Figure 12. Experimental solubility values adjusted with Eq. 2: ○, [C1mim][Tf2N]; , [C4mim][PF6]; ×, [C2mim][Tf2N] 35 ; , [C3mim][Tf2N] 35 ; , [C2C2mim][Tf2N]; , [C4mim][Tf2N] 35 ; –, [C4C1mim][Tf2N]; +, [C5mim][Tf2N] 35 . ............................................ 22 Figure 13. Predicted values and experimental data: , Solubility of water in ILs; , Solubility of ILs in water. ................................................................................................... 30 Figure 14. Chemical structure of L-tryptophan. .................................................................. 36 Figure 15. Chemical structure of the ILs studied: (i) [C1mim][Cl]; (ii) [C2mim][Cl]; (iii) [C4mim][Cl]; (iv) [C6mim][Cl]; (v) [C7H7mim][Cl]; (vi) [amim][Cl]; (vii) [OHC2mim][Cl]; (viii) [im][Cl]; (ix) [C1im][Cl]; (x) [C2im][Cl]; (xi) [C2mim][CF3SO3]; (xii) [C2mim][CH3SO3]; (xiii) [C2mim][Br]; (xiv) [C2mim][MeSO4]; (xv) [C2mim][EtSO4]; (xvi) [C2mim][CH3CO2] ; (xvii) [C4mim][HSO4]; (xviii) [C4mim][TFA]; (xix) [C4mim][N(CN)2]; (xx) [C4mim][Br]; (xxi) [C4mim][CF3SO3]; (xxii) [C4mim][CH3SO3]; (xxiii) [C4mim][CH3CO2]. .................................................................. 38 Figure 16. Experimental determination of the binodal curve for the aqueous systems IL- K3PO4: a) addition of K3PO4 for the cloud point detection; b) addition of water for the clean point detection. ........................................................................................................... 39 Figure 17. Experimental determination of the TLs ............................................................. 39 Figure 18. Phase diagram for the di-substituted imidazolium-based ternary systems <strong>com</strong>posed by IL + K3PO4 + H2O at 298 K: , [C1mim][Cl]; ■, [C2mim][Cl]; □, [C4mim][Cl]; , [C6mim][Cl]; +, [C7H7mim][Cl]; ◊, [amim][Cl]; ▲, [OHC2mim][Cl]. ... 42 Figure 19. Phase diagram for the un- and mono-substituted imidazolium-based ternary systems <strong>com</strong>posed by IL + K3PO4 + H2O at 298 K: ○, [im][Cl]; ▬ , [C1im][Cl] and Δ, [C2im][Cl]. ........................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 20. Phase diagram for the un-, mono- and di-substituted imidazolium-based ternary systems <strong>com</strong>posed by IL + K3PO4 + H2O at 298 K: ○, [im][Cl]; ▬ , [C1im][Cl] and Δ, [C2im][Cl]; , [C1mim][Cl]; ■, [C2mim][Cl]; □, [C4mim][Cl]; , [C6mim][Cl]; +, [C7H7mim][Cl]; ◊, [amim][Cl]; ▲, [OHC2mim][Cl]. ......................................................... 44 Figure 21. Phase diagrams for [C2mim]-based ternary systems <strong>com</strong>posed by IL + K3PO4 + H2O at 298 K: , [C2mim][CF3SO3]; ▲, [C2mim][EtSO4]; +, [C2mim][CH3CO2]; □, [C2mim][MeSO4]; ×, [C2mim][Br]; ▬ , [C2mim][Cl]; ○, [C2mim][CH3SO3]. ..................... 45 Figure 22. Phase diagrams for [C4mim]-based ternary systems <strong>com</strong>posed by IL + K3PO4 + H2O at 298 K: , [C4mim][CF3SO3]; , [C4mim][N(CN)2]; □, [C4mim][HSO4];▲, X
[C4mim][TFA]; ×, [C4mim][Br]; ○, [C4mim][CH3SO3]; ▬ , [C4mim][Cl]; [C4mim][CH3CO2]. .............................................................................................................. 46 Figure 23. Phase diagram for the [C4mim][Cl] + K3PO4 + water ternary system at 298 K: ■, binodal curve data; ♦, TL data. ....................................................................................... 51 XI +,