The potential toxicity of Australian weeds to goats

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GOMPHOCARPUS SPP Alternative Name: Cotton bush, balloon cotton, bladder cotton bush narrow-leaf cotton bush, duck bush Toxicity to Goats: Toxic, moderate risk Toxicity to Other Species: Cattle, sheep, horse, donkey and pigs Palatability: Not known to be eaten Poisonous Principle: Cardiac glycocides, notably the cardenolide gofruside Effects: Signs and symptoms; Depression, diarrhoea, slow irregular heart beat and eventually heart block. Health and production problems; Rapid death in some cases, but little effect in others. Integrated Control Strategy: Hand pull before flowering, and remove as much of the root as possible, to prevent suckering. Wick wipe with herbicide Group I. Comments: Ruminants, such as the goat, are much more tolerant of this type of plant than horses and donkeys. Plants of this genus are only eaten during droughts. An erect, slender, perennial plant, up to 2 metres high, exuding latex when damaged. The root is very aromatic when crushed. Leaves are narrow and dull green, flowers are creamy white, small and bell-shaped, and the fruits are inflated pods covered with soft bristles. The mature fruits taper to a pointed beak and hang on a curved stem. This plant occurs in all mainland states, in wasteland, roadsides, pastures and wooded areas. Originally it was a garden plant, and now an escapee. 43 It reduces grazing capacity, and maybe is the cause of deaths of sheep and cattle in NSW. The acrid latex makes it very unpalatable to grazing animals in a fresh state. It can be toxic in hay or chaff. No 35 or 36 Gomphocarpus spp AULD & MEDD © The State of New South Wales NSW Agriculture 1999
HELIOTROPIUM AMPLEXICAULE Alternative Name: Blue heliotrope, purple top, wild verbena Toxicity to Goats: Toxic, moderate risk Toxicity to Other Species: Toxic to horses, pigs, cattle and to a lesser extent sheep Palatability: Seldom eaten Poisonous Principle: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids Effects: Signs and symptoms; Sometimes chronic weight loss, or sometimes acute jaundice with or without photosensitization, or sometimes sudden death with no other signs. Health and production problems; Chronic ingestion of this plant may lead to significant liver damage and subsequent reduced long term productivity. Chronically damaged livers in some ruminants are inclined to accumulate excessive amounts of copper which can ultimately be released and kill the animal in the process. Integrated Control Strategy: Spring cultivation to kill the seedlings, and herbicides at other times. (Group C) Pasture improvement with perennials. This is a declared “Noxious Weed” in parts of NSW. Comments: Goats and sheep may tolerate many months of ingestion, but eventually risk being poisoned if the plant has been eaten in significant amounts for more than one season. By this stage some animals may start to loose weight and become ill thrifty and others, which appear to be in 44 very good condition may suddenly become jaundiced or die. A hairy, prostrate, perennial forb with many branched stems. Summer growing, and reproducing from seed and root buds, it dies back in winter and regrows from the tap root or seeds in spring. The leaves give off an offensive odour when crushed. Blue heliotrope has purple or lilac flowers with yellow centres, in spring and autumn. Found mainly along roadsides, in fallows, degraded pastures and a variety of soil types. Does not compete well with pastures in summer. Grows in the central and northern districts of NSW. Livestock tend to avoid the plant and it is rarely grazed. Young animals appear to be more susceptible to the toxins. No 04631 Heliotropium amplexicaule NSW AGRICULTURE
Page 1 and 2: 1 The palatability, and potential t
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Page Preface i A comment o
Page 5 and 6: A Comment on Weed Control ii This p
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements iv The response to
Page 9 and 10: Botanical name Botanical name Cinna
Page 11 and 12: Botanical name Botanical name Scler
Page 13 and 14: ACACIA GLAUCESCENS Alternative Name
Page 15 and 16: ADONIS MICROCARPA Alternative Name:
Page 17 and 18: AMSINCKIA SPP Alternative Name: Iro
Page 19 and 20: ATROPA BELLADONNA Alternative Name:
Page 21 and 22: CAESALPINIA SPP Alternative Name: B
Page 23 and 24: CASSIA ARTEMISIOIDES Alternative Na
Page 25 and 26: CASSIA EREMOPHILA Alternative Name:
Page 27 and 28: CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS Alternative Nam
Page 29 and 30: CESTRUM SPP Alternative Name: Green
Page 31 and 32: CONIUM MACULATUM Alternative Name:
Page 33 and 34: CONVALLARIA MAJALIS Alternative Nam
Page 35 and 36: CRYPTOSTEGIA GRANDIFLORA Alternativ
Page 37 and 38: DATURA STRAMONIUM Alternative Name:
Page 39 and 40: DIEFFENBACHIA SPP Alternative Name:
Page 41 and 42: DUBOISIA HOPWOODII Alternative Name
Page 43 and 44: ECHIUM PLANTAGINEUM Alternative Nam
Page 45 and 46: ERYTHROPHLEUM SPP Alternative Name:
Page 47 and 48: GASTROLOBIUM SPP Alternative Name:
Page 49: GLORIOSA SUPERBA Alternative Name:
Page 53 and 54: HELLEBORUS NIGER Alternative Name:
Page 55 and 56: HOMERIA SPP Alternative Name: Cape
Page 57 and 58: HYPERICUM PERFORATUM Alternative Na
Page 59 and 60: HYPERICUM TRIQUETRIFOLIUM Alternati
Page 61 and 62: IXIOLAENA BREVICOMPTA Alternative N
Page 63 and 64: LANTANA CAMARA Alternative Name: La
Page 65 and 66: LEUCAENA SPP Alternative Name: Leuc
Page 67 and 68: MACROZAMIA SPP (Bowenia spp and Cyc
Page 69 and 70: MYOPORUM ACUMINATUM Alternative Nam
Page 71 and 72: NERIUM OLEANDER Alternative Name: O
Page 73 and 74: PERSEA AMERICANA Alternative Name:
Page 75 and 76: PRUNUS SPP Alternative Name: Aprico
Page 77 and 78: RHODODENDRON SPP Alternative Name:
Page 79 and 80: SENECIO JACOBAEA Alternative Name:
Page 81 and 82: SENECIO PTEROPHORUS Alternative Nam
Page 83 and 84: SENECIO VULGARIS Alternative Name:
Page 85 and 86: SOLANUM NIGRUM Alternative Name: Bl
Page 87 and 88: STACHYS ARVENSIS Alternative Name:
Page 89 and 90: SWAINSONA SPP Alternative Name: Dar
Page 91 and 92: THEVETIA PERUVIANA Alternative Name
Page 93 and 94: TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS Alternative Nam
Page 95 and 96: XANTHIUM SPINOSUM Alternative Name:
Page 97 and 98: AESCULUS SPP Alternative Name: Hors
Page 99 and 100: ALOCASIA MACRORRHIZA Alternative Na
Page 101 and 102:
ANTHEMIS COTULA Alternative Name: C
Page 103 and 104:
ATALAYA HEMIGLAUCA Alternative Name
Page 105 and 106:
BRACHYCHITON POPULNEUS Alternative
Page 107 and 108:
No. 219 Aesculus spp CORNELL UNIVER
Page 109 and 110:
CARDARIA DRABA Alternative Name: Ho
Page 111 and 112:
CHENOPODIUM SPP Alternative Name: F
Page 113 and 114:
CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS (C. vulgaris)
Page 115 and 116:
EMEX AUSTRALIS Alternative Name: Sp
Page 117 and 118:
GNAPHALIUM SPP Alternative Name: Cu
Page 119 and 120:
No. 218 Baccharis halimifolia UNIVE
Page 121 and 122:
LIGUSTRUM SINENSE Alternative Name:
Page 123 and 124:
MELIA AZEDARACH Alternative Name: W
Page 125 and 126:
PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM Alternative Name
Page 127 and 128:
PHALARIS SPP Alternative Name: Phal
Page 129 and 130:
PORTULACA OLERACEA Alternative Name
Page 131 and 132:
RESEDA SPP Alternative Name: Wild m
Page 133 and 134:
SALSOLA KALI Alternative Name: Soft
Page 135 and 136:
SILYBUM MARIANUM Alternative Name:
Page 137 and 138:
SOLANUM LACINIATUM Alternative Name
Page 139 and 140:
SOLANUM TORVUM Alternative Name: De
Page 141 and 142:
No. 2467 Cenchrus spp NSW AGRICULTU
Page 143 and 144:
ZANTEDESCHIA AETHIOPICA Alternative
Page 145 and 146:
138 The palatability* of weeds (not
Page 147 and 148:
140 Botanical name Botanical name H
Page 149 and 150:
142 The botanical name for weeds li
Page 151 and 152:
Common Name Botanical Name great br
Page 153 and 154:
Common Name Botanical Name tobacco
Page 155 and 156:
Botanical Name Common Name Centaure
Page 157 and 158:
Botanical Name Common Name Romulea
Page 159 and 160:
FURTHER READING 152 Allan, C.J. and
Page 161 and 162:
INDEX Acacia georginae 5 Acacia gla
Page 163:
sorrel 125 soursob 117 sowthistle 1
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The potential toxicity of Australian weeds to goats

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