The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

HYDEOGBAPHY OF THE PAEAXA STATES. 205
Along the whole of the southern seaboard beyond Santos frequent modifica-
tions have evidently taken place in the contour line of the coastlands. On the
one hand, the sea has penetrated through creeks and inlets into the mainland ;
on the other the mainland has advanced seawards, develojjing mud banks, sandy
spits, and cordous along the beach. In the north the coast of S. Paulo has been
carved into rocky headlands and islands, plunging their steep escarpments into
deep water, or rising, like the large island of S. Sebastiao, 4,300 feet above the
0to5
Fathoms.
Fig. So.
—
CaXANKA CHANIfBL.
Scale 1 : 700,000.
Dppths.
5 to 10
Fathoms.
10 Fathoms'
and upwards.
12 lliles.
surface ; but farther south is seen the opposite phenomenon of sandy formations
fringing the shore. Some rocky islands have thus been joined to the mainland
by recent alluvial deposits filling up the intervening channels. Such are the
Santos and Santo Amaro hills, where the old marine straits are now represented
only by shallow backwaters.
The vast Bay of Paranagua, Mhich greatly resembles that of Eio de Janeiro,
is bordered, like the Santos inlet, by marshy tracts standing little above sea-level.
Farther south the large island of S. Francisco at the Joinville estuary has pre-
served its insular character, being still separated from the mainland by an open