Spanish Verbs Made Simple(r) - Hillcrest Elementary

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Thus, infinitive past participle -ar verbs cantar can•ta•do dar dado hablar hablado -er verbs comer co•mi•do beber bebido morder mordido -ir verbs subir su•bi•do cumplir cumplido vivir vivido Under certain circumstances, a written accent is added to the vowel of the past participle ending: Rule. If an -er or -ir verb has a stem ending in -a, -e, or -o, then the ending of the past participle has a written accent (-ído rather than -ido). For all other cases in which the stem ends in a vowel, no change is made. Examples: caer caído leer leído roer roído oír oído compared to PRESENT, SIMPLE PAST, IMPERFECT, PARTICIPLES 17 crear creado not *creádo loar loado not *loádo evaluar evaluado not *evaluádo criar criado not *criádo construir construido not *construído This rule reflects a particularity of the Spanish orthographic system, which distinguishes between “strong” and “weak” vowels (Chapter 7). Of the 14 irregular past participles, eleven are found among the “basically regular” verbs, three among the fundamentally irregular ones (italicized).
18 FORMS OF VERBS infinitive past participle not abrir abierto *abrido “opened” cubrir cubierto *cubrido “covered” decir dicho *decido “said” escribir escrito *escribido “written” freír frito [see below] “fried” hacer hecho *hacido “done” imprimir impreso [see below] “printed” morir muerto *morido “died” poner puesto *ponido “placed”, “put” resolver 2 resuelto *resolvido “resolved” romper roto *rompido “broken” ver visto *vido “seen” volver vuelto *volvido “turned” pudrir podrido *pudrido “rotted”, “putrefied” These generally represent the continuation of “strong” Latin past participles which had the ending (-tus or -sus) connected directly to the root without an intervening vowel. As a result of their truncated form, irregular Spanish past participles (apart from podrido) 3 are stressed on the stem syllable, as compared to regular past participles, whose stress is on the post-stem syllable: 4 di•cho ro•to vuel•to versus can•ta•do co•mi•do su•bi•do Compound verbs generally have the same irregularities (descubierto, impuesto, absuelto, disuelto, etc.). Exceptions include bendecir and maldecir (“to bless”, “to curse”), which have regular past participles (bendecido, maldecido), 5 and corromper (“to corrupt”), whose regular past participle is corrompido. The RAE accepts the regular form freído alongside frito as a past participle for freír, but frito is far more common. For imprimir it accepts either impreso or imprimido; however, for comprimir (“to compress”), deprimir (“to depress”), 2Although the verb solver exists, it is rarely used. Thus one resolves a Spanish mystery rather than solving it. 3Pudrir used to be podrir: the stem vowel -o changed to -u in all 47 forms except the past participle. The old infinitive podrir still exists alongside pudrir. 4For abrir, cubrir, and ver the past participles are stressed on what is in fact the original stem syllable, as each of these verbs subsequently “lost” a syllable: ab(e)rir, cub(e)rir and v(e)er. 5The forms bendito and maldito exist but are used only as adjectives: el agua bendita (“holy water”).
Page 2 and 3: Spanish Verbs Made Simple(r)
Page 4 and 5: David Brodsky Spanish VERBS Simple(
Page 6 and 7: For Daniel, Michael, and Beatriz
Page 8 and 9: Contents Preface ix Introduction 1
Page 10 and 11: Preface The fundamental aim of this
Page 12 and 13: Spanish Verbs Made Simple(r)
Page 14 and 15: Introduction The structure of Spani
Page 16 and 17: There are in addition a number of c
Page 18 and 19: in the verbal system. This is illus
Page 20 and 21: Those in the second group are “fu
Page 22 and 23: examples, it offers a feature found
Page 24 and 25: PART I FORMS OF VERBS
Page 26 and 27: CHAPTER 1 Present, Simple Past, Imp
Page 28 and 29: (2) For the singulars and the third
Page 32 and 33: exprimir (“to express”), and re
Page 34 and 35: Also: ir yendo *iendo (3) -er and -
Page 36 and 37: A. e → ie pronounced like “ye
Page 38 and 39: IRREGULARITIES: PRESENT TENSE 25 ce
Page 40 and 41: IRREGULARITIES: PRESENT TENSE 27 Co
Page 42 and 43: IRREGULARITIES: PRESENT TENSE 29 Fo
Page 44 and 45: eír “to laugh” freír “to fr
Page 46 and 47: IRREGULARITIES: PRESENT TENSE 33 ob
Page 48 and 49: B. (All) Infinitives Ending in -uci
Page 50 and 51: IRREGULARITIES: PRESENT TENSE 37 1p
Page 52 and 53: IRREGULARITIES: PRESENT TENSE 39 Ap
Page 54 and 55: abstener(se) me abstengo “to abst
Page 56 and 57: IRREGULARITIES: PRESENT TENSE 43 I.
Page 58 and 59: CHAPTER 3 Irregularities: Simple Pa
Page 60 and 61: (ii) Ser and ir have regular ending
Page 62 and 63: Comments (i) and (ii) for -u stems,
Page 64 and 65: except the first person plural, in
Page 66 and 67: future tense led naturally to the d
Page 68 and 69: -ir verbs subjunctive indicative 1s
Page 70 and 71: -ir verbs sentir dormir 1s sienta d
Page 72 and 73: SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE 59 All O
Page 74 and 75: argüir discernir 1s present indica
Page 76 and 77: Note that: SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATI
Page 78 and 79: SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE 65 indic
Page 80 and 81:
CHAPTER 6 Compound Verb Forms All c
Page 82 and 83:
habré subido I will have climbed h
Page 84 and 85:
CHAPTER 7 Orthographic Modification
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five sounds which have alternative
Page 88 and 89:
Note that verbs with consonant -j n
Page 90 and 91:
a diphthong -io or -ie. As in Spani
Page 92 and 93:
orthographic written accent changes
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like criar, where the stress falls
Page 96 and 97:
Other examples of verbs with stems
Page 98 and 99:
Other examples: no written accents
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9. Combinations of Changes The verb
Page 102 and 103:
Other verbs affected by this change
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CHAPTER 8 Vosotros/Ustedes and Tute
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attention to tú on the grounds tha
Page 108 and 109:
VOSOTROS/USTEDES AND TUTEO/VOSEO 95
Page 110 and 111:
SUMMARY AND PRESENTATION OF VERB CL
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Page 114 and 115:
III. Irregular First Person Singula
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TABLE 9.1. FUNDAMENTAL IRREGULARITI
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Page 120 and 121:
PART II USES OF VERBS
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CHAPTER 10 Indicative Present Tense
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Spain (generally) He leído el peri
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El cuadro está torcido. “The pic
Page 128 and 129:
analogous construction is used with
Page 130 and 131:
What did I say, or rather, mean to
Page 132 and 133:
Probably the most common use of the
Page 134 and 135:
Thus one says that el niño está d
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Future Perfect The Spanish use of t
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levantar “to lift” levantarse
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Apart from its role as an auxiliary
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La bandera es azul. “The flag is
Page 144 and 145:
SPECIAL TOPIC: SER VERSUS ESTAR 131
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Passive and “False Passive” Con
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A potential confusion arises if one
Page 150 and 151:
SPECIAL TOPIC: SER VERSUS ESTAR 137
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SUBJUNCTIVE 139 precepts. The diffi
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SUBJUNCTIVE 141 posture with regard
Page 156 and 157:
SUBJUNCTIVE 143 Nonetheless, one oc
Page 158 and 159:
SUBJUNCTIVE 145 As with English, in
Page 160 and 161:
SUBJUNCTIVE 147 Me molesta no poder
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SUBJUNCTIVE 149 When some expressio
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SUBJUNCTIVE 151 Si has leído todos
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subjunctive SUBJUNCTIVE 153 No quie
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Conjunctions of Purpose Always Foll
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hasta que “until” mientras “w
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SUBJUNCTIVE 159 When the imperfect
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SUBJUNCTIVE 161 With expressions of
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SUBJUNCTIVE 163 Consider, for examp
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PART III ANNEXES
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ANNEX A Models of Verb Classes and
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33. traer 34. -ducir 35. andar On t
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MODELS OF VERB CLASSES AND SUB-CLAS
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1-11 G S GU CABRAHIGAR TO CAPRIFICA
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SUBJUNCTIVE Present Imperfect (I) I
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3 SUBIR TO RAISE, TO CLIMB INDICATI
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MODELS OF VERB CLASSES AND SUB-CLAS
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4A-1 DIPHTHONG E S IE NEGAR TO DENY
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4B-3 DIPHTHONG O S UE FORZAR TO FOR
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Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
9-2 ALTERNATE FORMS ROER TO GNAW IN
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Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
28-2 BENDECIR TO BLESS In future, c
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30-1 SUPONER TO SUPPOSE For imperat
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33 TRAER TO BRING, -GO IRREGULAR SI
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ANNEX B Index by Class and Sub-clas
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Verb Class (Sub-class) # acribillar
Page 232 and 233:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # algodonar
Page 234 and 235:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # aposentar
Page 236 and 237:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # atontolina
Page 238 and 239:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # caer caer
Page 240 and 241:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # clausurar
Page 242 and 243:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # consonanti
Page 244 and 245:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # defraudar
Page 246 and 247:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # descollar
Page 248 and 249:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # desliar ca
Page 250 and 251:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # devorar ca
Page 252 and 253:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # embrollar
Page 254 and 255:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # enfilar ca
Page 256 and 257:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # erotizar c
Page 258 and 259:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # exclamar c
Page 260 and 261:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # fraccionar
Page 262 and 263:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # historiar
Page 264 and 265:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # insonoriza
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Verb Class (Sub-class) # linchar ca
Page 268 and 269:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # mitificar
Page 270 and 271:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # palmotear
Page 272 and 273:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # poner pone
Page 274 and 275:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # racionaliz
Page 276 and 277:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # refreír 2
Page 278 and 279:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # resplandec
Page 280 and 281:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # sextuplica
Page 282 and 283:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # susurrar c
Page 284 and 285:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # triunfar c
Page 286:
Selected References Alarcos Llorach
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Spanish Verbs Made Simple(r) - Hillcrest Elementary

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