Spanish Verbs Made Simple(r) - Hillcrest Elementary

More documents

Recommendations

Info

IRREGULARITIES: PRESENT TENSE 37 1p somos estamos so•mos es•ta•mos 2p sois estáis sois es•táis 3p son están son es•tán The difficulty is of course not with the conjugations but rather with determining which of the two verbs to use in any given situation, a topic to be explored in Chapter 11. For estar it is important to note that—in contrast to regular verbs— the stress is uniformly on the post-stem syllable; thus it is es•tás not *es•tas. 6. Other First Person Singulars Ending in -oy: ir, dar In addition to ser and estar, there are two other verbs whose first person singular ends in -oy: ir and dar. ir (to go) dar (to give) 1s voy doy 2s vas das 3s va da 1p vamos damos 2p vais dais 3p van dan Thus, apart from ver (“to see”), all one-syllable <strong>Spanish</strong> verbs have first person singulars ending in -oy, along with estar. 21 Vais and dais do not have the usual second person plural written accent because they have only one syllable. 7A. First person singular ending in -e: haber, saber 7B. First person singular with umlaut (-a → -e): caber Haber and saber are the only <strong>Spanish</strong> verbs which have a first person singular present ending of -e. Due to haber’s frequent use as an auxiliary verb, its form was drastically shortened at the Vulgar Latin stage, which is why only the second person plural has a regular form. In contrast, the present tenses of both saber and caber are regular apart from the first person singular. 21 The “natural” form of estar would have been the one-syllable *star. A “helping” e- was added— as it was to all words beginning with s consonant (e.g., español, especial, esnob, espagueti). This also accounts for the uniform stress of estar on the post-stem syllable.
38 FORMS OF VERBS In the conjugations below, irregular forms are italicized. haber saber caber (to have) (to know) (to fit) 1s he sé quepo 2s has sabes cabes 3s ha sabe cabe 1p hemos sabemos cabemos 2p habéis sabéis cabéis 3p han saben caben While the vowel in quepo is irregular, the qu- is not—it is a regular orthographic change required to maintain a “hard” c sound (see Chapter 7). The written accent in sé is purely orthographic and serves to distinguish it from the reflexive pronoun se. 8. First Person Singular Ending in -go decir, hacer, caer, traer oír, poner, salir tener, valer, venir These are verbs with irregular first person singular ending -go, where the -g does not appear in the other grammatical persons. Four of these verbs (decir, oír, tener, venir) have other apparent present tense irregularities—marked below in italics—but all are of the “predictable” type. The ten verbs can be divided into three groups, as shown in the following lists. 22 decir (to say) hacer (to do) 1s digo hago 2s dices haces 3s dice hace 1p decimos hacemos 2p decís hacéis 3p dicen hacen 22 In addition to these ten verbs, there are several others which “optionally” show this characteristic. Roer (“to gnaw”) and raer (“to wear away”) offer multiple possibilities: roigo, royo, or the regular roo; raigo or rayo. Asir (“to grasp”) presents only the conjugation with -go (asgo), but in practice this form is avoided (as are other forms of the verb in which an “extraneous” -g appears).
Page 2 and 3: Spanish Verbs Made Simple(r)
Page 4 and 5: David Brodsky Spanish VERBS Simple(
Page 6 and 7: For Daniel, Michael, and Beatriz
Page 8 and 9: Contents Preface ix Introduction 1
Page 10 and 11: Preface The fundamental aim of this
Page 12 and 13: Spanish Verbs Made Simple(r)
Page 14 and 15: Introduction The structure of Spani
Page 16 and 17: There are in addition a number of c
Page 18 and 19: in the verbal system. This is illus
Page 20 and 21: Those in the second group are “fu
Page 22 and 23: examples, it offers a feature found
Page 24 and 25: PART I FORMS OF VERBS
Page 26 and 27: CHAPTER 1 Present, Simple Past, Imp
Page 28 and 29: (2) For the singulars and the third
Page 30 and 31: Thus, infinitive past participle -a
Page 32 and 33: exprimir (“to express”), and re
Page 34 and 35: Also: ir yendo *iendo (3) -er and -
Page 36 and 37: A. e → ie pronounced like “ye
Page 38 and 39: IRREGULARITIES: PRESENT TENSE 25 ce
Page 40 and 41: IRREGULARITIES: PRESENT TENSE 27 Co
Page 42 and 43: IRREGULARITIES: PRESENT TENSE 29 Fo
Page 44 and 45: eír “to laugh” freír “to fr
Page 46 and 47: IRREGULARITIES: PRESENT TENSE 33 ob
Page 48 and 49: B. (All) Infinitives Ending in -uci
Page 52 and 53: IRREGULARITIES: PRESENT TENSE 39 Ap
Page 54 and 55: abstener(se) me abstengo “to abst
Page 56 and 57: IRREGULARITIES: PRESENT TENSE 43 I.
Page 58 and 59: CHAPTER 3 Irregularities: Simple Pa
Page 60 and 61: (ii) Ser and ir have regular ending
Page 62 and 63: Comments (i) and (ii) for -u stems,
Page 64 and 65: except the first person plural, in
Page 66 and 67: future tense led naturally to the d
Page 68 and 69: -ir verbs subjunctive indicative 1s
Page 70 and 71: -ir verbs sentir dormir 1s sienta d
Page 72 and 73: SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE 59 All O
Page 74 and 75: argüir discernir 1s present indica
Page 76 and 77: Note that: SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATI
Page 78 and 79: SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE 65 indic
Page 80 and 81: CHAPTER 6 Compound Verb Forms All c
Page 82 and 83: habré subido I will have climbed h
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER 7 Orthographic Modification
Page 86 and 87: five sounds which have alternative
Page 88 and 89: Note that verbs with consonant -j n
Page 90 and 91: a diphthong -io or -ie. As in Spani
Page 92 and 93: orthographic written accent changes
Page 94 and 95: like criar, where the stress falls
Page 96 and 97: Other examples of verbs with stems
Page 98 and 99: Other examples: no written accents
Page 100 and 101:
9. Combinations of Changes The verb
Page 102 and 103:
Other verbs affected by this change
Page 104 and 105:
CHAPTER 8 Vosotros/Ustedes and Tute
Page 106 and 107:
attention to tú on the grounds tha
Page 108 and 109:
VOSOTROS/USTEDES AND TUTEO/VOSEO 95
Page 110 and 111:
SUMMARY AND PRESENTATION OF VERB CL
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
III. Irregular First Person Singula
Page 116 and 117:
TABLE 9.1. FUNDAMENTAL IRREGULARITI
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
PART II USES OF VERBS
Page 122 and 123:
CHAPTER 10 Indicative Present Tense
Page 124 and 125:
Spain (generally) He leído el peri
Page 126 and 127:
El cuadro está torcido. “The pic
Page 128 and 129:
analogous construction is used with
Page 130 and 131:
What did I say, or rather, mean to
Page 132 and 133:
Probably the most common use of the
Page 134 and 135:
Thus one says that el niño está d
Page 136 and 137:
Future Perfect The Spanish use of t
Page 138 and 139:
levantar “to lift” levantarse
Page 140 and 141:
Apart from its role as an auxiliary
Page 142 and 143:
La bandera es azul. “The flag is
Page 144 and 145:
SPECIAL TOPIC: SER VERSUS ESTAR 131
Page 146 and 147:
Passive and “False Passive” Con
Page 148 and 149:
A potential confusion arises if one
Page 150 and 151:
SPECIAL TOPIC: SER VERSUS ESTAR 137
Page 152 and 153:
SUBJUNCTIVE 139 precepts. The diffi
Page 154 and 155:
SUBJUNCTIVE 141 posture with regard
Page 156 and 157:
SUBJUNCTIVE 143 Nonetheless, one oc
Page 158 and 159:
SUBJUNCTIVE 145 As with English, in
Page 160 and 161:
SUBJUNCTIVE 147 Me molesta no poder
Page 162 and 163:
SUBJUNCTIVE 149 When some expressio
Page 164 and 165:
SUBJUNCTIVE 151 Si has leído todos
Page 166 and 167:
subjunctive SUBJUNCTIVE 153 No quie
Page 168 and 169:
Conjunctions of Purpose Always Foll
Page 170 and 171:
hasta que “until” mientras “w
Page 172 and 173:
SUBJUNCTIVE 159 When the imperfect
Page 174 and 175:
SUBJUNCTIVE 161 With expressions of
Page 176 and 177:
SUBJUNCTIVE 163 Consider, for examp
Page 178 and 179:
PART III ANNEXES
Page 180 and 181:
ANNEX A Models of Verb Classes and
Page 182 and 183:
33. traer 34. -ducir 35. andar On t
Page 184 and 185:
MODELS OF VERB CLASSES AND SUB-CLAS
Page 186 and 187:
1-11 G S GU CABRAHIGAR TO CAPRIFICA
Page 188 and 189:
SUBJUNCTIVE Present Imperfect (I) I
Page 190 and 191:
3 SUBIR TO RAISE, TO CLIMB INDICATI
Page 192 and 193:
MODELS OF VERB CLASSES AND SUB-CLAS
Page 194 and 195:
4A-1 DIPHTHONG E S IE NEGAR TO DENY
Page 196 and 197:
4B-3 DIPHTHONG O S UE FORZAR TO FOR
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
9-2 ALTERNATE FORMS ROER TO GNAW IN
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
28-2 BENDECIR TO BLESS In future, c
Page 224 and 225:
30-1 SUPONER TO SUPPOSE For imperat
Page 226 and 227:
33 TRAER TO BRING, -GO IRREGULAR SI
Page 228 and 229:
ANNEX B Index by Class and Sub-clas
Page 230 and 231:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # acribillar
Page 232 and 233:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # algodonar
Page 234 and 235:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # aposentar
Page 236 and 237:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # atontolina
Page 238 and 239:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # caer caer
Page 240 and 241:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # clausurar
Page 242 and 243:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # consonanti
Page 244 and 245:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # defraudar
Page 246 and 247:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # descollar
Page 248 and 249:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # desliar ca
Page 250 and 251:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # devorar ca
Page 252 and 253:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # embrollar
Page 254 and 255:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # enfilar ca
Page 256 and 257:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # erotizar c
Page 258 and 259:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # exclamar c
Page 260 and 261:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # fraccionar
Page 262 and 263:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # historiar
Page 264 and 265:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # insonoriza
Page 266 and 267:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # linchar ca
Page 268 and 269:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # mitificar
Page 270 and 271:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # palmotear
Page 272 and 273:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # poner pone
Page 274 and 275:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # racionaliz
Page 276 and 277:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # refreír 2
Page 278 and 279:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # resplandec
Page 280 and 281:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # sextuplica
Page 282 and 283:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # susurrar c
Page 284 and 285:
Verb Class (Sub-class) # triunfar c
Page 286:
Selected References Alarcos Llorach
show all

Spanish Verbs Made Simple(r) - Hillcrest Elementary

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?