Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of locally advanced ...

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33. Elomaa I, Kylmala T, Tammela T et al. Effect of oral clodronate on bone pain. A controlled study in patients with metastic prostatic cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 1992;24(2):159-166. 34. Kylmala T, Taube T, Tammela TL, Risteli L, Risteli J, Elomaa I. Concomitant i.v. and oral clodronate in the relief of bone pain--a double-blind placebo-controlled study in patients with prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 1997;76(7):939-942. 35. Ernst DS, Tannock IF, Winquist EW et al. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of mitoxantrone/prednisone and clodronate versus mitoxantrone/prednisone and placebo in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer and pain. J Clin Oncol 2003;21(17):3335- 3342. 36. Mason MD, Sydes MR, Glaholm J et al. Oral sodium clodronate for nonmetastatic prostate cancer--results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial: Medical Research Council PR04 (ISRCTN61384873). J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99(10):765-776. 37. Smith JA, Jr. Palliation of painful bone metastases from prostate cancer using sodium etidronate: results of a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Urol 1989;141(1):85-87. 38. Adami S, Mian M. Clodronate therapy of metastatic bone disease in patients with prostatic carcinoma. Recent Results Cancer Res 1989;116:67-72. 39. Strang P, Nilsson S, Brandstedt S et al. The analgesic efficacy of clodronate compared with placebo in patients with painful bone metastases from prostatic cancer. Anticancer Res 1997;17(6D):4717-4721. 40. Kylmala T, Tammela T, Risteli L, Risteli J, Taube T, Elomaa I. Evaluation of the effect of oral clodronate on skeletal metastases with type 1 collagen metabolites. A controlled trial of the Finnish Prostate Cancer Group. Eur J Cancer 1993;29A(6):821-825. 41. Weinfurt KP, Anstrom KJ, Castel LD, Schulman KA, Saad F. Effect of zoledronic acid on pain associated with bone metastasis in patients with prostate cancer. Ann Oncol 2006;17(6):986- 989. 42. Oh WK, Proctor K, Nakabayashi M et al. The risk of renal impairment in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients with bone metastases treated with zoledronic acid. Cancer 2007;109(6):1090-1096. 43. Bamias A, Kastritis E, Bamia C et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer after treatment with bisphosphonates: incidence and risk factors. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(34):8580-8587. 44. Wilkinson GS, Kuo YF, Freeman JL, Goodwin JS. Intravenous bisphosphonate therapy and inflammatory conditions or surgery of the jaw: a population-based analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99(13):1016-1024. 45. Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2007;356(18):1809-1822. 46. Buchali K, Correns HJ, Schuerer M, Schnorr D, Lips H, Sydow K. Results of a double blind study of 89-strontium therapy of skeletal metastases of prostatic carcinoma. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1988;14(7-8):349-351. 93 Castration-resistant prostate cancer
47. Lewington VJ, McEwan AJ, Ackery DM et al. A prospective, randomised double-blind crossover study to examine the efficacy of strontium-89 in pain palliation in patients with advanced prostate cancer metastatic to bone. European Journal of Cancer 1991;27(8):954-958. 48. Quilty PM, Kirk D, Bolger JJ et al. A comparison of the palliative effects of strontium-89 and external beam radiotherapy in metastatic prostate cancer. Radiotherapy & Oncology 1994;31(1):33-40. 49. Oosterhof GON, Roberts JT, De Reijke T et al. Strontium89 Chloride versus Palliative Local Field Radiotherapy in Patients with Hormonal Escaped Prostate Cancer: A Phase III Study of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group. European Urology 2003;44(5):519-526. 50. Sherman EJ, Pfister DG, Ruchlin HS et al. The collection of indirect and nonmedical direct costs (COIN) form: A new tool for collecting the invisible costs of androgen independent prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2001;91(4):841-853. 51. Tu SM, Millikan RE, Mengistu B et al. Bone-targeted therapy for advanced androgenindependent carcinoma of the prostate: a randomised phase II trial. Lancet 2001;357(9253):336-341. 52. Porter AT, McEwan AJ. Strontium-89 as an adjuvant to external beam radiation improves pain relief and delays disease progression in advanced prostate cancer: results of a randomized controlled trial. Seminars in Oncology 1993;20(3) (2 Suppl):38-43. 53. Porter AT, McEwan AJ, Powe JE et al. Results of a randomized phase-III trial to evaluate the efficacy of strontium-89 adjuvant to local field external beam irradiation in the management of endocrine resistant metastatic prostate cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 1993;25(5):805-813. 54. Smeland S, Erikstein B, Aas M, Skovlund E, Hess SL, Fossa SD. Role of strontium-89 as adjuvant to palliative external beam radiotherapy is questionable: Results of a double-blind randomized study. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 2003;56(5):1397-1404. 55. Nilsson S, Strang P, Ginman C et al. Palliation of bone pain in prostate cancer using chemotherapy and strontium-89. A randomized phase II study. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management 29(4):352-7, 2005. 56. Serafini AN, Houston SJ, Resche I et al. Palliation of pain associated with metastatic bone cancer using samarium-153 lexidronam: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1998;16(4):1574-1581. 57. Sartor O, Reid RH, Hoskin PJ et al. Samarium-153-Lexidronam complex for treatment of painful bone metastases in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Urology 2004;63(5):940-945. 58. Resche I, Chatal J-F, Pecking A et al. A dose-controlled study of 153-Smethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate (EDTMP) in the treatment of patients with painful bone metastases. European Journal of Cancer 1997;33(10):1583-1591. 59. Tian J, Zhang J, Hou Q et al. Multicentre trial on the efficacy and toxicity of single-dose samarium-153-ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate as a palliative treatment for painful skeletal metastases in China. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1999;26(1):2-7. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer 94
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Clinical Practice Guidelines for th
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4 Biochemical relapse .............
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FOREWORD The management of prostate
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SUMMARY OF CLINICAL PRACTICE RECOMM
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SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS Chapter
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Chapter Recommendations Grade Refs
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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Natural history
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2 PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE The diagnosis a
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2.2 Effect of psychological and cog
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Evidence summary Level References T
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Recommendation Men with advanced pr
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An Australian cross-sectional study
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10. Dunn J, et al. A review of peer
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41. Sharpley CF, Christie DRH. An a
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different treatments from different
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Evidence summary Level References I
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Evidence summary Level References F
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Despite these reservations and the
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For non-metastatic disease there we
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Evidence summary Level References T
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monotherapy for low-to-intermediate
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Evidence summary Level References M
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for surgery, suggesting that surger
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Microscopic fully resected node pos
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All three trials demonstrated impro
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Evidence summary Level References B
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of an international multicentre ran
Page 62 and 63: 45. Melton LJ, III, Alothman KI, Kh
Page 64 and 65: 76. Little DJ, Kuban DA, Levy LB, Z
Page 66 and 67: 105. Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Parade
Page 68 and 69: 4.2 Androgen deprivation therapy (e
Page 70 and 71: Evidence summary Level References F
Page 72 and 73: therapy since such studies would be
Page 74 and 75: apparent in trials comparing CAB wi
Page 76 and 77: QLQ instrument published by Cleary
Page 78 and 79: Note: Larger well-powered studies h
Page 80 and 81: Eight trials examined acute toxicit
Page 82 and 83: half of patients experienced pain r
Page 84 and 85: olus) in addition to radiotherapy a
Page 86 and 87: References 1. Seidenfeld J, Samson
Page 88 and 89: Cooperative Group. Scandinavian Jou
Page 90 and 91: Oncology Group, TROG 96.05). Radiot
Page 92 and 93: trial. European Journal of Cancer 1
Page 94 and 95: 6 CASTRATION-RESISTANT PROSTATE CAN
Page 96 and 97: the median overall survival for pat
Page 98 and 99: There are two points regarding bisp
Page 100 and 101: with bone pain at study entry. At n
Page 102 and 103: Recently, there have been reports o
Page 104 and 105: of these studies 56, 58 and in the
Page 106 and 107: Side effects (toxicity) As these ra
Page 108 and 109: hydrocortisone respectively. Tannoc
Page 110 and 111: 5. Manikandan R, Srirangam SJ, Pear
Page 114 and 115: 60. Janknegt RA, Abbou CC, Bartolet
Page 116 and 117: physiotherapists, occupational ther
Page 118 and 119: 7.5 Q2: Symptom control There was e
Page 120 and 121: Informal or family caregivers deriv
Page 122 and 123: 8. Hughes SL, Weaver FM, Giobbie-Hu
Page 124 and 125: 8 COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE (UN
Page 126 and 127: corresponding benefit in obstructiv
Page 128 and 129: 3. Eisenberg DM, Kessler RC, Van Ro
Page 130 and 131: areas of the state were more likely
Page 132 and 133: 8 Miller DC, Litwin MS, Bergman J,
Page 134 and 135: 10 EMERGING THERAPIES It is impossi
Page 136 and 137: APPENDIX 1 GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT PR
Page 138 and 139: study type. Studies published befor
Page 140 and 141: Grade of recommendation Description
Page 142 and 143: 2. National Health and Research Cou
Page 144 and 145: Dr Carole Pinnock AM Principal rese
Page 146 and 147: Surgery Professor Villis Marshall A
Page 148 and 149: APPENDIX 3 TNM CLASSIFICATION OF PR
Page 150 and 151: Summary Prostate T1 T2 T3 T4 N1 M1a
Page 152 and 153: APPENDIX 4 ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSA
Page 154 and 155: Glossary Actuarial survival A metho
Page 156 and 157: Effectiveness The extent to which a
Page 158 and 159: Lymph nodes Small, generally pea-si
Page 160 and 161: Each stage is divided into subgroup
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APPENDIX 6 - ORGANISATIONS WHICH PR
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Consultant Urologist, Royal Brisban
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No conflict of interest to declare.
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Index to Clinical practice guidelin
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cardiovascular mortality 19, 54, 55
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androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)
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and surgery 32-34 survival 18 toxic
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and chemotherapy 89-90 see also bon
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spinal cord compression 62-63 see a
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systemic 141 Tasmania Association f
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