligator apple. 

An aqueous extract of the seeds was 


into the blood stream; milkweed 

bugs and German cockroaches were affected 

slightly and not at all, respectively, 

after immersion in the extract. A petroleum 

ether e:lttract of the seeds was toxic to milkweed 

bugs and larvae of the webbing clothes 

moth, black carpet beetle, and Aedes mosquito; 

it was nontoxic to German cockroaches 

and Anopheles mosquito larvae. 

Alcohol and chloroform extracts of the 

seeds were toxic to larvae of the webbing 

clothes moth and black carpet beetle, but 

not to German cockroaches, milkweed bugs, 

and Aedes and Anophele s mos quito larvae. - - 


ANNONA MONTANA Macfad. 

An aqueous extra ct of the branche sand 

leaves was nontoxic to American cockroaches 

when injected into the blood stream, 

and German cockroaches and milkweed bugs 


extract. An aqueous extract of the seeds 

was toxic to American cockroaches and 

milkweed bugs, but not to German cockroaches.--Heal 


l\NNONA MURICATA L. Sour sop. 

The powdered seed was toxic to southern 

armyworms and pea aphids, but not to celery 

leaf tiers, large milkweed bugs, and two- 

13 

spotted spider mites.--Bottger and Jacob 

SOn (36). 

The petroleum ether-soluble and -insoluble 

fractions of an ethyl ether extractive 

of the seeds were ineffective against auult 

house flies.--Jacobson (108). 

An aqueous ·extract of the seeds was toxic 

to American cockroaches ,when injected into 


and milkweed bugs were practically unaffected 

after inunersion in the extract. 


of the seeds were toxic to black carpet 

beetle larvae, but nontoxic to German 

cockroaches, milkweed bugs, and larva.e 

of the we bbing clothe s moth and Aede s 

and Anopheles mosquitoes.--Heal and coworkers 

193). 

ANNONA PALUSTRIS L. 



into the blood stream. Immersion 

in the extract was toxic to milkweed bugs 

but not to German cockroaches.--Heal and 

coworkers (93). 

ANNONA RETIGULATA L. Custard apple. 

ANNONA SQUAMOSA L. Sugar apple. 

The seeds and roots were extracted with 

ethyl ether, and a resinous substance' was 

obtained which is a contact poison of the 

same order as rotenone against aphids. As 

a stomach poison it is toxic and repellent 

to diamondback moth larvae. Its toxicity 

is less than that of rotenone to the sawtoothed 

grain beetle. The toxicity is probably 

due to a glyceride Or glycerides of a 

hydroxylated unsaturated acid or acids of 

high molecular weight.--Harper and coworkers 

(87). 

The powdered seeds are used in the 

Philippine Islands as an insecticide and 

against head lice.--auisumbing (179). 

An aqueous extract of the seeds of A. 

squamosa was toxic to American cockroache 

s when injected into the blood stream; 

immer s ion in the extract was toxic to rnilkweed 

bugs but not to German cockroaches. 

A petroleum ether extract of the seeds was 

very toxic to larvae of the webbing clothes 

moth, black carpet beetle, and Aedes mosquito, 

slightly toxic to milkweed bugs, and 

nontoxic to German cockroache sand 

Anopheles mosquito larvae.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

Hot-pressed and heat-extracted oils of A. 

squamosa seeds were highly' toxic contact

XYLOPIA FRUTESCENS Aubl. 

Aqueous extracts of the fruits and of the 

roots were nontoxic to American cockroaches 


and German cockroaches and milkweed 

bugs were unaffected after immersion in 

the extracts.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

XYLOPIA MURICATA L. 

An aqueous extract of the stem bark was 





An extract of the fruits was nontoxic to all 

of these species of insects.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

APOCYNACEAE 

AGANOSMA ACUMINATA (Roxb.) G. Don. 

An aqueous extract of the branchlets and 

leaves was toxic to American cockroaches 

when injected into the blood stream, but 

German cockroaches were unaffected after 


(93). 

AGANOSMA CYMOSA (Roxb.) G. Don. 

Petroleum ether, alcohol, and chloroform 

extracts were somewhat toxic to black carpet 

beetle larvae, but not to German cockroaches, 

milkweed bugs, and larvae of the 

webbing clothes moth and Aedes and 

Anopheles mosquitoes.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

ALLAMANDA CATHARTICA L. 


leaves was only slightly toxic to American 

cockroaches when injected into the blood 

stream, and German cockroaches were 

unaffected after immersion in the extract.- 


ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS (L.) R. Br. 

An aqueous extract of the stems and bark 

was nontoxic to American cockroaches when 

injected into the blood stream, and German 


in the extract.- -Heal and coworkers 

(93 ). 

15 

ALYXIA OLlV AEFORMIS Gaud. 

An aqueous extract of the leaves was toxic 



were affected only slightly after immersion 

in the extract. A petroleum ether extract of 

the leaves was nontoxic to German cockroaches. 


black carpet beetle, webbing clothes moth, 

and Aedes mosquito. An aqueous extract of 

the branches and leaves was toxic to 

American cockroaches but not to German 

cockroaches and milkweed bugs. --Heal and 


AL YXlA RUSCIFOLIA R. Br. 

Aqueous extracts of the roots and of the 

stem bark were only slightly toxic to 


the blood stream. and German cockroaches 

and milkweed bugs were una£fe cted after 

immersion in the extracts. --Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

AMSONlA ARENARIA Stand!. 

An aqueous extract of the leaves was to:dc 



were unaffected after immersion in the extract. 

A petroleum ether extract of the 

leaves showed slight toxicity to black carpet 

beetle larvae, but was nontoxic to German 

cockroaches, milkweed bugs. and larvae of 

the webbing clothes moth and Aedes mosquito. 

An aqueous extract of the stems was 

nontoxic to American and German cockroaches 

and to milkweed bugs.--Heal and 


AMSONIA ELLIPTICA (Thunb.) Roern. &. 

Schult. 

A water suspension of the leaves was 

toxic to Drosophila hydei larvae. but a 

suspension of the roots was nontoxic.- 

Yamaguchi and coworkers (233). 

AMSONlA GRANDIFLORA Alexander 

AMSONlA TABERNAEMONTANA Walt. 

Aqueous extracts of the leaves were nontoxic 

to American and German cockroaches.--Heal 


AMSONlA HIR TELLA StandI. 

An aqueous extract of the whole plant was 

toxic to American and German cockroaches.--Heal 

and coworkers (93).

ASPIDOSPERMA NITIDUM Benth. 

Aqueous extracts of the bark were only 

slightly toxic to American cockroaches 

when injected into the blood stream, and 


immersion in the extract. A petroleum 

ether extract was ineffective against Aedes 

mosquito larvae.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

CAMERARlA BELIZENSIS StandI. 

An aqueous extract of the roots was nontoxic 






CAMERARIA LA TIFOLlA L. 

An aqueous extract of the stems and 


and only slightly toxic to German 

cockroaches.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

CARISSA GARANDAS L. 







GERBERA T ANGHIN Hook. Ordeal bean. 

The powdered seeds from Madagascar 

were ineffective against Mexican bean beetle 

larvae.--Hansberry and Clausen (86). 

DIPLORRHYNCUS MOSSAMBIGENSIS 

Benth. 







ECHITES PELTATA Yell. 

An aqueous extract of the stems, leaves, 

and flowers was toxic to American cockroaches 


but German cockroaches and milkweed bugs 

were unaffected after inunersion in the 


17 

ECHITES RUBRO- VENOSA Linden 



but not to German cockroaches and milkweed 

bugs.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

ECHITES UMBEL LATA Jacq. 

An aqueous extract of the tubers was very 


into the blood stream, but Germa.n 


in the extract. An extract of the 

branches and leaves was toxic to American 

cockroaches but not to German cockroaches 

and milkweed bugs.--Heal and coworkers 

(93 ). 

ELYTROPUS CHILENSIS Muell. Arg. 

An aqueous extract of the stems and, 

leaves was highly toxic to American cockroaches 



were unaffected a.fter immersion in the 

extract. Petroleum ether, alcohol, and 

chloroform extracts were toxic to black 

carpet beetle larvae, but not to German 

cockroaches, milkweed bugs, and larvae 

of the we bbing clothe s moth and Aede sand 

Anopheles mosquitoes. An aqueous extract 

of the roots was nontoxic to American and 

German cockroaches and milkweed bugs.- 


FERNALDIA PANDURATA (A. DC.) Wood 

Son. Synonym: Urechites Karwinskii. 

An aqueous extract of the sterns and 



German cockroaches and milkweed bugs 



FORSTERONIA CORYMBOSA G. F. W. Mey. 






extract. An alcohol extract was ine£fective 

against German cockroaches and the larvae 

of the black carpet beetle, webbing clothes 

moth, and Aedes and An0f,heles mosquitoes.--Heal 

and coworkers 93). 

FORSTERONIA LEPTOGARPA (Hook. &. 

Arn.) A. DC. Synonym: F. brasiliensis. 


leaves was toxic to American cockroac.hes




extract. --Heal and coworkers (93). 

GONIOMA KAMASSI E. Mey. 

Aqueous extracts of the bark and of the 

branches and leaves were neatoxic to 


the blood stream., and German cockroaches 



(93). 

HAPLOPHYTQN CIMIClDUM A. DC. Cockroach 

plant. 

The plant has been used to destroy head 

lice and cockroaches.--Higbee (94). 

The powdered roots, leaves, and stems 

were ineffe ctive against Mexican bean beetle 

larvae.--Hansberry and Claufjlen (86). 

A IO-percent dust of the crude alkaloids 

froIn the roots was toxic to southern armyworms, 

imported cabbageworms, celery 

leaf tiers, Autographa, squash bugs, and 

striped blistel" beetles. The powdered stems 

were toxic to melonworms but notto crossstriped 

cabbageworms, Hawaiian beet webworms, 

and southern armyworms.- -Bottger 

and Jacobson (36). 

The powdered stems were ineffective 

against European corn borers, but aqueous 

extracts of the stems were highly toxic 

to house flies. The crude alkaloids from 

the plant were toxic to codling moth larvae 

but not to house flies or European corn 

borers. - -Jacobson (!.Q.§). 


toxic to German and American cockroaches, 

and larvae of the webbing clothes moth, 

black carpet beetle, andAedes and Anopheles 

mosquitoes. An aqueous extract of the 

fruits was toxic to American cockroaches, 

but an extract of the roots was only slightly 

toxic to this insect.--Heal and coworkers 

(93.). 

The crude plant alkaloid was toxic to 

European corn borers, Mexican bean beetle 

larvae, Colorado potato beetle larvae and 

adults, grasshoppers, eggplant lace bugs, 

and codling moth larvae. The alkaloids 

haplophytine and cimicidine were isolated 

from the crude material. They are both 

toxic to German cockroaches on contact, 

ingestion, and injection.- -Rogers and coworkers 

(187). 

HOLARRHENA ANTIDYSENTERICA Wall. 

An aqueous extract of the leaves was only 



18 



extract.- -Heal and coworkers (93). 

HOLARRHENA FEBRIFUGA Klotzsch. 

An aqueous extract of the bark was 


and nontoxic to German cockroaches and 

milkweed bugs. An extract of the roots 

was ineffective against all these species.- 


MACROSIPHONIA BRACHYSIPHON Gray. 


only slightly toxic to American cockroaches 



immersion in the extract. An extract of the 

stems and leaves was slightly toxic to both 

species of insects. Alcohol and petroleum 

ether extracts of the stems and leaves were 

toxic to black carpet beetle larvae, but not 

to German cockroaches, milkweed bugs, 

and larvae of the webbing clothes moth and 

Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes.--Heal 

and coworkers (93 ). 

MACROSIPHQNIA HYPOLEUCA Muell. Arg. 

An aqueous extract of the branchlets was 

toxic to milkweed bugs but not to German 

and American cockroaches. --Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

MACROSIPHONIA LONGIFLORA Muel!. 

Arg. 

An aqueous extract of the tops and leaves 

was toxic to American cockroaches but not 

to German cockroaches and milkweed bugs. 

Alcohol and petroleum ether extracts were 

ineffective against German cockroaches 

milkweed bugs, and larvae of the black 

carpet beetle, webbing clothes moth, and 



MACROSIPHONIA PETRAEA (St. Hil.) K. 

Schum. 





after immersion in the extract. __ 


MALOUETIA HEUDELOTII A. DC. 

Aqueous extracts of the branches and 

lea ve s, of the roots, and of the stems were 

all nontoxic to German cockroaches 

webbing clothes moths, and black carpet 

beetles.--Heal and coworkers (93).

eetle larvae but not to German cockroaches, 

milkweed bugs, confused flour 

beetles, and larvae of the webbing clothes 

moth and Aedes mosquito. Alcohol and 

petroleum ether extracts were toxic to 

black carpet beetle larvae only. An aqueous 

extract of the leaves showed some toxicity 

to American cockroaches but not to the 

other species. Alcohol and petroleum ether 

extracts of the leaves were nontoxic to 

all the above species.--Heal and coworkers 

(93 ). 

THEVETLA OVATA A. DC. 

An aqueous extract of the fruits was very 

toxic to American cockroaches and black 

carpet beetle larvae, but nontoxic to German 

cockroaches, milkweed bugs, confused 

flour beetles, and larvae of the webbing 

clothes moth and Aedes mosquito. Alcohol 

and petroleum ether extracts were toxic 

to black carpet beetle larvae but nontoxic 

to the other insect species.--Heal and 


THEVETIA THEVETIOIDES (H. B. K.) K. 

Schum. 

The powdered seeds were ineffective 

against Mexican bean beetle larvae. - -Hansberry 

and Clausen (86). 

TONDUZIA LONGIFOLIA (A. DC.) Markgr. 

An aqueous extract of the bark was nontoxic 

to American, cockroaches when injected 



in the extract. An alcohol extract was 

ineffective against German cockroaches and 

milkweed bugs. - -Heal and coworkers (93). 

TRACHELOSPERMUM DIFFORME (Walt.) 

Gray. 

An aqueous extract of the tops was toxic 



were unaffected after irnme:lI'Sion in the 


URECHITES LUTEA (L.) Britt. Synonym: 

U. suberecta. 


nontoxic to German and American cockroaches 

and milkweed bugs.--Heal and 


An acetone extract of the leaves was 

toxic to mosquito larvae.--Jacobson (108). 

VALLESIA GLABRA Link. 

An aqueous extract of the branche sand 

leaves was somewhat toxic to American 


stream, but German cockroaches and milkweed 

bugs were unaffected after immersion 

in the extract.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

VINCA MINOR L. 







23 

VINCA ROSEA L. Synonym: L 0 c h n era 

rosea. 


were unaffected after immersion in an 

aqueous extract of the branchlets and Leaves. 

An alcohol extract was likewise nontoxic to 

these insects.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

VOACANGA GLOBOSA (Blanco) Merr. 

An aqueous extract of the fruits was 

highly toxic to American cockroaches but 

nontoxic to German cockroaches, milkweed 

bugs, and larvae of the we bbing clothe s 

moth and Aedes and Anopheles mos'luitoes. 



bugs, webbing clothes moths, and Aedes 

and Anopheles mosquitoes. --Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

AQUIFOLIACEAE 

ILEX CORIACEA (Pursh.) Chapm. 


leaves was toxic to American cockl:oaches 





ILEX GLABRA (L.) Gray. 


toxic to American cockroache s, but nontoxic 

to German cockroaches and milkweed 

bugs. --Heal and coworkers (93). 

ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS A. St. Hil. Paraguay 

tea. 

Acetone and water extracts of the leaves 

were ineffective against mosquito larvae. - 

Hartzell (89).

ILEX VERTICILLATA (L.) Gray. 


to German and American cockroaches 

and milkweed bugs, but an extract of the 

fruits was highly toxic to both species of 

cockroaches. Alcohol and petroleum ether 

extracts of the fruits were toxic to black 


cockroache s ,milkweed bugs ,we bbing clothes 

moths, and Anopheles mosquito larvae. An 

aqueous extract of the seeds was nontoxic 

to all these species as well as Aedes 

mosquitoes.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

ARACEAE 

ACORUS CALAMUS L. Sweet rush, sweetflag. 

The powdered roots killed house flies 

and Anopheles mosquitoes in 40 minutes 

when used as a dust. Aqueous and alcohol 

extracts of the roots repelled Ixodes ticks 

for 3 days.--Mironov {149}. 

The air-dried rhizomes collected in the 

fall contained 1.3 percent essential oil and 

0.62 percent of an alkaloid, calamine, that 

possibly acts as a contact poison to body 

lice. The powdered roots killed lice up to 

100 percent in 5 to 13 hours at 37 0 C., but 

were somewhat less effective at 26 0 C. The 

powdered leaves were less toxic.--Rubinstein 

(188). 

The powdered stems are effectively employed 

in some parts of India to kill !leas. 

A cold water extract of the stems killed 

100 percent of mas quito larvae in 2 hour s - 

Pendse and coworkers (167). 

An acetone extract of the root was nontoxic 

to mosquito larvae.--Hartzell (90). 

The finely -powdered rhizome, w hen 

mixed with various grains, kept the se grains 

free from insect damage for long periods 

of time. Grain containing 2 pounds of the 

powder per 100 pounds showed a great 

degree of protection over a period of one 

year. The dried rhizomes and leaves, as 

well as their water infusions containing a 

little soap, were effective against crop 

pests such as plant lice and beetle grubs. 

The powdered roots were effective against 

flies, coconut beetle grubs, clothes moths, 

fowl lice, and bedbugs, but not against 

bedbug eggs. - -Subramaniam (205). 

The powdered root was effective against 

bird lice, clothes moths, and bedbugs.- 

Subramaniam (204). 

An aqueous extract of the roots was 

nontoxic to American cockroaches when 

24 



in the extract. An alcohol extract 'of 

the roots was nontoxic to larvae of the· 

webbing clothes moth, black carpet beetle, 

and Aedes mosquito.--Heal and coworkers 

(93).-- 

AMORPHOPHALL US APHYLL US (Hook.) 

Hutchins. 

An aqueous extract of the CormS was 




after immersion in the extract. An 

aqueous extract of the leaves was nontoxic 

to these insects.--Healand coworkers 

(93 ). 

ANTHURIUM HOOKER! Kunth. Synonym: 

A. tetragonum. 


nontoxic to American cockroaches when injected 





ANTHURIUM RECUSATUM Schott. 



but not to German cockroache s and milkweed 

bugs. Aqueous extracts of the leaves 

and twigs and of the upper parts of the 

plant were nontoxic to these insects.--Heal 


ARISAEMA DRA.CONTIUM (L.) Schott. 

An aqueous extract of the corms was 

nontoxic to American cockroaches when injected 





ARISAEMA ERUBESCENS (Wall.) Schott. 

The powdered root was fairly toxic to 

Mexican bean beetle larvae, but was ineffective 

ag9tinst silkworm larvae and bean 

aphids.--Lee and Hansberry (129). 

ARISAEMA PURPUROGALEATUM. 

The powdered root showed fair toxicity 

to Mexican bean beetle larvae and bean

ARALIA CALIFORNICA S. Wats. 

An aqueaus extract .of the raats was 

nantoxic ta German and American cockroaches.--Heal 

and caworkers (93). 

ARALIA ELATA Seem. 

A water suspensian .of the leaves was 

nontoxic to Drosophila hydei larvae. but a 

suspension of the roots was highly toxic to 

the larvae.--Yamaguchi and coworkers 

(233). 

An aqueous extract of the branches and 

leaves was very taxic to American cockroaches 




extract. Petroleum ether, alcohol, and chloraform 

extracts shawed some toxicity to 

black carpet beetle larvae, but not to German 

cockraaches, milkweed bugs, and confused 

flour beetles and larvae of the webbing 

clothes moth and Aedes masquito.--Heal 

and coworkers (93).- 

ARALIA HUMILIS Gav. 

Aqueaus extracts of the stems and the 

raots were quite toxic ta American cockroaches 

but not to German cackraaches. 

A petroleum ether extract of the stems 

showed Some toxicity to black carpet beetle 

lal'vae but not ta German cockroaches, 

milkweed bugs, and larvae of the webbing 

clothes moth and Aedes and Anopheles 

mosquitoes. An alcohol extract .of the stems 

was n.ontaxic t.o all these insect species.- 

Heal and cawarkers (93). 

ARALIA NUDIGAULIS L. 

An aqueous extract of the roats was nont.oxic 

to German and American c a c kl'aaches.--Heal 


ARALIA RACEMOSA L. 

An aqueaus extract of the stems and roots 

was nontoxic ta German and American 

cockroaches and milkweed bugs.--Heal and 

coworke:u (93). 

ARALIA SPINOSA L. False prickly ash, 

Hercules club. 

An aqueaus extract of the branchlets and 

leaves was taxic ta American cockroaches 

but not ta German cackroaches and milkweed 

bugs. An extract of the fruits was nontoxic 

ta all these species. An alcahol ex- 

28 

tract of the raats showed some toxicity to 

black carpet beetle larvae but nat to German 


.of the webbing clothes moth and Aedes 

and AnoEheles mosquitoes.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

Petroleum ether, ethyl ether, and chloroform 

extractives of the bark, as well as 

petroleum ether and ethyl ether extractives 

.of the twigs and stems, were all ineffective 

against house flies.--Jacobson (108). 

GUSSONlA SPIGATA Thunb. 

An aqueous extract of the stem bark 

was nontoxic ta American cockroaches when 


cockraaches and milkweed bugs were unaffected 


Heal and cowarkers (93). 

DIDYMOPANAXMOROTOTONI (Aubl.) Decne. 

8. Planck. 

An aqueous extract of the roots was very 

taxic to American cackroaches but nat ta 

German cackroaches and milkweed bugs. An 

alcohol extract was somewhat toxic to black 

carpet beetle larvae but not ta German 

cockraaches, milkweed bugs, and larvae .of 

the webbing clothes moth and Aedes and 

Anaph.eles mosquitaes. Petroleumetherand 

chlarofarm extracts were nontoxic t.o all 


DIDYMOPANAX TREMULUMKrug &; Urban. 

An aqueous extract .of the branchlets and 

leaves was highly toxic to American cackroaches 

and nontaxic ta German cockroaches, 

milkweed bugs, confused floul' 


moth and Aedes mosquito. Alcahal, petroleum 

ether, and chlarafarm extracts shawed 

same toxicity to black carpet beetle larvae.--Heal 

and caworkers (93). 

GILIBERTIA ARBOREA (L.) March. 

An aqueous extract .of the branches and 

leaves was t.oxic to American cackroaches 

when injected inta the blaod stream but 

German cockroaches were unaffected aftel' 

immersian in the extract. - -Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

HEDERA. HELIX L. 


highly taxic ta American cackroaches when 

injected inta the bloodstream. but German


in the extract. Petroleum ether and 

alcohol extracts showed some toxicity to 

black carpet beetle larvae J but not to the 

German cockroaches, milkweed bugs, and 

larvae of the webbing clothes moth and 

Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. An aqueous 

extract of the whole plant was toxic to 




PENTAPANAX ANGELICIFOLIUM Griseb. 






The extract was nontoxic to confused 

flour beetles and larvae of the webbing 

clothes moth and Aedes mosquito but Somewhat 

toxic to black carpet beetle larvae. 

Alcohol and petroleum ether extracts gave 

the same results as did the aqueous extract. 

- -Heal and coworker s (93). 

SCHEFFLERA sp. 


toxic to American cockroaches but not to 

German cockroaches and milkweed bugs. An 

extract of the roots was nontoxic to all 

these insects. Petroleum ether, alcohol, 

and chloroform extracts of the combined 

leaves and roots were all nontoxic to German 



clothes moth, black carpet beetle, and 

Aedes mosquito.- -Heal and coworkers (93). 

ARIS TOLOCHIAC EAE 

ARISTOLOCHIA ARGENTINA Griseb. 


leaves was very toxic to American cockroaches 

when inje cted into the blood st:team, 

but German cockroaches and milkweed 


the extract.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

ARISTOLOCHIA BRACTEATA Retz. Kidamario 

A cold-water extract of the leaves and 

stems gave a complete kill of mosquito 

larvae in 17 hours.--Pendse and coworkers 

(167). 

29 

ARISTOLOCHIA BRASILIENSIS Mart. & 

Zucco 



and milkweed bugs. Extracts of the sterns 

and leaves showed some toxicity to German 

cockroaches but not to American cockroaches 

and milkweed bugs. - -Heal and coworker 

s (93). 

ARISTOLOCHIA BREVIPES Benth. 



and milkweed bugs.--Heal and co'Workers 

(93). 

ARISTOLOCHIA CYMBIFERAMart. &t Zucco 

Barbasco, pate. 

An acetone extract of the rhizomes was 

nontoxic to mos quito larvae. - -J a cob Bon 

(108). 

Aqueous extracts of the roots and stems 

showed some toxicity to American cockroaches 

but not to German cockroaches 


(en)· 

ARISTOLOCHIA DENSIVENIA Eng!. 


leaves showed some toxicity to American 


and milkweed bugs. An extract of the roots 

was nontoxic to all these insects.--Healand 


A.RISTOLOCHIA MACROURA Gomez. 

An aqueous extract of the whole plant 

showed some toxicity to American cockroaches, 

but not to German cockroaches 


(93 ). 

ARISTOLOCHIA MAXIMA Jacq. 

An aqueous extract of the roots was toxic 

to American cockroaches but not to German 

cockroaches. --Heal and coworkers (93). 

ARISTOLOCHIA RETICULATA Nutt. 


toxic to American cockroaches but nontoxic 



Water and acetone extracts of the roots 

were nontoxic to mosquito larvae.--Hal'tzell 

(89).

ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA L. Serpentaria. 

Water and acetone extracts of the roots 

were nontoxic to mosquito larvae.--Hartzell 

(89). 

AqID;ous extracts of the roots showed 

Some toxicity to American cockroaches but 



Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. The extracts 

were somewhat toxic to black carpet 

beetle larvae. Petroleum ether extracts 

were nontoxic to ali these insects. --Heal 


ARISTOLOCHIA TRILOBATA L. 

ARISTOLOCHIA W A TSONI Woot. &. StandI. 

Aqueous extracts of the roots and sterns 

of A. trilobata and of the roots of A. 

watsoni were nontoxic to German and American 

cockroaches and milkweed bugs.--Heal 


ARISTOLOCHIA sp. 


somewhat toxic to American cockroaches 

but not to German cockroaches.--Heal and 


ASAR UM ARIFOLIUM Michx. 

Methyl isoeugenol, obtained from the 

essential oil. increased the toxicity of a 

standard pyrethrum spray to adult house 

flies.--Kerr (114). 

ASARUM CANADENSE L. Snakeroot, wild 

ginger. 

An acetone extract of the whole plant was 

nontoxic to mosquito larvae.--Hartzell (90). 

An ethyl ether extract of the roots was 

nontoxic to house flie s and showed no 

synergism with pyrethrins.--Jacobson( 1 08). 



and milkweed bugs. --Heal and 


ASARUM VIRGINICUM L. 




bugs.--Healand coworkers (93). 

30 

ASCLEPIADACEAE 

ARAUJIA GRANDIFLORA Morong. 

ARAUJIA SERICIFERA var. HORTORUM 

(Faurne.) Malme 

Aqueous extracts of the branchlets and 

leaves of .!!_. grandiflora, were nontoxic to 

American and German cockroaches. Extracts 

of the branchlets and leaves of A. 

sericifera were nontoxic to both species of 

cockroaches as well as milkweed bugs.- 


ASCLEPIAS CURASSA VICA L. 




but German cockroaches and milkweed 


the extract.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

ASCLEPIAS ERIOCARPA Benth. 

An aqueous extract of the stems and leaves 

was highly toxic to American cockroaches 

but not to German cockroaches. Petroleum 

ether and alcohol extracts were toxic to 



of the webbing clothes moth and Aedes 

and Anopheles mosquitoes. An aqueous extract 

of the whole plant was highly toxic to 




ASCLEPIAS KANSANA Vail. 

An aqueous extract of the fruits and roots 

was nontoxic to German and American 

cockroaches, and an alcohol extract was 


bugs, and larvae of the webbing clothes 

moth and Aedes mosquito but toxic-to black 

carpet beetle larvae.--Heal and coworkers 

(93 ) 

ASCLEPIAS LABRIFORMIS Jones. Milkweed. 

The powdered stems were nontoxic to 

melonworms, southern armyworms, and 

blister beetles.--Bottger and Jacobson (36). 

The powdered stems were toxic to European 

corn borer larvae. Combined petroleum 

ether, ethyl ether, chloroform, and 

alcohol extractives of the stems were ineffective 

against codling moths and house 

flies.--Jacobson (108).

Aqueous extracts of the whole plant and 

of the stems and leaves were very toxic to 


cockroaches and milkweed bugs. Petroleum 

ether, alcohol, and chloroform extracts of 

the whole plant were toxic to black carpet 

beetle larvae but not to German cockroaches, 


webbing clothes moth and Aedes and Anopheles 

mosquitoes.--Heal and coworkers (?3). 

ASCLEPIAS SPECIOSA Torr. 


to American cockroaches. Alcohol and 

petroleum ether extracts were toxic to black 

carpet beetle larvae but not to German cockroaches, 


webbing clothes moth and Aedes andAnopheles 

mosquitoe-s.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

ASCLEPIAS STENOPHYLLA Gray. Synonym: 

Acerates angustifolia. 




and German cockroaches were unaffe cted 

after immersion in the extract.--Heal and 


ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA L. Milkweed. 

Water and acetone extracts of the stems 

and of the leaves were nontoxic to mosquito 

larvae. - -Hartzell (89). 



not to German cockroaches. Petroleum 

ether, alcohol, and chloroform extracts of 

the roots were toxic only to black carpet 

beetle larvae.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA L. 


to American and German cockroachea- but 

not to milkweed bugs.--Heal and coworkers 

(93 ). 

ASCLEPIODORA VIRIDIS (Walt.) Gray. 


toxic to American cockroaches wnen injected 




aqueous extract of the roots was toxic to 

both species of cockroaches but not to milkweed 


31 

BLEPHARODON MUCRONATUM (Sch-Iecht.) 

Decne. 


was nontoxic to American and German cockroaches 


(93). 

CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA (L.) R. B:r. 

Some plant parts were toxic, as dusts 

or extracts, to house flies, mosquito larvae, 

and several species of leaf-eating 

larvae.--Sievers and coworkers (197). 

CALOT ROPIS PROCERA Ait. Swallowwort. 



not to German cockroaches. Alcohol,pet:t'oleum 

ether. and chloroform extracts of the 

leaves and of the roots were toxic to black 

carpet .beetle larvae, but not to German 

cockroaches, milkweed bugs, confused flour 


moth and Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. 

An alcohol extract of the branche s was 

nontoxic to all these insects.--Heal and 


CEROPEGIA DICHOTOMA Haw. 


toxic to American and German cockroaches 

but not to milkweed bugs.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

CRYPTOSTEGIA GRANDIFLORA R. :Sr. 

An aqueous extract of the stems was toxic 




immersion in the extract. Alcohol, petroleum 

ether, and chloroform extracts were 

somewhat toxic to black carpet beetle larvae 

but not to German cockroaches, milkweed 


moth and Aedes an

CYNANCHUM sp. 

The plant showed little toxicity to silkworm 

and Mexican bean beetle larvae and 

to bean aphids.--Lee and Hansberry (ill). 

DAEMIA EXTENSA R. Br. 

DAEMlA TOMENTOSA Pome!. Synonym: D. 

cordata. 

An aqueous extract of D. extensa was very 





An extract of D. tomentosa was toxic to 

both species of cockroaches but not to 

milkweed bugs. - -Heal and coworkers (93). 

EDISONIA PUBIFLORA (Decne.) Small. 


to American cockroaches, somewhat toxic 

to German cockroaches, and nontoxic to 

milkweed bugs.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

FUNASTRUM BONARIENSE (Hook. & Arn.) 

Schlechter. 

An aqueous extract of the stems anc;lleaves 

was nontoxic to German and American cockroaches 


(93). 

FUNASTRUM GRACILE (De cne. )Schle chter. 



German cockroaches and milkweed bugs. 

Alcohol, petroleum ether. and chloroform 

extracts were somewhat toxic to larvae of 

the black carpet beetle and webbing clothes 

moth but nontoxic to German cockroaches, 

milkweed bugs, confused flour beetles, and 

Aedes mosquito larvae.--Heal and coworkers 

f93). 

GONOLOBUS GONOCARPOS (Walt.) Perry. 

Synonym: Vincetoxicum gonocarpos. 

A.queous extracts of the pods, roots, and 

stems and leaves were all nontoxic to German 

and American cockroaches and milkweed 


GONOLOB US LAEVIS Michx. 




32 



extract. - -Heal and coworkers (21). 

IBATIA MARITIMA (L.) Decne. 



and milkweed bugs.--Heal and coworkerS 

(93). 

LACHNOSTOMA ARIZONICUM Gray. 


nontoxic to American cockroaches.- -Heal 


MARSDENIA CLA.USA R. Br. 


leaves was nontoxic to American and German 

cockroaches. Alcohol, petroleum ether, 

and chloroform extracts of the leaves 

showed some toxicity to black carpet beetle 

larvae but not to German cockroaches, 




MARSDENIA CUNDURANGO Nichols. Condurango. 

An acetone extract of the bark was nontoxic 





(93 ). 

MARSDENIA MACROPHYLLA Fourn. 




(93 ). 

MELLICHAMPIA LIGULAT A. 






MORRENIA BRACHYSTEPHANA Griseb. 

An aqueous extract of the stems and leave s 



(93).

extracts of the roots we:re nontoxic to 


larvae of the webbing clothes moth, black 

carpet beetle, and Aedes and Anopheles 


fruits was nontoxic to American and German 



DOLIGHANDRONE LUTEA (Benth.) Benth. 

&: Hook. 


stem bark were nontoxic to American and 



DOLIGHANDRONE SPATHACEA (L.f.) K. 

Schum. 

JACARANDA BRASILIANA Pers. 


to German and American cockroaches.--Heal 


JACARANDA FILICIFOLIA (Anders.) D. 

Don. 

Some of the plant parts, as dusts or extracts, 

were toxic to house flies, mosquito 

larvae, and several species of leaf-eating 

larvae. - -Sievers and coworkers (197). 

MELLOA POPULIFOLIA Bur. 

Aqueous extracts of the leaves and of the 

roots were nontoxic to German and American 

cockroaches.--Healand coworkers (93). 

NEWBOULDIA LAEV1S Seem. 


to American and Germancockroaches 


(93). 

PYROSTEGIA VENUSTA Miers. Synonym: 

Bignonia venusta. 






extract. - -Heal and coworkers (93). 

SPATHODEA. CAMPANULATA Beauv. 


nontoxic to German and Amel'ican cockroaches 


(93). 

35 

TABEBUIA BARBATA (E. Mey.) Sandw. 







TABEBUIA CAPITATA (Bur. & K. Schum.) 

Sandw. 

The wood is quite resistant to termite 

attack.--Wolcott (224). 

TABEBUIA IPE (Mart.) Standi. 


nontoxic to German and American cockroaches.--Heal 


TABEBUIA PALLIDA Miers. West Indian 

boxwood. 

The wood is very susceptible to tel'mites.--Wolcott 

(225). 




TABEBUIA PENTAPHYLLA HemsL Roble. 

The wood is susceptible to termites.- 

Wolcott (224). 

T ABEB UIA sp. Bethberra. 

The powdered wood was ineffective against 

southern armyworms. --Jacobson (108). 

TECOMA CONSPICUA DC. 

The wood is resistant totermites.--Wolcott 

(225). 

TECOMA STANS val'. ANGUSTATA Rehd. 



cockroaches and milkweed bugs.- -Heal 


TECOMARIA CAPENSIS (Thunb.) Spack. 

Synonym: Tecoma capensis. 


leaves was nontoxic to German and Amel'ican 


BlXACEAE 

BIXA ORELLANA L. Anatto. 

The fresh ground fruit pulp is applied to 

the skin as a paint in El Salvador to act as 

a repellant.--Wellman and van SeveJ:en 

(221).

BOMBACACEAE 

BOMBACOPSIS QUINATA (Jacq.) Dugand. 

Pochote. cedro espino. 



BOMBACOPSIS SEPIUM Pittier. 

An aqueous extract of the wood was nontoxic 

to American and German cockroaches. 

An alcohol extract was nontoxic to German 

cockroaches, milkweed bugs, and larva_e of 

the webbing clothes moth, black carpet 

beetle, and Aedes mosquito.--Heal and coworkers 

(93Y:-- 

CEIBA PENT ANDRA (L.) Gaertn. Synonym: 

Eriodendron anfractuosum. 

Aqueous extracts of the branche s and of 

the roots were very toxic to American 




in the extracts. Alcohol, petroleum ether, 

and chloroform extracts of each part were 


bugs. confused flour beetles, and larvae of 


beetle. and Aedes mosquito.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

aCHROMA PYRAMIDALE (Cav.) Urban. 

Balsa. 

The wood is very susceptible to termites.--Wolcott 

(225). 

aCHROMA sp. 

An aqueous extract of the - stems and 

leaves was nontoxic to German and American 

cockroaches and milkweed bugs. --Heal 


BORAGlNACEAE 

AMSINCKIA INTERMEDlA Fisch. Sot Mey. 


very toxic to American cockroaches when 

injected into the blood stream. but German 

cock:roaches and milkweed bugs were unaffected 


Alcohol, petroleum ether, and chloroform 

extracts were nontoxic to German cockroaches, 



and Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. An 

36 

aqueous extract of the seeds was nontoxic 

to German and American cockroache sand 

milkweed bugs. Petroleum ether extracts 

of the seeds were toxic to black carpet 

beetle larvae only, while alcohol and chloroform 

extracts of the seeds were nontoxic 

to all these species.--Heal and coworkers 

(93 ). 

ANCHUSA OFFICINALIS L. Anchusa. 


nontoxic to mosquito larvae. --Hartzell (90). 

ANCHUSA sp. 

An aqueous extract ofthe stems and leaves 

was toxic to American cockroaches when 




Heal and coworkers ('lJ). 

ANTIOTREMA DUNNIANUM Hand-Mazz. 



bean aphids.--Lee and Hansberry (129). 

BOURRERIA SUCCULENTA Jacq. 




and coworkers (9]). 

CORDIA ALLIODORA Cham. S y non y m: 

Cerdana alliodora. Spanish elm. 


(225). 

The heartwood of this tree from Costa 

Rica was very resistant to termites.- 

Scheffel' and Duncan (191). 

CORDIA CYLINDRISTACHYA Roem. & 

Schult. 






(93). 

CORDIA GOELDIANARuber. Brazilianwalnut. 

The wood is susceptible to termites. - 

Wolcott (225)

CORDIA GRAVEOLENS H. B. K. 




CRYPTANTHA BARBIGERA(Gray)Greene. 

CRYPTANTHA sp. 

Aqueous extracts of the stems, leaves, 

and flowers of C. barbigera and ofthe roots 

of C. sp. were toxic to American cockroacheswhen 

injected into the blood stream, 



extracts.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALE L. 


toxic to American but not to German cockroaches. 

A chloroform extract was toxic to 

black carpet beetle larvae but not to German 



clothes moth and Aedes mosquito.--Heal 

and coworkers (93).--- 

ECHIUM PLANT AGINEUM L. 

ECHIUM VULGARE L. 

Aqueous extracts of 

species were nontoxic 

American cockroaches 

bugs.--Heal and coworkers 

the roots of each 

to German and 

and milkweed 

(93 ). 

HACKELIA FLORIB UNDA (Lehm.) 1. M. 

Johnst. Synonym: ;Echinospermumfloribundum. 







HACKELIA JESSI CAE (McGregor) Brand. 

Synonym: Lappula jessicae. 





37 

HELIOTROPIUM CONVOLVULACEUM 

(Nutt.) Gray. 

HELIOTROPIUM GREGGII Torr. 

An aqueous extract of the uppex parts 

and the flowers was nontoxic to German 

and American cockroaches.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

HELIOTROPIUM EROSUM val'. PROSTRA 

TUM. 







HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM L. Fedegoso. 

The dried leaves, stalks, roots, and seed 

racemes are highly attractive to several 

species of moths, butterflies, wasps, 

beetles, grasshoppers, bugs, mosquitoes, 

and flies.--Moss (153). 


leaves was nontOXic to German and American 

cockroaches and milkweed bugs.- 


LITHOSPERMUM 

Goldie. 

LINEARIFOLIUM 




cockroaches' and, milkweed bugs were unaffected 



MERTENSIA LANCEOLATA DC. 



into the blood stream, but German cockroaches 

aY{d milkweed bugs were Il.naffected 

after immersion in the extract. Petroleum 

ether and chloroform extracts of the roots 

were toxic to black carpet beetle larvae 


bugs, and larvae ofthe webbing clothes moth 

and Aedes and Anopheles mosquito. An 

alcohol extract was nontoxic to all these 

insects.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

MERTENSIA VIRGINICA (L.) Link. 




(93).

the roots were toxic to larvae which attack 

Cruciferae, and to codling moths, but nontoxic 

to wireworms.--Jacobson (108). 

The ester alkaloids wilforine, wilfordine, 

wilforgine, and wilfortrine were all effective 

against European corn borer larvae .- 

Beroza (33). 

Wilforzine was much less toxic to diamondback 

moth larvae than wil£orine.- 

Beroza (34). 

CERATOPHYLLACEAE 

CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM L. 

Aqueous extracts of the stems and leaves 

and of the whole plant were highly toxic to 




immersion in the extracts. Alcohol, petroleum 




moth, black carpet beetle, and Aedes and 


(93). 

CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE 

CERCIDIPHYLLUM JAPONICUM Sieb. &: 

Zucco 





CHENOPODIACEAE 

ALLENROLFEA OCCIDENTALIS (S. Wats.) 

Kuntze. 


leaves was highly toxic to American,cockroaches 




extract. Alcohol, petroleum ether, and 

chloroform extracts were somewhat toxic 

to larvae of the webbing clothes moth and 

black carpet beetle, but they were nontoxic 


and Aedes and Anopheles mosquito larvae. 

An aqueous extract of the upper parts was 

very toxic to American cockroaches but 

nontoxic to German cockroaches and milkweed 


48 

ALLENROLFEA sp. 



not to German cockroaches and milkweed 

bugs.--Heal and coworkers (2J). 

ANABASIS APHY LLA L. 

Smearing 5 -1 0 percent solutions of anabasine 

sulfate on the body did not repel 

malaria mosquitoes but did protect against 

their bites. Aqueous solutions of 1-3 percent 

strength were completelyineffective.- 

Nabokov (155). 

The dried stems are powdered, steeped 

in water, and treated with plant ash, or with 

soda ash or potash solution. The mixture is 

dried, powdered, and screened for use as 

an insecticide.--Ignat'ev (103). 

Bentonite dust containing 'about 5 percent 

adsorbed anabasine was a very potent contact 

pois on against agricultural pests. - 

Rabinovich and Konovalova (180). 

ATRIPLEX CANESCENS James 





ATRIPLEX NUTTALLII S. Wats. 

An aqueous extract ofthe tops and flowers 



(93). 

AXYRIS AMARANTHOIDES L. 

An aqueous extract of the upper parts 

was very toxic to American cockroaches 





chloroform extracts were somewhat toxic 

to black carpet beetle larvae but not to 





BOUSSINGAULTIA sp. 

An aqueous extract of the tubers was very 





Heal and coworkers (93).

CHENOPODIUM ALB UM L. 




(93). 

CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES L. 

Synonyms: C. anthelminticum, C. ambrosioides 

anthelminticum. American 

wormseed. 

Some parts of the plant wer e toxic as 

dusts or extracts to house flies, mosquito 



The powdered plant was nontoxic to 

southern beet webworms and Eur opean corn 

borer larvae. Combined petroleum ether, 

ethyl ether, chloroform, and alcohol extractives 

of the plant were ineffective 

against house flies and codling moths.- 

Jacobson (108). 


toxic to American cockroaches when inj 

ected into the blood stream, but German 




extracts of the seeds were nontoxic to 


larvae of the black carpet beetle, webbing 

clothes moth, and Aedes and Anopheles 


stems and leaves was nQntoxic to German 


bugs. Aqueous extracts of the stems and 

roots, and of the whole plant were toxic 


cockroaches and milkweed bugs. Alcohol, 

petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts 

of the whole plant were somewhat toxic 

to black carpet beetle larvae, but were 

nontoxic to all the other insect species 

mentioned.-:"Heal and coworkers (93). 

The essential oil is freed of ascaridole 

and mixed with diethyl phthalate to prepare 

an insect repellent.--Honno and coworkers 

(96). 

CHENOPODIUM MULTIFIDUM L. 


was nontoxic to German andAmerican cockroaches 


(93). 

CORISPERMUM HYSSOPIFOLIUM L. 



49 





CYCLOLOMAATRIPLICIFOLIUM (Spreng.) 

Coult. 





GRAYlA SPINOSA (Hook.) Moq. 

An aqueous extract of the branches was 




HALOGETON GLOMERATUS (M. Bieb.) 

C. A. Mey. 


toxic to German and American cockroaches 

but not to milkweed bugs. Alcohol, petroleum 

ether, and chloroform extracts showed some 

toxicity to black carpet beetle larvae but 


confused flour beetles. and larvae of the 

webbing clothes moth andAedes mosquito.- 

Heal and coworkers

ut it was nontoxic to American cockroaches 

and milkweed bu.gs.--Heal and coworkers 

(93 ). 

KOCRIA sp. 



injected into the bloodstream, but German 




MONOLEPIS NUTT ALLIANA (Roem. &: 

Schult.) Greene. 




coworker s (93). 

NIT ROPHILA OCCIDENTALIS S. Wats. 







SALICORNIA AMBIGUA Michx. 

SALICORNIA RUBRA A. Nels. 

Aqu.eous extracts of these species were 




SALSOLA KALI L. 

SALSOLA KALI var. TENUIFOLIA Tausch. 

Synonym: §. pestifer. 

Aqueous extracts of these plants were 


but nontoxic to German cockroaches and 


SARCOBATUS BAILEYI Coville. 





SARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS (Hook.) 

Torr. 


was nontoxic to German· and American 

50 



THRELKELDIA PROCERIFLORA. 





CHLORANTHACEAE 

HEDYOSMUM ARBORESCENS Sw. 

Aqueous extracts of the branches and of 

the branchlets and leaves were nontoxic to 

German and American cockroaches and 


CISTACEAE 

HELIANTHEMUM COR YMBOSUM Michx. 





CLETHRACEAE 

CLETHRA ACUMINATA Michx. 





CLUSIA FLAV A Jacq. 

CLUSIACEAE 

An aqueous extract of the roots andleaves 






CLUSIA MINOR L. 



and milkweed bugs. Alcohol and 

petroleum ether extracts were nontoxic to 

German cockroaches, milkweed bugs, confused 

flour beetles, and larvae ofthe webbing 

clothes moth, black carpet beetle, and 

Aedes mosquito.--Heal and coworkers (93).

Andrector ruficornis, adults, cotton stainer 

adults, and Australian cockroach nymphs. 

The immature fruits showed some toxicity 

to melonwormand diamondback moth larvae, 

but were inert to fall armyworms, ,Andrector 

ruiicornis, cotton stainer and rice weevil 

adults, and American cockroach nymphs. 

The powdered seed bulbs had no effect on 

melonworms, fall armyworms, southern 

beet webworms, diamondback moths, 

Brenthia pavonacella larvae, ,Andrector 

ruficornis and rice weevil adults, and 

Ariierican cockroach nymphs. The mature 

seeds were highly toxic both as a stomach 

and a contact poison to melonworms, fall 

armyworms, diamondback moths,,Andrector, 

-uficornis, rice weevils, and Diabrotica 

bivittata. As a contact poison, the mature 

seeds had some toxicity to Australian cockroach 

nymphs, but were ineffective against 

cotton stainer adults and American cockroach 

nymphs. As a stomach poison, the 

twig bark was fairly toxic to melonworm 

and diamondback moth larvae, but ineffective 

against fall armyworms, southern beet webworms, 

Brenthia pavonacella, andAndrectol; 

ruficornis. As a contact poison, the twig 

bark was ineffective against diamondback 

moth larvae, cotton stainer adults, and 

American cockroach nymphs. The limb bark 

had some toxicity to melonworm larvae in 

contrast to the limb wood, while both of 

these parts were inert to Andrector 

ruficornis and cotton stainer adults, and 

Australian cockroach nymphs. As a stomach 

poison, the roots were quite toxic to melonworm 

and diamondback moth larvae, and 

Andrector ruficornis, adults. As a contact 

poison, the roots showed some toxicity to 

melonworm larvae but were inert toAndrector 

and cotton stainer adults and to Australian 

cockroach nymphs.- -Plank (174). 

An aqueous extract of the bark and leaves 

was toxic to milkweed bugs but not to 

German and American cockroaches. An 

extract of the branchlets and leaves was 

nontoxic to all of these species. An extract 

of the fruits was highly toxic to American 

cockroaches and milkweed bugs, but not to 

German cockroaches. Extracts ofthe shells 

of the fruit, of the bark, wood, roots, and 

leaves, and of the seed gum were nontoxic 

to these insects. Alcohol and petroleum 

ether extracts of the stems and leaves 

were toxic to black carpet beetle larvae, 


bugs, confused flour beetles, and larvae 


mosquito. The chloroform extract of the 

stems and leaves was nontoxiC to all these 

insects. A petroleum ether extract of the 

52 

fruits was toxic to milkweed bugs, webbing 

clothes moths, and black carpet beetles. 

but not to German cockroaches and 

Anopheles mosquito larvae. Alcohol and 

chloroform extracts of the fruit were toxic 

only to black carpet beetle larvae. Alcohol. 

petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts of 

the leaves were toxic only to black carpet 

beetle larvae. A petroleum ether extract of 

the roots was toxic to milkweed bugs, webbing 

clothes moths. black carpet beetles. 

and ,Anopheles, mosquito larvae, but not to 

German cockroaches. Alcohol, petroleum 

ether, and chloroform extracts of the wood 

were toxic only to black carpet beetle 

larvae. A petroleum ether extract of the 

bark was toxic only to webbing clothes moth 

and black carpet beetle larvae.- -Heal and 


CNEORACEAE 

CNEORUM PULVERULENTUM Vent. 




(93 ). 

COCHLOSPERMACEAE 

AMOREUXIA WRIGHTII Gray. 






The petroleum ether extract of the roots 

was toxic to black carpet beetle larvae but 



Anopheles mosquito. Alcohol and chloroform 

extracts were nontoxic to Aedes mosquito 

larvae as well as all the other insect species 

tested.- -Heal and coworkers (93). 

COCHLOSPERMUM VITIFOLIUM Willd. 



cockroaches and milkweed bugs. An 

aqueous extract of the roots was toxic only 

to American cockroaches.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

COMBRETACEAE 

BUCHENAVIA CAPITATAEichl. Synonym: 

Terminalia hilariana. Yellow saunders. 

The wood is resistant to termites.- 

Wolcott (225).

ANACYCLUS PYRETHRUM DC. Pellitory. 

The powdered root was toxic to armyworms 

and pea aphids but not to celery leaf 

tiers and two-spotted spider mites.- 

Bottger and Jacobson (36). 

The powdered root was nontoxic to European 

corn borers. A petroleum ether extractive 

was toxic to house flies, but ethyl ether 

and alcohol extractives of the petroleum 

ether-extracted root were nontoxic to this 

insect. The alcohol extractive was worthless 

against cat fleas, lone star ticks, 

chiggers, body lice, and as a body louse 

ovicide, but it showed some toxicity to 

Anopheles mas qui t 0 larvae. - -Jacobson 

(108). 

Pellitorine,. an amide isolated from the 

petroleum ether extractive of the roots, 

was toxic to house flies.--Jacobson (106). 

Crude pellitorine was toxic to adulthouse 

flies and to Tenebrio molitor. The roots 

also probably contain another compound 

toxic to T. molitor.--Crombie (52). 

ANAPHALIS MARGARITACEA (L.) Gray. 

An aqueous extract of the tops, leaves, 






ANTENNARIA MICROPHY LLA Rydb. 


with flowers was only slightly toxic to 

American cockroaches and nontoxic to 


--Heal and coworkers (93). 

ANTHEMIS ARVENSIS L. 


Mexican bean beetle larvae. - -Hansberry 


ANTHEMIS COTULA L. Mayweed. 


Mexican bean beetle larvae.--Hansberry 


Alcohol, benzene, or acetone extracts 

of the whole plant showed little or no 

toxicity to adult chrysanthemum aphids and 

saw-toothed g r a i n beetles. --Tattersfield 


An aqueous extract of the stems was nontoxic 

to American cockroaches. An alcohol 

extract of the stems and leaves was toxic 

55 




Aedes mosquito.- -Heal and coworkers (93). 

ANTHEMIS MIXTA L. 

An aqueous extract of the flower heads 

was only slightly toxic to American cockroaches 

and nontoxic to German cockroaches 



AP LOPAPPUS ACRADENIUS (G r e en e) 

Blake. 

An aqueous extract of the tops and flowers 

was only slightly toxic to American cockroaches 


and milkweed bugs.- -Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

APLOP.APPUS ARMERIOIDES (Nutt.) Gray. 







APLOPAPPUS CILIA TUS (Nutt.). Synonym.: 

Prionopsis ciliata. 


slightly toxic to American cockroaches and 



APLOPAPPUS EROCOIDES DC. 


was only slightly toxic to American cockroache's 




APLOPAPPUS NANUS DC. Eaton. 


leaves was toxic to German cockroaches 

but not to American cockroaches and milkweed 

bugs. A petroleum ethe r extract of the 

stems and leaves was toxic to black carpet 

beetle larvae but not to Germa.n cockroaches, 


webbing clothes moth and Aedes mosquito. 

The alcohol extract was nontoxic to all 

these species.--Heal and coworkers (93).

APLOPA.PPUS NUTTALLII Torr. &. Gray. 





APLOPAPPUS PALMERI Gray. 

An a.queous extract of the stems, leaves, 

and flowers was only slightly toxic to 




APLOPAPPUS SPINULOSUS (Pursh.) DC. 

Synonym: Side ranthus spinulo sUfi. 







ARNICA. FULGENS Pursh. 

An aqueous extract of the flower heads 

was nontoxic to American cockroaches.- 


ARNICA MONTANA L. 

Water and acetone extracts of the flowers 

were nontoxic to mosquito larvae. - -Hartzell 

(89). 

Acetone extracts of the leaves and of the 

roots were nontoxic to mosquito larvae.- 

Hartzell (90). 

ARNICA sp. 

Combined petroleum ether, ethyl ether, 

chlol'oform, and alcohol extractives of the 

flower heads were nontoxic to house flies. - 


Alcohol and chloroform extracts of a plant 

known as '''Arnica do Campo" were toxic to 

black carpet beetle larvae but not to German 

cockroaches, milkweed bugs, and larvae of 


Anopheles mosquito. A petroleum ether extract 

was nontoxic to all these species. An 

aqueous extract of the branches, leaves, 

and flowers wa.s very toxic to American 


stream., but German cock:t:oaches and milkweed 



56 

ARTEMISIA ABROTANUM L. Old man, 

southernwood. 

Water and acetone extracts of the whole 

plant were nontoxic to mosquito larvae. - 


ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM L. Wormwood. 

Water and acetone extracts of the leaves, 

stems, and flower heads were nontoxic to 

mosquito larvae.--Hartzell (89). 

Alcohol, acetone, or benzene extracts of 

the whole plant showed little or no toxicity 

to adult Chrysanthemum aphids and sawtoothed 

grain beetles.--Tattersfield and coworkers 

(209). 

In Arabia, flowers and leaves ofthis plant 

are placed between the pages of books to 

preserve them from attack by harmful insects.--Longo 

(132); 

The plant is used by Italian farmers to 

protect grain in storehouses from attack 

by Tinea granella, Sitotroga cerealella, and 

Calandra granaria. --CiaraveUini '(50). 

An aqueous extract of the leaves was only 

slightly toxic to American cockroaches, 

and nontoxic to German cockroaches. An 

alcohol extract was nontoxic to German 




(93). 

AR TEMISlA ANNUA L. 

ARTEMISIA CALIFORNICA Less. 

Aqueous extracts of the upper parts and 

flower heads were nontoxic to American 

and German cockroaches and milkweed 


AR TEMISlA CINA Berg.- 

The petroleum ether, ethyl ether, and 

alcohol extracts of the plant were nontoxic 

to codling moth larvae.--Jacobson (108). 

AR TEMISlA GNAPHALODES Nutt. 


and flower heads was only slightly toxic to 

American cockroaches and nontoxic to German 

cockroaches and milkweed bugs. - -Heal 


AR TEMISIA LUDOVIClANA Nutt. 


was toxic to American cockroaches when in-

oaches and milkweed bugs.--Heal and coworkers 

(2}). 

BACCHARIS ClNNAMOMIFOLIA H. B. K. 


leaves was slightly toxic to Americancockroaches 


and milkweed bugs. An extract of 

the roots was toxic to American cockroaches.--Heal 


BACCHARIS CONFERTA H. B. K. 





(93). 

BACCHARIS CORIDIFOLIA DC. 


leaves was toxic, and an extract of the 

bl'anchlets, leaves, and flowers was very 




after immersion in the extracts. 


extracts were toxic to black carpet beetle 

larvae but not to Germancockroaches, milkweed 

bugs, and larvae ofthe webbing clothes 

moth and Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes.--Heal 


BACCHARIS EMORYI Gray. 


stems was toxic to Germ.an and American 


BACCHARIS FEVILLEI DC. 


and fruits was toxic to American cockroaches 





BAC CHARIS FLORIBUNDA H. B. K. Niquivau. 

An acetone extract of the plant was nontoxic 

to mosquito larvae.--Jacobson (108). 


stems and leaves were toxic to American 

cockroaches but not toGerman cockroaches 

and milkweed bugs. A petroleum ether ex- 

58 

tract of the roots was toxic to webbing 

clothes moth and bla.ck carpet beetle larvae. 


bugs, and confused flour beetles. Alcohol 

and chloroform extracts were nontoxic to 

these insects as well as to Aedes mosquito 

larvae.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

BA C CHA RIS GENISTELLOIDES (Lam.) 

Pel'S. 

An aqueous extract of the stems was only 




BACCHARIS GLUTINOSA Pers. 


highly toxic, of the stems fairly toxic, and 

of the tops and flower heads slightly toxic 




immersion in the extracts. Alcohol, petroleum 


slightly toxic to black carpet beetle larvae 

and nontoxic to German cockroaches, milkweed 

bugs, and larvae of the webbing 


mosquitoes ... -Heal and coworkers (93). 

BACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA L. 



nontoxic to German cockroaches. - -Heal and 


BACGHARIS ODORATA var. BALSAMI 

FERA. 





BACCHARIS POLYANTHA H. B. K. 

An aqueous extract of the stems was very 






BACCHARIS PTERONIOIDES DC. 

An aqueous extract of the bark was highly 

toxic to American cockroaches but nontoxic 

to German cockroaches. Alcohol, petroleum 

ether, and chloroform extracts of the 

branches and leaves were nontoxic to 

German cockroaches, milkweed bugs', and 



mosquitoes.--Heal and coworkers (93).

BACCHARIS SAROTHROIDES Gray. 


toxic to German and American cockroaches.--Heal 

and coworkers (CU). 

BACCHARIS SERGILOIDES Gray. 

BACCHARIS THESIOIDES H. B. K. 

Aqueous extracts of the upper parts were 




BAHIA OPPOSITIFOLLA DC. 


leaves and of the roots were nontoxic to 

German and American cockroaches and 

milkweed bugs. An extract of the roots, 

leaves, and branches was slightly toxic to 

American cockroaches only.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

BAILEYA MULTIRADIATA Haw. &

ean beetle larvae. potato aphids, and bean 

aphids.--Hansberry and Clausen (86). 

Some of the plant parts were toxic, as 

dusts or extracts. to house flies, mosquito 

larvae. and several species of leaf-eating 







(93) . 

CLIBADIUM sp. 

The powdered leaves and stems were 

nontoxic to Mexican bean beetle larvae.- 

Hansberry and Clausen (86). 

Aqueous extracts of the stems and of the 

tops and leaves were slightly toxic to American 

cockroaches and nontoxic to German 



CONYZA CHILENSIS Spreng. 



and nontoxic to German cockroaches. - -Heal 


CONYZA COULTERI Gray. Synonym: 

Eschenbachia coulteri. 

The powdered plant was slightly toxic to 

southern beet webworms but nontoxic to 

European corn borers. Combined petroleum 

ether, ethyl ether, chloroform, and alcohol 

extractives were somewhat effective against 

codling moth larvae but ineffective against 


CONYZA LYRATA H. B. K. 

The fresh plant material is tied a.bove the 

head of the bed in E 1 Salvador as a repellent 

to mosquitoes at night.--Wellman and van 

Severen (22.1). 




bugs. Alcohol, petroleum ether, and 

chloroform extracts were nontoxic to 




mosquitoes .--Heal and coworkers (93). 

COREOPSIS GIGANTEA (Kellogg) Hall. 


Was nontoxic to German an.d American 

62 



COREOPSIS GRANDIFLORA Nutt. 


and flowers was nontoxic to German and 

American cockroaches and milkweed bugs. 


COREOPSIS MUTICA DC. 




COSMOS PEUCEDANIFOLlUS Wedd. 


flowers was nontoxic t,o German and American 



GREPIS BURSIFOLIA L. 

An aqueous extract of the branchlets 

and leaves was very toxic to Americ an 


stream. but German cockroaches were unaffected 


Alcohol, petroleum ether. and chloroform 

extracts were toxic to black carpet b.eetle 




Aedes mosquito.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

CREPIS VESICARIA L. 


flower heads was slightly toxic to American 

cockroaches and nontoxic to German 



DICORIA CANESCENS Torr. &: Gray. 




bugs. - -Heal and coworkers (93). 

DYSSODIA PAPPOSA (Vent.) HUchc. Synonym: 

Boebera papposa. 






Heal and coworkers (CU).

ined ethyl ether, chloroform, and alcohol 

extractives were nontoxic to house flies .- 

McGovran and coworkers (143). 


European corn borers, and extractives had 

no effect on codling moth larvae.--Jacobson 

(lQ8). 

ERIGERON CANADENSIS L. Synonym: 

Leptilon canadense. H 0 r sew e e d, 

butterweed, Canadian fleabane. 

The powdered whole plant was toxic to 

melonworrn larvae but not to soathe rn armyworm 

and southern beet webworm larvae. 

Petroleum ether and combined ethyl ether. 

chloroform, and alcohol extractives were 

nontoxic to house flies.--McGovran and cowcnkers 

(143). 


European corn borers and extractives were 

ineffective against codling moth larvae.- 


Alcohol. acetone. or benzene extracts of 

the flower heads and of the stems and 

leaves showed little or no toxicity to adult 

chrysanthemum aphids and saw-toothed 

grain beetles.--Tattersfield and coworkers 

(209). 


and flowers was toxic to American cockroac 

hes when inj ected into the blood stream, 

but German cockroaches and mi.lkweed 


the extract. --Heal and coworkers (93). 

ERIGERON DIV ARICATUS Michx. Synonym: 

Lepti.1on divaricatum. Dwarf fleabane. 

ERlGERON DIVERGENS Ton @.t Gray. 

Spreading fleabane. 

ERIGERON FLAGELLARIS Gray. Synonym: 

E. macdougalii, E. tons us . Running 

fleabane. 

ERIGERON NUDIFLORUS Buckl. Synonym: 

E. commixtus. 

These species, when tested as powders, 

were toxic to melonworm larvae but not 

to southern armyworm larvae. E. 

bellidiastrum was the most toxic to southern 

beet webworm larvae. Petroleum ether 

extractives and combined ethyl ether, chloroform. 

and alcohol extractives of all 

species were nontoxic to house flies.--· 


The powdered plants were nontoxic to 

European corn borers and their extrac- 

64 

tives were ineffective against codling moth 

larvae.--Jacobson (108). 

ERIGERON GLABELLUS subsp. 

PUBESCENS (Hook.) Cronq. 

Alcohol and chloroform extracts of the 

plant were toxic to black carpet beetle 

larvae but not to German cockroaches. 




ERIGERON INORNATUS Gray. 

An aqueous extract of the tops and 

flowers was toxic to American cockroaches 

when inj ected into the blood 



in the extract.- -Heal and coworkers 

(93) • 

ERIGERON LINIFOLIUS Willd. 

ERIGERON MODEST US Gray. 

ERIGERON REPENS Gray. 

ERIGERON sp. 

The powdered whole plant of E. repens 

was the only one of these species which 

showed no toxicity to melonworm larvae. 

They were all nontoxic to southern beet 

webworm and southern armyworm larvae. 

Petroleum ether extractives and combined 

ethyl ether, chloroform, and alcohol extrac 

Uves were all nontoxic to house flies.- 


Only powdered E. repens was toxic to 

European corn borers. Extractives of all 

species, except E. linifolius and E. sp., 

showed little or no effect on codling moth 


ERIOCEPHALUS GLABER Thunb. 






ERIOPHYLLUM LANATUM var. 

INTEGRIFOLIUM (Hook.) Smiley. 

An aqueous extract of the Whole plant was 


into the blood stream, but German


after immersion in the extract ... - 

Heal and coworkers (2}). 

ESPELETIA CORYMBOSA Humb. &: Bonpl. 

An aqueous extract of the tops and flower 

heads was slightly toxic to American cockroaches, 


and milkweed bugs. - -Heal and 


ESPELETIA HARTWEGIANA Sch. Bip. 







ETHULIA CONYZOIDES L. 







toxic to black carpet beetle larvae but not 

to German cockroaches. milkweed bugs, 


webbing clothes moth and Aedes mosquito. 

The chloroform extract was nontoxic to 

webbing clothes moth and black carpet 

beetle larvae. An aqueous extract of the 

tops and flowers was toxic to American 


and milkweed bugs. An extract of the roots 

was nontoxic to both species of cockroaches 

and to milkweed bugs.--Healandcoworkers 

(93) • 

EUPATORIUM AGERATIFOLIUM DC. 

An aqueous extract of the branchlets, 

leaves, and flower heads was toxic to American 




in the extract. Alcohol. petroleum ether, and 

chloroform extracts were nontoxic to 


larvae of the black carpet beetle, webbing 

clothes moth, and Aedes and Anopheles 

mosquitoes.uHeal and coworkers (93). 

EUPATORIUM ALBUM L. 

An aqueous extract of the tops, leaves, and 

fruiting inflorescence was slightly toxic to 




EUPATORIUM AROMATICUM L. 


and flowers was nontoxic to German and 

Axnerican cockroaches and milkweed bugs. 

A petroleum ether extract of the whole 

plant was toxic to black carpet beetle 



clothes moth and Anopheles mosquito. Alcohol 

and chloroform extracts were nontoxic 

to all these insects and to Aedes mosquito 

larvae. --Heal and coworkers (93). 

EUPATORIUM CAPILLIFOLIUM (Lam.) 

Small. Cypress weed. 

The powdered whole plant was nontoxic to 

southern a.rmyworms. melonworms, and 

Hawaiian beet webworms.--Bottger and 



European corn borer larvae. An acetone 

extractive showed some toxicity to codling 

moths. The combined petroleum ether. 

ethyl ether. chloroform, and alcohol extractives 

were ineffective against codling 

moths and house flies, but showed some 

toxicity to Germancockroaches.--Jacobson 

(108). 



cockroaches and milkweed bugs. Alcohol. 

petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts 

of the tops and flower heads were nontoxic 


and larvae of the black carpet beetle. 

webbing clothes moth, and Aedes and Anopheles 

moquitoes.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

65 

EUPATORIUM COMPOSITIFOLIUM Walt. 

Synonym: E. coronopifolium. Dogfennel. 

The powdered Whole plant was ineffective 

against southern armyworms. melonworms. 

Hawaiian beet webworms. cross-striped 

cabbage worms, and cabbage loopers.- 



European corn borer larvae. Combined 

petroleum ether. ethyl ether, chloroform, 

and alcohol extractives were nontoxic to 

house flies, German cockroaches, and 

codling moth larvae.--Jacobson (108).


coworkers (2,J). 

FLOURENSIA CERNUA DC. 

Aqueous extracts of the stems and of the 

upper parts were toxic to German cockroaches 

but not to Arneric an cockroaches 


(93). 

FLOURENSIA RESINOSA (Brandeg.) Blake. 



and milkweed bugs but not to American 


FRANSERIA ARTEMISIOIDES Willd. 

Aqueous extracts of the tops, leaves, and 

flowers and of the branches and leaves were 

toxic to Atnerican and Germancockroaches 


ether, and chloroform extracts of the 

branches, leaves, and flowers were toxic 

to black carpet beetle larvae, but not to 



Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. Corresponding 

extracts of the stems and leaves 

were nontoxic to all these insects .--Heal 


FRANSERIA CHENOPODIFOLIA Benth. 


leaves was slightly toxic to American 

cockroaches and nontoxic to German cockroaches 

and milkweed bugs .--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

FRANSERIA CONFERTIFLORA(DC.) Rydb. 


southern armyworms and melonworms.- 




petroleum ether, ethyl ether, chloroform, 

and alcohol extractives were nontox:ic to 

codling moth larvae and house flies.- 


An aqueOUs extract of the branches, 

leaves, and flowers was toxic to German 

cockroaches but not to American cockroaches 


(93). 

67 

FRANSERIA DELTOIDEA'Torr. 



and milkweed bugs. - -Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

FRANSERIA DUMOSA Gray. 

FRANSERIA ERIOCENTRA Gray. 

FRANSERIA ILICIFOLIA Gray. 


leaves were nontoxic toGermanandAmerican 

cockroaches and milkweed bugs .--Heal 


GAILLARDIA ARISTATA Purah. 

GAILLARDIA LANCEOLATA Michx. 

An aqueous extract was nontoxic to 

German and American cockroaches .--Heal 

and coworkers (,93). 

GAILLARDIA PULCHELLA Foug. 


to German and Arnericancockroaches 


(93). 

GARBERIA FRUTICOSA (Nutt.) Gray. 



when injected into the blood stream. but 




GEIGERIA PASSERINOIDES Harv. 

An aqufTous extract of the whole plant 



GERBERIA JAMESONII Bolus. Gerbera. 

Transvaal daisy. 

Water and acetone extracts of the stems 


(89). 

GNAPHALIUM LEUCOCEPHALUM Gray. 


southern armyworms and southern beet 

webworms.--Bottger and Jacobson (36),



petroleum ether, .ethyl ether, chloroform, 

and alcohol extracts were toxic to codling 

moth larvae but not to house flies.- 


GNAPHALIUM OBTUSIFOLIUM L. 

An aqueous extract of the Whole plant 

with flowers was toxic to American cockroaches 


but German cockroaches were unaffected 



GNAPHALIUM sp. 





GRINDELIA BOLIVIANA Rusby. 


leaV'es, and flowers was nontoxic to German 

and AInerican cockroaches .--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

GRINDELIA NANA Nutt. 

An aqueous extract of the flowers, leaves, 

and roots was nontoxic to German and 

AIneric an cockroaches and milkweed bugs. 


GRINDELIA PERENNIS A. Nels. 

A petroleum ether extract of the whole 

plant was toxic to black carpet beetle 

larvae, but not to German cockroaches, 



mosquitoes. Alcohol and chloroform extracts 

were nontoxic to all thesespecies.- 


GRINDELIA ROB US T A Nutt. 



cockroaches and milkweed bugs. An extract 

of the leaves was toxic to German cockroaches 

but not to American cockroaches. 

--Heal and coworkers (2]). 

GRINDELIA SQUARROSA (Pursh) Dunal. 

An aqueous extract of the tops. leaves. 

and flowers was toxic to German cock- 

68 

roaches but not to American cockroaches 

and milkweed bugs. A petroleum ether 

extract was toxic to black carpet beetle 




mosquitoes. An alcohol extract was nontoxic 

to all these insects.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

GRINDELIA TARAPACANA Phil. 

An aqueous extract of the tops and flower 

heads was toxic to German and American 

cockroaches but not to milkweed bugs.- 


GRINDELIA sp. 

An aqueous extract of the roots and 

stems was toxic to German cockroaches 

but not to AInerican cockroaches and milkweed 


GUTIERREZIA DRACUNCULOIDES. Synonym: 

Amphiachyris dracunculoides. 







GUTIERREZIA MICROCEPHALA (DC.) 

Gray. Synonym: G. filifolia, Brachyris 

microcephala. Broomweed. 

The powdered whole plant was nontoxic to 

southe rn armyworms, melonworms, and 

sou th ern beet webworms.--Bottger and 



European corn borer larva-e. Combined 


and alcohol extracts had little or no effect 

on codlin& moth larvae and house fIies.- 

Jacobson II 08). 

GUTIERREZIA SAROTHRAE (Pursh) Britt. 

& Rusby. 

An aqueous extract of the upper parts and 


cockroaches.--Heal and coworkers 

(93) . 

GYNOXIS BUXIFOLIA Casso 


leaves was toxic to German and American 

cockroaches.--Heal and coworkers (93).

American cockroaches, and nontoxic to 

milkweed bugs. An extract of the roots was 

toxic only to American cockr oache s. - -Heal 

and coworkers (;U). 

ROUREA SliRINAMENSIS Miq. 

An aqueolls extract of the seeds was toxic 

to German cockroaches and slightly toxic 

to American cockroaches.- -Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

CONVOLVULACEAE 

CONVOLVULUS OCCIDENTALIS Gray. 


leaves was nontoxic to American cockroaches.--Heal 


CUSCUT A AMERICANA L. 


flowers was toxic to American cockroaches 




extract. An alcohol extract was toxic to 

black carpet beetle and Aedes mosquito 


milkweed bugs, and webbing clothes moth 

and Anopheles mosquito larvae. A chloroform 

extract was toxic only to black carpet 

beetle larvae.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

CUSC UTA RACEMOSA Mart. 

Alcohol and petroleum ether extracts of 

the stems were toxic to black carpet beetle 




mosquitoes. A chloroform extract was nontoxic 


(93). 

CUSCUTA sp. 


of the stems were toxic to black carpet 



webbing clothes moth and Aedes and 

Ano1heles mosquitoes.--Heal and coworkers 

93). 

DICHONDRA CAROLINENSIS Michx. 





84 

EXOGONIUM MICRODACTYLUM (Griseb.) 

House. 


leaves was nontoxic to German cockroaches 


(W· 

IPOMOEA CRASSICAULIS (Benth.) Robinson. 

Synonym: l. fistulosa. 





immersion in the extract. An extract of the 

stems and leaves was toxic only to German 


IPOMOEA JALAPA (L.) Pursh. Jalap. 

An acetone extract of the root was toxic 

to mosquito larvae but a water extract was 

nontoxic to these larvae.--Hartzell (89). 

IPOMOEA MURICATA Jacq. 

The plant is used in India as a repellent 

for many household insects. A cold water 

extract of the leaves and stems killed no 

mosquito larvae in 24 hours.--Pendse and 


IPOMOEA NIL (L.) Roth. Synonym: Pharbitis 

nil. 

The pulverized seeds from Kwangsi, 

China were effective against aphids. - -Huang 

grass was toxic to American cockroaches 

only. Alcohol and chloroform extracts ofthe 

whole plant were toxic to black carpet beetle 

larvae but not to German cockroaches, milkweed 

bugs, and larvae of the webbing 



TRlCHOSANTHES sp. 

Acetone and water extracts of the seeds 

were nontoxic to mosquito larvae. - -Hartzell 

'( 89). 

TUMAMOCA MACDOUGALIl Rose. 

An aqueous extract of the tubers was 



bugs.- -Heal and coworkers (93).· 

OlOON sp. 

CYCADACEAE 

An aque ous extract of the seeds was toxic 





(93). 

ZAMIA FURFURACEA Ait. 

An aqueous extract of the tubers was 




ZAMIA sp. 




cock:roaches and milkweed bugs were unaffected 



CYPERACEAE 

CAREX CLlVORUM Ohwi. 

A water suspension of the leaves and 

stems was ineffective against Drosophila 

hydei larvae, but a suspension of the combined 

leaves, stems, and roots was toxic to 

these larvae. - - Yamaguchi and coworkers 

(233). 

90 

CAREX 

Ohwi. 

SlDEROSTlCT A var.GLABRA 

Water suspensions of the leaves and roots 

and of the combined leaves, stems, and roots 

were ineffective against Drosophila hydei 

larvae, but a suspension of the leaves and 

stems was highly toxic to these larvae.- 

Yama.guchi and coworkers (233). 

CAREX TORTA Boott. 


Mexican bean beetle larvae. - -Hansberry and 

Clausen (86). 

CYPERUS ARTICULATUS L. 




(93). 

CYPERUS ODORATUS L. 







CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L. 

Known in Costa Rica as "nutgrass" or 

"coqui", this plant is used to prepare a 

contact insecticide effective against grasshopper 

s and other ins ects. - -Anonymous 

(!.2) • 

The powdered seedless flower heads, 

leaves, and tubers each showed little or no 

toxicity to roelonwol"tn larvae, bean leaf 

beetle and cotton stainer adults, and Australian 

cockroach nymphs.--Plank (174). 


toxic to German cockroaches, slightly toxic 

to Am'erican cockroaches, and nontoxic to 

milkweed bugs.--Heal and coworkers (.2J.). 

CYPERUS sp. 

An aqueous extract of the rhizomes was 




after immersion in the extract ... - 

Heal and coworkers (.22,). 

KYLLINGA ODORATA H. B. K. Capim 

cheiroso. 

An aqueous extl'act of one sample of the 

whole plant was very toxic to American 

cockroaches and nontoxic to German cock-

GAULTHERIA sp. 

Anaqueous extract of the leaves was nontoxic 

toGerman and American coc.kroaches 


(93 ). 

KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA L. Sheep laurel; 

calfkill, lambkill. 

Acetone extrac.ts of the stems, the roots, 

and the leaves were all ineffective against 

mosquito larvae.--Jacobson (108). 

KALMIA LATIFOLIA L. 



into the blood stream. An extract of 

the stems was nontoxic to these insects.- 


KALMIA MICROPHY LLA (Hook.) Heller. 


leaves was nontoxic to American cockroaches.--Heal 


LEDUM GLANDULOSUM Nutt. 



cockroaches and milkweed bugs. A 

petroleum ether extract was toxic to black 




Anopheles mosquitoes. Alcohol and chloroform 

extracts were nontoxic to all these 


LEDUM GROENLANDICUM Oeder. 



cockroaches and milkweed bugs. 


extracts were nontoxic to German cockroaches, 


black carpet beetle, webbing C'lothes moth, 

and Aedes andA&£)heles mosquitoes.- -Heal 

and coworkers 3. 

LEUCOTHOE AXILLARIS (Lam.) Don. 




bugs ... -Heal and coworkers (93). 

95 

LEUCOTHOE CATESBAEI Gray. 

An aqueous extract of the bl.'anchlets and 





A petroleum ether extract was toxic 

to black carpet beetle larvae but not to German 

cockroaches • milkweed bugs, and larvae 

of the webbing clothes moth and Aedes and 

Anopheles mosquitoes. A chloroform eXtract 

was toxic to black carpet beetle and 

webbing clothes moth larvae, but not to the 

other insect species.--Heal and coworkers 

(ll). 

LEUCOTHOE GRAY ANA Maxim. 

The leaves of this plant are used against 

rice weevils in Japan.--Miyajima and Takei 

(15 Z). 

LEUCOTHOE KEISKEI Miq. 

A water suspension of the leaves, stems, 

and flowers was toxic to Drosophila hydei 

larvae.--Yamaguchi and coworkers (233). 

LOISELEURIA PROCUMBENS (L.) Desv. 



nontoxic to German cockroaches and mi.lkweed 


LYONIA LIGUSTRINA (L.) DC. 

LYONIA MARIANA (L.) D. Don. 

Aqueous extracts of the branchlets and of 

the leaves of these species were both nontoxic 



(93 ). 

LYONIA LUCIDA (Lam.) K. Koch. Synonym: 

Desmothamnus lucidus. 

Aqueous ext rae t s of the branchlets, 

leaves, and flowers, of the branches, and of 

the leaves were all nontoxic to German and 



MONOTROPA UNIFLORA L. 





after immersion in the extract. A

petroleum ether extract was toxic to black 


cockroaches, milkweed bugs, confusedflour 

beetles, and webbing clothes moth larvae. 

An alcohol extract gave the same results 

and was, in addition, nontoxic to Aedes 

mosquito larvae, while a chloroform extract 

was nontoxic to all these insects.- 


PERNETTYA PROST RATA var. PENT 

LANDli. 

An aqueous extract of the leaves was nontoxic 


and . milkwe ed bugs. _ -Heal and coworkers 

(ll). 

PERNETTYA PROST RATA var. PUR 

PUREA. 


and fruits was nontoxic to German and 


- -Heal and coworkers (93). 

PIERIS FLORIB UNDA (Pursh) Benth. & 

Hook. 


very toxic to American cockroacheo and 

milkweed bug s but nontoxic to German cockroaches. 

A petroleum ether extract was 

toxic to black carpet beetle and webbing 

clothes moth larvae, but not to German 

cockroaches, milkweed bugs, and Anopheles 

mosquito larvae. Alcohol and chloroform 


larvae only. A chloroform extract of the 


and black carpet beetle larvae, but not to 

larvae ofthe webbing clothes moth and Aedes 

mosquito. A chloroform extract of the stems 

was toxic to webbing clothes moth larvae 

only.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

PIERIS JAPONICA (Thunb.) D. Don. Asebi. 


toxic to Culex pipiens larvae. The toxicity 

was traced to the water-soluble portion of 

the extract.--Yamaguchi and coworkers 

(232) • 

A mixture of 150 g. asebi (asebotin content 

15.53 percent), 18.4 g. pyrethrum, and 75 g. 

soap, dissolved in 18 liters of water , was as 

effective as pyrethrum soap solution in 

killing Aphis and Stephanitis anbigus. This 

formulation saves 75 to 80 percent of 

pyrethrum.- -Matsubara (136). 


leaves was somewhat toxic to American 

96 



(93 ). 

PIERlS OVALIFOLIA D. Don. 

This plant is used as an insecticide in 

lndia.--Chopra and Badhwar (12). 


toxic to Amexican cockroaches when injected 



after immersion in the extract.--Heal 


PYROLA PICTA J. E. Sm. 





RHODODENDRON ARBORESCENS (Pursh) 

Torr. Synonym: Azalea arborescens. 





RHODODENDRON CATAWBIENSE Michx. 

An aqueous extract of the flowers was 



(..22.). 

RHODODENDRON JAPONICUM (Gray) Suringar. 

An aqueous extract of the flowers was 



and milkweed bugs were unaffected 



RHODODENDRON MACROPHYLLUM G. 

Don. Synonym: R. californicum. 




RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM L. 

The powdered plant was ineffective 

against Mexican bean beetle larvae.--Hansberry 

and Clausen, (86).



Extracts of the roots and ofthe stems 

were nontoxic to all these insects.--Heal 


ALCHORNEA LATIFOLIA Sw. 

The wood is very susceptible to termites. 

--Wolcott (225). 

ALCHORNEA SICCA (Blanco) Men. 



nontoxic to German cockroaches .--Heal and 


ALEURITES FORDII Hemsl. Tung tree. 

Tung oil soap was somewhat toxic to 

sugarcane wooly aphis.--Cheu (45). 

Acetone extracts of tung oil and of tung 

seeds were ineffective against mosquito 

larvae.--Hartzell (90). 

An acetone extract of the inner shell of 

the nuts was nontoxic to mosquito larvae. 

An alcohol extract of the roots was ineffective 

against codling moth larvae.- 


ALEURITES MOLUCCANA WiUd. 

An aqueous extract of the fruits was nontoxic 

to German andAmerican cockroaches. 


ALEURITES TRISPERMA Blanco. 

The powdered bulbs, kernels, leaves, 

bark, and wood each showed little or no 

toxicity to melonworm and diamondback 

moth larvae, Diabrotica bivittata and cotton 

stainer adults, and Australian cockroach 

nymphs.--Plank (174). 

ANDRA.CHNE CORDIFOLIA MueH. Arg. 


leaves was' very toxic to American cockroaches 




extract. An extract of the roots was slightly 

toxic to American cockroaches only.--Heal 

and coworkers (.22.). 

ANTHOSTEMA SENEGALENSE Juss. 

An aqueous extract of the °branchlets and 


98 




An extract of a second sample of 

branchlets and leaves was nontoxic to all 


BERNARDIA MYRICAEFOLIA (Muell. Arg.) 

Benth. & Hook. 




(93). 

BRIDELIA MICRANTHA Baill. 





CLEISTANTHUS COLLINUS (Roxb.) Benth. 

& Hook. 


stem bark were toxic to American cockroaches 



were unaffected after immersion in the extract.--Heal 


CNIDOSCOLUS URENS (L.) Arthur. 

The powdered green fruit, leaves, roots, 

and stems were each nontoxic to southern 

armyworms, but the powdered fruit was 

highly toxic to Hawaiian and southern beet 

webworms and showed some toxicity to 

melonworms and wooly bears. Petroleum 

ether and alcohol extracts of the leaves, 

roots, and stems were nontoxic to house 

flies but acetone extracts were toxic to these 

insects.--Sievers and coworkers (ill). 

COLLIGUAJA INTEGERRIMA Gill. & Hook. 





CROTON CALIFORNICUS Muell. Arg. 




CROTON CILIA TO-GLANDULOSUS Ort. 


slightly toxic to American cockroaches.- 


HIERONYMA ALCHORNEOIDES Allem. HURA POLYAfNDRA Baill. Habe, avilla 

Zapatero. 

tree. 


Rica was found to be moderately toxic to 

termites.--Schef£er and Duncan (ll). 

HIERONYMA CLUSEOIDES Griseb. 

HIERONYMA LAXIFLORA Muell. Arg. 



HIPPOMANEMANCINELLA L. Manzanillo. 

The wood is very susceptible to termites. 

- - Wolcott (225). 

An acetone-extract of the bark and burrs 

was somewhat toxic to mosquito larvae.- 




nontoxic to German cockroaches.--Heal and 


HOMALANTHUS EASTUOSUS Villar. 

An aqueous extract ofthe leaves was toxic 



were unaffected after im.mersion in the 


HURA CREPITANS L. Sandbox. 

The wood is very susceptibletotermites. 


The powdered green fruit was nontoxic to 

southern armyworms. The powdered leaves 

and ripe fruit were nontoxic to southern 

armyworms but somewhat toxic to cabbage 

loopers. The powdered roots were nontoxic 

to both of these insect species. The powdered 

stem.s were toxic to southern armyworms 

but not to cabbage loopers. Petroleum ether 

and acetone extracts of the green fruit and 

seeds were toxic to mosquito larvae but not 

to house flies. A petroleum ether extract 

of the ripe fruit was toxic to mosquito 

larvae but not to house fiies. Petroleum 

ether extracts of the leaves and ofthe roots 

were toxic to mosquito larvae, but alcohol 

extracts were ineffective against these 




nontoxic to German cockroaches;--Heal and 


The sap, diluted 1 :10 and used as a contact 

spray, was moderately toxic to bean 

aphids.--Hansberry and Clausen (86). 

Both the sap and an acetone extract of 

the seeds were very toxic to mosquito 

larvae.--Jocobson (108). 

HYMENOCARDlA AClDA Tul. 


leaves were nontoxic toGermanandAmerican 



JATROPHA ANGUSTlDENS Muell. Arg. 

An aqueous extract of the bark was very 


into the blood stream, but milkweed 


the extract. Alcohol and petroleum ether 



milkweed bugs, and larvae of Aedes and 

Anopheles mosquitoes. The alcohol extract 

was toxic to larvae of the webbing clothes 

moth. A chloroform extract was nontoxic to 

all these insects.--Heal and coworkers (2.1). 

JATROPHA CURCAS L. 

Some parts of the plant were toxic, as 

dusts or extracts, to house flies, mosquito 


larvae.--Sievers and coworkers (ill). 



but nontoxic to milkweed bugs.--Heal and 

coworkers (.21). 

JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLlA L. 

Some parts of the plant were toxic, as 

dusts or extracts, to house flies, mosquito 



JATROPHA MACRORHIZA Benth. 






aqueous extract of the roots was very toxic 

to American cockroaches but nontoxic to 

German cockroaches. Petroleum ether and 

chloroform extracts of the roots were toxic 

102

"Spra Kast", a commercial product containing 

extractives of the leaves and stalks, 

is effective against most garden insects.- 

Anonymous (ll). 

Ricin was without effect, but ricinine was 

highly toxic to codling moth larvae.- 

Siegler and coworkers (196). 

A review lists 52 published papers on the 

insecticidal uses of this plant.--Mclndoo 

(145). 

Powdered "Spra Kast" was nontoxic to 

southern armyworms, melonworms, Hawaiian 

beet webworms, bean leaf rollers. 

cross-striped cabbage worms, and European 

corn borers. Combined petroleum 


extractives of this material were nontoxic 

to house flies and codling moth larvae.- 

Jacobson (l08). 

A 50-percent solution of castor oil in 

kerosene was ineffective as a repellent 

against Aedes mosquitoes.--McCulloch and 

Waterhouse (142). 

Castor oil soap was somewhat toxic to 

the sugarcane wooly aphis.--Cheu (45). 

SAPIUM BILOCULARE (S. Wats.) Pax. 

Yerba de flecha. 


southern armyworms, melonworms, and 

southern beet webworms.--Bottger and 

Jacobson (l§j. 

The powdered stems were only slightly 

toxic to European corn borer larvae. Combined 


and alcohol extractives of the stems 

were nontoxic to hous e flies and codling 

moth larvae.--Jacobson (108). 

An aqueous extiI'act of the branches and 

leaves was slightly toxic to American cockroaches 



coworkers

QUERCUS COPEYENSIS C. H. Mull. Roble, 

encino. 

The heartwood was moderately resistant 

to termites.--Scheffer and Duncan (ill). 

QUERCUS INFECTORIA Olivo Aleppo nutgalls. 


ineffe cti ve again st mosq uHo larvae. - - Hartzell 

(90). 

QUERC US RUBRA L. Synonym: Q. borealis. 

Red oak. 


(225). 

QUERCUS VELUl'INA Lam. Synonym: Q. 

tinctoria. Black oak. 

An acetone extract of the roots was ineffective 

against mosquito larvae.--Hartzell 

(90). 

QUERCUS sp. 

An acetone extract of the bark was ineffective 

against mosquito larvae. - -Hartzell 

(90). 

FLACOURTlACEAE 

ANCISTROTHYRSUS TESSMANNII Harms. 

A.n aqueous extract of the roots was nontoxic 



(93). 

APHLOIA THEAEFORMIS Benn. 

Aqueous extracts of the roots and of t •• e 

stem bark were nontoxic to German and 

American cockroaches and milkweed 


ARECHAYALETAIA URUGUAYENSIS Speg. 




AZARA GILLIESII Hook. & Arn. 



and milkweed bugs. --Heal and 


106 

BYRSANTHUS BROWNII Guillem. 


stems were nontoxic to German andAmerican 


aqueous extract of the stems and leaves 

was slightly toxic to American cockroaches 


CARPOTROCHE AMAZONICA Mart. 



and nontoxic to German cockroaches. - -Heal 


CASEARIA BRASILIENSIS Eichl. 






(93). 

CASEARIA COMMERSONIANA Cambess. 




(93). 

CASEARIA JAYITENSIS H. B. K. 


flower heads were nontoxic to German and 


An extract of the roots was slightly toxic 

to American cockroaches and nontoxic to 

German cockroaches.--Heal and coworkers 

(93 ). 

CASEARIA MACROPHYLLA Yah!. 




bugs.- -Heal and coworkers (93). 

CASEARIA RESINIFERA Spruce. 


to German cockroaches but not to American 

cockroaches.- -Heal and coworkers (93). 

CASEARIA TOMENTOSA Roxb. 

An aqueous extract of the bark and seeds 



coworkers (93).

CASEARIA sp. 




were unaffected after immersion 

in the extract. An extract of the stems was 



FLACOURTIA CATAPHRACTA Roxb. 



cockroaches. - -Heal and coworkers (93). 

GOSSYPIOSPERMUM PRAECOX (Griseb.) 

P. Wils. 

An aqueous extract of the roots, leaves, 

and branches was nontoxic to German and 

American cockroaches.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

GYNOCARDIA ODORATA R. Br. 

An aqueous extract of the seeds was nontoxic 


and milkweed bugs. Alcohol and petroleum 

ether extracts of the seeds were toxic to 

webbing clothes moth and black carpet 


milkweed bugs, and Aedes and 

Anopheles mosquito larvae. A chloroform 

extract was toxic to black carpet beetles 


HOMALIUM RACEMOSUM Jacq. Tostado. 



HOMALIUM sp. 


to German and American cockroaches. 

An extract of the root bark was slightly 

toxic to American cockroaches and nontoxic 

to German cockroaches .--Heal and 


LAETIA CALOPHYLLA Eichl. 



nontoxic to German cockroaches. Petroleum 

ether and chloroform extracts of the stems 

and roots were toxic to black carpet beetle 



clothes moth and Aedes andAnopheles mos- 

107 

quitoes. An alcohol extract was nontoxic to 

all these insects.--Heal and coworkers (92.)' 

ONCOBA ECHINATA Oliver. 

ONCOBA SPINOSA Forsk. 

Aqueous extracts of the roots of each of 

these species were nontoxic to German and 



RA WSONIA. USAMBARENSIS Engl. 

Aqueous extracts of the root wood and of 

the stem wood were nontoxic toGerman and 



RYANlA ANGUSTIFOLIA (Turcz.) Monachino. 


slightly toxic to American cockroaches. A 

chloroform extract was toxic to German 

cockroaches but not to milkweed bugs. A 

chloroform extract of the stems was toxic 

to webbing clothes moth and black carpet 

beetle larvae, and nontoxic to Aedes mosquito 

larvae.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

RYANIA SPECIOSA Yah!. Synonym: R. pyrifera. 

--- 

The following are some of the rnany published 

reports on the toxicity of this plant 

to various insect species. 

The powdered stems and roots were 

effective in the control of the European 

corn borer.--Pepper and Carruth (170). 

The use of this and of other species of 

Ryania as insecticides has been patented. 

--Folkers and coworkers (67). 

The effect of the powdered stems and roots 

was comparable to that of DDT in reducing 

twig-infesting larvae of the oriental fruit 

moth.--Wheeler and LaPlante (225). 

The powdered stems and roOtS were effective 

against the soybean caterpillar. A 

50-percent dust applied at the :rate of 25 

pounds per acre increased the yield of soybean 

crops.--Kulash (122). 

The powdered stems and roots were ineffective 

in the control of pear psylla.- 

Hamilton (85). 

Ryanodine, an alkaloid isolated from an 

aqueous extract of the roots or a chloroform 

extract of the sterns, was highly toxic 

to insects, being approximately 700 times 

as potent as the stem wood.--Rogers and 

coworkers (186).

oaches and nontoxic to German cockroaches 

and milkweed bugs. An aqueous 

extract of the roots was very toxic to 

American cockroaches only. A petroleum 

ether extract of the rODts was toxic to black 


cockroaches, milkweed bugs, confusedflour 

beetles, and webbing clothes moth larvae. 

Alcohol and chloroform extracts of the roots 

were nontoxic to a1l these insects as well 

as to Aedes mosquito larvae.--Heal and 


TARAKTOGENOS KURZII. Synonym: Hydnocarpus 

kurzii. 





TRIMERIA BAKERI GUg. 




(93 ). 

XYLOSOMA sp. 




Heal and coworkers (.2d). 

ZUELANlA GUIDONlA (Sw.) Britton &: 

Millsp. 

An aqueous extract of the bark was slightly 


to German cockroaches.--Heal and coworker 

s (93). 

FLAGELLARIACEAE 

FLAGELLARlA GUINEENSIS Schum. 





FOUQllIERIACEAE 

FOUQUIERIA SPLENDENS Engelm. 





l09 

FRANKENIACEAE 

FRANKENIA ERICIFOLIA C. Sm. 







FRANKENIA GRANDIFOLIA Cham. &: 

Schlecht. 




bugs.--Heal and coworkers ALIS CRYSTALLINA Engebn. 

An aqueou·s extract of the whole plant was 




DICENTRA CUCULLARIA (L.) Bernh. 

Synonym: Bicuculla cucullaria. 





aftel! immersion in the extract.- 


DICENTRA FORMOSA Walp. Synonym: 

Bicuculla formosa. 





FUMARlA 

herb. 

OFFICINALIS L. Fumatory 

Acetone and water extracts of the whole 

plant were ineffective against mosquito 



leaves was slightly toxic toAmerican cockroaches 


and milkweed bugs.- -Heal and 

coworkers (93).

CTENIUM AROMATICUM (Walt.) Wood. 




CYMBOPOGON CIT RAT US (DC.) Stapf. 

Lemon grass. 

The plant juices are rubbed on exposed 

parts in El Salvador to repel mosquitoes and 

fleas.--Wellman and van Sever en (221). 

The plant is used as a mosquito repellent 

in the Fhilippines.--Quisumbing 0:1:J}. 

CYMBOPOGON FLEXUOSUS (Nees) Stapf. 

Lemon grass. 

The plant repels the tsetse fly.--Alluand 

(U). 

CYMBOPOGON NARDUS (L.) Rendle. Citronella. 

Citronella grass repels the tsetse fly.- 

Alluand (11). 

Ceylon citronella oil was very repellent 

to the sheep blowfly when tested as a 10percent 

liquid paraffin dilution. The effectiveness 

diminished fairly rapidly when the 

material was exposed to the air. Of the 

constituents of the oil, borneol was fairly 

repellent, and citronellol, camphene, 

geranyl acetate, limonene, and dipentene 

each hada little repellency. Geraniol showed 

no repellent action. None of the constituents 

showed as grea.t a repellent actionas did the 

whole oil itself.--Mackerras and Mackerras 

(134). 

Used in skin ointments, oil of citronella 

offers protection against mosquitoes and 

other insects.--Higbee (94). 

Citronella oil attracts male fruit flies 

only.- -Trehan and Pingle (ZIO). 

Java citronella oil is used to control head 

lice.--Loosjes (133). 

Ceylon citronella oil was repellent to 

Aedes mosquitoes but not to Anopheles 

mosquitoes. The Java oil was completely 

inactive. Both citronellal and citronellol 

were ineffective as repellents against Aedes 

mosquitoes. The ceylon oil repelled the 

sheep blowfly but not the bush fly Musca 

vetustissima.--McCulloch and Waterhouse 

(142). 

Ceylon citronella oil was repellent to the 

Australian sheep blowfly, but the Java oil 

was ineffective. Geraniol and citronellal 

were also ineffective.--Waterhouse (2Z0). 

A mixture containing 10 parts peanut oil, 

18 parts stearic acid, 4 parts citronella 

lIZ 

oil, 16 parts pyrethrum extract, 0.5 part 

tragacanth, and a stabilizer and preservative 

is used in India as a mosquito repellant. 

- - Siddiqui (!..2.1). 

Methyl eugenol is a powerful attractant 

for male Oriental fruit flies. Methyl isoeugenol 

and Ceylon citronella oil are also 

good attractants but are much less effective. 

--Stainer (.!.21). 

DACTYLOCTENIUM AEGYPTIUM (L.) 

Beauv. 


was toxic to German and American cockroaches 

but not to milkweed bugs.- -Heal 


DlGITARIA SANGUINALIS var. CILIARIS 

(Retz.) Pav!. 

An acetone extract of the whole plant 

was nontoxic to Culex pipiens larvae.- 



was slightly toxic to America.n cockroaches 



ELYONURUS ARGENTEUS Nees. 





ERAGROSTIS CILIANENSIS (All.) Lut. 






extract. Alcohol and chloroform extracts 



bugs, confused flour beetles, and larvae of 


A petroleum ether extract was nontoxic 


(93). 

GUADUA LATIFOLIA Kunth. Ecuadorean 

giant bamboo. 


(2Z5). 

LOLIUM TEMULENTUM L. 


of the flowering spikes were nontoxic to

ZEA MAYS L. Corn, maize. 

Crude corn oil was equal to or superior 

to petroleum oil against oyster - shell scale, 

Mexican mealybugs, and willow scurfy 

scale. Refined Corn oil was less efiective.- 

Cressman and Dawsey (i!.). 

HAEMODORACEAE 

LAGNANTHES TINCTORIA (Walt.) Ell. 




(93). 

XIPHIDlUM COERULEUM Aubl. 





HALORAGACEAE 

MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM L. 


very toxic to American cockroaches when. 





PROSERPINAGA PECTINATA Lam. 





HAMAMELIDACEAE 

HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA L. Witch hazel. 



(89). 



and coworkers (.21). 

LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA L. 


(225). 

PARROTlA PERSICA C. A. Mey. 


leaves was slightly toxic toAmerican cock- 

114 

roa.ches and nontoxic to German cockr oaches 


(93 ). 

HERNANDIACEAE 

HERNANDIA SONORA L. 







HIPPOCASTANACEAE 

AESCULUS CALIFORNICA Nutt. California 

buckeye. 

Tests of flours made with the meat hulls 

of the nuts showed toxicity to larvae and 

adults of the Mexican bean be etle. - -Apple 

and Howard (27). 

AESCULUS GLABRA Willd. 

An aqueous extract of the bark was toxic 




immersion in the extract. An aqueous extract 

of the fruits was nontoxic to German 

and Amel'ican cockroaches.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM L. 


to American cockroaches, but an extract of 

the branchlets and leaves was only slightly 

toxic to these insects. An aqueous extract 

of the fruits was nontoxic to German alld 



AESCULUS PAVIA L. Dwarf buckeye, red 

buckeye. 

The flowers attract and kill Japanese 

beetles.--Anonymous (13). 

An aqueous infusion of the roots showed 

toxicity to cattle grubs as a wash. When 

injected into grub cysts on the backs of 

cattle, it was quite toxic to the grubs.- 

Jacobson (108).

HIPPOCRA TEACEAE 

HEMIANGIUM EXCELSUM (H. B. K.) A. C. 

Sm. 


leaves were nontoxic to German andAmerican 


PRISTIMERA CELASTROIDES (H. B. K.) 

A. C. Sm. 

A paste of the seeds is used extensively 

in Latin America to kill human-body parasites. 

Both the powdered leaves and the 

powdered stems were toxic to southern 

beet webworms but not to southern armyworms 

and melonworms.--Bottger and 

Jacobson (36) .. 

The powdered leaves and the powdered 

stems were ineffective against European 



extractives of the leaves and of the 

stems were nontoxic to house flies and 

body lice, although the stem extractives 

were effective against codling moth larvae.--Jacobson 

(108). 

Aqueous extracts of the seeds and of the 

s·tems, leaves, and flowers were nontoxic 

to American cockroaches. An aqueous extract 

of the fruits was nontoxic to German 



HUMERIACEAE 

HUMIRIA BALSAMIFERA Jaume St. Hil. 



HUMIRIA FLORIBUNDA Mart. 

SACGAGLOTTIS GABONENSIS Urban. 

Aqueous extracts of the roots were nontoxic 



(93 ). 

TRAPA NATANS L. 

HYDROCARYACEAE 







115 

HYDROCHARITACEAE 

ELODEA DENSA Gasp. 




but German ,cockroaches andmilkweedbugs 

were unaffected after immer sian in the extract. 


extracts were nontoxic to German 

cockroaches, milkweed bugs. and larvae 

of the webbing clothes moth, black carpet 

beetle, and Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes.--Heal 


HYDROPHYLLACEAE 

ELLISIA NYCTALEA L. 


toxic to American cockroaches when in.jected 




Heal and cowprkers (93). 

ERIODICTYON CALIFORNICUM (Hook. & 

Arn.) Greene. 

Aqueous extracts of the whole plant and of 

the roots were toxic to American cockroaches 





ERIODICTYON TRICHOGALYX Heller. 


toxic to German cockroaches and slightly 

toxic to American cockroaches.--Heal and 


HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINIANUM L. 






Heal and coworker s (93). 

NAMA DEMISSUM Gray. Sytlonym: Marilaunidium 

dernissum. 










PARONYCHIA MICROPHYLLA Phil. 

PARONYCHIA SESSILIFLORA Nutt. 

Aqueous extracts of the stems of P. 

microphyUa and of the whole plant of 

P. sessiliflora were only slightly toxic 




PENT ACAENA RAMOSISSIMA Hook & Arn. 

. An aqueous extract of the whole plant was 





Heal and coworkers (93), 

IRIDACEAE 

ALOPHIA PULCHELLA (Sweet) Benth. & 

Hook. 

An aqueous extract of the bulbs was nontoxic 

to American and German cockroaches 


(93). 

BELAMCANDA CHINENSIS (L.) DC. 




bugs. An extract of the rootstocks 





(93). 

GLADIOLUS sp. 







chloroform extracts of the corms and 

leaves were toxic to black carpet beetle 





. _ 

HOME RIA COLLINA Vent. 


to American cockroaches wheninjectedinto 



immersion in the extract.- -Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

IRIS FLORENTINA L. Florentine orris. 


against mosquito larvae.- -Hartzell 

(90). 

IRIS SETOSA Pall. 




IRIS VERNA L. 




tIl). 

IRIS sp .. 






Heal and coworkers (,21). 

118 

SISYRINCHlUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Mill. 




(93 ). 

SISYRINCHlUM JUNCEUM E. Mey. 

SISYRINCHlUM sp. 

Aqueous extracts of these species were 

both toxic to American cockroaches but not 

to German cockroaches and milkweed bugs .- 

Heal and coworker s (93). 

JUGLANDACEAE 

CAR YA GLABRA (Mill.) Sweet. Synonym: 

Hicoria glabra. Pignut hickory. 


(225) .


to American cockroaches.--Heal and 


JUGLANS CINEREA L. Butternut. 



An acetone extract of the leaves was ineffective 


(2.2.). 

JUGLANS NIGRA L. Black walnut. 

The wood is susceptible to termites .- 


Acetone and water extracts of the bark 

were ineffective against mosquito larvae.- 


The odor of the leaves is repellent to 

insects.--Aries (28). 

Acetone extracts of the bark and of the 

roots were ineffective against mosquito 




when injected into the blood stream. A 

chloroform extract was toxic to black 


cockroaches, milkweed bugs, and webbing 

clothes moth larvae. An alcohol extract was 

nontoxic to these insects as well as to 

. Aedes and Anopheles mosquito larvae.- 

Heal and coworkers (,21). 

PTEROCARYA STENOPTERA DC. 

The powdered leaves showed fair toxicity 

to Mexican bean beetle larvae. An alcohol 

extract had no effect on silkworm larvae 

and bean aphids, and chloroform and acetone 

extracts had no effect on beanaphids.--Lee 

and Hansberry (129). 

The powderedroot bark was nontoxic to 

bean aphids.--Chiu and coworkers (W. 

JUNCACEAE 

JUNCUS EFFUSUS L. 



and milkweed bugs.--Heal and coworker 

s (93). 

JUNCAGINACEAE 

TRIGLOCHIN MARITIMA L. 





KRAMERIACEAE 

KRAMERIA GRA YI Rose and Painter. 




and coworkers (ll). 

KRAMERIA TRIANDRA Ruiz & Pavon. 

An aqueous extract of fragments of this 

plant was toxic to American cockroaches 





119 

KRAMERIA sp. 





LABIATAE 

AGASTACHE FOENICULUM (Pursh) 

Kuntze. 







AGAST AC HE URTICIFOLIA (Benth.) 

Kuntze. 





AJUGA BRACTEOSA Benth. 





AJUGA NIPPONICA Makino. 

An aqueous suspension of the leaves and 

flowers was nontoxic to Drosophila hydei 

larvae, but a suspension of the combined 

leaves, stems, and roots was toxic to these 

larvae.--Yamaguchi and coworkers (2.33).



(93). 

ORTHODON GROSSESERRATUM Kudo. 

A water suspension of the leaves, stems. 

and flowers was toxic to Drosophila hydei 

larvae.- - Yamaguchi and coworkers (233). 

PERILLA FRUTESCENS (L.) Britton. 





PHYSOSTEGLA PARVIFLORA Nutt. 




cockroaches and milkweed bugs wel.'e unaffected 








PHYSOSTEGIA VIRGINIANA (L.) Benth. 





PLATOSTOMA AFRICANUM Beauv. 




bugs. An aqueous extract of the roots 

was nontoxic to all these insects.- -Heal 

and coworkers (.2l). 

PLECTRANTHUS FRUTICOSUS L'Her. 





s (93). 

POGOGYNE PARVIFLORA Benth. 


inflorescence Was nontoxic to German and 

American cockroaches. Alcohol, petroleum 

ether, and chloroform extracts were tOXic 




Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. - -Heal 

and coworkers (93 ). 

POGOSTEMON CAB LIN (Blanco) Benth. 

Patchouly. 

The leaves and tops are used in the 

Philippines to repel cockroaches, moths, 

ants, and leeches.--Quisurnbing (ill). 

The plant is reported to have been used 

in Puerto Rico against clothes vermin. An 

acetone extract was somewhat toxic to 

mosquito larvae.--Jacobson (108). 

POGOSTEMON HEYNEANUS Benth. 






extract. Petroleum ether and chloroform 

extracts of the leaves Were toxic to black 




Anopheles mosquitoes. An alcohol extract 

of the leaves was nontoxic to all these insects. 

A petroleum ether extract of the 

stems and leaves was toxic to black carpet 

beetle larvae only. Alcohol and chloroform 

extracts were nontoxic to all the se insects.--Heal 


PYCNANTHEMUM PILOSUM Nutt. 


with flowers was slightly toxic to American 



s (93). 

PYCNOTHYMUS RIGIDUS (Bartr.) Small. 

Wild savory, -pennyroyal. 

The powdered plant, especially the leaves, 

is very effective against the Mexican bean 

beetle, the European cabbage worm, the 

looper, and aphids. It is also an activator 

when used with other insecticides such as 

nicotine, rotenone, pyrethrum, etc. Extractives 

prepared with various organic solvents 

are also effective.--Diem (55). 

The powdered plant was neither repellent 

nor toxic to Mexican bean beetle larvae or 

bean aphids.--Hansberry and Clausen (86). 



striped blister beetles. - -Bottg er and Jacobson 

(36). 

123

ANIBA OV ALIFOLIA Mez. 

The wood is very resistanttotermites.- 

Wolcott (22.5). 

ANIBA PERUTILIS Hemsl. 





(93 ). 

ANIBA ROSAEODORA Ducke. Brazilian 

rosewood. 

Linalool, obtained from this tree, is an 

effective termite repellent.--Wolcott (224). 

GASSYTHA FILIFORMIS L. 




cockroa.ches were unaffected after immersion 

in the extract. Alcohol, petroleum 

ether, and chloroform extracts were nontoxic 

to German cockroaches, milkweed 

bugs, and larvae of the black carpet beetle, 

webbing clothes moth, and Aedes and 

Anorheles mosquitoes.--Heal and cowor 

ers (93). 

CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA Nees & Eberm. 

Camphor tree. 

Formosan camphor oil did not repel the 

Australian sheep blow£ly.--Waterhouse 

(220). 

In both knockdown and lethal effects on 

mosquitoes, sairole among other volatile 

constituents of camphor oil was found to be 

most potent and also synergistic with pyrethrins.--Ono 

(164). 

CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUMBlume. Cinnamon. 



Hartzell (!!2). 

CRYPTOCARYA AUSTRALIS Benth. 





LA URUS NOBILIS L. Laurel. 




126 

LICARIA CANNELLA (Meissn.) Kosterm. 

The wood is very resistant to termites.- 


LINDERA BENZOIN (L.) Meissn. 




MACHILUS THUNBERGII Bieb. & Zucco 

A mixture containing 60 parts powdered 

dry pyrethrum flowers, 30 parts powdered 

dry leaf and twig of this plant, and 10 parts 

wood dust was effective against house £lies.- 

Nagasawa and coworkers (156). 

NECTANDRA WHITEI (Woodson) C. K. 

Allen. Bambito Colorado. 

The heartwood of this tree from Panama 

was moderately resistant to termites.- 

Scheffer and Duncan (191). 

OCOTEA ACUTANGULA (Miq.) Mez. 



OCOTEA BULLATA E. Mey. 

An aqueous extract oi the stem bark was 






OCOTEA CUJUMARY Mart. 




(93 ). 

OCOTEA CANALICULATA (Rich.) Mez. 

OCOTEA LEUCOX"Y'LON (Sw.) Benth. & 

Hook. Synonym: O. po r tor ice n sis. 

Laurel geo. 

OCOTEA MOSCHATA (Meissn.) Mez. Nuez 

moscada. 

OCOTEA RODIEI (Schomb.) Mez. Demerara 

greenheart. 

OCOTEA RUBRA Mez. 

OCOTEA WACHENHEIMlIBenoist. Silverballs. 

Ocotea rodiei is much more resistant to 

termite attack than the other species.- 

Wolcott (224).

An aqueous extract of the wood of O. 

rodiei was nontoxic to German and AmerT: 

can cockroaches.- -Heal and coworkers (93). 

OGOTEA sp. 

Species of Ocotea are locally noted in 

Brazil for then resistance to termite 

attack.--Wolcott (224). 

PERSEA AMERICANA Mill. Synonym: P. 

gratis sima. Avocado. 


(225). 

An acetone extract of the fruit was ineffective 

against mosquito larvae.· -Hartzell 

(90) • 

Crushed avocado seeds were ineffective 

against mosquito larvae.- -Flock and deLajudie 

(64). 





PERSEA LINGUE Nees. 





PERSEA PUBESCENS (Pursh) Sarge 







PERSEA RIGENS C. K. Allen. Pizana. 

The heartwood of this tree from Panama 

was moderately resistant to termites.- 

Scheffer and Duncan (191). 

PHOEBE POROSA (Nees & Mart.) Mez. 




PLEUROTHYRIUM MAGRANTHUM Nees. 



SASSAFRAS ALBIDUM (Nutt.) Nees. Synonym: 

S. variifolium. Sassafras. 


toxic to German cockroaches and slightly 

127 

toxic to American cockroaches .--Heal and 

coworkers (93). ' 

An acetone extract of the root bark was 

ineffective against mosquito larvae.--Hartzell 

(2.Q.). 

The oil is repellent to ants.--Aries (2.8). 

The oil was slightly repellent to Aedes 

mosquitoes.- -MeGulloch and Waterhouse 

(142). 

UMBELLULARlA CALIFORNICA (Hook. & 

Arn.) Nutt. 

An aqueous extract of the branches, 

leaves, roots, and bark of a plant tentatively 

identified as this species was slightly 




LECYTHIDACEAE 

BARRINGTONIA ASIATICA (L.) Kurz. 

An aqueous extract of the fruits was highly 




in the extract. An alcohol extract of 

the fruits was toxic to black carpet beetle 

larvae, but not to German cockroaches. 



mosquitoes. A petroleum ether extract was 

nontoxic to all these insects, while a chloroform 

extract was nontoxic to "German cockroaches, 

milkweed bugs, and Aedes mosquito 

larvae. Alcohol and petroleum ether 

extracts of the kernels were toxic to black 

carpet beetle larvae only, and a chloroform 

extract ofthe kernels was ineffective against 

all these insect species.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

BARRINGTONIA RACEMOSA (L.) Blume. 



cockroaches. Alcohol, petroleum ether, and 

chloroform extracts were all toxic to black 


cockroaches, milkw'eed bugs, and larvae 


Anopheles mosquitoes.--Healand coworkers 

(21,). 

CAREYA ARBOREA Roxb. 


toxic to American cockroaches When injected 

into the blood str earn. but German

COURSETIA AXILLARIS Coult. & Rose. 




(93). 


against mosquito larvae.--Jacobson 

(108). 

CROTALARIA CALYCINA Schrank. Synonym: 

C. stricta. 


of the seeds were slightly toxic to American 



(93). 

CROTALARIA INCANA L. 

The plant was nontoxic to house flies, 

mos quito larvae, and several species of 

leaf-eating larvae. - -Sievers and coworkers 

(197). 

CROTALARIA SAGITTALIS L. 



Clausen (86). 

An aqueous extract of the wholeplantwas 



bugs. Alcohol and petroleum ether 

extracts of the whole plant and of the fruits 





Chloroform extracts were nontoxic to all 


CROTALARIA SPECTABILIS Roth. Showy 

.cr otalaria. 

The combined petroleum ether, ethyl 

ether, chloroform, and alcohol extractives 

of the seeds and of the aerial portions 

both showed some toxicity to house flies. 

Monocrotaline, isolated from the alcohol 

extract of the seeds, was nontoxic to 

southern armyworms, peach aphids, and 

European corn borer larvae.--Jacobson 

(108). 

CROTALARIA AGATIFLORA Schweinf. f. 

An aqueous extract of the seeds was toxic 

CYTISUS SCOPARIUS (L.) 

broom. 

Link. Scotch 

to American cockroaches when injected into An acetone extract of the tops was in 

the blood stream. but German cockroaches effective against mosquito larvae.--Hartzell 

were unaffected after immersion in the (90). 




CROTALARIA ANGULATA Mill. Synonym: cockroaches and milkweed bugs.--Heal and 

C. rotundifolia. Rabbit-bells. 


138 

DALBERGIA CUMINGIANA Benth. 



nontoxic to German cockroaches.--Healand 


DALBERGIA NIGRA AHem. 

DALBERGIA RETUSA Baill. 

Aqueous e::l{.tracts of the wood of these 

s p e c i e s were nontoxic to German and 

American cockroaches.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

DALEA ARGYRAEA (A.) Gray. 

The powdered plant was nontoxic to melonworms, 

southern armyworms, and southern 

beet webworms.--Bottger and Jacobson (36). 

The powdered plant was nontoxic to European 


ether, ethyl ether, chlo:t:oform, and alcohol 

extractives were nontoxic to house flies and 

codling moth lal'vae.--Jacobson (108). 

DALEA CARTHAGINENSIS (Jacq.) Machr. 

Synonym: D. domingensis. 


mosquito larvae, and several species of 

leaf-eating insects.- -Sievers and coworkers 

(197). 




DALEA CITRIODORA WiHd. 

The powdered leaves and stems were nontoxic 

to Mexican bean be etle larvae. - - 

Hansberry and Clausen (B6).

DALEA KINGII S. Wats. 


waS slightly toxic to American cockroaches 



DALEA MOLLIS val'. MOLLISSIMA (Rydb.) 

Munz. 

An aqueous extract of the -whole plant was 

very toxic to American cockroache s when 




alcohol extract was nontoxic to German 

cockroaches, milkweed bugs. and larvae 

of the webbing clothes moth. black carpet 

beetle, and Aedes and Anotheles mosquitoes. 

- -Heal and coworkers U). 

DALEA SPINOSA A. Gray. 

An aqueous extract of the roots and stems 




DALEA TINCTORIA Brand. 



cockroaches and milkwee'd bugs.--Heal and 


DAUBENTONIA PUNICEA (Cav.) DC. 

DAUBENTONIA TEXANA Pierce. Synonym: 

D. drummondii. Rattle-bush, 

rattle -box. 

The powdered seeds were nontoxic to melonworms 

and striped blister beetles.- 


The powdered seeds were nontoxic to 

European corn borer larvae. Combined petroleum 

ether I ethyl ether, chloroform, and 

alcohol extractives of the seeds were nontoxic 

to house flies and codling moth larvae. 

--Jacobson (108). 

An aqueous extract of the seeds wasnontoxic 



DELONIX REGIA (Boj.) Raf. Royal poinciana. 

flame-tree. peacock flowe:t'. 

The wodd is very sus ceptible to termites. 



nontoxic to German and American cock- 

roaches and milkweed bugs. - -Hed and 

coworkers (2.1). 

DERRIS ELLIPTICA (Wall.) Benth. 

The roots are used as an inse cticide 

in the Philippines. --Quisumbing (179). 

An acetone extract of the roots -was 


was traced to the water-insoluble portion 

of the extract.--Yamaguchi and coworkers 

(232). 

A lO-percent Pyrax dust of the roots 

was toxic to- m.elonworms and pickleworms, 

but not to southern armyworms and 

striped blister beetles.--Bottger and Jacobson 

(12). 

DERRIS FORDII Olivo 

Acetone extracts of the roots were toxic 

by contact to bean aphids and saw-toothed 

grain beetles. The powdered root was 

highly toxic to diamondback moth la'l'vae.- 

Tattersiield and coworkers (209). 

The powdered root was toxic to bean 

aphids.--Chiu and coworkers (48). 

A water suspension of the roots was very 

effective against the bean plataspid.--Chiu 

(47). 

DERRIS TRIFOLIATA Lour. 

The roots are used as an insecticide in 

the Philippines.--Quisumbing {l79}. 

139 

DESMODIUM CAUDATUM DC. 




of the extract. --Yamaguchi and coworkers 

(2.32.). 

DESMODIUM CANADENSE (L.) DC. 

DESMODIUM GLUTINOSUM (Muhl.) Wood. 

DESMODIUM PANICULATUM DC. 

DESMODIUM PERPLEXUMSchubert. Synonym: 

D. dillenH. 


Mexican bean beetle larvae.--lIansberry 


DESMODIUM LABURNIFOLIUM DC. 


and leaves was toxic to American cock-

LOTUS SESSILIFOLIUS DC. 

LOTUS WRIGHTII (A. Gray) Greene. 

Aqueous extracts of the whole plant were 

nontoxic to German and American cock. 

roaches and milkweed bugs. - -Heal and 


LUPINUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS L. Blue lupine. 



southern beet webworms.--Bottger and 





and alcohol extractives of the seeds were 

nontoxic to celery leaf tiers, Califo!nia. 

oakworms, house flies, and codling moth 


LUPINUS LATIFOLIUS var. CO LUMBIANUS 

(Heller) S. P. Sm. 

LUPINUS MUT ABILIS Sweet. 

Aqueous extracts of the seeds of these 

species were nontoxic to German and 


A chloroform extract of L. mutabilis seeds 

was toxic to black carpet beetle larvae, 



moth and Aedes and Anopheles mos quitoes. 

Alcohol and petroleum ether extracts of the 

seeds were nontoxic to all thes e ins ects. - 

Heal and coworkers (2J). 

LUPINUS NANUS Doug1. 


was nontoxic to Ge rman and Am e ric an c oc kroaches 



LUPINUS PERENNIS L. 



Claus en (.B.2.). 


was slightly toxic to Americancockroaches 



LUPINUS sp. 





MAACKIA AMURENSIS var. BUERGERI 

(Maxim.) Schneid. 







147 

MARMAROXY LON RACEMOSUM (Ducke) 

Ki1lip. 


to GermanandAntericancockroaches. 

An alcohol extract of the wood was toxic 


German cockroaches, milkweed bugs. and 


Aedes and Anffiheles mosquitoes .--Heal 

and coworkers 93). 

MEDICAGO L UPU LINA L. 







MEDICAGO SATIVA L. 




An aqueous' extract of the tops and 

£lowe r s was nontoxic to Ge rman and American 



MELILOTUS ALBA Desr. 




An aqueous extrac t of the uppe r parts 



milkweed bugs .--Heal and coworkers (93). 

MELILOTUS ALTISSIMA Thuill. 



Clausen (86).

and acetone extracts had no effect on 


The powdered roots were toxic to bean 


RHYNCOS IA. TEXANA T. & G. 




.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

RliYNCOSIA sp. 




cockroaches were unaffected after immersi(;m 


(93) . 

ROBINIA HIS PIDA L. 




An.aqueous ex:1:ract of the roots was nontoxic 



(93). 

ROBINIA PSEUDOACAClA L. Black locust. 


Wolcott (US). 

The powdered leaves. seeds, and pods 

were each nontoxic to Mexican bean beetle 

larvae.--Hansbel'ry and Clausen (86). 



(90). 

The-heartwood of this tree is very 

resistant to term.ites.--Scheffer and Duncan 

(191). 

Anaqueous extract of the stems was 



ROBINIA VrsCOSA Vent. 





to German and Americancockroaches 


(21). 

SABINEA PUNICEA Urb. 

Aqueous extracts of the branches and of 

the roots were nontoxic to German and 

154 


bugs. - -Heal and coworkers (..2]). 

SAMANEA. SAMAN (Jacq.) Merr. Cenisero. 

rain-tree. 


Wolcott (ZZ5). 

SCHRANKIA CHAPMANII (Small) F. J. 

Hermann. Synonym: Leptoglottis chapmanU. 

An aqueous extract of the tops was nontoxic 

to German and Am.ericancockroaches 


(93) • 

SCHRANKIA MICROPHYLLA (Dryand.) 

Macbr. Synonyzn: Leptoglottis microphylla. 


leaves, and roots was nontoxic to German 


bugs .--Heal and coworkers (93). 

SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA (L.) Pers. 



nontoxic to Ge rman cockroaches. An extract 

of the seeds was slightly toxic to American 




SESBANIA SERICEA (Willd.) Link. 

The plant was nontmcic to house flies, 


leaf-eating larvae. - -Sievers and coworkers 

(197) • 

SOPHOR.A AFFINIS T. & G. 

The powdered berries and their extracts 

were nontoxic to armyworms, pea aphids, 

and celery leaf tiers.--Bottger and Jacobson 

(36). 

The powdered berries were ineffective 

against European corn borer larvae. Petroleum 

ether, ethyl ether, chloroform. and 

alcohol extractives of the berries were all 

nontoxic to house flies.--Jacobson (108). 

Aqueous extracts of the fruits, the branchlets 

and leaves. and the roots were all 






SWARTZIA LEIOCALYCINA Benth. 


Wolcott (22.5). 

SW.AR TZIA MADAGASCARIENSIS Desv. 

The powdered fruit of this African legume 

is used to stupefy fish and keep termites 

away. The pericarp contains no rotenone.- 

Beauquesne (30). 

SWARTZIA TOMENTOSA DC. 





immersion in the extracts.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

SWEETIA pANAMENSIS Benth. Guayacan. 


Rica is very resistant to termites .--Scheffer 

and Dunc an (191). 

TAMARIND US INDICUS L. Tamarind. 


(225). 




TETRAMNUS LABIALIS Spreng. 




(93). 

THERMOPSIS MACROPHYLLA Hook. 



cockroaches .--Heal and coworkers (93). 

THERMOPSIS MOLLIS M. A. Curt. 




THERMOPSIS MONT ANA Nutt. 





156 

TRIFOLIUM AGRARIUM L. 

TRIFOLIUM ARVENSE L. 

TRIFOLIUM CAMPESTRE Schreb. Synonym: 

T. procumbens. 

TRIFOLIUM DUBIUM Sibth. 

TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM L. 

TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L. 

TRIFOLIUM REPENS L. 




TRIFOLIUM PERUVIANUM Vog. 





TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM L. 

Foenugreek. 

An. acetone extract of the seeds was 

ineffective against mosquito larvae.--Hartzell 

(90). 

An aqueous extract of the seedfragments 

was toxic to milkweed bugs, slightly toxic 

to American cockroaches, and nontoxic to 


(93) • 

VATAIREA GUIANENSIS Aubl. 

An aqueous extract of the bark was nOntoxic 



(93) • 

VATAIREOPSIS SPECIOSA Duck-e. 

An aqueous extract of the wood was nOntoxic 


An alcohol extract of the wood was nontoxic 

to German cockroaches, milkweed bugs, and 


carpet beetle, and Aedes mosquito.--Heal 


VICIA AMERICANA Muhl. 

The powde red plant was nontoxic to 


and Clausen (86).

were unaffected after immersion in the extracts. 

An alcohol extract of the bulbs was 

toxic to black carpet beetle and Aedes 

mosquito larvae, but not to German cockroaches, 


webbing clothes moth and Anopheles mosquito. 

A petroleum ether extract was toxic 

to black carpet beetle larvae only. Achloroform 

extrac t was toxic to milkweed bugs 

and larvae of the black carpet beetle and 

Aedes mosquito. Extracts of the leaves gave 

the same results, exceptthattheywerenontoxic 

to milkweed bugs. Alcohol and petroleum. 

ether extracts of the Whole plant were 

toxic t.o black carpet beetle larvae only, 

while a chloroform extract was nontoxic to 

all these insects.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

ANTHERICUM CHANDLERI Greenm. &: 

Thomps. 


tops Were both toxic to American cockroaches 

When injected into the blood stream, 

but German cockroaches andmilkweedbugs 

were unaffected after immersion in the extract.--Heal 


ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS L. Asparagus. 

An acetone extract of the seeds was ine££ective 


(90). 

ASTELLlA CUNNINGHAMII Hook. 


highly toxic to American cockroaches when 




aqueous extract of the tops was nontoxic to 

these insects. Alcohol, petroleum ether, and 

chloroform extracts of the fruits were toxic 

to black carpet beetle larvae. but not to 

German cockroaches, milkweed bugs, confused 

flour beetles. and larvae of the webbing 

clothes moth and Aedes mosquito--Heal 


ASTELLlA NERVOSA Banks &. Soland. 

An aqueous extract of the tops was 



bug •• --Heal and coworkers (93). 

BULBINE BULBOSA Haw. 

An aqueous extl"act of the corms was nontoxic 



(93). 

CAMASSIA QUAMASH (Pursh) Greene. 


the fresh bulbs were nontoxic to German 

cockroaches. milkweed bugs, and larvae ofthe 

webbing clothes moth, black carpet 

beetle, and A..edes and Anorheles mosquitoes.--Heal 

and coworkers 93}. 

CHLOROGALUM POMERIDIANUM (DC.) 

Kunth. Soaproot. 

The powdered bulbs were toxic to armyworms 

and melonworInlS, but relatively 

nontoxic to bean leaf rollers, cross-striped 

cabbageworms. Hawaiian beet webworms. 

and large milkweed bugs.--Bottger and 


The powdered bulbs were ineffective 

against European corn borer larvae. Combined 

petroleum ether, ethyl ether. chloroform. 

and alcohol extractives of the bulbs 

were nontoxic to codling moth larvae and 


An aqueous extract of the bulbs was 


nontoxic to Germancockroaches.--Healand 


C LINTONIA BOREALIS (Ait.) Raf. 






Alcohol, petroleum. ether, and chloroform 



larvae of the black carpet beetle. webbing 

clothes moth, and Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes.--Heal 

and coworkers (93). " 

COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE L. Meadow 

saffron. 

An acetone extract of the seeds was toxic 

to mosquito larvae, but an extract of the 

roots was nontoxic to the larvae.--Hartzell 

( 90). 

BLOOMERIA CLEVELANDII S. Wats. CONVALLARIA MAJALIS L. Lily-o£-the 


valley. 

to 'German and American cockroaches but Acetone and water extracts of the leaves 

not to milkweed bugs.--Heal andcoworkers were ineffective against mosquito larvae.-- 

(93). Hartzell (89). 

159

ZIGADENUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS S. Wats. 






Alcohol and chloroform extracts were toxic 




Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. A petroleum 

ether extract was nontoxic to all these 


ZIGADENUS GLAUGUS Nutt. 

A chloroform extract of the bulbs was 

toxic to milkweed bugs and larvae of the 

black carpet beetle and webbing clothes 

moth, but not to German cockroaches and 

Aedes and Anopheles mosquito larvae.- 

Heal and coworkers (.21). 

ZIGADENUS PANICULATUS (Nutt.) S. Wats. 

An aqueous extract of the bulbs and leaves 


and milkweed bugs, but an extract 

of the tops and flowers was toxic to milkweed 

bugs, slightly toxic to American 

cockroaches, and nontoxic to Germancockroaches. 

A chloroform extract of the bulbs 

was toxic to milkweed bugs and larvae of 

the black carpet beetle, webbing clothes 

moth, and Aedes mosquito, but nontoxic to 

German cockroaches and Anopheles mosquito 

larvae. A petroleum ether extract of 

the tops and flowers was toxic to milkweed 

bugs only. A chloroform extract of 

the tops and flowers was nontoxic to Aedes 

and Anopheles mosquito larvae, and an 


insects. A chloroform extract of the aboveground 

portions was toxic to black carpet 

beetle larvae only. - -Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

ZIGADENUS sp. 

A petroleum ether extract of the bulbs 

and lower parts was toxic to black carpet 




A chloroform extract was toxic to 

milkweed bugs and black carpet beetles 

only. An alcohol extract was nontoxic to 

all these insects. - -Heal and coworkers l2l). 

166 

LIMNANTHACEAE 

FLOERKEA PROSERPINACOlDES Willd. 

LIMNANTHES ALBA Hartw. 





after immersion in the extracts.- 


LINACEAE 

LINUM CHAMISSONIS Schiede. 





LINUM USIT A TISSIMUM L. Flax, linseed. 

An acetone extract of the seeds was ineffective 


(90). 

-Linseed oil was not very promising 

against San Jose scale.--Viel (216). 

LOASACEAE 

MENTZELIA DECAPETALA (Pursh) Urban 

&; Gilg. 





LOBELlACEAE 

ISOTOMA LONGIFLORA (L.) Presl. 





LOBELIA INFLATA L. Lobelia. 





was toxic to German cockroaches but not 

to American cockroaches and milkweed 


.LOBELIA SIPHILITIGA L. 



cockroaches.--Heal and coworkers (93).



HETEROPTERIS UMBELLATA St. HH. 


and leaves was nontoxic to German and 

American c 0 c k r 0 a c h e s and milkweed 


HIPTAGE BENGHALENSIS (L.) Karz. 

Aqueous extracts of the stem bark, the 

flowers, and the fruits were aU very toxic 




a.fter immersion in the extracts. Aqueous 

extracts of the stems and leaves and of the 

branchlets and leaves were nontoxic to all 

these insects. An alcohol extract of the 

flowers was toxic to black carpet beetle 

larvae, but not to 'German, cockroaches, 

milkweed bugs, confused flour beetles, 

and larvae of the webbing' clothes moth 

and Aedes mosquito. Alcohol and petroleum 

ether extracts of the fruits gave the 

same results, while a chloroform extract 

of the fruits was nontoxic to all these 


MALPIGHIA GLABRA L. 




MALPIGHIA PUNICIFOLIA L. 

An aqueouS extract of the roots was 


and milkweed bugs. An aqqeous 

extract of the stems and leaves was slightly 



MASCAGNIA LEUCANTHELE Griseb. 

An aqueous extract of the branch lets and 

leaves was slightly toxic to American cockroa'ches 



extract of the roots was nontoxic to all 


TETRAPTERIS ACUTIFOLIA Cav. 


dU,sts or extracts, to house flies, mosquito 



171 

MALVACEAE 

ABUTILON lNDICUM (L. Sweet). 



and milkweed bugs. --Heal and coworkers 

(93 ). 

ABUTILON THEOPHRASTI Gaer'tn. 

An aqueous extract of the tops was very 






to American cockroaches only, and an 

extract of the fruits and seeds was only 


and nontoxic to the other insects tested. 


the tops were toxic to black carpet beetle 


milkweed bugs, confused flour beetles. and 


Aedes mosquito. A chloroform extract of 

the tops was nontoxic to all these insects.- 


ALTHAEA OFFICINALIS L. Althea. 

Acetone and water extracts of the roots 



CALLIRHOE ALCEOIDES (Michx.) A. Gray. 

An aqueous extract of the fruits was toxic 


the, blood stream, but German cockroaches 



of the roots was slightly toxic to 

American cockroache s only. - -Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

CALLIRHOE DIGITATA Nutt. 

An aqueous extract of the above-ground 

portion was nontoxic to GermanandAmerican 


and coworkers (E). 

CATOSTEMMA COMMUNE Sandw. BaromaUi. 


(US).

THALIA GENICULATA L. 

An aqueous extract of the tops was slightly 




MARCGRA VIA sp. 

MARCGRA VIACEAE 




(93 ). 

MARTYNIACEAE 

MAR TYNIA LOUISlANICA Mill. Unicorn 

plant, ram's horn. 

The powdered stems were toxic to melonworms 

but not to southern armyworms and 

southern beet webworms. - -Bottger and 





and alcohol extractives of the seeds and 

pods and of the stems were all nontoxic 

to house flies, but the combined extracts 

of the stems showed some toxicity to codling 

moth larvae.--Jacobson (108). 


with fruits was toxic to American cockroaches 





MELASTOMATACEAE 

DISSOTIS 'ROTUNDIFOLlA Triana. 







MOURIRIA MARS,BALLII B. Davy &: Sandw. 





OSBECKIA CRINITA Benth. 

The powdered roots showed little toxicity 

to silkworm and Mexican bean beetle larvae 

and bean aphids. - -Lee and Hansberry (12.9). 

173 

AZADlRACHTA 

onym: Melia 

neem tree. 

ME LlACEAE 

INDICA (L.) Juss. Synazadirachta. 

Nim tree, 

Neem oil protects livestock fromflies.- 

Perera (171). 





(93). 

CARAPA GRANDIFLORA Sprague. 



American cockroaches and mi 1k we e d 


CARAPA GUIANENSIS Aubl. 

The powdered leaves, petioles, bark, and 

wood each showed little or no toxicity to 

several species of insects.--Plank (173). 

The powdered seeds with petioles-:aD.d 

the powdered roots each showed little or 

no toxicity to melonworm larvae, bean 

leaf beetle and cotton stainer adults. and 

Australian cockroach nymphs. The powdered 

leaves, petioles, bark, and wood 

each showed little or no toxicity to me10nworm, 

fall armyworm, and diamondback 

moth larvae, Diabrotica bivittata and cotton 

stainer adults, and American cockroach 








to both species of cockroaches. Alcohol 

and petroleum ether extracts of the 

fruits were toxic to black carpet beetle 

larvae, but not to German cockroaches t 



mosquitoes. A chloroform extract of the 

fruits was nontoxic to Germancockroaches, 

milkweed bugs, and Aedes mosquito larvae.--Heal 


CARAPA NICARAGUENSIS C. DC. 


Wolcott (226).

CARAPA PROCERA DC. Andiroba, crabwood. 

The seed oil is reported to be an insecticide 

and an activator for rotenone. 

A sa_!nple of the oil from South America 

was neither a repellent nor a synergist 

with pyrethrins or rotenone. - -Jaco bson 

(ill). 

CEDRELA ODORATA L. Spanish cedar. 


Wolcott (22,5). 






An aqueous extract of the seeds was toxic 

to German cockroaches, slightly toxic to 

American cockroaches, and nontoxic to 


CEDRELA SPA 

An aqueous extract of a sample of the 

bark was toxic to American cockroaches 


bugs. An aqueous extract of a second 

sample of bark was nontoxic to all these 


EKEBERGIA RUEPELLIANA A.· Rich. 


of the roots were nontoxic to German 


bugs. An aqueous extract of the stem bark 






GUAREA RUSBYI (Britton) Rusby. Cocillana. 



(90). 

GUAREA TRICHILIOIDES L. Alligatorwood. 


Wolcott (Z25). 


toxic. to American cockroaches when injected 




An aqueous extract of the roots was slightly 

toxic to America.n cockroaches and nontoxic 

to German cockroaches.--Heal and 


GUAREA SPA 


roots was toxic to German cockroaches 

and slightly toxic to American cockroaches.--Heal 


KHAYA IVORENSIS. African mahogany. 


(225). 

MELIA AZEDARACH L. Chinaberry, Indian 

lilac. 

The plant is repellent to grasshoppers 

and locusts. The extract 0 btained by soaking 

150 grams of fresh leaves or 50 grams of 

dried leaves (or fruit. green or dry) in one 

liter of water for 24 hours was repellent 

but nontoxic to Ac rididae. - -Anonymous (,1.1). 

The powdered bark and powdered stems 

had no effect on bean aphids. - -Chiu and coworkers 

(48). 

Fresh infusions of the fruits and leaves 

repelled adults and nymphs of the grasshopper 

Schistocera cancellata when sprayed 

on coffee and cabbage plants under laboratory 

conditions. --LePage and coworkers 

(131). 


(225). 

The leaves and fruit are used as insecticides 

in the Philippines.--Quisumbing 

(1 79). 

Pyrax dusts of extracts of the bark and 

of the leaves, and also of crystals isolated 

from the leaves, were all nontoxic to armyworms, 

pea aphids, celery leaf tiers, and 

two-spotted spider mites.--Bottger and 


The powdered fruit was slightly toxic to 

European corn borer larvae. Combined petroleum 

ether, ethyl ether, chloroform, 

and alcohol extracts of the fruit were nontoxic 

to house flies and only slightly toxic 

to codling moth larvae.--Jacobson (108). 



and nontoxic to German cockroaches. An 

aqueous extract of a sample of the fruits 

was toxic to American cockroaches only. 

while an extract of a second sample of 

fruits was toxic to German cockroaches 

174

only. Alcohol and petroleum ether extracts 

of the bark were toxic to black 




and Anopheles mosquitoes. A petroleum 

ether extract of the second fruit sample 

was toxic to black carpet beetle larvae 

only, and an alcohol extract of this sample 

was nontoxic to all these insects.--Heal 

and coworkers (.21). 

PTAEROXYLON UTILE Eckl. & Zeyh. 


leaves and of the roots were both nontoxic 


and milkweed bugs. - -Heal and coworkers 

(93) • 

SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA King. Honduras 

mahogany. 

The heartwood showed little resistance 

to termites. --Wolcott (225). 

An aqueous extract-;;[ the seeds was 



milkweerl bugs.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

SWIETENIA MAHAGONI Jacq. West Indian 

mahogany. 

The heartwood, but not the sapwood, is 

very resistant to termites.--Wolcott (225). 







,TRICHILlA GUIANENSIS Klotzsch. 





TRICHILIA HA VANENSIS Jacq. 

An aqueous extract of the stem bark 






TRICHILIA HIRTA L. 


leaves was toxic to American cockroaches, 

175 



WALSURA PISCIDIA Roxb. 




were unaffected after imm.ersion 


MELIANTHACEAE 

BERSAMA PAULLINIOIDES Baker. 


toxic to American cockroache s when injected 


cockroaches and milkweed bugs were u.naffected 


Alcohol and petroleum ethel' extracts of 

the roots were toxic to black carpet beetle 

larvae, but not ,to German cockroaches, 



mosquitoes. A chloroform extract was toxic 

to black carpet beetle and webbing clothes 

moth larvae only. A chloroform extract of 

the leaves was 'nontoxic to German cockroaches, 




(93).-- 

MELIANTHUS MINOR L. 





(93). 

MENISPERMACEAE 

ABUTA OBOVATA Diels. 


slightly· toxic to American cockroaches 

and nontoxic to German cockroaches.- 


ABUTA RUFESCENS Aubl. 


stems was nontoxic to German and American 

cockroaches and milkweed bugs. --Heal and 


ABUTA sp. 


nontoxic to German and American cock-

oaches and milkweed bugs. - -Heal and 


ANAMIRTA COCCULUS (L.) Wight & Arn. 

Synonym: Cocculus indicus. Fishberry. 

Picrotoxin, isolated from fishberries, 

showed little or no toxicity to green peach 

aphids, adults and fourth instar larvae of 

the Mexican bean beetle, adult American 

cockroaches, and house flies. It showed 

some toxicity to second instar larvae of 

the Mexican bean beetle.--McGovran and 

coworkers (l44). 

Acetone and water extracts of the berries 


Hartzell (1!:l). 

The plant is used as an insecticide in 

the Philippines.--Quisumbing (179). 

The powdered berries and petroleum 

ether and alcohol extracts thereof were 

a1l nontoxic to armyworms, pea aphids, 

celery leaf tiers, and two-spotted spider 

mites.--Bottger and Jacobson (36). 

The powdered berries were nontoxic to 

European corn borer larvae. Petroleum 


ext,ractives of the berries were all nontoxic 

to house flies. The petroleum ether 

extractive was ineffective against chiggers, 

lone star ticks, dog and cat fleas, mosquito 

larvae, corn borers, body lice, and as a 

mosquito repellent, but it was somewhat 

effective as a body louse ovicide. - -Jacobson 

( 108). 

An aqueous extract of the seeds and 

stems was very toxic to German and 

American cockroaches. Alcohol, petroleum 

ether, and chloroform extracts of the seeds 




moth and Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes.--Heal 


ANOMOSPERMUM SCHOMBURGKII Miers. 


extracts of the fruits were toxic to 

black carpet beetle larvae, but not to 



Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes.- -Heal 


BURASALA MADAGASCARIENSIS DC. 

An aqueous extract of the wood chips 




176 

CALYCOCARPUM LYONlI(Pursh.) A. Gray. 




(93 ). 

CISSAMP LOS PARElRA L. 

An aqueous extract of the roots was slightly 


to German cockroaches. --Heal and 


COCCULUS CAROLINUS (L.) DC. Synonym: 

Epibaterium carolinum. Carolina moonseed, 

coral beads. 

The powdered leaves, stems, and roots 

were all nontoxic to melonworms, southern 

armyworms, and southern beet webworms.--Bottger 

and Jacobson (lQ). 


were all nontoxic to' European corn borer 

larvae. The powdered fruits were nontoxic 

to body lice. Combined petroleum ether, 

ethyl ether, chloroform, and alcohol extracts 

of the leaves, the stems, and the 

roots were all nontoxic to house flies but 

somewhat toxic to codling moth larvae'. - 







of the fruits was slightly toxic to 



A petroleum ether extract of the stems and 

leaves was toxic to milkweed bugs and 

black carpet beetle larvae, but not to 

German cockroaches and larvae of the 

ytebbing clothes moth and Anopheles mosquito. 

A chloroform extract of the stems 

and leaves was toxic to black carpet beetle 

larvae only, while an alcohol extract was 



COCCULUS TRILOBUS DC. 

Water suspensions of the leaves and roots 

and of the roots alone were highly toxic 

to Drosophila hydei larvae. A suspension 

of the seeds was less toxic to the larvae.- 

YamagUChi and coworkers (233). 

JATEORRHIZA PALMATA (Lam.) Miers. 

Colombo. 

An acetone extract of the ;roots was ineffective 


(90).

German cock:roaches. milkweed bugs, and 


Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. A petrolewn 

ether extract was nontoxic to all these 

insects .--Heal and coworkers (93). 

RAPANEA UMBELLATA (Mart.) Mez. 



a.nd milkweed bugs. A petroleum ether 

extract was toxic to black carpet beetle 



clothes moth and Aedes. and Anopheles 

mosquitoes. Alcohol and chloroform extracts 

of the roots were nontoxic to all 


RAPANEA sp. 


stems and leaves were both toxic to Amedcan 

cockroaches, but not to German cockroache.s 


extract of the bark was slightly toxic to 

American cockroaches only. Alcohol and 

chloroform extracts of the bark were toxic 


German cockroaches. milkweed bugs, confused 


clothes moth and Aedes mosquito. A 

petroleum ether extract of the bark was 

nontoxic to all thes e ins ects • - -Heal and 

coworkers (2]) •. 

STYLOGYNE SCHOMBURGKIANA (A. DC.) 

Mez. 




(93) • 

WALLENIA LAURIFOLIA Sw. 


to German and Arnericancockroaches 


(93) • 

WEIGELTIA SURINAMENSIS (Spreng f.) 

Mez. 


slightly toxic to Arne ric;: an cockroaches and 



MYRTACEAE 

AMOMIS GRISEA (Kiaersk.) Limoncillo, 

pimienta. 


(225). 

BACKHOUSIA MYR TIFOLIA Hook. &: Harv. 

The essential oil was both repellent and 

toxic to Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes, 

but it did not repel bush flies. The active 

constituent is probably elemicin. - ":,,McCulloch 

and Waterhouse (142). 

The essential oil was a very effective 

synergist with pyrethrins against hous e 

flies. Used alone, it paralyzed flies slowly. 

Elemicin. present in the oil to the extent of 

75-80 percent. was as effective a synergist 

as the oil itself.--Kerr (114). 

184 

BLEPHAROCAL YX GIGANTEUS Lillo. 







leaves was nontoxic to all these insects.- 


EUCALYPTUS AUSTRALIANA R. T. Baker 

&: H. G. Sm. 

The leaf essential oil did not synergize 

pyrethrins in tests against hous e flies. - 

Kerr (114). 

EUCALYPTUS BOTRYOIDES Sm. 

The powdered leaves killed Aedes punctor 

adults in 20 minutes. --Olenev (163). 

EUCALYPTUS CITRIODbRA Hook. 


(225). 

The essential oil did not repel the Australian 

sheep blowfly but was attractive to 

it.--Waterhouse (M.Q). 

Neither the leaf essential oil nor citronellal 

obtained from it synergized pyrethrins 

in tests against hous e flies. - -Kerr 

(114) . 

EUCALYPTUS DIVES Schauer. 

The essential oil did not repel Aedes 

mosquitoes or Australian sheep blowflies. - 

McCulloch and Waterhouse (142).

TORRUBIA LONGIFOLIA (Heimerl.) Brit- WALLACEA INS IGNIS Spruce. 

ton. 

The powdered bark was nontoxic to Mexi 

An aqueous extract of the stems was can bean beetle larvae and only slightly 

nontoxic to German and American cock toxic to silkworm larvae.--Hansberryand 

roaches and milkweed bugs.--Heal and coworkers 

(93) •. 

Clausen (86). 

NYMPHAEACEAE 

BRASENlA SCHREBERI Gme!. 

CABOMBA GAROLINIANA A. Gray. 





NELUMBO LUTEA (Willd.) Pers. 


roots was slightly toxic to American cockroaches 


(93). 

NUPHAR ADVEN (Ait.) Ait. f. 


underground stems was nontoxic to German 



NYMPHAEA ODORATA Ait. Synonym: 

Castalia odorata. 

.An aqueous extract of the roots was nontoxic 



(93) . 

NYMPHAEA TUBEROSA Paine. Synonym: 

Castalia tuberosa .. 

.An aqueous extract of the whole plant was 

toxic to German cockroaches, but not to 

.Anlerican cockroaches and milkweed 


OCHNACEAE 

BItACKENRIDGEA ZANGUEBARICA Olivo 

An a:queous extract of the stem bark was 




CESFEDESIA AMAZONICA Huber. 





188 

OCTOKNEMATACEAE 

OCTOKNEMA BOREALIS Hutch. & Dalz. 


leaves and of the roots were each nontoxic 

to German and American cockroaches and 


OLACACEAE 

MINQUAR TIS GUIANENSIS Aubl. 




(93) • 

SCHOEPFIA SCHREBERI J. F. Gmel. 

Aq ueous extracts of the branches and 

leaves, and of the roots were both toxic 




immersion in the extracts.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

XIMENIA AMERICANA L • 


leaves was slightly toxic toAmericancockroaches 

and nontoxic to Germa,n cockroaches. 

An aqueous extract of the fruits 

was nontoxic to these insects and to milkweed 


OLEACEAE 

FORESTIERA NEOME;:XICANA A. Gray. 





FRAXINUS AMERICANA L. F raxinus. 

An acetone extract of the whole plant 

was ineffective against mosquito larvae.- 


FRAXINUS NIGRA Marsh. Black ash. 


against mosquito larvae.- 

Hartzell (2Q).

ZAUSCHNERIA CALlFORNlCA Pres!. 


was nontoxic toGermanandAmericancockroaches 


(93). 

ORCHIDACEAE 

BLETlA PATULA Hook. 





BLETIA PURPUREA (Lam.) DC. 







DENDROBIUM sp. 

The powdered stems had little toxicity to 

silkworm and Mexican bean beetle larvae. 

and bean aphids. - - Lee and Hans be r ry ( 129). 

The powdered stems were nontoxic "to 

bean aphids.--Chiu and coworkers (48). 

GOODYERA PUEESCENS (L.) R. Er. Synonym: 

Peramium pubescens. 





LIPARIS LILIIFOLIA (L.) Richard. 





VANILLA sp. 





OROBANCHACEAE 

BOSCHNIAKIA GLABRA C. A. Mey. 



190 





CISTANCHE PHELIPAEA(Gueldenst.) Cout. 




milkweed bugs.--Heal and coworkers (93) . 

CONOPHOLIS AMERICANA (L.) WaUl'. 



into the blood stream. but German 




OXALIDACEAE 

OXALIS AMARA A. St. HU. 







OXALlS CORNICULATA L. 





OXALlS EUROPAEA f. CYMOSA. (Small) 

Wieg. 


was toxic to American cockroaches .--Heal 


PANDANUS sp. 

PANDANACEAE 

An aqueous extract of the aerial roots 



cockroaches and milkweed bugs 'were unaffected 



PAPAVERACEAE 

ARGEMONE ALBA Lestib. 


leaves was slightly toxic toAmericancock-

PHYTOLACCACEAE 

AGDESTIS C LEMATIDEA Moc. &< Sesse. 





GALLESIA GORAZEMA (Vell.) Moq. 



cockroaches.--Healandcoworkers (21). 

PETIVERIA ALLIACEA L. 


Nicaragua.--Higbee (9+). 


were nontoxic to Mexican bean beetle larvae 

and only slightly toxic to silkworm 

larvae.--Hansberry and Clausen (86). 


dusts or extracts. to house flies. mosquito 

larvae. and several species of leaf-eating 


The powdered fruits, leaves, stems, and 

roots each showed little or no toxicity to 

melonworm larvae, bean leaf beetle and 

cotton stainer adults. and Australian cockroach 

nymphs.--Plank (17+) .. 


was toxic to German cockroaches and 

slightly toxic to American cockroaches. A 

petroleuzn ether extract of the roots was 

toxic to webbing clothes moth and black 


cockroaches. milkweed bugs. and Anopheles 

mosquito larvae. Alcohol and chloroform 

extracts of the roots were nontoxic to all 

these insects and to Aedes mosquito larvae.--Heal 


PHAULOTHAMNUS SPINESCENS A. Gray. 


leaves .was toxic to American cockroaches 




extract.--Heal and coworkers (93).· 

PHYTOLACCA ABYSSINICA Hoffm. SynonyYn: 

P. dodecandra. 






194 

An alcohol extract of the bark was toxic 




Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. Petroleum 

ether and chloroform extracts were 



PHYTOLACCA ACINOSA Roxb. 

The powdered root gave complete kill of 

Mexican bean beetle larvae but had little 

effect on silkworm larvae and bean aphids. 

Alcohol and chloroform extracts had no 

effect on silkworm larvae, and these extracts 

as well as an acetone extract had 

no effect on bean aphids.--Lee and Hansberry 

(ill). 


bean aphids.--Chiu and coworkers (+8). 

PHYTOLACCA AMERICANA L. Synonym: 

P. decandra. Poke, scoke. 



(90).· 

An aqueous extract of the roots had no 

effect on southern armyworms but killed 

5+ percent of cabbage aphids.--Jacobson 

(108) •. 

An aqueous extract of the fruits was toxic 

to German cockroaches but not to American 

cockroaches. An aqueous extract of the 

whole plant was s lightly toxic to American 

cockroaches and nontoxic to German cockroaches.--Heal 

and coworkers (93). . 

RIVINIA HUMILIS L. 





in the extract. An aqueous extract 

of the stems and leaves was very toxic to 

American and German cockroaches and 

nontoxic to milkweed bugs. Alcohol and 

chloroform extracts of the whole plant were 

toxic to black carpet beetle larvae, but not 



webbing clothes moth and Aedes and Anopheles 

mosquitoes. A petroleum ether 

extract was nontoxic to all these insects.- 


SEGUIERIA sp. 

, 


to American cockroaches when injected into

PSEUDOTSUGA T AXIFOLIA (Pair.) Britt. 

Douglas fir. 



The heartwood is susceptible to termites.- 

-Scheffer and Duncan (191). 




SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS (D. Don) Endl. 

California redwood. 

Termite-susceptible wood impregnated 

with as little as 1 percent of commercial 

cedar oil was repellent to termites, but the 

effect was only temporary. The oil was more 

repellent than the heartwood from which it 

was obtained. - - Wolcott (224). 

A pyrax dust of the alcohol extractive of 

the bark was nontoxic to armyworms, 

celery leaf tiers, pea aphids, and two 

spotted spider mites.--Bottger and Jacob 

Son (36). 

A pyrax dust of the alcohol extractive of 

the bark showed some toxicity to European 

corn borer larvae. The combined petroleum 

ether, ethyl ether, and chloroform extractives 

were nontoxic to house flies.--Jacobson 

(108). 

An aqueous extract of the wood was 

nontoxic to German and American cockroaches. 

An alcohol extract of the wood 

was nontoxic to German cockroaches, milkweed 

bugs, and larvae of the black carpet 

beetle. webbing clothes moth, and Aedes 

mosquito.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

T AXODIUM DISTICHUM (L.) Rich. Southern 

cypress, taxodium. 

The gummy heartwood is very resistant 

to termite s. but the fine grained heartwood 

is susceptible to attack.--Wolcott (225). 


ineffective against mosquito larvae. --Hartzell 

(90).· 

THU JA OCCIDENT ALIS L. 

Ixodes ticks exposed to the vapors of the 

powdered leaves were killedin2-4hours.- 

Olenev (162).· 

The powdered leaves killed house flies 

in 120 minutes.--Olenev (163). 

THUJAPLICATADonn. Western red cedar. 

The heartwood is very resistant to fungi 

and insects, and its shavings are usedasan 

insect repellent.--Erdtman (59). 




TSUGA CANADENSIS (L.) Carr. Hemlock. 

The wood is very susceptible to te:rmites.--Wolcott 

(225). 

PIPER ADUNCUM L. 

PIPERACEAE 

The plant is used to repel ants in Haiti. - - 

Higbee (94). 





197 

PIPER ANGUSTIFOLIUM Ruiz &: Pavon. 

Matico. 

An acetone extract of the leaves was ineffe 

ctive against mosquito larvae. - -Hartzell 

(90) •. 

PIPER BETLE L. 

The powdered leaves I as a stomach 

poison, showed fair toxicity to melonworm 

larvae but little toxicity to bean leaf beetle 

adults. As a contact poison, this material 

had no effect on melonworm larvae, cotton 

stainer adults, and Australian cockroach 

nymphs. The powdered stems showed fair 

toxicity, as a stomach poison. to cotton 

stainer adults, but were inert to melonworm 

larvae, bean leaf beetle adults, and 

Aus tralian cockroach nymphs. The powdered 

roots showed fair toxicity to melonworm 

larvae and cotton stainer and bean leaf 

beetle adults, but no toxicity to Australian 

cockroach nymphs .--Plank (174) •. 


toxic to American cockroache s when injected 




Heal and coworkers (2]). 

PIPER CUBEBA L. f. Cubeb. 

An acetone extract of the berries was 

toxic to mosquito larvae and nontoxic to 

Mexican bean beetle adults and larvae. An 

aqueous extract of the berries was ineffective 


(89).

larvae, but it had no effect on bean aphids. 

Alcohol and chloroform extracts had no 

effect on silkworm larvae.--Lee and Hansberry 

(129). 

ACONITUM VOL UBILE Koelle. 

This plant, particularly the fruits and 

flowers, was toxic to flies, mosquitoes, 

lice, and bugs (bedbugs?). - - Petrischeva 

(172). 

ACONITUM sp. 

The powdered plant showed considerable 

toxicity to silkworm and Mexican bean 

beetle larvae, but it had no effect On bean 

aphids. Alcohol and chloroform extracts 

had no effect on si.lkworm larvae. Petroleum 

ether, ethyl ether, acetone, carbon tetrachloride, 

alcohol, and chloroform extracts 

of the plant were also ineffective against 

bean aphids.- -Lee and Hansberry (ill). 

ACT AEA ARGUT A Nutt. 







extracts of the rhizomes were toxic to black 




moth and Aedes mosquito.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

ACTAEA PACHYPODA Ell. 

An aqueous extract of the rootstocks was 



ACTAEA RUBRA (Ait.) Willd. 







ADONIS VERNALIS L. 


was very toxic to American coc:kroaches 


German coc:kroaches and milkweed bugs 

were unaffected after immersion in the ex- 

lOS 

tract. Alcohol, petroleum ether, and chloroform 

extracts were toxic to black carpet 




moth and Aedes mosquito.--Heal and coworkers 

(93 ). 

ANEMONE ALTAICA Fisch. 

Aqueous infusions of the fre sh material 

were toxic to flies, mosquitoes. lice. and 

bugs (bedbugs ?).--Petrischeva (172). 

ANEMONE CAROLINIANA Walt. 






extract. An aqueous extract of the fruiting 

heads was' nontoxic to all these inaects.- 


ANEMONE CORONARlA L. 

A water suspension of the roots was 

highly toxic to Drosophila hydei larvae.- 


ANEMONE CYLINDRICA A. Gray. 

An aqueous extract of the stems, leaves. 

and fruits was slightly toxic to American 




ANEMONE DEGAPETALA Ard. 

An a.queous extract of the whole plant was 

highly toxic to American cockroache sand 

nontoxic to, German cockroache s and milkweed 

bugs. Alcohol extracts were toxic to 

black carpet beetle larvae. but not to German 

cockroaches. milkweed bugs. and 

larvae of the we bbing clothes moth and 

Aedes and An0f,heles m.osquitoes.--Hea.land 

. coworkers (21 • 

ANEMONE GLOBOSA Nutt. 

An aqueous extract of a sample of the 

whole plant was toxic to American cockroaches 


and milkweed bugs, but an extract 

of a second sample of whole plant was 

nontoxic to all these insects.--Heal ... nd 

coworkers (93).

ANEMONE NlKOENSIS Maxim. 

A water suspension of the roots was nontoxic 

to ,.Drosophila hydei larvae. but a 

suspension of the leaves and stems was 

highly to:Kic to the larvae.--Yamaguchi and 

coworkers (233).' 

ANEMONE PATENS var. WOLFGANGIANA 

(Bess.) Koch. 



injected into the blood stream. but German 




extracts of the stems and leaves were toxic 




Aedes. and Anopheles mosquitoes.--Heal 


ANEMONE PULSATILLA L. Synonym: 

Pulsatilla vulgaris. Pulsatilla. 


nontoxic to mosquito larvae.--Hartzell (90). 

ANEMONE RADDEANA Regel. 

Water suspensions of the leaves and of 

the leaves and stems were highly toxic to 

Drosophila hydei larvae. --Yamaguchi and 

coworkers {233}. 

AQUILEGIA CHRYSANTHA A. Gray. 





AQUILEGIA FORMOSA Fisch. 


Vias nontoxic to German and American 



CIMICIFUGA FOETIDA L. 


to,:!=ic to American cockroaches when injected 







206 

milkweed bugs. confused flour beetles, and 



CIMICIFUGA RACEMOSA (L.) Nutt. 






only. --Heal and coworkers (93). 

CLEMATIS APIIFOLIA DC. 


toxic to' Culex pipiens. larvae. The toxicity 


of the extract. - - Yamaguchi and coworkers 

(232). 

CLEMATIS BALDWINll Torr. & Gray. 

A.n aqueous extract of the whole plant 






CLEMATIS CARACASANA H. B. K. 






(93). 

CLEMATIS DIOICA L. 



and nontoxic to -German cockroaches.--Heal 

and coworkers (93).- 

CLEMATIS LlGUSTICIFOLIA Nutt. 






CLEMATIS TERNIFLORA DC. 

Water suspensions of the leaves, the 

leaves and stems, and of the seeds were 

highly toxic to Drosophila hydei larvae.- 

Yamaguchi and coworkers (233 ).

oaches and milkweed bugs.--Heal and 


COLIETIA CRUCIATA Gill. &: Hook. 


THALICTRUM AQUILEGIFOLIUM L. var. slightly toxic to American cockroaches and 

JAPONICUM. 

nontoxic ta German cockroaches and milkweed 



stems showed some toxicity to Drosophila 

hydei larvae. but a suspension of the roots 

was nontoxic.--Yamaguchi and coworkers 

(233). 

THALICTRUM REVOLUTUM DC. 





TRAUTVETTERIA CAROLINIENSIS (Walt.) 

Vail. 




(2.J). 

XANTHORHIZA SIMPLICISSIMA Marsh. 



nontoxic to Gerxnan cackraaches and milkweed 


RAPATEACEAE 

RAPATEA PALUDOSA Aubl. 







RHAMNACEAE 

ADOLPHIA INFEST A Meissn. 



and milkweed bugs.--Heal and cowarkers 

(93). 

CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS L. Jersey tea. 

An acetone extract of the roats was ineffective 

against mosquita larvae. --Hartzell 

(90). 

209 

COLUBRINA ASIATICA (L.) Brongn. 

An aqueous extract .of the stems and 

leaves was very toxic ta American cockroaches 

when injected into the Plood stream, 




chloroform extracts were toxic to black 


cockroaches. milkweed bugs, and larvae .of 



(93). 

DISCARIA LONGISPINA Miers. 


stems were nontoxic to German and American 



KARWINSKIA sp. 






ether, and chloroform extracts were nontoxic 

to German cockroaches, milkweed 


the webbing clothes moth. black carpet 


(93). 

KRUGIODENDRON FERRE liM (Va hI) 

Urban. Black ironwood. 

The wood is very resistanttotermites.- 


REYNOSIA UNCINATA Urban. 




(93 ). 

RHAMNUS CAROLINIANUS Walt. 


slightly toxic to American cockroaches and


bugs. --Heal and coworkers (93). 

RHAMNUS·CRENATUS Sieb. & Zucco 

The powdered stems and roots showed 

little toxicity to silkworm and Mexican bean 

beetle larvae and to bean aphids.--Lee and 

Hansberry (129). 

The powdered roots were toxic to bean 

aphids.--Chiu and coworkers (ll). 

RHAMNUS FRANGULA L. Buckthorn. 

An acetone extract of the bark was ineffe 

ctive against mosquito larvae. --Hartzell 

(90). 

RHAMNUS LANCEOLATUS Pursh. 




(93). 

RHAMNUS PURSHIANUS DC. Cascara sagrada. 




VENTILAGO MAD RAS PATANA. 





immer sion in the extract. - - Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

ZIZYPHUS JOAZElRO Mart. 





RHIZOPHORACEAE 

ANISOPHYLLEA FRUTICULOSA Engl. & 

Gilg. 



cockroaches and milkweed bug'S. An 

aqueous extract of the roots was slightly 



RHIZOPHORA MANGLE L. Red mangrove. 

The heartwood and sapwood are both 

susceptible to termites.--Wolcott (225). 

RHIZOPHORA sp. Barbasco mangle. 

An acetone extract of the bark was non· 

toxic to mosquito larvae.--Jacobson (lOS) .. 

ROSACEAE 

AGRIMONIA E UP A TOR I A L. Agrimony 

herb. 






nontoxic to German cockroaches.--Heal 


210 

CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS Nutt. 

An aqueous extract of the branchlets. 

leaves, and bark was slightly toxic to 

American cockroaches and nontoxic to German 



CHAENOMELES LAGENARIA (Loisel.) 

Koidz. 


lea.ves, and fruits was nontoxic to American 

and German cockroaches.--Heal and 


CHAMAEBAT IA FOLIOLOSA Benth. 



cockroaches.-·Healand coworkers (93). 

CHAMAEBATIANA MILLE FOLIUM {Torr.} 

Maxim. 

An aqueous extract of the brancblets and 




COW ANIA ST ANSB URIANA Torr. 




aqueous extract of the stem bark was 


only.--Heal and coworkers (93).

volatile fractions were probably the active 

materials.--Kiseleva (ill). 

Applications of hot water extracts combined 

with the wearing of collars woven 

from the steamed branches lead to the delousing 

of cattle within 3-4 days, the effect 

lasting for several months. There was no 

indication that the insects were killed by 

the treatment.--Gurai (SO). 

The powdered buds, bark, and leaves 

were very toxic to Ixodes and Dermacentor 

ticks, Hyalomma asiaticum, house flies, 

bedbugs, Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes, 

a.nd Drosophila adults.--Olenev {163}. 

Volatile fractions of the buds and of the 

bark were toxic to Ixodes and Argas ticks, 

flies, fleas, and bedbugs.--Olenev {162}. 

PRUNUS PERSICA (L. Batsch). Synonym: 

Amygdalus persica. Peach. 

The leaves and flowers were toxic to insects.--Pan 

(165). 



Hartzell (S9). 

PRUNUS SEROTINA Ehrh. Wild cherry. 



(S9). 

AlcOhol extracts of the fresh green leaves, 

shade- and sun-dried leaves, fruits, roots, 

trunk, branches, and twigs were all ineffective 

as repellents against Aedes aegYEti 

mosquitoes, as larvicides against Anopheles 

quadrimaculatus mosquitoes, and as body 

lousicides.--Jacobson (108). 


was nontoxic to German and American cockroaches.--Heal 


PURSHIA TRIDENTATA (Pursh) DC. 




cockroachf!s and milkweed bugs were unaffected 


aqueous extract of the branchlets, leaves, 

and flowers was nontoxic to all these insects. 


extracts of the roots were toxic to black 




Ano heles mosquitoes.--Hea1 and coworkers 

93). 

212 

ROSA sp. 

The powdered roots were nontoxic to 

bean aphids.--Chiu and coworkers (4S). 

RUBUS JAPONICUS Focke. 

A water suspension of the leaves, stems, 

and roots was toxic to Drosophila hydei 

larvae. --Yamaguchi and coworkers (233 ). 

RUBUS sp. Blackberry. 

An acetone extract of the root bark was 

ineffe ctive against mosquito larvae. - -Hartzell 

(90). 

SANGUISORBIA CANADENSIS L. 




bugs.--I-ieal and coworkers (93). 

SANGUISORBIA MINOR Seop. 






The petroleum ether extract was toxic to 




clothes moth and Aedes mosquito. Alcohol 


all these insects.--He8:land coworkers (93). 

SANGUISORBIA OFFICINALIS L. 

The powdered roots showed little toxicity 

to silkworm and Mexican bean beetle larvae 

and to bean aphids.--Lee and Hansberry 

(129). 

SPIRAEA NIPPONICA Maxim. 


stems was highly toxic to Drosophila hydei 

larvae.--Yamaguchi and coworkers (233). 

RUBIACEAE 

ADINA CORDIFOLIA (Willd.) Benth. & Hook. 




and coworkers (93).

FERDINAND USA RUDGEOIDES Wedd. 

An aqueous extract of the bark waS nontoxic 



GALlUM APARlNE L. Cleaver's herb, bedstraw. 


ineffe ctive against mosquito larvae. - -Hartzell 

(90). 

GARDENIA JASMINOIDEs Ellis. 




coworkers (93)., 

GARDENIA LUTEA Fresen. 






aqu.eous extract of the fruits was toxic to 

America.n cockroaches only.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

GENlP A AMERICANA L. 

The wood is very susceptible to ter 

:m.ites.--Wolcott (225). 






mosquitoes.--Heal a.nd coworkers (93). 

GENlPA sp. 

A petroleum ethel' extract of the fruits 

was toxic to black carpet beetle larvae, 



moth and Aedes mosquito. Alcohol and 

chloroform extracts were nontoxic to all 


GONZALAGUNlA PANAMENSI$ Pel's. 




HAMALIA PATENS Jacq. 




214 

HEINSIA PULCHELlA (G. Don.) K. Schum. 





HOUSTONIA LANCEOLATA (Poir.) Britton. 

An aqueous extract ofthe bark was slightly 




LADENBERGIA MAGNIFOLlA (Ruiz &: 

Pavon) Klotzsch. 

An aqueous extract of the bark and leaves 

was nontoxic to German and American cockroaches.--Heal 


LAUGERIA RESINOSA Vahl. 



MITCHELLA REP ENS L. 




MITRACARPUs PORTORICENSIS Urban. 

MITRACARPUS VERTICILLATUS (Schum. 

&: Thonn.) Vatke. 

Aqueous extracts of these species were 



coworkers (93 )., 

MORELlA SENEGALENSIS A. Rich. 


branches and leaves were nontoxic to German 


bu.gs.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

MORINDA CITRIFOLIA L. 

NENAX MICROPHYLLA (Sond.) Salter. 



and nontoxic to German cockroaches.--Heal 


PAEDERIA FOETIDA L. 


to German and American cock-

killed 3 out of 10 and 10 out of 10 in 2 and 

16 hours, respectively. At 1 to 100,000, 

sanshool-I and sanshool-II killed 10 out of 

10 and 3 out oflO,respectively,in24 hours. 

Both were ineffective at 1 to 300,000.- 

Aihara and Suzucki (Q). 

Z IERIA SMITHII Andr. 

The essential oil was highly repellent to 

Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes and to 

Australian sheep blowflies, but it was ineffective 

against the bush fly, Musca vetustis 

sima. The active constituents are ele 

:micin and methyleugenol. - -McCulloch and 

Waterhouse (142). 

The leaf essential oil was very effective 

in synergizing pyrethrins in tests against 

house flies. Elemicin, methyleugenol, and 

safrole probably account for the action of 

the oil. Neither linalool nor a distillation 

fraction consisting of 50 percent carene . 

epaxide and 50 percent pinene was synel'gistic.--Kerr 

(114). 

MELIOSMA sp. 

SABIACEAE 






extract. An aqueous extract of the roots 



SALICACEAE 

POPULUS CANDIGANS Ait. Poplar. 

Pyrax dusts of the ethyl ether and alcohol 

extractives of the buds were toxic to 

armyworms but not to celery leaf tiers, 

pea aphids, and two-spotted spidermites.- 


The same pyrax dusts as mentioned above 

were nontoxic to European corn borer larvae. 

The ethyl ether extractive had no 

effect on cat fleas, lone star ticks, chiggers, 

body lice, and Anopheles mosquito larvae, 

and as a body louse ovicide. This extractive 

as well as the alcohol extractive were both 

nontoxic to house flies.--Jacobson (108). 

An aqueous extract of the buds was nontoxic 



(93). 

POPULUS NIGRA L. Black poplar. 



220 

roaches and milkweed bugs.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

POPULUS TREMULOIDES Michx. 



SALIX CHILENSIS Mol. Humboldt's willow. 


(225). 

SALIX NIGRA Marsh. Black willow. 

An acetone extract of the buds was nontoxic 


SALIX sp. Willow. 


to mosquito larvae.--Hartzell (2.9). 

SA LVADORACEAE 

SALVADORA PERSIGA L. 





SANTALACEAE 

ACANTHOSYRIS SPINES GENS Griseb. 




(21). 

BUCKLEYA DISTIGHOPHYLLA (Nu tt.) 

Torr. 


of the fruits were nontoxic to German and 

American cockroaches and milkweed bugs.- 


EUCARYA SPICATA (R. Br.) Sprague & 

Somm. Sandalwood. 

The essential oil and the resin oilarenot 

repellent to Aedes mosquitoes. - -McCulloch 

and Waterhouse (142). 

The essential oil of the wood did not synel'gize 

pyrethrins in tests against house 

flies. --Kerr (114). 

EXOCARPUS CUPRESSIFORMIS Labill. 



into the blood stream, but German




IODINA RHOMBIFOLIA Hook. & Arn. 





(93). 

OSYRIS ARBOREA Wall. Synonym: Q. 

wightiana. 





PYRULARIA PUBERA Michx. 

Aqueous extracts of the bark, of the fruits 

and roots, and of the roots were each highly 




after immersion in the extracts. 


extracts of the bark were toxic to black 




moth and Aedes mosquito. An alcohol extract 

of the fruits was toxic only to black 

carpet beetle larvae, while petroleum ether 


all these insects. Alcohol and petroleum 

ether extracts of the roots were toxic only 

to black carpet beetle larvae and a chloroform 

extract was nontoxic to all these insects. 

An aqueous extract of the branches 

and leaves was slightly toxic to American 

cockroaches while an aqueous extract of 

the fruits was quite toxic to these insects. 


of the branches and leaves were toxic to 

black carpet beetle larvae only, and an 



SANTALUM ALBUM L. Sandalwood. 

An acetone extract, but not a water extract, 

of the wood was toxic to mosquito 

larvae.--Hartzell (§J). 

221 

A proprietary dressing containing sandalwood 

oil was repellent to the sheep 

blowfly.--Mackerras and Macke rras 

(134) • 

An a que 0 u s extract of an unidentified 

portion of this plant was nontoxic 

to Germ an and Ame:rican cockroaches 



SAPINDACEAE 

ALLOPHYLUS OCCIDENTALIS (Sw.) Radlk. 




and cowol'kers (93). 

ALLOPHYLUS RACEMOSUS (L.) Radlk. 




(93). 

BLIGHIA SAPIDA Kon. 


leaves, and bark was nontoxic to German 


bugs. An aqueous extract of the branchlets 

and leaves alone was nontoxic to both 

species of cockroaches.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

CARDIOSPERMUM GRANDIFLORUM Sw. 



leaf-eating larvae.--Sievers and coworkers 

(197). 

CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM L. 


nontoxic to German and AIDe rican cockroaches 


(93). 

CUPANIA TRIQUETA A. Rich. 


(225).

An infusion of the bark is used in El 

Salvador as a contact poison.--Wellman 

and van Severen (221). 

Extracts of the seeds or fruits were 

highly toxic to mosquito larvae.--Sievers 


SAPINDUS sp. 

The powdered leaves, bark, wood, and 

roots each showed little or no toxicity to 

melonworm larvae, bean leaf beetle and 

cotton stainer adults, and Australian cockroach 


SERJANIA GLABRATA H. B. K. 




(197) • 

SERJANIA MEXICANA Willd. Quamecatl. 

An acetone extract of the plant was ineffective 


(108). 

SERJANIA PAUCIDENTATA DC. Tingui de 

folha. 




( 197). 

An acetone extract of the aerial portion 

was ineffective against mosquito larvae.- 






SERJANIA RHOMBEA Radlk. 

The plant was nontoxic to houseflies, 



(197). 

SERJANIA SCATENS Radlk. 



and nontoxic to German. cockroaches.- 


2.2.3 

SERJANIA sp. 





in the extract. An aqueous extract of 

the stems was slightly toxic, and an extract 

of the stems and tops was nontoxic to 

American cockroaches. --Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

TALISIA FURFURACEA Sandw. 

An aqueous extract of the bark was highly 





ether, and chloroform extracts were toxic 






TALISIA SQUARROSA Radlk. 

An aqueous extract of the bal'k was very 


German cockroaches. Alcohol and chloroform 

extracts were toxic to black carpet 

beetle larvae, but not to German cockroaches. 


beetles. and larvae of the webbing clothes 

moth and Aedes mosquito. A petroleum 

ether extract was nontoxic to all these insects.--Heal 


UNGNADIA SPECIOSA End!. 


leaves, and fruits was nontoxic to American 

cockroaches.--Heal and coworkers (.21). 

XANTHOCERAS SORBIFOLIA Bunge. 

An aqueous extl'act of the branchlets and 


when injected into the blood stream. but 




ACHRAS ZAPOT A L. 

SAPOTACEAE 


extracts of the inne r stem bark were

Atnerican cockroaches, and nontoxic to 


RIBES GLANDULOSUM Grauer. Skunk currant, 

mountain currant. 





(93). 

RIBES NIGRUM L. 


Ixodes and Dermacentor ticks, bedbugs, 

house' flies, Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes, 

and _Drosophila,.--Olenev (163). 

SAXIFRAGA AUSTROMONTANA Wiegand. 





toxic to black carpet beetle larvae, but 

not to GeTman cockroaches, milkweed bugs, 

confused flour beetles, and larvae of the 

webbing clothes moth and Aedes, mosquito.--Heal 

and coworkers (9_}). 

TIARELLA TRIFOLIAT A L. 

WHIPPLEA MODESTA Torr. 







SCROPHULARIACEAE 

BACOPA MONNIERI (L.) Pennell. 









milkweed bugs, confused flour beetle s, 

and larvae of the webbing clothes moth 


(93). 

BACOPA ROTUNDIFOLIA (Michx.) Wettst. 



2G6 

roaches and milkweed bugs.--Heal and 

coworkers (2l). 

BARTSIA STRICTA Benth. 

BARTSIA VISCOSA L. 




(93). 

BESSEYA RUBRA (Doug!.) Rydb. 





BEYRICHIA OCYMOIDES Cham. &, Schlecht. 




(93). 

BUCHNERA AMERICANA L. 





BUCHNERA FLORIDANA Gand. 

CAPRARIA BIFLORA L. 





after immersion in the extracts.- 


CASTILLEJA FISSIFOLIA L. f. 

CASTILLEJA LINARIAEFOLIA Benth. 

CASTILLEJA LINDHEIMERI A. Gray. 

CASTILLEJA MINIATA Dougl. 





CHELONE. GLABRA L. Balmony. 



(90).

Aqueous extracts of fragments of the plant 

were toxic to American cockroaches but not 



COLLINSIA TINCTORIA Hartw. 


and flowers was slightly toxic to American 



(93). 

CORDYLANTHUS RAMOS US Nutt. 


toxic to American cockroaches, but not to 



ESCOBEDIA SCABRIFOLIA Ruiz & Pavon. 






(93). 

EUPHRASIA CANADENSIS Towns. 




(93). 

EUPHRASIA DISJUNCTA Fern. & Wieg. 


very toxic to American cockroaches but not 



toxic to black carp'et beetle larvae but not 

to German cockroaches. milkweed bugs, 


Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. An alcohol 

extract was nontoxic to all these insects.--Heal 


GERARDIA AURICULATA Michx. 







GERARDIA FLAVA L. Synonym: Aureolaria 

flava. 



227 





GERARDIA PAUPERCULA (A. Gray) Britton. 

Synonym: Agalinis paupercula. 





GERARDIA PEDICULARIA L. Synonym: 

Aureolaria pedicularia. 

Aqueous extracts of the branchlets, 

leaves, and flowers, of the stems and 

lea ve s, and of the roots were nontoxic 

to German and American cockroaches and 

milkweed bugs. Extracts of the tops ,leaves, 

and fruits were slightly toxic to American 

cockroaches only.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

GRATIOLA NEGLECTA Torr. 


with fruits was slightly toxic to American 



(93). 

ILYSANTHES ANTIPODA (L.) Merr. 





LAMOUROUXIA VIRGATA H. B. K. 






LINARIA VULGARIS Hill. Butter-and-eggs. 

Acetone and water extracts of the flowers 

and leaves were nontoxic to mosquito larvae. 

- -Hartzell (89). 




MA URANDY A ANTIRRHINIFLORA Humb. 

&: Bonpl. 

The powdered plant was toxic to silkworm 

larvae but not to larvae of the

Mexican bean beetle and Colorado potato 

beetle.--Hansberry and Clausen (86). 

MELAMPYRUM LINEARE Desr. 






MlMULUS LONGIFLORUS (Nutt.)Grant. 


of the upper parts were nontoxic to German 

and American cockroaches.- -Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

MIMULUs RING ENS L. 





MIMULUS sp. Mimulus. 


and stems were ineffective against mosquito 


MOHAVEA 

Heller. 

CONFERTIFLORA (Benth.) 



and nontoxic to German cockroaches, and 


ORTHOCARPUS LUTEUS Nutt. 






extract. A chloroform extract was toxic 



Aedes mosquito larvae. An alcohol extract 

:waBnontoxic to all these insects and to 

Anopheles mosquito larvae.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

ORTHOCAR,PUS PURPURASCENS Benth. 





PEDICULARIS GROENLANDICA Retz. 

An aqlleous extract of the whole plant 




PEDICULARIS LANCEOLATA Michx. 





228 

PEDICULARIs PA YSONIANA Pennell. 





PENSTEMON GRACILIS Nutt. 





RHINANTHUS CRISTA-GALLI L. 



cockroaches and milkweed bugs. A petroleum 

ether extract was toxic to black carpet 




Alcohol and chloroform extracts 

were nontoxic to all these insects and to 

Aedes mosquito larvae.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). ' 

SCOPARIA DULCIS L. 

A brush made from the plant is used in 

El Salvador to eliminate lice from chicken 

houses.--Wellman and van Severen (221). 




(!.21). 





SCROPHULARIA LANCEOLATA Pursh. 

An aqueous extract oUhe tops and flowers 


injected into the blood stream, but German

or not toxicity to melonworm and diamondback 

moth larvae, Diabrotica bivittata and 

cotton stainer adults, and Australian cockr'oach 


SOLANUM CR!SPUM var. LIGUSTRINUM 

(Lodd.) Dunal. 





SOLANUM DEMISSUM Lindl. Wild potato. 

The resistance of this plant to potato 

beetle larvae was attributed to the alkaloid, 

demissine, isolated from its leaves. A 5percent 

aqueous solution of demissine 

strongly inhibited growth and development 

of the insect.--Kuhn and Gauhe (119). 

Demissine, isolated in 0.IO-O.47-percent 

yield from the leaves, strongly repelled 

potato beetle larvae.--Kuhn and Low (120). 

Larvae of all instal'S of the potato beetle 

were confined to the leaves of 14 strains 

of this plant. It was concluded that the 

-resistance is due merely to some factor 

that renders the leaves unpalatable to the 

larvae, rather than to a toxic principle.-de 

Wilde (223). 

SOLANUM GLAUCUM Dunal. 

An aqueous extract of the roots and stems 



(93). 

SOLANUM GUANICENSE Urban. 

An aqueous extract of the stems and fruits 

was nontoxic to German andAmerican cockroaches.--Heal 


SOLANUM LEUGOCARPON Dunal. 




(197). 

SOLANUM MALAGOXYLON Sendt. 





2.34 

SOLANUM MAMMOSUM L. Love apple. 

The leaves were highly toxic to mosquito 


The powdered ripe fruits, leaveS:-stems, 

and roots each showed little or no toxicity 

to melonworm larvae, bean leaf beetle and 

cotton stainer adults, and Australian cockroach 

nymphs, although the plant is reported 

to be useful in the control ofcockroaches.- 

Plank (174). 

SOLANUM NIGRUM L. 

The powdered ripe fruits, leaves, small 

branches, and woody stems each showed 

little or no toxicity to melonworm tarvae, 

bean leaf beetle and cotton stainer adults, 

and Australian cockroach nymphs.--Plan1. 

(174). 


very toxic to German and American cockroaches.--Heal 


SOLANUM PAMPASENSE Hawkes. 

Of 40 wild species of Solanum tested, 

the tubers of only this species were resistant 

to golden nematodes.--Ellenby (57). 

SOLANUM POLYADENIUM Greenm. 

Wild plants showed almost complete immunity 

to attack by the aphids that infest 

potatoes in New Brunswick, Ganada.- 

Gardiner (69). 

Aphids (Myzus '!aersicae) placed on the 

plants did not fee and their movements 

'were impeded by a black gummy substance. 

The leaves bear numerous glandular hairs, 

and tests demonstrated the presence of a 

free oily substance on the leaf surface. 

It is suggested that the immunity of mature 

leaves from aphid attack is due to a repellent 

action of the free oil and the 

mechanical action of the gummy secretion 

in preventing the aphids from feeding.- 

Stringer (202). 

SOLANUM SUCRENSE Hawkes. 

The tubers are resistant to golden 

nematodes.--Mai and Peterson (135). 

SOLANUM TORREY! A. Gray. Purple 

nightshade. 




and alcohol extractives were nontoxic to

house flies and codling moth larvae.- 


SOLANUM TRIFLORUM Nutt. 


with fruits was toxic to GermanandAmerican 

cockroaches but not to milkweed bugs.- 


SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L. Potato. 

An acetone extract of the sprouts was 

ineffective against rnosquitolarvae.--Hartzell 

(90). 

The alkaloid Solanine T. present in the 

leaves, was inactive against potato beetle 

larvae.--Kuhn and Gauhe (!:...!_2). 

SOLANUM VERBASCIFOLIUM L. 





SOLANUM sp. 

Two specimens of the Commersoniana 

group of wild potatoes, resistant to the 

Colorado potato beetle, contained predominantly 

solanine-type, rather than demissinetype, 

products.- -Prokoshevand Petrochenko 

(178). 


to German and American cockroaches.--Hea1 


WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (L.) Dunal. 




SPARGANIACEAE 

SPARGANIUM EURYCARPUM Engelm. 






STAPHYLEACEAE 

STAPHYLEA TRIFOLIA L. 

An aqueous extract of the seeds and roots 

was nontoxic to German andAmerican cock- 

235 

roaches and milkweed bugs.--Heal and 


TURPINlA PANICULATA Vent. 



An aqueous extra.ct of the roots was toxic 


into the blood stream but German cockroaches 


after immersion in the extract. An extract 

of the branchlets and leaves was nontoxic 


(93 ). 

STEMONACEAE 

CROOMlA PAUCIFLORA Torr. 


was toxic to German cockroaches but not 

to American cockroaches and milkweed 


STEMONA JAPONICA Franch. &: Savat. 

An acetone extract of the roots was 


was traced to the basic portion of the extract.- 

- Yamaguchi and coworkers (232). 

STEMONA TUBEROSA Lour. Paipu. 

An acetone extract of the roots was 

toxic to tent caterpillars and cotton aphids, 

and an alcohol extract was toxic. to body 

lice and plant lice. The toxicity is due to 

the presence of alkaloids.- -Chiu (47). 





STERCUUACEAE 

AYENIA BERLANDIERI S. Wats. 






COLA NITIDA (Vent.) Schott. & End!. Cola. 

An acetone extract of the nuts was ineffective 


(90).


(93) • 

DAPHNOPSIS CARIBAEA Griseb. 


stems were toxic to American cockroaches 



DAPHNOPSIS ESPINOSAE Monachino. 





DAPHNOPSIS RACEMOSA Griseb. 






DIRCA OCCIDENTALIS A. Gray. 





DIRCA PALUSTRIS L. 





EDGEWORTHIA GARDNER! Meissn. 

An aqueous extract of the branches, 

leaves, and bark was toxic to American 





FUNlFERA UT ILlS Leandr. 


leaves waS slightly toxic to American cockroaches 




HYPTIODAPHNE CRASSIFOLIA (Poir.) 

Urban. 


leaves was nontoxic to German and Ameri- 

l40 

can cockroaches and milkweed bugs. An 

extract of the roots was slightly toxic to 

American cockroaches only.--Heal and 


LASIOSIPHON BURCHELLII Meissn. 

An aqueous extract of the leaves and 

flowers was slightly toxic to American 



OVIDlA PILLO-PILLO Meissn. 

An aqueous extract of the· leaves was 





An extract of the roots was slightly toxic 

to American cockroaches only. Petroleum 

ether and chloroform extracts of the leaves 

were toxic to carpet beetle larvae, but 



Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. An alcohol 

extract of the leaves was nontoxic 


(93 ). 

STELLERA CHAEMEJASME L. Lang-tu. 

An alcohol extract of the rootstocks was 

repellent and toxic to tent caterpillars but 

nontoxic to American cockroaches. confused 

flour beetles, rice weevils, and cotton 

aphids. Crystals obtained from a petroleum 

ether extract of the rootstocks were nontoxic 

to tent caterpillar s, but the noncrystalline 

portion was repellent and toxic to 

these caterpillars.-- Chiu (47). 

WIKSTROEMIA INDICA (L.) C. A. Mey. 

The powdered roots were nontoxic to bean 


WIKSTROEMIA NUTANS Champ. 


China. The powdered roots showed little 

toxicity to silkworm and Mexican bean 

beetle larvae and bean aphids.- -Lee and 

Hansberry (!.£9). 

WIKSTROEMIA SANDWICENSIS Meissn. 

Aqueous extracts of the leaves, the roots, 

and t:he stems Were all slightly toxic to 

American cockroaches. Alcohol and petroleum 

ether extracts of an unidentified part

TREMA AMBOINENSIS (Willd.) Blume. 

Synon'fm: :!.. aspera. 





TREMA FLORIDANA Britton. 


leaves was nontoxic to German and Ameri 

Can cockroaches and milkweed bugs.--Heal 


UMBELLIFERAE 

AMMI VISNAGA (L.) Lam. 

An aqueous extract;- of the tops and fruits 




ANETHUM GRA VEOLENS L. Dill. 

Acetone and water extracts of the stems 

and leaves were ineffective against mosquito 


ANGELICA ATROPURPUREA L. 

An aqueous extract of the tops and flower s 


and nontoxic to German cockroaches .--Heal 


ANGELICA POL YMORPHA Maxim. 

Water suspensions of the roots and of 

the leaves and stems were nontoxic to 

Drosophila hydei larvae, but a suspension 

of the seeds was toxic to these larvae.- 


ANTHRISCUS VULGARIS Bernh. 


was toxic to American cockroaches but 



APIUM GRAVEOLENS L. Celery. 


extracts of the seeds were toxic to black 




moth and Aedes and Ano1heles mosquitoes.--Heal 

and coworkers 2l). 

242 

ARCTOPUS ECHINATUS L. 



but nontoxic to German cockroaches and 

milkweed bugs.- -Heal and coworkers (..21.). 

AZORELLA LYCOPODIOIDES Gaud. 


was toxic to American cockroaches but 



CARUM CARVI L. Caraway. 

Acetone and water extracts of the seeds 







CENTELLA ASIATICA (L.) Urban. 

The powdered plant showed fair toxicity 

to Mexican bean beetle larvae but had no 

effect on silkworm larvae and bean aphids. 

Chloroform and acetone extracts had no 

effect on bean aphids.--Lee and Hansberry 

(129). 

The powdered plant was toxic to bean 






CICUTA MACULATA L. Water hemlock, 

spotted cowbane, wild parsnip. 

The powdered tubers were nontoxic to 

southern armyworms, melonworms, and 

Hawaiian beet webworms.--Bottger and 

Jacobson (ill. 

The powdered tubers were nontoxic to 


petroleum ether, ethyl ether, and chloroform 

extractives and an alcohol extractive 

were nontoxic to house flies, German cockroaches, 

and codling moth larvae.--Jacobson 

(108). 


flowers was nontoxic toGerman andAmerican 

cockroaches .--Heal and coworkers (93). 

CONIUM MACULATUM L. Conium. 



(90).


leaves, and fruits was slightly toxic to 


Ge rman cockl'oache s. Alcohol. petroleum 

ether, and chloroform extracts of the buits 

were toxic to black carpet beetle larvae 

but not to German cockroaches. milkweed 


. moth and Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes 

.--Heal and coworkers (93). 

DURANTA sp. 





FARADAYA SPLENDIDA:r. MueH. 







toxic to American cockroaches only. Alcohol, 

petroleum ether, and chloroform 

extracts of the branches and leaves were 


bugs, and larvae of the black carpet beetle, 

webbing clothes moth, and Aedes and Anopheles 


GMELINA LEICHARDTII F. MueH. 

Gmelinol, obtained from the wood. was 

slightly synergistic with pyrethrins in tests 

against house flies.--Kerr (114). 

LANTANA HORRIDA H. B. K. 






ether and chloroform extracts of the roots 



bugs, confused £lour beetles, and larvae of 

the webbing clothes moth and Aedes mosquito.--Heal 

and coworkers (93)-.-- 

LIPPIA CUNEIFOLIA (Torr.) Steud. Synonym: 

Phyla cuneifolia. 


was slightly toxic to Am.erican cockroaches 



LIPPIA GRAVEOLENS H. B. K. 

An aqueous extract of the flO'wer heads 

and leaves was slightly toxic to American 




247 

LIPPIA sp • 


leaves was very toxic to Alnerican cockroaches 



coworkers (2l..). 

PETITIA DOMrNGENSIS Jacq. Fiddlewood. 



PREMNA ODORATA Blanco. Fragrant 

premna. 

The leaves are reported to repel insects. 

The powdered leaves were nontoxic to house 

flies, German cockroaches, and the common 

black ant.--Jacobson (108). 

PRIVA LAPPULACEA (L.) Pers. 





STACHYTARPHETA INDICA (L.) Vahl. 


of the roots were nontoxic to German and 

Am e ric a n cockroaches and milkweed 

bugs.--Heal and coworkers (.22). 

STACHYTARPHETA JAMAICENSIS (L.) 

Yahl. 



cockroaches and milkweed bugs. An extract 

of the whole plant was slightly toxic to 

American cockroaches only.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

TECTONA GRANDIS L. f. East Indian teak. 

The sapwood is susceptible to termites.- 


Te ctoquinone (beta-methylanthraquinone), 

a constituent of the resin of this tree, is 

so repellent to termite attack that, at a 

dilution of O.OS percent, the termites .would

jected into the blood stream, but German 




RENEALMA sp. 




ZINGIBER OFFICINALE Rose. 

Acetone and water extracts of the roots 



ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 

F AGONIA CALIFORNICA Benth. 

An aqueous extract of the above-ground 

portions was toxic to American cockroaches 

when injected into the blood stream but 




GUAIACUM OFFICINALE L. Guiac, lignum-vitae. 

The heartwood is very resistant to termite 

attack, while the sapwood is not.- 


An aqueous solution of a saponin obtained 

from the bark was ineffective against mosquito 


LARREA TRIDENTATA(DC.) Coville. Synonym: 

Covillea tridentata. Greasewood, 

creosote bush. 

The powdered roots were nontoxic to 

Hawaiian beet webwol'ms.--Bottger and 


An acetone extract of the stems showed 

little toxicity to mosquito larvae. Ethyl 

ether and acetone extracts of the stems 

and of the roots we!.·e nontoxic to aphids. 

The powdered roots and their petroleum 

ether and alcohol extractives showed some 

toxicity to codling moth larvae, but the 

extracts had no effect on house flies. The 

resin obtained from the stems had no effect 

on European corn borer larvae, codling 

moths, house fiies, and German cockroaches.--Jacobson 

(108). 


leaves wai:l slightly' toxic to American 



250 

PEGANUM HARM ALA L. 


with fruits was nontoxic to German and 

American cockroaches .--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS L. 


was nontoxic to American cockroaches.- 


ZYGOPHYLLUM FABAGO L. 





UNIDENTIFIED PLANTS 

The following common, local, or native 

names have not been identified botanically. 

AGUACATILLO. 

The wood of this Panamanian tree, possibly 

a species of Ocotea, is resistant to 

termites.-- Wolcott (226). 

ALMACIGO. 

The wood of this West Indian tree is 

susceptible to termite attack.--Wolcott 

(224). 

ALMENDRON. 



BALBEC. 



(l08). 

BALSAMO DO CAMPO. 




bugs.-_Heal and coworkers (93). 

BARBASCO COMUN. 




coworkers (93).

to German cockroaches.--Heal and coworkers 

(93). 

HERVA DE STA. CRUZ. 


toxic to American cockroache s but nontoxic 



HIERBA DEL CANCER. 


to Anlerican cockroaches but not to German 

cockroaches and milkweed bugs .--Heal and 


HIERBA DEL TORO. 

An aqueous extract of the wholeplantwas 




after immersion in the extract. Aqueous 

e:Ktracts of the tops, leaves, and fruits 

and of the stems and leaves were nontoxic 


(93). 

HUAMANSAMA. 

An acetone extract of the leaves from 

Peru was ineffective against mosquito larvae.- 

-Jacobson (108). 

HUMACATE RABO DE IGUANA. 

A saponin from the acetone extract of the 

stalks was nontoxic to codling moth larvae.- 

-Jacobson (l 08). 

LENTEJA BOCCONA. 

The powdered seeds of this leguminous 

plant from Peru were nontoxic to Mexican 

bean beetle larvae.- -Hansberry and Clausen 

(86) . 

MACHA. 



(108) • 

MULVULA. 




milkweed bugs.- -Heal and coworkers (93). 

252 

MUSHAMA KUBA. 

An aqueous extract of the bark was slightly 




PElTON AL DE ANGlCO. 




PESQUA. 



(108). 

PRINGAMOZA. 

The plant is used in Nicaragua as an 

insecticide.--Higbee (94). 

PURGA LAGAR TO. 


toxic to Anlerican cockroaches but nontoxic 



SINACA, UN A DE GA TO. 

This woody vine, possibly Bignonia '!:!!!:. 

guis-cati, is reportedly used to stupefy 

crabs and to kill mosquitoes. The powdered 

leaves and stems were nontoxic to southern 

armyworms and melonworms but toxic to 

southern beet webworms. The powdered 

wood was toxic to southern beet webworms. 

but not to celery leaf tiers. An alcohol 

extractive of the wood was toxic to all these 

ins ects but nontoxic to large milkweed bugs. 

Petroleum ether, ethyl ether, and chloroform 

extractives of the wood were all nontoxic 

to these insects.--Bottger and Jacobson 

(36). 

The powdered leaves and stems and the 

powdered wood were nontoxic to European 

corn borer larvae. An alcohol extractive of 

the wood was also nontoxic to this insect. 

Combined petroleum ether, ethyl ether. 

chloroform, and alcohol extracts of the 

wood were nontoxic to house flies.--Jacobson 

(108). 

SINIHUITE. 

An acetone extract of the roots from El 

Salvador was ineffective against mosquito 

larvae.--Jacobson (108).

(226) WO LCOTT. G. N. 

1948. The resistance to dry-wood termite attack of some Central American woods. Caribbean Forester 

9: 53-54. 

(227)_ 

1949. The most effective termite repellents. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 273-275. 

(22R) __ 

1951. The termite resistance of pinosylvin and other new insecticides. Jour. Econ. Ent. 44: 263-264. 

(229) WOLFROM, M. 1.., LOOKER. J. H., DICKEY. E. E., McWAIN, POI and THOMPSON, A. 

1951. Root bark Pigments of the osage orange (Maclura pomifera Raf.). Abstracts of Papers Presented at 

the 119th Meeting. Amer. Chern. Soc .. Boston. Mass .. April 2-5. 

(230) YAMAGUCHI, K., et al. 

1951. Insecticide from dry-distilled betula bark oil. Japanese Patent No. 3300. 

(231) ___ SHOJI, H •• and SUZUCKI, T. 

1950. Insecticidal action of Japanese plants. lIla. Insecticidal constituents of birch-tar oil. Botyu 

Kagaku 15: 195-200. 

(232) __ SUZUKI, T., KATAYAMA, Pt.. SASA. M .. and IIDA. S. 

1950. Studies on the insecticidal action of Japanese plants. II. A general method of detecting effective 

fraction and its application to 24 species of insecticidal plants. Botyu- Kagaku 15: 62-70. 

(233) ___ SUZUKI. T., SASA. M .. and IIDA. S. 

1950. Studies on the insecticidal action of Japanese plants. r. Screening tests for insecticidal plants. 

Botyu-Kagaku 15: 39-46. 

(234) YANG, s. C. 

1943. Studies on the problems of yam bean (Pachyrrhizus erosus Urban). 1. A preliminary report on the 

factors influencing the production and chemical compositions of yarn bean tubers. Agr. Assoc. China, 

Jour. 1'76: 52. 

(235) YOKOYAMA. N. 

1950. Insecticide from the root of Dioscorea tokoro. Japanese Patent No. 1331. 

(236) ZAGLY ADINA, K. D. 

1946, Preliminary communication on the results of treating scabies with a decoction of the roots of 

Prangos pabularia. [Trans.] Molotov Univ., Rostov on Don I, Works BioI. Fac. 5: 83-86. 

262

Aneimia mexicana, 4 

Anemone altaica, 205 

caroliniana, 205 

coronaria, 205 

cylindrica, 205 

decapetala, 205 

globosa, 205 

nikoensis, 206 

patens var. wolfgangiana, 206 

pulsatilla, 206 

raddeana, 206 

Anemopsis californica, 224 

Anethole, 169, 187 

Anethum graveolens, 242 

Angelica atropurpurea, 242 

polymorpha, 242 

Angelin, 130 

Aniba canelilla, 125 

ovalifolia, 126 

. perl,ltilis I 126 

rosaeodora, 126 

Anise, 169 

star, 169 

Anisole, 169 

Anisophyllea fruticulosa, 210 

Annona che rimola, 13 

dive rsifolia , 13 

glabra, 13 

montana. 13 

muricata, 13 

odorata, 14 

palustris, 13 

reticulata, 13 

sp., 14 

squamosa, 13 

triloba, 14 

tripetala, 13 

Annonaceae, 13 

Ana dendron affine, 16 

Anomospermum schomburgkii, 176 

Antennaria microphylla, 55 

Anthemis arvensis. 55 

cotula. 55 

:illiXta, 55 

Anthericum chandleri, 159 

Anthoc1eista frezoulsii, 131 

Anthostema senegalense. 98 

Anthriscus vulgaris, 242 

Anthurium hookerl. 24 

recusatum, 24 

tetragonum, 24 

Anthyllis vu1neraria, 131 

Antigonon leptopus, 200 

Antiotrema dunnianurn, 36 

Antonia ovata, 167 

ovata var. pilosa, 167 

Anulocaulis eriosalenus, 187 

1eiosolenus, 187 

Anyme, 39 

Aphloia theaeformis, 106 

Apio!, 244 

265 

Apias cunericana, 131 

fortunei, 131 

Apium graveo1ens, 2.42 

petros elinum , 244 

Aplopappus acradenius, 55 

armerioides, 55 

ciliatus, 55 

erocoides, 55 

nanus, 55 

mrttaIlii, 56 

palmeri, 56 

spinUlosus, 56 

Apocynaceae. 15 

Apocynum androsaemifoliurn, 16 

cannabinum, 16 

cannabinwn var. pubescens, 16 

sibiricUln, 16 

Apodytes dirnidiata, 117 

Apple, alligator, 13 

custard, 13 

love, 234 

rose, 186 

Stayman Winesap, 211 

sugar, 13 

Winesap', 2.11 

Apple-of-Peru, 2.33 

Apurimacia incarwn, 131 

rni chelfi, 1 31 

Aquifoliaceae, Z 3 

Aquilaria agallocha. 239 

Aquilegia chrysantha, 206 

formosa, 2.06 

Araceae, 24 

Aracbis bYpogaea, 131 

Aralia californica, 28 

e1ata. 28 

hmnilis, 28 

nudicaulis. 28 

racemosa, 28 

spinosa, 28 

Araliaceae, 27 

Araujia grandifiora, 30 

sericifera var. hortorum, 30 

Arbutus texana, 94 

Arctopus echinatus, 242 

Ar ctostaphylos pungens, 94 

uva-ursi, 94 

Ardisia crispa var. dielsii. 181 

e s callonioide s. 181 

guadalupensis, 181 

guianensis I 181 

humiHs, 181 

obovata, 181 

picardae, lBI 

popayanensh. 182 

revoluta, 182 

Areca catechu, 192 

Arechava1etaia uruguayensis, 106 

4renaria leptoclados, 43 

peploide s, 43 

Arenga westerhautii, 192

Argemone alba, 190 

mexicana, 191 

platyce ras, 191 

Ariocarpus fissuratus, 40 

Arisaema dracontium, 24 

erubescens. 24 

purpurogaleatum, 24 

quinatum, 25 

serratum, 25 

triphyllum, 25 

urashirna, 25 

Aristolochia argentina, 29 

bracteata, Z.9 

brasiliensis, 29 

brevi pes , 29 

cymbifera. 29 

densivenia, 29 

maCl"oura, 29 

maxima, 29 

reticulata. 2.9 

serpentaria, 30 

sp., 30 

trilobata. 30 

watsoni, 30 

Al'isto1ochiaceae, 29 

Aristotelia chilensis, 93 

macqui,93 

Armeria maritima var. californica, 199 

Armoracia rusticana, 86 

Arnica do Campo, 56 

Arnica £ulgens, 56 

montana, 56 

sp., 56 

Artabotrys uncinatus. 14 

Artemisia abrotanum, 56 

absinthium, 56 

annua, 56 

C"al'ifornica, 56 

cina, 56 

gnaphalodes, 56 

ludovi ciana , 56 

nova, 57 

suksdorfii, 57 

tridentata, 57 

vulgaris, 57 

Artocarpus communis, 178 

incisa, 178 

integra; 178 

Arum italicurn, 25 

Asafoetida, 243 

Asagraea officinalis, le2 

Asarinin, 192, 195,219 

Asarum. arifolium, 30 

canadense, 30 

vi rginiC1llIl, 30 

As caridole, 49 

Asc1epiadaceae, 30 

Asclepias curassavica, 30 

eriocarpa, 30 

kans ana , 30 

labriformis. 30 

l66 

As c1epias - - can tinue d 

speciosa, 31 

stenophylla, 31 

syriaca, 31 

tuberosa. 31 

Asclepiodora viridis, 31 

Asebi, 96 

Asebotin, 96 

Ash, black, 188 

prickly, false, 28 

prickly, Northern, 219 

prickly, Southern, 219 

Asimina angustifolia, 14 

triloba, 14 

Asparagus officinalis, 159 

As paragus, 159 

Asperula odorata. 213 

As pidium fifix-mas, 4 

Aspidosperma excelsum, 16 

megalocaTpon, 16 

nitidum, 17 

polyneuron, 16 

Aspilia holstii, 57 

As tellia cunninghamii, 159 

nervosa, 159 

Aster canescens, 57 

filifolius, 57 

glabriusculus, 57 

novae-angliae, 57 

Euniceus, 57 

Asterolinon stellatum, 202 

Asterostigma_ sp., 25 

vermitoxicum, 25 

Astilbe sp_, 224 

Astragalus bisulcatus, 131 

b1akei, 131 

calycosus, 131 

campestris, 131 

canadensis, 131 

convallarius, 131 

diphysus, 132 

drununondii, I 32 

garbancillo, 132 

gummifer, 132 

neg1ectus, 132 

unifultus, 132 

Atamisquea emarginata, 41 

Ateleia gurrunifera. 132 

Atherosperma moschatum, 177 

Athyrium pterorachis, 4 

Athyl"o carpus pe rsicariaefolius, 53 

Atractylis gummifera, 57 

1yrata, 57 

Atriplex cane s cens, 48 

nuttallii, 48 

Atropa belladonna, 231 

Aureo1aria £lava, 227 

pedicu1aria, 227 

Avena sativa, 111 

Avenia berlandieri, 235 

Avilla, 102

Bi cuculla- - continued 

formosa, 109 

Bidens frondosa, 59 

pilosa, 59 

Bignonia capreolata, 34 

radicans, 34 

unguis- can, 252 

venus ta, 35 

Bignoniaceae, 34 

Bi-rch, 34 

West .. Indian, 38 

white. 34 

yellow, 34 

Bitte:r-tree, 44 

Bittersweet, A:rne:rican, 45 

ang1estem, 44 

false, 45 

Oriental. 44 

Bitterweed, 69, 72 

.Bixa orellana, 35 

Bixaceae, 35 

Blackber:ry. 21Z 

Bladder-pod. 144 

Bladder-wrack, 2 

Blepharocalyx giganteus, 184 

Blepharodon muc:ronatum, 31 

HleHa patula. 190 

pUrpurea, 190 

Blighia sapida, 221 

Bloodweed,54 

Bloomeria clevelandii, 159 

lUumea balsamifera, 59 

Bocconia cordata. 191 

sp •• 191 

Boebe:ra papposa, 62 

Boehmeria cylindrica, 245 

Boenninghausenia albiflora var. brevipes, 

216 

japonica, 216 

Boe:rhaavia coccinea. 187 

e:recta, 187 

Boldo. 177 

Boldoa fragrans, 177 

Boltonia asteroidea, 59 

Bombacaceae. 36 

Bombacopsis quinata, 36 

sepium, 36 

Boneset, shrubby, 66 

Bontia daphnoides, 180 

Boophone disticha, 9 

Boraginaceae. 36 

Barassus flabellifer, 193 

Borneol, 112 

Barreria verticillata, 213 

Boschnialda glabra, 190 

Baswellia carterii, 38 

Baurreria succulenta, 36 

Boussingaultia sp., 48 

Bowdichia braziliensis, 132 

major, 132 

virgilioides, 13 Z 

268 

Boxwood, West Indian, 35 

Brachistus rhomboideus, 231 

Brachyglottis repanda, 60 

Brachylaena hutchinsii, 60 

Brachyris microcephala, 68 

Bl'achystegia spiciformis, 133 

Brackenridgea zanguebarica, 188 

Brandegea bigelovii, 87 

Bl'asenia schreberi, 188 

Bl'assica alba, 86 

cel'nua, 86 

hhta, 86 

nigra, 86 

rapa, 86 

Bl'auneria sp., 63 

Breadfruit, r'78 

Bl'edemeyera floribunda, 200 

Brickellia arguta. 60 

incana, 60 

oblongifolia, 60 

Bl'idelia micrantha, 98 

Bror.nelia karatas, 38 

Bl'or.neliaceae, 38 

Bl'or.nus catharticus. III 

Brongniartis sp., 133 

Broomweed, 68 

Brosimopsis arnplifolia, 178 

sp., 178 

Brosirnum aub1etii, 245 

paraense, 178 

Brownea sp., 133 

Brucine, 168 

Brunellia comocladHolia, 230 

Brunfelsia densifolia, 231 

hopeana, 231 

Brya ebenus. 133 

Bryonia, 87 

Bryonia alba, 87 

dioica, 87 

verrucosa, 87 

Brysonima crassifolia, 170 

cumingana, 170 

sp.,170 

spicata, 170 

Buchenavia capitata. 52 

Buchnera americana, 226 

floridana, 226 

Buchu, 216 

Bucida buceras, 238 

Buckeye. Califo rnia, 114 

dwarf. 114 

red, 114 

Buckleya distichophylla, 220 

Buckthorn, 210 

Buddleia lindleyana, 167 

madagascariensis, 167 

perfoliata. 167 

racemosa, 167 

sessiliflora, 167 

sp., 167 

Bulbine bulbosa, 159

Cardiogyne africana, 178 

Cardiospermum grandiflorum, 221 

halicacabum, 221 

Carene epoxide, 220 

Carex clivorum, 90 

siderosticta var. glabra, 90 

torta, 90 

Careya arborea, 127 

Carica papaya, 43 

Ca1'icaceae, 43 

Cariniana pyriformis, 128 

Carissa carandas, 17 

Ca1'phephorus bellidifolius, 60 

Carpotroche amazonica, 106 

Cal"rot. 243 

Carthamus tinctorus, 60 

Carum CarYl, 24l 

Carya glabra, 118 

Caryocar glabrum, 43 

sp., 43 

villosum, 43 

Caryocaraceae, 43 

Caryophyllaceae, 43 

Caryophyllene, 137, 145, 195, 216, 238 

Cascara sagrada, 210 

timico, 251 

Cascarilla, 99 

Casearia brasiliensis, 106 

commer soniana, 106 

javitensis, 106 

microphylla, 106 

resinifera, 106 

sp., 107 

tornentosa, 106 

Casha, 128 

Cashew, 11 

Casimiroa edulis, 216 

Cassia acutifolia, 134 

a1ata, 134 

angustifolia, 135 

antillana, 136 

armata, 135 

didymobotrya, 135 

emarginata, 135 

fasciculata, 135 

fistula, 135 

hebecarpa, 135 

hir suta, 135 

1eptocarpa, 13 5 

nictitans, 135 

nodosa, 135 

occidentalis, 135 

quinquangulata, 136 

siamea, 136 

sieberiana, 136 

sophora, 136 

spectabilis, 136 

tomentosa, 136 

tora, 136 

Cassia, ringworm, 134 

Cassiope mertensiana, 94 

Cassytha filiformis, 126 

270 

Castalia odorata, 188 

tuberosa, 188 

Castel a tortuosa, 230 

Castilleja fissifolia, 226 

linariaefolia, 226 

1indheimeri, ZZ6 

miniata, 226 

Castor, 104 

Casuarina equisetifolia, 44 

Casuarinaceae, 44 

Catabrosa aquatic a, III 

Catalpa bignonioides, 34 

longissima, 34 

Catha cassinoides, 46 

Cativo, 153 

Catostemma commune, 171 

Catuaba, 251 

Caulanthus crassicaulis, 86 

Caulophyllum thalictroides, 33 

Cayoponia ficifalia, 87 

Ceanothus americanus, 209 

Cecropia adenocarpus, 178 

mexicana, 178 

palmata, 178 

peltata, 178 

l?P" 1 78 

Cedar, red, 195 

red, western, 197 

Spanish, 174 

yellow, 195 

Cedrela odorata, 174 

sp., 174 

Cedro espino, 36 

Ceiba pentandra,_ 36 

Celandine, 191 

Celastraceae, 44 

Celastrus angu1atus, 44 

articu1atus, 44 

paniculatus, 44 

rugosus, 45 

scandens, 45 

sp., 45 

Celery, 242- 

Celtis pallida, 241 

Cenisero, 154 

Cenizo, 245 

Centaurium umbellatum, 110 

Centella asiatica, 242 

Centrosema plumieri, 136 

pubescens, 136 

virginiana, 136 

Century-plant, 9 

Cephaelis acuminata, 213 

Cephalanthus occidentalis, 213 

Cepha10taxus drupacea, 237 

Cerasus padus, 211 

Ceratonia siliqua, 136 

Ceratophyllaceae. 48 

Ceratophyllum demersum, 48 

Ceratosanthes palmata, 87 

Ceratotheca sesamoides, 192

Cerbera ahouai, 20 

tanghin, 17 

thevetia, .22 

Cercidiphyllaceae, 48 

Cercidiphyllum japonicum, 48 

Cercidium rnic:rophyllum, 136 

Cercis canadensis, 136 

chinensis, 136 

Cercocarpus ledifolius, 210 

Cerdana alliodora, 36 

Cereus diguetii, 40 

Ceropegia dichotorna, 31 

Cespedesia amazonica. 188 

Cestrum diurnum, 232 

latifolium vax. tenuiflorum, 232 

parqui, 232 

Cetraria islandica, 4 

juniper ina, 4 

Cevadine, 162 

Cevine, 162 

dibenzoate, 162 

Chaenactis douglasii, 60 

Chaenornele s lagenaria, 210 

Chaetachme aristata, 241 

Chaetanthera serrata, 60 

Chaetoptelea rnexicana, 245 

Chamaebatia foliolosa, 210 

Chamaebatiana rnillefolium, 210 

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, 195 

nootkatensis, 195 

obtusa, 195 

sp., 195 

thyoides, 195 

Chamaedaphne calyculata, 94 

Chamaesaracha nana, 2.32 

Chamairo, 251 

Chamomile, false, scentless, 74 

Hungarian, 73 

rayless, 74 

Chaptalia tomentosa, 61 

Chapuz, 69 

Chara sp., 2 

Characeae, 2 

Cheilanthes microphylla, 4 

Chelidonium rnajus, 191 

Chelonanthus chelonoides, 110 

Chelone glabra, 226 

Chenopodiaceae, 48 

Chenopodium album, 49 

ambrosloides, 49 

amb:rosioides anthelminticum, 49 

anthelmiilticum, 49 

rnultifidurn, 49 

Cherimoya, 13 

Cherry, European bird, 211 

wild, 212 

Chichilegua, 251 

Chickweed, 44 

Chilcuague, 70 

Chilcuan, 70 

chhillo, 201 

Chinaberry, 174 

271 

Chiococca alba, 213 

Chiogenes hispidula, 94 

Chiretta, 110 

Chironia transvaalensis, 110 

Chive, 158 

Chlamydocarya capitata, 117 

Chloranthaceae, 50 

Chloris distichophylla. 111 

Chlorogalum porneridianum, 159 

Chlorophora excelsa, 179 

tinctoria, 179 

Chocho, 251 

Choisya dumosa, 216 

Chondrus crispus, 2 

Chrysanthemum arcticum, 61 

balsamita, 61 

leucanthemum, 61 

parthenium, 61 

sp., 61 

Chrysocoma tenuifolia, 61 

Chrysophyllum cainito, 224 

Chrysopsis villosa, 61 

Chrysosplenium flagelliferum, 225 

glechomaefolium, 225 

yesoense, 225 

Chrysothamnus nauseosus, 61 

Chuquiraga microphylla, 61 

Ciba tripa de galinha, Z51 

Cicuta maculata, 242 

Cim.icidine, 18 

Cim.icifuga foetida, 206 

racemosa. 206 

Cinchona ledgeriana, 213 

Cineole, 185, 186 

Cinnamon, 126 

wild,41 

Cinnamomum camphora, 126 

zeylanicum, 126 

Cipo cabeludo, 251 

Circaea latifolia, 189 

Cirsium arvense, 61 

Cissamplos pareira, 176 

Cissus, 249 

Cis sus caustica, 249 

erosa, 249 

incisa, 249 

s icyoide s, 249 

tr ifoliata, 249 

Cistaceae, 50 

Cis tanche phelipaea, 190 

Citharexylum fruticDButn, 246 

fruticosum var. brittonii, 246 

Citronella, 112 

Citronellal, 112, 184 

Citronellol, 112 

Citrullus colocynthis, 88 

vulgaris, 88 

Citrus bergarnia, 216 

limetta, 216 

limon, 216 

:r;;ecrrc a, 2 1 6 

sinensis, 216

Cusparia angostura, 217 

Cus sonia spicata, 28 

Cuthbertia rosea, 53 

Cyanide, hydrogen, 42 

Cyhianthus brownE, 182 

sp., 182 

Cycadac:eae, 90 

Cyclamen elegans, 202 

Cyclo1oma atripliciiolium, 49 

Cydonia oblonga, 211 

Cyrnbopogon dtratus, 112 

flexuosus, 112 

nardus, lIZ 

Cynanchum nigrum, 31 

sp., 32 

Cynoctonum mitreola, 167 

Cy_noglossum officinale, 37 

Cynomarathrum nuttallii, 2.43 

Cyperaceae, 90 

Cyperus articulatus, 90 

odoratus, 90 

rotundus, 90 

sp., 90 

Cypress, southern, 197 

Cypress-vine, 85 

Cypress-weed, 65 

Cyrilla racemiflora, 91 

Cyrillaceae, 91 

Cytinus hypocistis, 204 

Cytisus scopar ius, 13 8 

Dacrydium franklinii, 237 

huonense, 237 

Dacryodes excelsa, 39 

hexandra, 39 

Dactyloctenium aegyptium, 112 

Daemia cordata, 32 

extensa, 32 

tomentos a, 32 

Daemonorops draco, 193 

Daffodil, 11 

Daisy, oxeye, 61 

Transvaal, 67 

Dalbergia cumingiana, 138 

nigra, 138 

retusa, 138 

Dalea argyraea, 138 

carthaginensis, 138 

citriodora, 138 

domingensis, 138 

kingH, 139 

molHs var. mollissima, 139 

spinosa, 139 


Dalembertia populifolia, 99 

Danais iragrans, 213 

Dandelion, 81 

Daphne cneorum, 239 

mezereum, 239 

pseudo-mezereum, 239 

Daphnopsis bogotensis, 239 

caribaea, 240 

espinosae, 240 

274 

Daphnopsis - -continued 

racemosa, 240 

Darlingtonia californica, 224 

Daruha1ad, 33 

Dasylirion leiophyllum, 160 

wheeleri, 160 

Date, desert, 230 

Datisca glomerata, 91 

Datiscaceae,91 

Datura arborea, 232. 

candida, 232 

ferox, 232 

meteloides, 232 

stramonium, 232 

Daubentonia drummondii, 139 

punicea, 139 

texana, 139 

Daucus carota, 243 

Davilla rugosa, 91 

sp., 91 

Decaisnea fargesii, 125 

Decodon verticillatus, 169 

Deeringia amaranthoides, 9 

Deherainia cubensis, 238 

Delonix regia, 139 

Delphinium ajacis, 207 

brownii, 207 

cheilantum, 207 

delavayi, 207 

dictyocarpum, 207 

elatum, 207 

formosum, 207 

grandiflorum, 207 

1axiflorum, 207 

occidentale, 207 

retropilosum, 207 

sp., 208 

staphisagria, 207 

virescens, 208 

Deltaline, 207 

Demerar a-batseed, 131 

Demissine, 234, 235 

Dendrobium sp., 190 

Dendromecon rigidum, 191 

Derris elliptic a, 139 

fordii, 139 

trifoliata, 139 

Desmanthus virgatus, 177 

Desmodium canadense, 139 

caudatum, 139 

dillenii, 139 

glutinosum, 139 

laburnifolium, 139 

paniculatum, 139 

perplexum, 139 

uncinatum, 140 

Desmothamnus lucidu5, 95 

Dialyanther a otoba, 181 

Diapensiaceae, 91 

Dicentra cucullaria, 109 

formosa, 109 

Dichapetalaceae, 91

Dichapetalum cymosum. 91 

toxicarium, 91 

Dicheranthus plocamoides. 117 

Dichondra carolinensis. 84 

Dichrostachys glomerata, 140 

nutans. 140 

Dicoria canescens, 62 

Dictyo1oma incanescens, 217 

peruvianum. 217 

sp .• 217 

vandellianum. 217 

Didymopanax morototoni, 28 

tremu1um, 28 

Dieffenbachia seguine. 25 

Diervilla lonicera, 42 

Digitaria sanguinalis var. 

ciliaris. 112 

Dill, 242 

Dillenia indica, 91 

Dilleniaceae, 91 

Dioc1ea macrantha. 140 

reflexa, 140 

s ericea. 140 

Dionaea muscipula. 93 

Dioon sp., 90 

Dioscin, 92 

Dioscorea bulbifera. 92 

mascrostachya. 92 

polygonoides, 92 

sp., 92 

tokoro, 92 

triphylla var. dumetorum, 92 

Dioscoreaceae, 92 

Diospyros maritima, 93 

multiflora, 93 

poeppigiana, 93 


Dipcadi glaucum, 160 

Dipentene, 112 

Diplorrynchus moss arnbicensis. 17 

Diplotropis purpurea, 140 

Dipsacaceae. 92 

Dipsacus sylvestris, 92 

Dipterocarpaceae, 92 

Dirca occidentalis, 240 

palustris. 240 

Discaria longespina, 209 

Dis sotis rotundHolia, 173 

Ditaxis guatemalensis, 99 

Dittany, 120 

Dodecatheon hendersonii. 202 

j effreyi. 203 

Dodonaea viscosa. 222 

viscosa var. angustifolia, 222 

Dogbane, hemp, 16 

Dogfennel, 65 

Dogparsley. nuttall, 243 

Dogwood, flowering, 85 

Jamaica. 151 

Dolichandrone lutea, 35 

spathaceae. 35 

275 

DoUchos buchanani. 140 

kiHmandscharicus, 140 

lab lab , 140 

Doliocarpus sp .• 92 

Dombeya guinqueseta, 236 

rotundifolia, 236 

Dors tenia brasiliens is. 179contrajerua, 

179 

Doryphora sassafras, 177 

Doug-lasia montana, 203 

Dracaena fragrans. 160 

Dracunculus canariensis. 25 

Dragon's -blood, 193 

DroB era £lliformis. 93 

Droseraceae, 93 

Drymaria pachyphylla, 43 

Dryopteris bis setiana var. tenerifrons. 4 

erythrosora var. caudata, 4 

£llix-mas, 4marginalia. 

5 

Dudleya collomae. 85 

Duranta. 246 

Duranta plumieri, 246 

repens, 246 

sp., 247 

Dusty-miller. 43 

Dyssodia papposa. 62 

Ebenaceae, 93 

Echeveria collomae. 85 

Echinacea sp •• 63 

Echinocystis fabacea, 89 

gilensis, 89 

macrocarpa, 89 

oregana, 89 

Echinodorus cordifolius. 8 

Echinospermum £loribundum. 37 

Echites peltata. 17 

rubro-venosa. 17 

umbellata. 17 

Echium plantagineum, 37 

vulgare. 37 

EcUpta alba, 63 

Edgeworthia gardneri. 240 

Edisonia pubiflora. 32 

Ego, 237 

Egonal. 237 

Egonol. 237 

Ekebergia ruepelliana, 174 

Ela.eagnaceae, 93 

Elaeagnus umbellata, 93 

Elaeocarpaceae, 93 

Elaeodendron attenuatum, 45 

xylocarpwn, 45 

Elaeophorbia drupifera. 99 

Elaphrium microphyllum, 38 

Elder, 42 

European. 42 

Elecampane. 72 

Elemicin. 184, 220 

Elepha,ntopuB caroUnensis. 63 

nudatus, 63

Eugenia- -continued 

sp., 186 

Eugenol, 177. 187 

Euonymus atropurpureus, 45 

bungeanus, 45 

europaeus. 45 

fortunei var. radicans, 45 

japonicus. 46 

obovatus, 45 

occidentalis, 46 

radicans, 45 

sp., 46 

yedoensis, 45 

Eupatorium ageratifoliwn, 65 

album. 65 

aromaticum, 65 

capillifolium, 65 

compositaefoliUlll, 65 

eoronopifolium, 65 

eleutherantherum, 74 

havanense. 66 

hyssopifolium. 66 

occidentale. 66 

odoratum. 66 

Eerfoliatum, 66 

persieHolium, 66 

Eurpuremn. 66 

rotundHofium, 66 

rugosum, 66 

sp., 66 

urticaefolium, 66 

verbenaefolium, 66 

wrightii, 66 

Euphorbia adenochlora, 100 

calycina, 100 

caracasana, 100 

centaurium, 100 

cotinoides, 100 

dendrioides, 100 

geniculata. 100 

heterophylla, 100 

hirta, 100 

intisy, 100 

ipecacuanhae, 100 

khasyana. 100 

lancifolia, 100 

maculata. 100 

nematocypha, 100 

pekinensis, 100 

schlechtendalii, 101 

sieboldiana, 100 

sp., 101 

thymifolia. 101 

tirucaUi, 101 

trichotoma, 101 

Euphorbia, candelabra, 100 

Euphorbiaceae, 97 

Euphrasia canadensis, 227 

disjuncta, 227 

Euptelea polyandra, 241 

Euxylophora paraens is, 217 

277 

Evergreen, 99 

Evernia vulpina, 6 

Evodia danielli, 217 

hupensis, 217 

littoralis, 217 

Evodionol, 217 

Exeo eearia africana, 101 

agallocha, 101 

Exoearpus eupressiformis, 220 

ExogoniUlll microdaetylum, 84 

Exostema earihaeum, 213 

Eysenhardtia adenostylts, 142 

orthocarpa, 142 

polystachia, 142 

texana, 142 

Fabiana imbricata, 232 

Fagaceae, 105 

F agara caroliniana, 219 

mantchuriea, 217 

flavum, 219 

Fagonia californica, 250 

Faradaya splendida, 247 

Faramea candelabrum, 213 

Faurea McNaughtonii, 203 

Fedegoso, 37 

Fendlera rupicola, 225 

Fennel, 243 

Ferdinandusa rudgeoides, 214 

Fern, maidenhair, 4 

sweet. 180 

Fernaldia pandurata, 17 

Ferula asafoetida, 243 

Feverfew. 61 

Fevillea cordifolia, 89 

Ficus elastica, 179 

laevigata, 179 

nitida. 179 

vogeni, 179 

Fiddlewood. 247, 248 

Fig, strangling, 51 

wild, 179 

Fir, Douglas, 197 

Firmiana simplex, 236 

Fishberry, 176 

Fla_9ourtia cataphracta, 107 

Flacourtiaceae. 106 

Flagellaria guineensis. 109 

Flagellariaceae. 109 

Flamboyan, 251 

Flame-tree, 139 

Flaveria bidentis. 66 

trinervia, 66 

Flax, 86, 166 

Fleabane, 77 

blue, 63 

Canadian, 64 

dwarf, 64 

running, 64 

spreading, 64 

Fleawort. 72. 

Fleece-vine, 200

Flemingia strobiliiera, 142 

Floerkia proserpinacoides, 166 

Fiourensia cernua, 67 

resinosa, 67 

Fluggea leucopyrus, 101 

microcarpa, 101 

virosa, 101 

Foeni.culum vulgare, 243 

Foenugreek, 156 

Forestiera neomexicana, 188 

Forgesia borbonica. 225 

Forsellesia nevadensi.s, 46 

Forskohlea angustifolia, 245 

Forsteronia brasiliensis, 17 

corymbosa. 17 

leptocarpa, 17 

Fouguie ria splendens, 109 

Fouquieriaceae, 109 

Francoa sonchifolia, 225 

Frangipani, Mexican, ZO 

Frankenia ericifolia, 109 

grandifolia, 109 

Frankeniaceae, 109 

Frankincense, 38 

Franseria artemisioides, 67 

chenopodifolia, 67 

confertiflo ra, 67 

del to idea , 67 

dumosa, 67 

;;rra-cent r a, 67 

ilicifolia, 67 

,Frasera parryi, 110 

Fraxinus I 188 

Fraxinus americana, 188 

nigra, 188 

quadrangulata, 189 

F ritillaria parvif1ora, 160 

pudica, 160 

Froelichia campestris, 9 

drummondii, 9 

Fucaceae, 2 

Fucus vesicu1osus, 2 

Fumaria officinalis, 109 

Fumariaceae, 109 

Fumatory, 109 

Funastrum bonariense, 32 

gracile, 32 

Funifera utilis, 240 

Furcraea gigantea, 10 

tuberos a, 10 

Fustic, 11 

Gaillardia aristata, 67 

lanceolata, 67 

pulchella, 67 

Galactia sp., 142 

viridiflora, 142 

volubilis, 142 

wrightii, 142 

Galarhoeus adenochlorus, 100 

pekinensis, 100 

sieboldianus. 100 

278 

Galax rotundifolia, 91 

Ga1ega, 143 

Ga1ega ofiicinalis, 143 

Galium aparine, 214 

Gallesia gorazema, 194 

Ga1phimia brasiliensis. 170 

glauca, 170 

Garberia fruticosa. 67 

Garcia nutans, 101 

Garcinia spicata, 11 6 

Gardenia jasminoides, 214 

1utea, 214 

Garlic, 158 

Garrya goldmanii, 85 

Gaultheria procumbens, 94 

shaHon. 94 

sp., 95 

Gaura coccinea, 189 

sinuata, 189 

Geigeria passerinoides, 67 

Geis s anthus andinus, 182 

Gelsemium sempervirens, 167 

Genipa americana. 214 

sp., 214 

Gentianaceae. 110 

Geoffrea superba, 143 

Geraniaceae. 110 

Geraniol, 112, 187 

Geranium, 110 

lemon, 110 

nutmeg, 110 

rose, 110 

Geranium eriostemon var. onoei, 110 

macu1atum, 110 

Geranyl acetate, 112 

Gerardia auriculata, 227 

£lava. 227 

paupercu1a, 227 

pedicularia, 2.27 

Gerbera. 67 

Gerberia jamesonii. 67 

Germander, American, 125 

Gesnouinia arborea, 245 

Gigartinaceae. 2 

Gilia aggregata, 199 

capitata, 199 

densiflora var. sanctora, 199 

Gilibertia arborea, 28 

Gillenia stipulata, 211 

Ginger, wild. 30 

Ginkgo, III 

Ginkgo biloba, III 

Ginkgoaceae, III 

Ginoria americana, 169 

Gladiolus sp., 118 

Glaux maritima, 203 

G1ecoma hederacea, 120 

Gleditsia amorphoides, 143 

aquatica, 143 

fera, 143 

hCi"ri-ida. 143 

sinensis, 143

Gleditsia--continued 

triacanthos, 143 

Gliricidia sepium, 143 

Globularia arabica, III 

salicina, III 

Globulariaceae, III 

Glottidiwn vesicariwn, 144 

Glucoside, 22 

Glycerides, 13 

Glycine soja, 144 

Glycyrrhiza glabra, 144 

lepidota, 144 

Gmelina leichhardtii, 247 

Gmelinol, 247 

Gnaphalium leucocephalum, 67 

obtusifolium, 68 

sp., 68 

Gnetaceae. 111 

Gnetum scandens, III 

Gomortega nitida, 111 

Gomortegaceae, III 

Gonioma kamas s i. 1 8 

Gonolobus gonocarpos. 32 

laevis, 32 

Gonzalagunia panamensis, 214 

Goodyera pubescens. 190 

Gordonia lasianthus. 238 

Gas sypios permum praecox, 107 

Gos sypiurn herbaceum, 172 

hirsutum, 172 

Goupia glabra. 46 

Gourd. 88 

buffalo, 88 

Gourliea spinosa, 144 

Grains-oi-paradise. 249 

Gramineae, III 

Grape, 249 

Gratio1a neglecta, 227 

Grayia spinos a, 45 

Greasewood, 250 

Greenheart. Demerara, 126 

Grevillea robusta. 203 

Grewia asiatica, 241 

Grindelia boliviana, 68 

nana, 68 

perennis, 68 

robusta, 68 

sp., 68 

squarrosa. 68 

tarapaeana, 68 

Ground-cherry, smooth, 233 

G roundnut, 131 

Guaco, 74 

Guadua latifolia, 112 

Guaio1. 195 

Guanacaste. 141 

Guarea rusbyi, 174 

sp., 174 

trichilioides, 174 

Guatteria sp .• 14 

Guayacan. 156 

279 

Guayava, 187 

Guayavillo de montana, 251 

Guazuma ulmifolia. 236 

Guevina avellana, 203 

Guiae, 250 

Guiaeum officinale, 250 

Guiera senegalensis, 53 

Gustavia augusta, 128 

Gutierrezia dracunculoides, 68 

iilifolia. 68 

microcephala. 68 

sarothrae. 68 

Gymanthes lucida, 101 

Gyminda 1atifo1ia. 46 

Gymnocarpium dryopteris. 5 

Gymnoc1adus dioica, 144 

Gymnosporia cassinoides, 46 

montana, 46 

senegalensis, 46 

Gynadropsis lehmanni, 42 

pentaphylla. 42 

Gynocardia odorata, 107 

Gynoxis buxifolia, 68 

Habe, 102 

Habranthus andersonii.. 10 

Hackelia floribunda, 37 

jessicae, 37 

Haedokuso, 193 

Haemanthus amarylloides, 10 

Haematoxylon brasilleto, 144 

campechianum, 144 

Haemodoraceae, 114 

Hagenia abyssinica. 211 

Ralesia carolina, 236 

sp., 2,36 

Halogeton glomeratus, 49 

sp., 49 

Haloragaceae, 114 

Haloxylon ammodendron. 49 

Hamalia patens, 214 

Hamamelidaceae, 114 

Hamamelis virginiana. 114 

Hannoa undu1ata, 230 

Haplophytine. 18 . 

Haplophyton cimicidum. 18 

Hardwickia mannii, 145 

Haronga madagascariensis, 11& 

Harpullia arborea, 2.22 

Hedeoma hispida, 12.0 

media, 120 

pulegiodes. 120 

Hedera helix, 28 

Hedychiurn coronarium, 249 

Hedyosmum arborescens. 50 

Hedysarum alpinum var. americanum, 145 

boreale, 145 

boreale var. utahense, 145 

Heerii mucronata. 11 

Heima myrtifolia, 169 

Heinsia pulchelia, 214 

He lenalin, 69

Hymenoxys - -continued 

richardsonii, 72 

Hypericaceae, 116 

Hype ricum cone innum, 116 

perforatum, 116 

Hypochaeris quitensis, 72 

sp., 72 

Hypocreaceae, 2 

Hypoxis decumbens, 10 

Hyptiodaphne eras sifolia, 240 

Hyptis emoryi, 120 

peetinata, 120 

radiata, 121 

rhytidea. 121 

suaveolens, 121 

Hyssop, 121 

Hyssopus ofiicinalis, 121 

Ibatia maritima, 32 

Ibervi11ea lindheimeri, 89 

Ieacinaceae, 117 

Ichthyomethia grandifolia. 151 

pisci.pula. 151 

Ichthyothere rufa. 72 

terminalis, 72 

lciea tacamahaca, 39 

Ilex coriacea, 23 

glabra. 23 

paraguariens is. 23 

verticillata. 24 

Ulecebraceae, 117 

Illicium floridanum, 169 

verum, 169 

Ilysanthes antipoda, 22.7 

Imbauba, 1"78 

Impatiens biflora, 33 

capensis, 33 

Imperatoria ostruthium. 244 

Inciens 0, 63 

Indigo, false, 130 

wild, 132 

Indigofera anil, 145 

caroliniana, 145 

endecaphylla, 145 

lindheimeriana, 145 

suffruticosa, 145 


Inga vera, 145 

Intisy. 100 

Inuia conyza, 72 

graveolens, 72. 

helenium. 72. 

Iodina rhombifolia, 221 

Ipecac, 213 

.!£omoea crassicaulis, 84 

fistulosa., 84 

jalapa, 84 

rnuricata, 84 

nil, 84 

purga, 84 

_9,uamoclit. 85 

Iresine sp., 9 

281 

Iriartea exorrhiza, 193 

lridaceae, 118 

Iris florentina, 118 

setosa, 118 

sp., 118 

verna, 118 

Ironwood, black. 209 

Isobutylw4,6-decadienarnide, 7'1 

-2.4,8-dodecatrienamide, Z 19 

-2.4,8,10-dodecatetraenamide, 219 

Isocarpha oppositifolia, 72 

Isoetaceae, 3 

Isoetes dodgei, 3 

l'iparia var. canadensis, 3 

Isoeugenol, 14 

Isomeris arborea, 42 

Isoolivil,189 

Isopyrum stoloniferum. 208 

Isosesamin, 192 

Isotoxna longiflora, 166 

!tea virginica, 225 

Iva axillaris, 72 

frutescens. 72 

xanthifolia, 72 

I:x:anthus viscosus, 11 0 

Jaborandi, 218 , 

Jaborosa runcinata, 232 

Jacapa, 22 

Jacaranda brasiliana. 35 

filicifolia, 35 

J ackbean, 134 

J aco binla 5 picigera. 6 

J acquemontia tamnifolia, 84- 

Jacquinia aculeata, 238 

aristata. 239 

aurantiaca, 239 

barbas co, 239 

keyensis, 239 

pungens, 239 

sp., 239 

Jalap, 84- 

Jamesia americana, ZZ5 

Jasminum mauritianl.lm, 189 

Jateorrhiza palmata, 176 

Jatropha angustidens, 102 

curcas, 102 

gos sypifo Ua, 10 Z 

macl'ol'hfza, 102 

oligandra. 103 

podagrica, 103 

Jeffersonia diphylla. 33 

Jepsonia parryi, 225 

J equirity, 128 

J ervine, 165 

Joannesia princeps, 103 

Johnson-grass, 113 

Juglandaceae, 118 

Juglans cinerea, 119 

nigra, 119 

Juncaceae, 119 

Juncaginaceae, 119

Juneus effusus. 119 

Juniperus oxycedrus, 195 

sabina, 195 


Jus siaea ealifornica, 189 

Justicia gendarussa, 6 

Kalanchoe, 86 

Kalanchoe daigremontiana, 86 

Kalmia angustifolia, 95 

latifolia, 95 

microphylla, 95 

Kamala, 103 

Kanomai, 93 

Karwinskia sp .• 209 

Kassod-tree, 136 

Kennedya procurrens, 145 

Kentucky-bluegrass, 113 

Kerria japonica, 211 

Khaya ivorensis, 174 

Khus -khus, 113 

Kida-mari, 2.9 

Kleinhovia haspita, 236 

Kochia littorea, 49 

sp., 50 

vestita, 49 

Koe1l' euteria, 222 

Koelreuteria paniculata, 222 

paniculata var. apiculata, 222 

Kokoona zey1anica, 46 

Kosteletzkya virginica, 172 

Kousso, 211 

Krameria grayi, 119 

sp., 119 

triandra, 119 

Krameriaceae, 119 

Krugiodendron ferreum, 209 

Kuhnia eupatorioides var. corymbu1osa, 73 

jacobaea, 73 

Kyllinga odorata, 90 

Labiatae, 119 

La bo rdia tinifo lia, 167 

LabuJ:num anagyroide s, 145 

sp., 146 

Lachnostorna arizonicum, 32 

Lacnanthes tinr;toria, 114 

Lactuca virosa, 73 

Ladenbergia magnifolia, 214 

Laetia ca1ophylla, 107 

Lagenandra ovata, 26 

toxlcaria, 26 

Lagers troemia specios a, 169 

Laguncularia racemosa, 53 

Lambkill, 95 

Lamium amplexicau1e. 121 

Lamourouxia virgata, 2.27 

Lanan, red, 93 

Lang-tu, 240 

Lannea amaniensis. 11 

Lantana horrida, 247 

Laportia canadensis, 245 

Lappu1a jessicae, 37 

282 

Larch. 196 

Lardizabalaceae, 125 

Larix oc cidentalis, 196 

Larkspur, 207, 208 

tall, 207 

Larrea tridentata, 250 

Lasia hetero_phylla, 26 

Lasiosiphon burchellii, 240 

Lasiospermum radiatum, 73 

Lathyrus japonicus, 146 

1atifolius, 146 

maritimus. 146 

ochroleucus I 146 

pa1ustris. 146 

sy1vestrls, 146 

Latua pubiflora. 232. 

Latus corniculatus, 146 

Laugeria resinosa, 214 

Lauraceae, 125 

Laurel. 126 

cherry. 211 

sheep, 95 

wild, 237 

Laurel geo, 126 

Laurelia sempervirens, 177 

Laurocerasus officinalis, 211 

Laurus nobilis, 126 

Lavandu1a sp., 121 

spica, 121 

vera, 121 

La.Ven-der, spike, 121 

true, 121 

Lawsonia inermis, 169 

Lecanora rubina, 3 

Lecanoraceae, 3 

Lecheguilla, 9 

Lecythidaceae, 127 

Lecythis tuyrana. 128 

Ledum glandu1osum, 95 

groenlandicum. 95 

Leguminosae, 128 

Leitneria floridana, 128 

Leitneriaceae. 128 

Lemon, 216 

Lemon-grass. 112 

Lengua gorda, 151 

Lenteja boccona, 252 

Lentibulariaceae, 158 

Leonotis leonurus, 1 Z 1 

nepetaefo lia, 121 

Leonurus sibiricus, 121 

Lepidagathis alopecuroide 5, 6 

Lepidium campestre, 87 

virginicum, 87 

Lepiota procera, 2 

Lepisorus ussuriensis, 5 

Leptilon canadense, 64 

dlvaricatum, 64 

Leptoderris fasciculata, 146 

Leptoglottis chapmanii, 154 

microphylla, 154

Olibanum-tears. 38 

Olive, black, 238 

Omphalea diandra. 103 

oleifera, 103 

triandra, 103 

trichotoma, 103 

Onagraceae, 189 

Oncoba echinata, 107 

spinosa, 107 

Onion, 158 

Operculina tuberosa, 85 

turpethurn, 85 

Ophryosporus eleutherantherus, 74 

Orange, 216 

osage, 179 

Orchidaceae, 190 

Ordeal-bean, 17 

Oreobroma cotyledon, 202 

Origanum majorana, 122 

Orixa japonica, 218 

Ormosiopsis £lava, 149 

Ornithogallum umbellatum, 161 

Orobanchaceae, 190 

Orontium aguaticum, 26 

Orris, Florentine, 118 

Orthocal'pus 1uteus, 228 

purpurascens. 228 

Orthodon grosses erratum, 123 

Osbeckia crinita, 173 

Osmanthus americana, 189 

Osmorhiza aristata, 244 

Osmunda claytoniana, 3 

Osmundaceae, 3 

Ostrioderris stuhlmannii, 149 

Oayris arborea. 221 

wightiana, ZZ 1 

Ougeinia dalbergioides, 149 

Ourouparia gambir. 216 

Ovidia pilla-pillo, 240 

Oxalidaceae, 190 

Oxalis amara, 190 

corniculata. 190 

europaea f. cymosa, 190 

Oxandra lanceolata. 14 

Oxeye. 70 

Ox-head, cut, 201 

Oxybaphus linearis, 187 

Oxycoccus guadripetalus, 97 

Oxypolis rigidior, 244 

Oxytenia acerosa, 74 

Pachycereus marginatus, 40 

Pachygone ovata, 177 

Pachylobus'edulis, 39 

Pachyrrhizine, 149 

Pachyrrhizus ahipa, 150 

angu1atus, 149 

erosus, 149, 150 

palmatilobus, 150 

spp., 150 

tuberosus, 150 

287 

Pachysandra procumbens, 39 

te rminalis, 39 

Pachystima canbyi, 47 

Padus 1aurocerasus, 211 

racemosa, 211 

vulgaris, 211 

Paederia foetida, 214 

Paeonia brownii, 208 

Paipu,235 

Pa1aquium sp., 224 

Pa1as, 133 

Palicouria guianensis, 215 

marcgravii, 215 

riparia, 215 

Pallar chuncho, 134 

Palm, royal, 193 

Pa1mae, 192 

Pandanaceae. 190 

Pandanus sp.. 190 

Panopsis yolombo, 203 

Papaver sp., 191 

Papaveraceae, 190 

Papaya, 43 

Papaya vulgaris, 43 

Parathesis s erru1ata, 183 

Parinarium sp., 211 

Paris tetraphylla, 161 

verticilleata. 161 

Parkia nitida, 150 

Parmelia perforata, 4 

Pa rmeliaceae. 4 

Parnassia asarifolia, 225 

Paronychia rnicroKhylla, 118 

sessiliflora, 11 

Parrotia persica, 114 

Parsley. 244 

Parsnip. wild, 242 

Parthenium hispidum, 74 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 249 

Passiflora caerulea, 191 

incarnata, 191 

quadrangularis, 191 

Passifloraceae, 191 

Patchouly. 123 

Pate, 29 

Patipat, 183 

Paullinia ius cescens. 222 

E_innata, 222 


Pawpaw, 14 

Pea, rosary. 128 

Peach, 212 

Peacock-flower, 139 

Peanut, 131 

Pectis capil1aris, 74 

papposa, 75 

Pedaliaceae,192 

Pedicularis groenlandica, 228 

1anceolata, 228 

paysoniana, 228

Poinciana, roy-aI, 139 

Potretta tetraEhylla, 153 

Poke. 194 

Polemoniaceae, 199 

Polemoniurn caeruleum, 200 

Polyalthia suberosa, 14 

Polyanthes sp., 11 

Polycarpon tet:r:aphyllum, 43 

Polygala pauciiolia, 200 

Polygalaceae, 200 

Polygonaceae, 200 

Polygonaturn biflorum, 161 

canaliculatum, 161 

japonicum. 161 

Polygonum acre, 201 

auberti, 200 

aviculare, 200 

caespitosum var. longisetum, ZOO 

his pi durn , ZOO 

hydropiper, 201 

incarnatum, 201 

lapathifolium, 201 

l'lodosum. 201 

:eerfoHaturn. 201 

punctaturn, 201 

sp., 201 

Polypodiaceae, 4 

Polypodium angustifolium, 5 

neriifoliwn, 5 

sp •• 5 

Polyporaceae. 5 

Pol ypo rus offl cin ali s , 5 

Polypremum procumbens. 167 

Polystichum refroso-paleaceum, 5 

Po:megranate, 204 

Pongamia pinnata, 153 

Pontederia cordata, 202 

Pontederiaceae, 202 

Poplar, 220 

black, 220 

yellow. 169 

Poppy, 191 

Populus candicans, 220 

nigra, 220 

tremuloides, 220 

Porophyllum gracile, 76 

macrocephalum, 76 

l'uderale, 76 

Portulaca lanuginosa, 202 

Portulacaceae, 202 

Potalia amara, 168 

Potato, 235 

wild, 233, 234 

Pothomorphe peltata, 198 

Pouteria demerarae, 224 

Frangos pabularia. 244 

Premna, fragrant, 247 

Pl:'emna odorata, 247 

Pl:'enanthes altissima, 76 

Pl:'ester-john, 25 

290 

Prestonia agglutinata, 21 

mollis, 21 

Primula farinosa. 203 

obconica, 203 

Primulaceae, 202 

Pringamoza, 252 

Prionopsis ciliata, 55 

Prioria copaifera, 153 

Pristimera ce1astroides, 115 

Priva larpulacea, 247 

Proserplnaca pectinata, 114 

Prosopis juliflora, 153 

juliflora var. velutina, 153 

kuntzei, 153, 

stephaniana, 153 

Proteaceae, 203 

Protium decandrum, 39 

heptaphylluro., 39 

sp., 39 

Proustia pyrifolia, 76 

Prunus ame ricana, 211 

amygdalus, 211 

buergeriana, 211 

grayana, 211 

japonica, 211 

laurocerasus, 211 

maackii, 211 

padua, 211 

perslca, 212 

serotina, 212 

Psathyrotes annua, 76 

Pseudojervine, 165 

Ps eudotsuga taxifolia, 197 

Ps iadia trine rvia, 76 

Psidium guayava, 187 

Psilocaulon absimile, 8 

Psilostrophe cooperi, 76 

gnaphalodes, 76 

tagetina, 76 

Ps ittacanthus cuneifolius, 168 

Psoralea glandulosa, 153 

lanceolata, 153 

onobrychis, 153 

tenuiflora, 153 

Ps orospermum febrifugurn, 117 

Psychotria suterella. 215 

Ptaeroxylon utile, 175 

Ptelea trifoliata, 218 

Pteralyxia macrocarpa, 21 

Pteridium aquilinium var. 

latiusculUIn, 5 

caudaturn, 5 

latiusculum, 5 

Pterocarpus indicus, 153 

Pterocarya stenoptera, 119 

Pterocaulon polystachyum. 76 

pycnostachyum. 76 

undulaturn, 76 

Pterocephalus dumetorurn, 92 

pterodon pubescens, 153

Rhus--continued 

---gfabra. 1:2 

natalensis. 12 

Rhyncosia sp., 154 

texana. 154 

Ribes cereum, 225 

glandulosum, 226 

nigrum., 226 

Ricin, 104, 105 

Ricinine. 104, 105 

Ricinus communis, 104 

Riddellia archnoidea, 76 

Rinorea £laves cens, 248 

Rivea corymbosa, 85 

Ri vine a humilis. 194 

Robinia hispida, 154 

pseudoacacia, 154 

viscosa. 154 

Roble. 106 

Rollinia exsucca, 14 

Romneya coul te ri, 191 

Roripa nasturtium.-aquaticum, 87 

Rosa sp., 212 

Rosaceae, 210 

Rosemary, 124 

Rosewood, Brazilian, 126 

Rosilla, 69 

Rosilla-de-puebla, 69 

Rosinweed, 79 

Rosmarinus. officinalis, 124 

Rotenoids. 130, 217 

Rotenone, 130, 149, 152 

Roupala adiantifolia, 203 

Rourea erecta, 83 

glabra. 83 

orientalis, 83 

surinamensis, 84 

Royena sp., 93 

Roystonea borinquena, 193 

Rubber, 101, 179 

Rubberweed, bitter, 72 

Rubia tinctorUln, 215 

Rubiaceae, 212 

Rubus japonicus, 212 

sp., 212 

Rudbeckia amplexicaulis. 77 

hirta, 77 

Iaclii'iata. 77 

occidentalis. 77 

Rue, 218 

Ruellia ciliosa, 7 

tuberosa, 7 

Rum, bay, 187 

Rumex: acetosella, 201 

crispus, 201 

obtusifolius. 201 

Runyonia sp., 11 

Ruprechtia coriacea, 201 

sp., 201 

viraru, 201 

Rush. horsetail, Z 

sweet, 24 

292 

Ruta chalapensis, 218 

gra veolens, 218 

Rutaceae. 216 

Ryania angustifoUa, 107 

pyrifera, 107 

sp., 108 

speciosa, 107 

speciosa var. stipularis, 108 

speciosa var. subuliilora, 108 

speciosa var. tomentosa, 108 

Ryanadine, 107, 108 

Rydbergia grandiflora, 71 

Sabadilla, 162 

Sabadilla of£icinarum, 162 

Sabiaceae, 220 

Sabinea punicea, 154 

Saccaglattis gabonensis, 115 

Sacsaul, 49 

Saffron, meadow, 159 

Safrole, 126,177,220 

Sage, 57, 124 

Sagebrush. 57 

Sagitta ria latifolia, 8 

Salazaria mexicana, 124 

Salicaceae, 220 

Salicornia ambigua, 50 

rubra, 50 

SaITXCili1ensis, 220 

nigra, 220 

sp •• 220 

Salmea s candens, 77 

Salpichroa origanifolia, 233 

Salsola kali, 50 

kali yare tenuifolia, 50 

p;;i:ifer, 50 

Salvadora persica, 220 

Salvadoraceae, 220 

Salvia carnosa var. pilosa, 124 

mellife ra. 124 

officinal is, 124 

plebeia, 124 

reflexa, 124 

sc1area, 124 

Sarnadera indica. 231 

Samanea saman, 154 

Sambucus canadensis, 42. 43 

cae rulea, 42 

nigra, 42 

pubens, 42 

sp., 43 

Samolus floribundus. 203 

Samyda pubescens, 108 

spinulosa, 108 

Sandalbox, 180 

Sandalwood, 220, 221 

Sandbox, 102 

Sanguinaria canadensis, 191 

Sanguisorbia canadensis, 212 

"minor. 212 

offi cinali s, 21.2 

Sansevieria thyrsiilora, 162 

Sanshool-!, 219

Silphium asperrimum, 79 

laciniatUIn, 79 

Silverballs) 126 

Silvia itauba, 229 

Silybum marianum, 79 

Simaba cedron, 231 

multiflora, 231 

Simaroubaceae, 229 

Simaruba amara, 231 

glauca, 231 . 

Simm.andsia californica, 40 

chinensis, 40 

Sinaca, 252 

Sinapis alba, 86 

Sinihuite, 252 

Siparuna guianensis, 177 

nicaraguensis, 177 

riparia, 178 

Siris, white, 177 

Sisymbriurn officina1e, 87 

Sisyrinchium angustifoliutn, 118 

junceum, 118 

sp., liB 

SHani-on hystrix, 113 

Sium suave, 245 

Skimmia japonica var. rugosa, 218 

laureola, 218 

Sloanea berteriana, 241 

Smartweed, water, 201 

Smeathmannia pubescens, 192 

Smilacina racemosa, 163 

Smilax herbacea, 163 

ornata, 163 

sieboldi, 163 

sp., 163 

syphilitic a, 163 

Smoke-tree, 11 

Snakeproof-grass, 113 

Snaker oot, 30 

white, 66 

Snakewood, Surinam, 152 

Sneezeweed, 69 

Soaproot, 159 

Socratea exorrhiza, 193 

Soja max, 144 

Solanaceae, 231 

Solandra longiflora, 233 

Solanine, 235 

Solanine T, 235 

Solanum ballsii, 233 

chacoense, 233 

ciliatum. 233 

crispum var. ligustrinum, 234 

demissum, 234 

glaucum, 234 

guanicense, 2.34 

leucocarpon, 234 

lycopersicon, 232 

malacoxylon, 234 

mamosum, 234 

nigrum., 234 

pampasense. 234 

294 

Solanum- -continued 

polyadenium, 234 

sp., 235 

sucrense, 234 

torreyi, 234 

triflorwn, 235 

tuberosum, 233, 235 

verbascifoliuzn, 235 

Solidago microglossa. 79 

() ccidentalis, 79 

adora, 79 

So:IlCi:i:U'S ole raceus, 79 

Sop, sour, 13 

Sophora affinis, 154 

angustHoHa, 155 

navescens, 155 

japonica. 155 

ma:croCarpa, 155 

secundiflora, 155 

sericea, 155 

tetraptera, 155 


Sorghum ha1epense, 113 

sudanense. 113 

vulgare, 113 

Southe rnwood, 56 

Soybean, 144 

Spanish-dagger, 165 

Spargani.aceae, 235 

Sparganium eurycarpum, 235 

Sparganophorus vaillantii, 80 

Spathiphyllum cuspidatum, 27 

Spathodea campanulata, 35 

Spatholobus roxburgkii, 155 

Spearmint, 122 

Spergula arvensis, 44 

Spergularia macratheca, 44 

marina, 44 

Spermatophytes, 6 

Sphaeralcea coccinea, 172 

Sphaeranthus africanus, 79 

indicus, 79 

Sphenos ciadum capitellatum 

var. s cabrwn, 245 

Spigelia anthelmia, 168 

humboldtiana, 168 

marilandica, 168 

Spilanthes acmella, 79 

americana var. repens, 79 

o cymifolia , 80 

oleracea, 80 

repens, 79 

sp., 80 

Spilanthol, 79, 80 

Spi.nach, New Zealand, 8 

Spindle, 45 

Spiraea nipponica, 212 

Spondianthus ugandensis, 105 

Spondias lutea, 12 

mombin, 12. 

Spra-Kast, 105

Zephyranthes sp •• 11 

Zieria smithii. 2.2.0 

Zigadenus angus tifoliu s • 166 

glaucus, 166 

paniculatus. 166 

sp., 166 

Zinaibe r officinale. 250 

Zingiberaceae. 249 

Zinnia grandiflora. 83 

pumila, 83 

299 

Zinnia, prairie. 83 

Zizipho1:'a clinopodioides. 125 

Zizyphus joazeiro, 210 

Zolle rnia paraensis, 158 

Zorilla, 253 

Zornia diphylla, 158 

Zuelania guidonia. 109 

Zygophyllaceae I 250 

Zygophyllum fabago, 250 

f,U. s. GOVERNME1'I1' PrtIN'l:lNG OFFICE: 1958 0 - 479046

rom AR,EVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, 1941- 1953

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