a Guide to Management - USGS National Wetlands Research Center

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CONVERSION TABLE Metric to U.S. Customary lwurtip ly BY millimeters (rnrn) 0.03937 centimeters (cm) 0.3937 meters (m) 3.281 meters 0.5468 kilometers (km) 0.6214 kilometers 0.5396 square meters (m2) 10.76 square kilometers (km2) 0.3861 hectares (ha) 2.471 liters (1) 0.2642 cubic meters (m3) 35.31 cubic meters 0.00081 10 milligrams (mg) 0.00003527 grams (g) kilograms (kg) 0.03527 2.205 metric tons (t) 2205 .O metric tons 1.102 kilocalories (kcal) 3.968 Celsius degrees (O C) 1.8 (OC)+32 U.S. Customary to Metric inches 25.40 inches 2.54 feet (ft) 0.3048 fathoms 1.829 statute miles (mi) 1.609 nautical miles (nmi) 1.852 square feet (ft2) 0.0929 square miles (mi2) 2.590 acres 0.4047 gallons (gal)3 3.785 cubic feet (ft ) 0.02831 acre-feet 1233.0 ounces (oz) 28350.0 ounces 28.35 pounds (Ib) 0.4536 pounds 0.00045 short tons (ton) 0.9072 British thermal units (Btu) 0.2520 Fahrenheit degrees (O F) 0.5556 (O F - 32) To Obtain inches inches feet fathoms statute miles nautical miles square feet square miles acres gallons cubic feet acre-feet ounces ounces pounds pounds short tons British thermal units Fahrenheit degrees millimeters centimeters meters meters kilometers kilometers square meters square kilometers hectares liters cubic meters cubic meters milligrams grams kilograms metric tons metric tons kilocalories Celsius degrees
CONTENTS PREFACE ......................................................... iii CONVERSION TABLE .........................................*....... i v FIGURES ......................................................... vii TABLES .......................................................... i x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................. x CHAPTER 1 . INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 . ECOLOGY .............................................. 5 2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................ 5 2.2 FLORA AND FAUNA ..................................... 5 2.3 TYPES, TRANSITIONS, AND ADJACENT COMMUNITIES ........ 14 CHAPTER 3 . HISTORY OF USE ....................................... 18 3.1 PRE-COLUMBIAN HUNTING AND GATHERING ................. 18 3.2 CATTLE AND HOG RANCHING ............................. 18 3.3 EARLY FOREST PRODUCTS ............................... 20 . ......................... ........................................... ..................................... ................................... ...................................... ................................... CHAPTER 4 PRESENT USES AND ALTERATIONS 4.1 OWNERSHIP 4.2 LAND CONVERSION 4.3 TIMBER PRODUCTION 4.3.1 Techniques ................................... 4.3.2 Impacts 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 LIVESTOCK GRAZING HUNTING ............................................. DAMS AND DIVERSIONS ................................. WASTEWATER DISPOSAL ................................. 4.7.1 Storm Water Runoff ........................... 4.7.2 Power Plant Discharge ........................ 4.7.3 Wastewater Treatment ......................... NONCONSUMPTIVE USES ................................. POTENTIAL ALTERATIONS ............................... CHAPTER 5 . MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AND OPTIONS .................... 53 5.1 PLANNING ............................................ 53 5.2 TIMBER MANAGEMENT ................................... 54 5.2.1 Timber Harvesting ............................ 54 ..................... 5.2.2 Timber Stand Improvement 59 5.2.3 Regeneration ................................. 60 5.3 FIRE MANAGEMENT ..................................... 6 1
Page 2 and 3: t ,blzrnry Na'jonal Wetlands Resear
Page 4 and 5: f$c 3piniccs and rec~mendations exp
Page 8 and 9: 5.4 WATER MANAGEMENT . . . . . . .
Page 10 and 11: 28 Effects of forest thinning on th
Page 12 and 13: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to
Page 14 and 15: SAN FELASCO ORANGE LAKE SILVER SPRI
Page 16 and 17: sweetgum timber, with values reachi
Page 18 and 19: temperate-zone di stpi butions that
Page 20 and 21: Table 2. (Continued). Scientific na
Page 22 and 23: from numerous field trips and consu
Page 24 and 25: Species Table 3. Endangered or thre
Page 26 and 27: coast is particularly important for
Page 28 and 29: along creeks in flatwoods and sand-
Page 30 and 31: 3.4 PRE-COLUMBIAN HUNiiNG AND GATHE
Page 32 and 33: Figure 4. Hog pen in coastal hydric
Page 34 and 35: were heavily looted, and most of th
Page 36 and 37: 4.1 OWNERSHIP CHAPTER 4. PRESENT US
Page 38 and 39: Figure 8. Limerock pit in inland hy
Page 40 and 41: still proceeds in these areas and c
Page 42 and 43: Figure 11. An extensive clearcut of
Page 44 and 45: Figure 14. Bedding rows for pine se
Page 46 and 47: Figure 16. Two-year-old loblolly pi
Page 48 and 49: Table 7. Nutrient and sediment expo
Page 50 and 51: such as pine flatwoods, prairie, or
Page 52 and 53: . loo/: 90 0. virginiano Q. @ incon
Page 54 and 55: volume and will hold all the runoff
Page 56 and 57:
experiment, seed7 ing density was s
Page 58 and 59:
canoeing (on adjacent rivers and in
Page 60 and 61:
9 1940 1980 2020 2060 YEAR Figure 2
Page 62 and 63:
In prehistoric times, periodic fire
Page 64 and 65:
Figure 24. lnvasion of hydric hamnx
Page 66 and 67:
14. Is recreational use important a
Page 68 and 69:
the canopy, health, and straightnes
Page 70 and 71:
a1 though there is considerable var
Page 72 and 73:
oots to which it is root-grafted, b
Page 74 and 75:
cattle. Prescribed burns often are
Page 76 and 77:
eftluent wniie returnir~y Ii~e whta
Page 78 and 79:
- the mesic hammock upslope also ha
Page 80 and 81:
arred owl, flycatchers, tufted titm
Page 82 and 83:
Figure 29. Debris pile on a hydric
Page 84 and 85:
. -.... 1 IYGL), wi~iit~ iire an ef
Page 86 and 87:
FE r~t, si-iliai i ar.eas itray not
Page 88 and 89:
in order to protect watershed, wi l
Page 90 and 91:
management efforts that can benefit
Page 92 and 93:
Bryant, W.C., editor. 1872. Davjs,
Page 94 and 95:
Harlow, R.F. 1959. An evaluation of
Page 96 and 97:
I S F n A understanding . American
Page 98 and 99:
Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 47:591-
Page 100 and 101:
Tuschall , J.R., P.L. Brezoni k, an
Page 102:
Hvdrick Hammocks: a Guide to Manage
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a Guide to Management - USGS National Wetlands Research Center

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