M"y, L974 - MSpace at the University of Manitoba

THE I]N]VERS]TY OF MANITOBA
AN EVALUATION OF SEED YIELD, PROTEIN CONTENT,
AND OTHER AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE GENUS LUPINUS
by
JOSEPTì FREDERICK FI]RGAL
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
IN PARTIAL I'IJLFILMENT OF TI{E REQUIRB,IENTS FOR THE DEGREE
OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCTENCE
IdINNIPEG, MANITOBA
M"y, L974

ACKNOI^ILEDGEMENTS
The author is indebted: to Dr" L. E" Evans for guidance throughout
the course of research and for his criticisms and suggestions for the
improvement of Ëhe manuscript; to Dr. B" R. stefansson and to Dr" R. J"
Soper for reading the manuscript.; to the NaËional Research Council for
províding financial assistance for the study; to J. Tsukamoto, Agrono-
misË, Manitoba Department of Agriculture; Lcr l)r. trri. Bushrrk for the p::o-
teín and other chemical seed analyses; to the Provincial Soils Testing
Laboratory for the soil analyses; and to my loving wife, Alys-Lynne for
her countless hours of assisËance and unending moral support.

CONTENTS
PART I: INTRODUCTTON - LITERATURE REVIEW - MATERIALS AND METITODS
INTRODUCTION
1.0 LITERATURE REVIEI^I
1"1
L.2
1.3
L"4
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION ..
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS
1.31 General Requirements
L.32 Specific Requirements
SOIL AND FERTILITY REQUIREMENTS
PAGE
1.5 CIILTURAL PRACTICES
13
L"6
1" 51 Inoculation . .
L.52 Seeding
L.52L DaËe of Seeding
L"522 Depth of Seeding ...
L"523 Seed Rate and Spacing ..
1.53 I.tÏeed Control .
1"531 Mechanical Control
L"532 Chemical Control
L"54 HarvesËing of Èhe Seed Crop
L"54L Use of Defoliants ...
1.542 Methods of Seed Harvest
I"543 Drying
INSECTS AND DISEASES
L.6I InsecË Pests
B
9
1I
13
L6
L6
L6
L7
L7
L7
1B
r9
L9
22
22
¿5
¿J

1".7
L"62 Diseases
L.627 Fungal Díseases
L.622 Virus Diseases
COMPOSITION AND FEEDING VALUE
L.7L Conpositíon ..
L.7LL Protein, Oí1 and Fíbre
L"7L2 Amino Acíd
L.7L3 Alkaloids - ToxiciLv .,.
L"72 Feeding Value
L.72L Cattle Feeding
L.722 Poultry Feeding
L.723 Hog Feeding ".
L"73 Lupinosís - Lupin Poisoning
1.8 AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
1"81- Seed Yield .. "
L.82 Alkaloid Content
1.83 Flowering and Pollínatj-on
1.831 Flowering
L.832 Pollination ..
I"84 Pod Number and Distribution .
1.85 Hard and Soft-Seededness
1.86 ShatterinC ". "
1" 87 MaËuritv
1.BB Thousand Seed tr{eight
T.9 MARKET POSSIBIL]TIES
PAGE
t/,
') /,
30
31
31
31
JJ
J+
35
37
3B
39
40
/,1
4L
44
++
45
+T
4B
4B
/,o
49

2"0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2"L REPLICATED YIELD TRIALS
2"2
2.LL Seed Yield in L972
2"I2 Seed Yield Trials in
SINGLE ENTRY NURSERY TRTALS
2"2L Nursery Trial Ln J-972
2.22 Nurseries ín 7973
2"3 CHLOROSIS TEST
r97 3
PART II: RESI]LTS AND DISCUSSION - CONCLUSIONS
3"0 REPLICATED YIELD TRIALS
3.1
J"L
3"3
SEED YIELDS
AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
3"2L Emergence and Seedlíng Vigor
3.22 Flowering and Pod Setting
3"23 Lodging
3"24 Days to l"laturJ-ty 1..... âr...
3"25 Pod Shatterine
3 "26 Frost Resistance " " .
QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
3"31 Crude Protein Content
3"32 Amino Acid Courposition
3.33 Analyses of I,rrhole and Dehulled Seed
3"34 Seed Color . " "
PAGE
51
51
52
56
56
6L
65
bö
75
75
78
B3
B5
B6
B7
90
90
94
96
9B

5.0
6"0
?^
3.35 Seed Shape and 1000 Kernel tr{eight
3.36 TesË l^Ieisht " ".
NURSERY APPRA]SAL 0F AGRONO¡,trC AND QUATTTY
CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL ACCESSÏONS
4.L LUPIN NURSERY IN 1972
NURSERY TRIAIS IN 1973
4"2L Seed Yields
4"22 Other Agronomic Characteristics
4.22L Days to Flowering
4.222 Days to Maturity
4"223 Branching
4.224 Plant Height and Lodgíng ..
4"225 Pod ShatËering
4"23 Quality Characteristics
4"23I Crude Protein ConËent
4.232 Seed Color . ..
4.233 Seed Shape and 1000 Kernel hleight
4.234 Test trIeighË ..
CHLOROSIS TEST
DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS
6 "7 DISEASES
6.2 INSECT PESTS
CONCLUSIONS
APPENDTX
BIBLIOGRAPIIY
PAGE
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LO4
105
108
113
113
114
115
116
Lt7
118
118
L22
L22
L25
l-26
L34
L34
138
L42
L46
159

ABSTRACT
A prelíminary invesËigaËion in 1971 indicated thaË lupins (Lupinus
species) had some potential as a high protein seed crop in Manítoba.
This prompted the present study ín 7972 and during the two year períod
following numerous species and varieties were observed, but only tr. albus,
L. angustifoLt'us" L" Luteus" L. rrutabilis and tr. cosentdniwere considered
to have any potenÈial. The first three of the above species were tested
in replicated trials at seven locations in lvfanítoba for seed yield, pro-
tein content and other agronomic characteristics. These specíes were
found Ëo be adapted, but were extremely variable in their yÍelding abiliÈy.
Generally" L" albus performed substanËial1y betËer ttran L. angusl;i.folius
and L. Luteus" The average híghesË yield oÍ. L. albus (maxímum cultivar
yield at each location) was 30.8 qu/ha. The average yield on the same
basis f.or L. angustifoLíus and L" Luteus was rB "7
qu/ha and 13. 6 qulha
respectively, as compared to the fababean check whích yíelded an average
of 24"2 qu/lna" The maximum yield obtained r¿as for Z. aLbuss cv. Reuscher,
at 51.3 qu/ha (I^Tinnipeg " 1973) "
In addition. to the replicaËed yield Ërials, eight single enËry nurs-
ery yield trials consisting of the five lupín specíes were conducEed in
ManiËoba, and were evaluated for seed yie1d" protein content and other
agronomíc characterisËics" A trend siinílar to that in rhe replicated
Èrials was found to exist, namely- tr. albus ís higher yielding than
L" angustt foLius and tr. Luteus and in that order" Average seed yields
(a11 cultivars, all locations) obtained as a percent of the fababean check
were 697", 557" and 39"/" for L. albus, L. angustifolius and L. Luteus res-
pecËively" L" mutabiLis and tr. cosentiní did not seem to be adapted and

yielded less than I% of the fababean check. Differerlces between yíelds
of fababeans and lupins at different locaËions r¡ere attribuËed to lirnited
soil moisËure, r¿here the latter proved to be more drought tolerant"
The protein content vras found to be extremely variable between, and
to a lesser exËent \"¡iühin species " L. Luteus was found Èo have the high-
est average protein coritent (a11 cultivars, all locations) of. 44.47.'
followed by L" aLbus and L. dngustifolíus at 35"9"Á and 35.5% proteín res-
pectively, as compared Ëo the fababean check which had an average of
28"2%. Therefore on a proËein yield basis the above specíes yielded 68%,
L20"Á, Ä; 802 of the fababean check respecËively (average yields of all
cultívars at all locations ín replieated Ëría1s rnultiplied by the average
proËein values).
Lupin specíes were found to be consistent in their amino acid compo-
sítion, having twice the lysíne content of wheat but somev¡hat less than
fababeans. Methionine content \^ras found to be similar to fababeans, both
havíng approximatel-y half thaË found in wheaË.
Lupíns were found to be extremely sensíËive Ëo lime-induced chloro-
sís as follows, in diminishing order of susceptibility; L. Lutet'Ls, L"
angust¿foL'Lus, L. mutabiLis anð, L. aLbus.
Yield losses due to pod shatËering were found to be variable betr¿een
and within species. L" aLbus did not shatËer on matuTity, whereas the
other species dísplayed varying degrees of this characteristic. Other
agronomic characLeristics were found to be satisfacËory, but extremely
variable, although matuïity could be a problem. However, variability for
thís characteristic seems to exist also"
Lupins v¡ere coÍmonly and severely infested with Caragana and Nuttall
Blíster BeeËles Ln L973. I,{ilt and root rot caused by Fusa.t"Lum specíes
was parËicular1y severe in I972o but less so in L973"

PART I
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEI^I
AND
MATERIALS AND METHODS

INTRODUCTION
Increasing enphasis can be expecËed throughout the world on Ëhe pro-
ducËion of legumes for Ëheir seeds" This greater emphasis is due partly
to íncreasíng demand for protein feedstuffs and also to various catas-
Ërophies ín many countries that have creaÈed a paucity of both anímal
and vegetable protein, such as failure in the Peruvian fish caËch and
delays and damage to Ëhe U"S. soybean crop amountíng to an esËimaËed
100 mí1líon bushels ín L972. These factors have recenËly culmínated with
unprecedented price increases in the protein market.
I^IesËern Canadían agriculture does not produce sufffcient quantit.ies
of vegeËable protein to meet domestic demand" This deficíË may be aËtrÍ-
buted Ëo various factors, but the mosË important is the lack of a well
adapted, high-yielding crop plant that contains a high pereentage of good
quality protein. Until the recent introduction of fababeans (Vicia faba
L.), production of grain legumes r¿as seriously restricted in the trnlest.
Our short growing season prevents the cultÍvaËion of soybean, and field
peas are rather low yielding and have many uanagement and handling
problems" Rapeseed, a cruciferous crop, is high in protein, but has many
toxicity problens.
The necessity of a protein crop for local use as well as foreign
mnrkets has offered the ímpetus for the search for ttner,rtt crops Ëhat may
be suited to production in üIestern Canada. Lupins (Lupínus spp") are an
example of such a ne\r crop that may have potential in Ëhis area.
Lupins are erect growing planËs that belong to tlne Legumínosae fanily"

They are relatively high yielding and their seeds contain large amounts of
good quality protein. Al1 production procedures may be handled wiËh con-
venËional cereal equipment" They are laËer in maËurity than wheato but
are very frost toleranL. They also possess the very desirable charac-
teristic of being able to grow well on soils that are exËremely 1ow in
fertility. Hence the generic name Lupinus, "lupus, Latin for v¡olf, from
some fancied ability to prey on Ëhe soil," (Bailey, 1963). Since lupins,
like many oÈher legumes, fix atmospheric nitrogen via a bacterial syubio-
siso little or no nítrogen fertilízatLort is required. In facË, such large
amounts of nitrogen are fixed and left behínd in crop residues that crop-
ping with lupins increases soil fertility and therefore has a benefÍcial
effecË on subsequent crops "
Lupi-ns are possibly best known ín rhis country by Ëhe wild types
that are represented by well over 100 different species distributed
across Canada and Alaska" Suall-seeded ornamental types may also be
familiar, TepresenËed by such species as Lupinus poLyphyLus (Russel Lupin)
and .L. hantaegii (Hartweg Lupin). Little or no cultivaËion of the large-
seeded agricultural types has been attempËed in trrlesËern Canada. Ïn many
European countries, as well as Australia, New ZeaLand, Africa and south-
eastern UniËed States, lupins are gror^rn for forage, green manuring and
for their seed which ís fed to various classes of livestock. Thev also
served ín a lesser role as human food.
Prelíminary investigations with Lupins ín 1971 índícated that Ëhey
may have some poËentíal as a high protein grain crop in ManiËoba" This
led to the present study ÉhaË evaluaËes lupíns under Manitoba field con-
ditions in terms of their adaptíbíliËy, seed yield, proÈein conËent and
quality, and other agronomic characterisÈics.

Varieties belonging Ëo the many varied species of 1upins r¡rere ob-
served and evaluated in L972. Subsequent testing focused upon Ëhe more
important, established agricultural species, namely, Lupinus aLbus, L.
angustifoLi.us, L. Luteus, L" mutabiLis and L. eosentini.
A very compleËe revier,¡ on the subject of lupÍns as crop plants has
been recenËly published by Gladstones (1970b). others, such as wellso
and Forbes have carried out much research on lupins in the U"S,A. Refer-
ence to these authors r¿il1 be exËensíve.

1.1 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
1.0 LITERATURE REVIEI,d
Lupíns belong to the Leguminosae famíLy" The genus Lupinus j-s com-
prÍsed of many species with extensive geneËic and morphological variatíon.
Linnaeus (1753) listed only six specíes of lupins, namely, tr. albus, L"
angustl:foL'ùus" L" Lutanso L" uarius" L" perennis anð, L" ht-y,sustus. up-
r¿ards of 300 species have now been descrÍbed, with more than 2OO species
occurri-ng wíId ín North America (Bailey, 1963; Turner" lg5g).
There are basically two groups of lupins - Ëhe large-seeded agricul-
tural Ëypes whích are mainly annuals, and the perennial small-seeded
ornamentals "
The laËer group is represented by species such as L" poLA-
phyLLus (Russel Lupin) and L. hartuegii (Harr!üeg Lupín) "
The large-seeded crop varieÈies are of the following specíes: L"
aLbus" L. arqustt,folius, L" Luteus, L. mutabiLi.s anð. L. cosenti.ni. The
present study focuses on Èhe evaluaËion of these large-seeded types that
are presenËly culÈivated in various areas of the world"
In general' both large and sma11-seeded Ëypes have dígitate leaves
of 5 to 15 leaflets. The flowers are showy, in termínal racemes or some-
Èimes whorled and can be r,rhíte, yellow, b1ue, purplish or papilionaceous.
The fruit (pods) are flattened and are mostly constricËed or grooved
beËç¡een the seeds (Bailey, 1963). The overall taxonomy of the genus is
somer¿hat confusing, even for the ímportant agricultural types as indi-
cated in Table 1 (Gladsrones, f970b) "
The genus has chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 32 to zn = 96
(Gustafsson and Gadd, 1965). The large-seeded species have a widely
differing chromosome number, and inËerspecific crossing ís impossible or

very rare (Kazimierski, 1960, L96L" L964a). This genetíc diversity
forces independent breeding of the different species. Along with Ëhe
geneËic diversity there exists a faLrLy wide morphological separatíon
in the genus, which will be dísplayed in a following sectíori" Inter-
specific crossíng does occur in many of the wild, small-seeded species
(Kazimierski, L964b) "
Table l. Conrnon nâmes, synonyms and chromosome nr¡nber of the agricultural
specíes of lupins
Specíes Cormnon names Synonyms 2n
L. aLbus White lupin L. tevmis
L" angustifoLius Blue lupin
L"
L.
T
Luteus
mutabilis
cosentíni
narrow-leafed
Yellow lupin
Sandplain lupín
tr{" Australian
Blue lupin
L" graecus
L" jugosLauicus
L" udvi.us
L" LinifoLius
L. r,iticulatus
L" DayLus ssp" Dar"Lus
I.,IHITE LUPINS G'" albus) are erect growing annuals that branch con-
siderably and attain a height of 0"4 to 1,4 meters. The oblong leaflets
are 3"5 to 5 cm 1ong. The flowerso whiËe with tinges of blue that vary
ín intensity, are borne in terminal racemes. The pods are 6 to 10 cm
50
40
52
4ö
J¿

long and L to 2 cm broad, each conËaíning 4 to 6 seeds. The seeds are
pinkish or whítish, compressed and obicular, approximately 0"8 cm v¡ide
(Bailey, 1963).
BLUE LUPINS (L. angustífoLius) are erect growing annuals r,¡hich have
fine, profuse, lateral branching and grow from 0"4 to 1.5 meters tall"
The terminal flornrers may be blue, pínk, purple or whiËe. The pods range
from 5 to 6 cm long and 1.5 to 1.6 cmwide and usually contain 5 to 6
seeds, which may be slate-grey with brown rnarbling and r^rhitish spots, or
rarely white, black, brown, or intermediate colors" They are smooth and
spheroidal, 6 to B rm long and 5 ro 6 mm wide (Bailey, 1963).
YELLOIÀI LUPINS @. Luteus) are less erect, spreading annuals that
branch strongly from the base and groÉr to heights ranging from 0.2 to
1.0 meËer. The leaflets are intermediate between those of the above two
species and may be 2"5 to 3 cm long" The flowers are always yellow and
seL raËher hairy pods that are 5 to 6 cm long and 1.5 to 1"6 cm wide,
and conËain 4 to 7 seeds. The seeds are smooËh and compressed and 6 to
B mm long and 5 to 7 mn wíde. They may be whitish with brown to black
mottling or whíte in the improved cultivars (Gladstones, 1958).
only a few cultivars of L" mul;abiLis and L. eosentini were observed
and none Ì¡rere tesLed in replicated yield Ërials, therefore a full descrip-
Ëion is omitËed.
7"2 ORIGIN AND DTSTR]BUTION
The three main agricultural species of lupins, z. aLbus, L" angust-
folius and L' Luteus, are aLL of Mediterranean origin. L. albus was

gror¡/n in antiquity, whereas the other Ëwo species have been taken into
culËivaËion only recently" In spite of being cultivated by man, the
above species still have many characterístics of related wíld species"
The main difference betq¡een the r¿ild and the cultivat.ed ís that gigan-
Ëism of both seed size and plant size has developed (Schwanítz, L967).
Various non-agricultural types have had Ëheir origins in North and South
America (Gladstones, f958) "
Assuming a monophyletic origin of all lupin species, iË follows
that American and Mediterranean populations r¡rere once uníted. Separation
took place in the late CreËaceous or early Tertíary era resulting ín the
independent specÍatíon thaË gave rise to the two different populatíons
of relaËed specíes (Dunn and Gillett, 1966).
TI{E WHITE LIIPIN (¿. albus) was cultivated by the ancient Greeks and
Romans as a green manuree for caËtle feed and for human food. ïts antiq-
uíty in Spaín is sho¡^rn by the exisËence of four different common names
according to the province (DeCandolle, 1959) " This species is widely
distributed in a wíld form in countries bordering the Medj-terranean and
ín EËhiopia. It is cultivated in these areas as well as in Argentina,
Central Europe and parËs of Ëhe southern U"S.S.R" as a grain legrme
(Gladstones, 1958).
TT{E BLUE LUPIN (¿" angustifolius) has been taken into cultivation
only recently when compared to L" albus " It was sparingly used ín the
Mediterranean region, where it is native, rnrithout havíng become domesti-
cated" It has been rvidely used as a coffee substitute and as human food
in times of great need. It is widely cultivated in ËIolland, Sweden,
Germany, Poland and the U.S.S"R., and finds uses in South Africa and Ner,¡

zeaLand, mainly for soil improvement. rt is used as a forage and a grain
crop for caLtle or sheep feed ín Florida and Inlestern Australia (Gladstones,
19sB) .
TIIE YELLOW LUPIN (¿" Luteus) has had minimal use as a cïop planË ín
comparison Èo the other Ëwo species. Cultivation has been established
f.or a long period of tíme in the l¡Iestern parts of the Iberian Peninsula"
North Africa and Maderia (GladsËones, 1970b). rt occurs naturally on
the sandy soils in the WesËern Mediterranean including Tunísia, Algeria,
spain, Portugal, corsiea, sardinia, sicily and rta1y" The culËivaÈion
has spread and increased throughout Northern Europe, Holland, sweden"
Germany, Poland and the U"S"S.R. It is also cultivaËed in South Africa.
Nev¡ Zealand and Florida for soil improvement and seed for animal feed"
and for forage (GladsÈones, r95B)" The acreage in these areas has de-
creased sÈeadily however, but some sporadic cultivation still occurs"
Many other species of lupins have had limiËed use as ornamentals,
or crop plants (L. mutahiLis, L" pilosus, L" cosentini) and are therefore
omitted from this secËíon" However, Í/e should make some mentíon of Ëhe
early use of L" pi.Losus in canada. cornut (1635) writing of canadian
plants, states that this specíes was used for making flour aË Lhat tíme.
1" 3 CLIMATIC REOUIREI'IENTS
1.31 General RequiremenËs
All the important agricultural species, have a long day photoperiod
requirement and a variable response Ëo vernalization" The dístribuËion
of lupÍns clearly displays theír ability to grorrü over a wide range of

latiËudes. The main factor in their distTíbution seems to be temperature"
They are groT/ùrr as sr:rrmer annuals in cool temperate climates and as winter
annuals in subËropical climates (Gladstones, L97Oa) "
The "ecologícal optimr:mt' concept as developed by Klages (1930, L934)
would be met for lupins if Ëhe following condítions prevailed; at least
five ¡nonths of adequate moisture, during r¿hích the mean teinperaËure is
between 15 and 25 degrees Centígrade (Gladstones, 1958) " In areas where
they are gror.rn as wínËer annuals a lower temperature is toleraËed for
short periods, províding the Ëemperatures before and after this period
compensate for these lower temperatures "
1.32 Specific Requirernents
Although climatic requirenents are similar for all the agricultural
species, uinor, distinct dífferences exist"
The primitive Balkan progenitor of L. albu.s can wíËhsËand periodÍc
cold temperatures ín a winter cropping regime" Itlinter cropping in the
Northern U.S.A. also suggests that this species is quite frost Ëolerant
(Henson and stephens, 1958) " offuÈr (1961) found rhar in Arkansas tr.
albus is more frost hardy tinan L. angustífolius" However, Hackbarth and
Troll (1960) found t]nat L" aLbus occupied a range farther south than
oËher specíes under a suutrer cropping regime, and growth was somewhaË
better under warmer and dryer condítions" This varied disËribuËíon of
cultivat.ed types of. L. albus suggests that Turessont s (L922) "ecotype
conceptrr is operative for this species, that isu in a taxonomic Linnean
specíes, a nunber of races exíst which exhibit inherent differences in
boËh morphology and physiology, however, Ëhese differences are noL great
enough Ëo r¡Tarrant taxonomíc distinction. Gladstones (L969a) summarized

its climatic requiremenËs as follows; cool to moderaËely vTarm growing
season temperaËures, being fairly resistant to frost.
Hackbarth and Tro1l (1960) suggested that L. angusttfoLius is adapted
to relaÈively cool growíng seasons. Forbes and l{ells (1966) reported
that Ëhis specí.es can tolerate frosts dor^¡n to -6 degrees Centigrade and.
that some of the wild types can withstand frosts in Èhe magnitude of -16
degrees CentÍgrade or lower. Excessively high temperatures aË flowering
tÍme results in a large percenËage of flower abortion in L. angustifoLius
and to a lesser degree in L. aLbus and tr. Luteus (Hackbarth, 1955).
Gladstones' suurnary of clímaËic requirements is very similar to that for
L" aLbus.
Henson and Stephens (1958) suggested that tr. Luteus requíres a rn-Llder
growing season and is less Ëolerant to frosts than tr. albus and tr. angus-
ti,foLius. Kubok (1965) and Laczynska (1954) considered borh ËennperaËure
(vernalízation) and photoperíod imporËanL in floral iniation, buË the
relative ímporËânce of each is not kno¡vn. Gladstones (1969a) sunmarized.
iÈs requirements as follows; mild growing season tenperatures and only
light frosts are Ëolerated"
Barbacki (1960), on the basis of greenhouse water rationing trials
suggested that a difference in drought tolerance exists among the three
species of lupins' r,7ith ¿. Luteus more tolerant Ëhan L" aLbus or L. q.Wus-
tdfolious. Gladstones (L969a) suggested that an opposite relationship
exists between tr" Luteus ar'd L" angustifoL'íous under I^Iestern Australian
conditions. Regardless, differences in drought resistance exist and are
attríbuted to the branching tap ïootrs ability to penetrate to a greater
depth more quickly on light soils rather than other forms of physiological
resistance (Ozanne eÈ al_" 1965) "
r0

Excessive moisture also effects the three species differently.
GladsËones (L969a) reported that ¿. Luteus is the most tolerant ro rüater
logging, and Vuuren (L964) suggested that tr. aLbus is the mosË sensitive.
T.4 SOIL AND FERTILITY REOUIREMENTS
The various species of lupins are well known for their ability to
grord on sub-marginal soils that are 1ow in fertility, such as sands and
gravels" Heawy soils should be avoided since they delay Ëhe maturity of
thÍs already late maËuring crop.
"Lupins characteristically gïohr on coarse-Ëextured, well drained
soíls of acíd to neutral reactionr" (Gladstones, LgTob) " However, they
are very susceptible Ëo alkaliníty and do not grow well in soils that
contain even small amounLs of lime. High levels of lime in the soíl r^¡ill
evenËually result in líme induced chlorosis at some stage in the develop-
ment of the plant" This type of chlorosis is usually associated with an
iron deficiency, buË may also reflect a mânganese defíciency in some
instances (Scholz, 1933, L934).
Lupins, like other legumes, fix atmospheric nitrogen via the root
nodules, therefore litËle or no nitrogen fertílizer is required. Glad-
sËones et al" (1964) suggested rhat all lupins require umch phosphate
f.ertilization on new 1and, buË are more efficient than many plants in
utilizing phosphorous that is less readily available. LitË1e is knovm
about the sulphur nutrition of lupins, but many other legrrnes are sensi-
tive Ëo sulphur deficiencies "
Just as the different agricultural species have dístinct differences
in climatic requirements, they also have different reguirements for soil
11

and fertility.
L. aLbus is besË adapted to mildly acid to slíghtly basic sandy
loams of intermediate fertilíty and suffers less readily from lime ín-
duced chlorosis (Suranyi, 1935, Sengbush, L9373 Henson and Stephens, 1958;
Hackbarth " L953; Gladstones, 1959). IË has Ëhe highesË fertility require-
ment of the agricultural specíes. Lastora (J,964) found that low phos-
phorous levels resulted in decreased yields. LiËËle else is known about
the nutrition of this species.
L" angustifoLius ís best adapted to moderately acid to neutral sandy
loams" Its fertiliËy requírement is lower Ëhan tr. aLbus and may be grown
on poor soils if properly fertilízed" It is less Ëolerant of soil line
tlnan L" a.Lbus but suffers less readily from nutritíonal defíciencies -
It has a lower requirement for P and K than L. albus" buË greater than
f.or L" Luteus (Hackbarth, 1960; Gladstones et al. L964). Gladstones
(L962, 1970b) reporËed that this species ís susceptible to Cu defícÍency,
but to a lesser degree Ëhan tr. Luteus. He also suggested that it is
hígh1y susceptible to Co deficíency but not to Mo deficiency.
L" Luteus is noted for its ability to grow r¿ell on very acid soils
which are extremely low in fertilíty (Suranyi" 1935; Oldershaw, 1951;
Gladstones, 1959; Hackbarth and Tro11, 1960) " It is extremely suscept-
ible to lime induced chlorosís which results even if only trace amouÍrts
of líme are present in the soil" Studies by numerous aulhors suggest
Èhat thís specíes rarely suffers from míneral deficiencies other than Fe
or Mn on high lime soils (Gladstonese L962i Gladstones and Drover, L962;
Gladstones et al. L964; GladsËones and Loneragan, L967).
T2

1" 5 CIILTURAI, PRACTICES
1.51 Inoculation
Lupins, like other legumes, store large amounts of proÈein in their
vegetative parts and seeds" ProËein synthesis is dependent upon organíc
nítrogen, which is obtained from the symbíosis bett¡een the root system
and the bacteritur Rhizobiwn Lupini. Thís particular bacËerium is classi-
fied into the lupín inoculation group and will not function with other
legurne species (Erdman, 1953).
Norris (1956) and Graharn (1964) found that the 1upín nodule bacterium
differs in many respects from the Rhizobit¡n classification" They are re-
1atívely slow growing and can survive 1ow soíl ferËility and pH, therefore
Graham suggests that this inoculaËion group be transferred Ëo Ëhe genus
Phytomyæa"
Ne1 (1960) found that ínoculation is not always necessary" Yield
decreased when uninoculated seed was groÍrn on land that had not carried
lupins for seven years, however no yield decreases resulted when uninocu-
lated seed rrras groltn on land Ëhat was cropped with lupins Ëwo years pre-
víous. McKee and Ritchey (L947) suggested that inoculation should be
caxried out every year, even on land prevíously cropped with lupins"
Schinidt (L967) found ËhaË some indigenous strains of lupin inoculum
are parasític" Ilowever, if an active straín was placed on the seed prior
to plantingo it prevenÈed infection by the inactive parasitic strain"
Differences in strain effíciency exíst. Kretovich et a1. (L972) found
a correlation between intensity of respiration, cyÈochrom. P450 "td
effeetiveness of t1ne Rhizobiun strain" Ineffective strains had onLy 257"
of the respiration of effective strains and conËained no cytochrom. P450"
13

cheremísov et a1. (1969) also found strain differences using Nitragen
inocul-r:m"
Inlhen ínoculatíon ís not successful or if fixation is not efficient
niËrogen starvation results with its usual syrtrPtoms and seed yields will
seríously decrease if soil N is also low. Prevíous Ëo such s)rmptoms '
inefficient fixation may be determíned by exposing the inside of a root
nodule to air" A blood red coloration indicates effective fixatíon. If
nodulation is not successful a top dressíng of 9 to LB kg/ha of N or
inoculum míxed with a carrier may reetify the situation (Wells et al'
19s6) .
Zakharchenko and Pirozhenko (1970), with pot trials, found that the
percenËage of Ëhe total N in the plant that was derived from fixation of
atmospheric N was 82"27. and N uptake from the soil was approximateLy 5O%
of the amount applied" Gukova eË al. (1971) found Ëhat nitrogen applica-
tions reduced Ëhe amount of N fixed from the atmosphere and that yíelds
of dry matteï and seed increased with increased rates of N applied. hrhen
the nitrogen applied T¡las íncreased from 28 kglha to 280 kg/ha seed yield
increased from 1.4T/ha to 2.7 T/ha" Dorosinskíi (1969) found that inocu-
lation had no effect on yíeld at high N levels" These studies suggesË
Ëhar seed yield may be limited by atmospheríc N fixaËion or Ëhat bacËeria1
strains used r.uere inefficíenË. Gukova (1968), using pot experiments,
found that increasing K ferLility increased nodule number and total
nodule weight, and that K deficiencies suppressed N fixation. Elevated
levels of N also depressed nodule formatíon and Ëhe ratio of N fíxed to
N absorbed decreased (Posypanov' T972) "
L4

Poor nodulation accompanied by low soil N is a major factor in
reducing lupin seed yields " Poor nodulation can be a result of many
facÈors:
1) InefficÍenË Rhizobial strain or lor,rr conceritraÈions of víab1e
?\
?)
4)
s)
bacteria in conrnercial ínoculun preparations
Seeds are carefully inoculatedo but planted into dry soi1,
which resulËs in dessicatíon of Ínoculum
Dessication of inocuk¡n during the seedíng operations indicated
by decreased nodulation in successive drill widths
ToxiciËy of ferËilizers that come into contacË with the
inocuhm
Use of chemical seed treatrnents which are harmful to the
Rhízobia
To prevent nodulaÈíon failure commercial inoculum should be kept
refrígeraËed and seedíng should be done iumediaËely after inocuh-u¡ is
applied to Ëhe seed. The use of a stickíng agenË wí1l facilitate adher-
ence of the inoculum to the seed coaË and íncrease the survival rate of
the bacteria" This can be a corunercial preparations or blackstrap
molasses at 14 cup per 100 pounds of seed (I,Iells et al . L956; Gladstones,
r969b) "
Shipton and Parker (L966), and Parker and Oakley (1965) found that
the practice of lime-pelletíng commonly used for many legumes decreased
nodulatíon of lupins when inocuk¡n was obtained from agar culËures. How-
ever, peat cultures that were pelleted did not shoÌ^l decreased nodulation
even afËer storage for 61 days at 75 degrees F. This techníque may be
15

useful íf the inoculum is to come into contact r^¡ith substances that may
be toxic to ít, such as fertilízers or chemícal and seed treatments.
1.52 Seeding
Poor seed bed preparation will cause uneven stands of lupins. since
uneveness or trash will cause the seed to be placed on or too near the
soil surface instead of the recornmended depth of 1 inch. Dessícation of
both the germinating seed and inoculum will result (I^Iells et al. L956) "
L.52L Date of Seeding
Many reports reconmend that lupins should be seeded as early as
possible (if grown as suûner annuals) Lo insure maximum vernalization
and early floweríng. Since lupins are very frost tolerant ín their vege-
tative stages, (see 1"3) early plantings are not adversely affecËed.
EatLy seeding promotes rapid initial growth which increases competitive
ability against r¿eeds and increases seed yields. LaËe seeding will
seriously de1-ay harvesting operaËions, decrease seed yields and decrease
seed quality due to pathogenic attack. However, Hackbarth (1955) ín
Germany found Ëhat \,rith some varieties of L" aLbus, seed yields íncreased
with delayed planting but there seemed Ëo be a year x variety or locaËion
inËeraction.
1.522 Depth of Seedíng
All three agricultural specíes of lupins should be seeded to a depth
of 1 inch and a maxímum of 2 inches. Deeper seeding may result in poor
emergerrce due to íncreased pathogeníc attack by such organisms as Rhizoc-
tonia (Decker, L943; Forbes et a1" 1961). Average germination time for
L. aLbus" L, qngust¿foLíus and L" Luteus Ls 7,10, and 2L days respecËively
L6

(Huges and Henson, 1965) "
L"523 Sèed Rates and Spacing
Recorunended seed rates Íor L. albus, L. angustifoLius and L" Luteus
are LZO Èo 160 Lb/a, 70 ro 9O Lb/a and 45 ro 60 1b/a respecríve1y (Huges
and Henson, 1965). Thís r¡¡i11 result in population densities of 180,000
to 360,000 plants/a" Van der Kamp and Riepma (1959) found rhar rhe opri-
mum plant densíty for L. Luteus was 35 to 40 pLar¡ts/mz or a seed rate of
approxiur,ately 75 to 85 ke/na" They also found ËhaË seed raÈe had a
greater influence on seed yield than did row spacing. Lamberts (1955b)
suggests that a seed rate of B0 kg/tta aË a spacing of 35 cm betr,reen rows
is adequate providing germination is at least B0%,
Shultz (1958) found that seed síze of L. aLbus influenced plant
growth and seed yields. Those grovün from seed of 1000 kernel weight of
425 xo 625 grams had better emergencee greaËer plant vigor, earlier flower-
ing, and greater seed yields than those gro\¡rn from seed T¡rith a 1000 kernel
weight of L75 to 375 grams.
1.53 l{eed Control
Many observations suggest that lupins compete
growing, broad leafed weeds" However, grass weeds
ín that they very effectively compete for moísture
and pod filling stages (Gladstones, 1969b) "
1"531 Mechanícal Control
well with prostrate
are a serious problem
duríng the seed settíng
Traditional cultivatíon procedures, as practiced for cereals, are
used for weed control in lupins" Pre and post emergence harrowíng, int.er-
rov¡ cultivation, and hand howing are practiced" Inter-rov¡ cultivation
can be used during the gror,øing season, but only if row spacing is at least
L7

90 crn" However this spacing is noË conducive for maximum yields.
These practices are time consuming and inefficient. Cultivation for
weed control may delay seedíng unËil well after the optimrm date and fínal
yields and quality will be reduced. trrlíde spacing does not uaximíze yields
and seríously delays maËurity by promoting branching" Therefore optímum
plant populations along with chemical weed contTol should be used.
L"532 Cheuical Control
The following data on herbicide control
cable to Western Canada due to the dísparity
lupíns may not be appli-
climatological conditíons.
In European, as well as other countriesr sima2lne is exËensively
used for r.reed control in lupins. Nr¡merous reporÈs have been published
concerning its use (Vossen, 1961; Taylor, L962; Lange and Kunkel, 1963;
MonstvilaiÈe and Puzinaite, 1-966; Mordashev, L967; Monstvílaite, 1968;
Berezhnaya" L968; Kolstov" L969). Sinazine can be used as a pre planË,
or pre emergence herbicide and less conmonly as a post emergence herbi-
cide. It is absorbed only by the root system so particular at.Ëention
musË be paid to depth of planting"
Results in the effectiveness of simazine vary. Vossen (1961) ob-
Ëained good weed control with up to 2 kg of símazíne per hectare but
found iL much less efficient during a dry growing season" MonsËvílaíËe
and Puzinaíte (1966) obtained up to 96% control of couch grass (Agropyz,on
repens) with 6 kg/ha applíed early in Ëhe spring. Kolsrov (L969) and
Lange and Kunkef (1963) both obtained yield increases using símazine as
a pre plant or early pre emergence herbicide" At Ëhe raËe of L kg/ha
in 600 liÈres of vrater, yields were 14 "L% hígher than mechanically con-
Ërolled check ploËs. Mordashev (1967) reported good control of Yellow
Rocket (Baybarea uuLgayLs) and I,rrild Radish (Raphantæ z'aphnnisttwn) ax
l_n
in
18

0.75 kg/ha of simazine applied pre emergence. Howeveïj peïennials were
not efficiently controlled" Other annual weed species were reduced by a
factor of L4 times.
Berezhnaya (1968) usíng 7 kg/lna, obËained onty 20% r¡¡eed contïol.
fn Ëhís sËudy Randox and EPTC at 8 kg/ha proved more effective.
Símazine has a residual effect which contribuËes to its high degree
of success ín weed cont.rol for lupins as well as other crops. This per-
sistence rnay delay plantíng of successive crops" MonsËvilaite (1966)
found Ëhat yíelds of fa11 rye thaË followed lupins tïeated r,rith 6 kg
símazine per hectare TÄrere depressed up to 4L% "
DNOC (2-methyL-|,6-diníËrophenol), pre emeïgencen is also exten-
sively used but íts effectiveness seems to be dependenÈ upon adequaËe
rainfall (Lamzin, 1966). Lange and Kunker (1963) reporred a 15.87" yíeLð,
íncrease vrÍth DNOC at 3 kg/ha in 600 litres of vracer pre emergence when
compared to cultivated p1ots.
Most, well known post emergence herbicides seríously damage the lupín
planËs. Death of Ëhe plant or aÈ best depressed yields resulted" These
includei 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D, 2,h-DB, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop " 2,3,6-T8A, fenac,
sMAn dalapon, amitrole, diquatn dínoseb, and pcp (Taylor, L962). varíous
other herbicides that have been tried are listed in Table 2.
1.54 Harvesting of the Seed Crop
1".54L Use of Defolianrs
Uneven ripening, accentuaËed by late planting and moist climatic
conditions has led to Ëhe use of defoliants to facilitate harvesËing.
Mordashev and Rogov (L970) found rhat ïipening could be hastened by 13
T9

Table 2" Herbicides used for weed control in lupins, along with raËes, type of application, results, and
references
Reference
Results
Rate
ke/b^
Type
Herbícide name(s)
and LusËig, 1960
Idinkler
efficíent control; tolerant.
6 Llha
pre em.
Premin
illtrr
ll
; leaf burn
B l/ha
il
Premin
tt
tt rt
serious crop damage;
6 Llha
post em"
Premín
Monstvilaite and Puzinaite,
L966
Kolrstov, L969
effect.ive f.or AgropAron rlepens
next best t.o simazine
effective control
8 kgltt"
pre en.
Dalapon
2"5
pre plant
Prometryne
3.0
?l
Diphenamide
good for wíld oat control
1.5
il
Linuron
effective weed control
3"0
il
Troporox (MCPB-Na)
Chesalin and Spivak, L968
reduced weed pop. by 827.
0 .8-3 .0
pre en.
Aersin (monolinuron)
ilttlttl
effective control
1-1.5
It
Herban (noruron)
Lange and Kunkel, L963
greater lupin yíelds than
cultivated plots
u"ïse; poor weed control
"r:n
3.0
tl
DNOC (2-urethyl-4,6dínitrophenol)
Taylor, L962
tl
Prometon
lt ft
Û
Simeton
control of Lanb?s Quarters
various degrees of tolerance
¡0
Amiben
t!

Table 2 - Continued
Reference
Results
Rate
kg/ha
Type
Herbicide name(s)
Mordashev, L967
6.0
pre em.
Dinoseb
Berezhnayar 1968
control of annuals but not
perennials
various degrees of control
4-8. 0
pre plant
Randox
Monstvilaite and Puzinaite,
ttuu
,, rt ?r
variable effects on A" T,epens
30
pre em.
TCA
30
Pre em.
pïe en"
DCU
Monstvilaíte, 1968
some control
5
PCP
Berezhnaya, L96B
variable degrees of control
B
pre seed
EPTC
Taylor , tn:,,
some control, lupíns Ëolerant
L.5-2.0
pre em.
Chloropropham
crop injuries result
4"5
pre em.
Chloropropham
Monstvilaíte, 1968
some control
1
pre em"
Dikonirt
t\)
ts

Ëo 16 days if lupins aË a seed moisture content of. 65"/" r^rere sprayed løíth
one of the following ehemieals: 0.52 DNOC" 0"25% diquaË, 0"257" paraquat
or 2"0% magnesium chloraËe. Other authors suggest spraying r,¡ith defo-
liants at a stage when the pods on the main stem have turned somewhat
brown, or 15 days before natural maturity. They found Ëhat use of defo*
liants such as 5% NaCl, !l ¿rrmoniútr nitrate, L% dessican hastened maturiËy
with no effect on 1000 seed weight or subsequent germination (Kawamata and
Tsukijima, 1957; Brr-unmund, L962; Buzmakov, 1966; Japel " L967) "
1,.542 MeËhods of Seed Harvest
Three methods have been used to harvest luoins" In New Zealand
Ehey are cut with a side
Ëhreshed (Hudson, L934) "
delivery or reaper and binder, staeked and then
They may be cut with a mower, and after dry, picked up with a
header-harvester wíth a pick up aËËachment" Alternately they may be
straíght combined (McKee, T946; Gladstones, 1969b).
Straight combining is the most common practice since the introduc-
tion of reduced or non-shattering cultivars" Shattering cultívars require
cutting before maturityr drying and Ëhreshing. GladsËones (1969b) sug-
gesËed the use of a header Ëype harvester, with every second tooth removed
from the comb, with other necessary adjustments to handle large seeds,
namely, wide concave clearance and a very slow cylinder speed.
I"543 Drying of the Harvested Seed
Large amounts of green trash and immature seeds may be presenË and
should be removed or heating injury nay occur" The seed should then be
quíckly dried with forced air aË a temperaËure of 110 to 12OoF to a
moisËure content of 13" 57" for two year deterioration-free storage, and
to L2% or lower for longer sËorage periods (Forbes et al. 1961).
22

L"6 INSECTS AND DISEASES OF CULTIVATED LI]PINS
1" 61 Insect Pests
Lupins are visired by nany types of insects (Leuck et al. 196g) "
Many are not harmful and are usually agents of low levels of cross-
pollination ín Ëhis otherwise self-pollinated. crop (Forbes et a:-. I97L).
other insect visiËors may cause severe damage. These pests have been
reviewed by nany authors (Henson and Stephens, 1958; Silva and. Oliveira.
I959a, 1959b; HackbarËh and Tro11, 1960; Gladstones, 1969b).
APHIDS (Aphds spp. ) are a serious pest of lupins in many countries.
They attack the sÞreeÈ (low alkaloid) cultivars only, with the bitter
(high alkaloid) cultÍvars being irnmune. They tend to feed on the active
gror,ring poínts which affects flowering and reduces seed seË. They also
play a major role in the transrn-issíon of certain viral d.iseases" such as
bean yellor¿ mosaic and Ëo a lesser extent. cucumber mosaic. Control r¡ith
a systeuic ínsecticide ís effective but re-infesËatíon may occur (Glad-
stones, L969b) "
BUDWORMS (HeliotLñs spp.), also known as climbing cutr¡rorms, aËtack
lupins as well as other crops in East Africa, Australia and the u.s.A.
The larvae appear in the early spring from its overwíntering period ín
the soíl" They may eat the foliage, or burrow into Ëhe ir¡nature pods
and feed on the forrning seeds " Both high and lov¡ alkaloid cultivars may
be aËtacked. L. arryustifolius is the most resistant and L" Luteus the
most susceptible" Resistance increases as Ëhe pods mature and toughen,
Èherefore the degree of damage depends upon the stage of infestation.
If heavy infestaËíons are expected, timed planting may afford some degree
LJ

of conËrol or alternately the crop may
cídes such as Dípterex or Seven (Henson
and Corbetr, 1959).
be sprayed wiËh foliar insecti-
and Stephenso l95B; Edwardson
PEA AND BEAN I^IEEVTLS (sítorn spp") mainry arrack culrivars ot L.
angustifoLius. The larvae feed on the roots and nodules, whereas the
adults eat a characteristic u-shaped notch in the folíage; damage re_
porLed is not usually severe (Henson and stephens, l95B; Hackbarth and
Tro11, 1960).
Thrips are reported Ëo cause damage to Èhe florn¡ers of low alkaloid
cultivars" but the level of damage and infestation does not usuarry
I¡rarrant chemlcal control (Edwardson, Llells and Forbes, Lg63). Gladstones
(1969b) reported that red-legged earth mites (Halotydus d.estz,uctoy,) and
Lucerne fleas (snynûnu,us uiridis) are capable of causing seríous damage
in Australia. Grasshoppers may also cause serious d.amage if infestation
ís severe"
1.62 Díseases
Many pathogens can infect Lupi,rrus spp. The rnajority are fungal but
virus infection can also cause severe damage. The following diseases
can vary in severity depending upon prevailing climatic conditions and.
the magniËude of inoculun present.
1,"62L Fungal Diseases
ANTTIRACNOSE (Glomev'elLa cingulata) can be very destructive, espe-
cially in warm, moist r¡eather. The source of infection may be other crop
plants, soil, or it may be carried in or on the lupin seed. Decker (1948)
found that seed treaEnents ürere unsuccessful. This pathogen can attack
24

Ëhe stems, pods and seeds and to a lesser extent the folíage. sJ¡mptoms
range from small bror¿n circular lesions on the cotyledons to cankers with
concentric rings on the stemso to large black lesions on the pods with
the seeds beneath displaying various types of lesions " Änthracnose ca'
attack a1-1 agricultural species and is reported to be a serious problem
of L" angustdfolius Ln the U.S.A., however genes for resistance have been
isolated from some wild types (I,Ieímer, Lg43" L952a; Forbes and I,Iellso
1961) .
FUSARTITM RooT Ror AND I,trLT (Fusaríwn spp.) can be d.esËrucríve ín
rdarm, moíst weather" Transmission may be by seed but more commonly via
the soil since many other crops are susceptible to this pathogen. csuti
(L962) found Èhat three species of Fusarium could be distinguished ín
the r¿ilt dísease of lupins, namely, .p" oæasporLÍtr, F. ansena,ce?Ìns and F.
t'edolens' plus oËhers that were not identified. He suggests that E.
oæasporwn is usually the first invader followed by the other species.
tr'Ieimer (1941) reported that this disease is mainly a problem on L. Luteus.
However Armstrong and Armstrong (1964) found various races of F. oæAsporwn
that could arrack ¿. albus and L. angustifolius.
The pathogen, whether seed or soil borne, attacks the underground
portion of the plant whích prod.uces the characteristic wilt sympËoms of
the above ground portions. These include dwarfing, yellowíng, wilting
and evenËual death. The symptoms on the root sysÈen includ.e a dry roË,
with lesions that range from water-soaked to a mahogany red to dark brown,
dependíng on the stage of development, tissue moisture conËerit and which
partieular species of Fusari-um is parasitizing the plant (lrreirner , Lgs1b) .
ResisËant rines of L" Luteus have been isorated (Larnberts, r955a;
Tro11, L964). Crop rotatíon is an important conLrol measure because of
25

the soil borne nature of Ëhe disease, however seed treahent wiËh Ceresen
may also be benefieial (Csuci" L962).
BROI^IN SPOT (Ceratophorttn setosum = PleiocVneta setosø) can attack
mosË lupln specÍes" with tr. albus being particularly susceptible" In
Èhe United States it ranges farther norÊh than other diseases and seems
to be more prevalenË under cool, damp conditions" Gladstones (L969b;
1970b) suggests that thís is the most universally destructive disease of
lupins and is consídered the most important. in I,I" Australia. Trans-
mission rnay be by seed or from crop residues. This disease is most abun-
dant on the leaflets of ¿. angustltfolius wi_tln the lesions being variable
in shape, size and color. It may also attack Ëhe petíoles" sterns,
flo*rers, pods and seeds. On the petioles Ëhe lesions resemble Ëhe cir-
cular lesions that are found on the leafletsu but as Ëhe disease pro-
gresses thelesionsmay cover the ent.ire circt¡mference. The lesions on
the stem may be large bro¡.¿nish-black cankers with lighter borders that.
can cover the r,¡hole sËen. Blossom lesions are brownísh to black and the
pod lesíons resemble those on the leaflers and may be small or cover a
Large portion of the pod. The pathogen can grow through the pod and
cause reddish-brown lesions on the seed that appear sirullar to the
lesions produceil by the anthracnose fungus. Gross symptoms usually in-
volve complete defoliation and results in Ëhe death of the plant (trnleímer,
L9s2b) .
Various seed treaËnenËs and spraying Èhe infect.ed crop has had only
slight success and no genetic source of resistance has been reporËed
(GladsËones, L969b" L970b) "

GREY LEAFSPOT (StanphyLium solani and ,9. bol;tgosum) is a major
disease in the lupin growing areas of the United States. It can seri-
ously decrease yíe1ds by defoliaËing the plants, (Edwardson et al. 1963).
The two species of S1;emphyLiun r{ere once described as tl¡ro separate dis-
eases that produced separate syndromes. They T¡/ere named LitËle Leafspot
(5. botryosum) and Grey Leafspot (,9. soLani) (Wells et al. 7956). How-
ever, upon further investigatíon I^Ie11s et al. (1961) found that both 5"
soLaní and ^9. botryosum caused identical symptoms as described by Grey
Leafspot. Therefore they suggested that the name Grey Leafspot be rede-
fined to include the identical symptoms produced by both species.
The Stemphylium Leaf Spot complex attacks only varieties oÍ. L"
angustifoLius, with tr. albus and tr" Luteus being inmune. Wells et al.
(1956) described the symptoms as follows; infections on the leaflets are
circular to oblong,2 to 6 rmr in diarneter, and during the early stages
are brown" 01der lesions have a rose-grey center with a brown margin"
The pathogen causes tissue collapse and lesíons are Ëherefore sunken.
Very few lesions wíll cause the leaflets to abscise, therefore rapid
defoliation afËer initial infection may occur. Lesions can also occur
on the sËem and pods. They are small and circular, or up to 5 cm long
and may encompass the stem or cover Ehe entire pod"
Iniells et al" (L962) found another species of thís pathogen thaË can
parastize L. angustifolius" ^9" Loti can atËack lines that are resistant
to ,9" solani and .9" botz'yosum, but does not seem to be prevalent in the
South Eastern UniËed SËates. ResisËance to Grey Leafspot has been found
in the form of two independenË genes isolated from a naturally occurrÍng
mutant and from wild forms occurring in PorËugal (Forbes eË al. 1957,
L964" L965) "
)7

POIüDERY MILDEW (Erysiphe poLygoni, DC.) is usually found in rhe
southern part of the Lupin Belt in the United States" The lower leaves
are infected first and irregular white blotches which may vary in síze
are produced. If the disease is severe most leaflets wíll become in-
fected and will eventually abscise (Weiner, L952b). A resistance gene
has been Ísolated in L. Luteus from wild maËerial (Lamberts, L952) "
RIIIZOCTONIA ROOT ROT (Rhr,zoctonia solani,) is wídely distributed and
the most destrucËive root rot of lupins and causes both pre and post
êmergence damping off of seedlings" The inËensiËy and severiËy of thís
disease was found to be associated r¿ith the depth of planting, with
deeper plantings havÍng a greater percentage of infected plants (Deeker,
L943) "
PlanÈs at the floweri-ng stage can also be attacked which resulËs
Ín a dry rot of the root systsrl" They nay show líttle or no symptoms of
the disease in the top porËion of the plant, or may be stunted, and even-
tually díe (I{eimer, L952b). Again .L. arryustifolius ís most seríously
affecËed.
SOUTTIERN BLIGHT (Sclerol;i-un y,olfsii) ís another serious disease
prevalent in the Lupin Belt in SouËhern United SËates (Edwardson et al.
1"963). It attacks both the root and top portions of lupins as well as
many oËher plants. It can infect all the agrícultural specíes of lupins
in Ëhe seedlíng or later sËages of growth"
Infection is usually near the surface of Ëhe soil, r¿hich results in
the formaËion of a canker which may girdle the entire stem. trtlhite myce-
liurn growíng on Ëhe soil surface may be assocíated r¿ith Lhe infected
plant, This type of infecËion will initíaLLy cause sËunËing of the plant,
28

uË r¿í11 eventually lead to death.
Inlhite mycelíum containing whiÈe to brown sclerotía is usually asso-
ciated rrrith root lesions "
The pathogen may spread by this mycelial
growth to adjacent plants ín a row. Control for this as well as other
soil borne pathogens is difficult and seed treatments have had lirnited
success (Inleimer, L952b; Edwardson et al. 1963).
BOTRYTIS STB{ CANKER (Bottytis cdneriø) usually infects plants
following freezing injury, hornrever, iË can also attack healthy planËs of
L" albus, L. angustl:foLius and L. Luteus" It produces large brown
cankers which may be covered with mycelÍum and fruiting bodies. These
sympËoms are most evident on the stem and Laxget branches, but pods may
also become infected (Inleimer, L952b) "
SCLEROTINIA STEM ROT (Sclez,otinia scLerotiorun) ís most comnonly
found on L. artgustifoLius in the Southern U.S.A", where it usuallyattacks
the stem. The region above the infected area will eventually wilt and
die. This dísease is similar to B. cíneria but can be distinguished by
the irregular black sclerotia that are found in the pith raËher Ëhan on
Ëhe surface of the plant" It rarely attacks the pod, where the seeds will
be replaced by scleroËÍa (Weimer, L952b) "
Other fungal díseases of lesser importance include; Ascochyta Stern
Canker (Ascoc/tyta gossypü ) , which causes cankers siuilar Ëo Anthracnose
on young plants; FooÈ Rot or damping-off caused by PLtytVtLum spp" which
usually attacks seedlings, and Stem Bligtrt (PVtomopsis Leptostromiformís)
which can attack tr" aLbus and L. Luteus but noË tr. angustifolius (Weímer,
1952b; Kockman, L957; Ostazeski and l^Iells, 1960).
29

L.622
Several
Ye11ow Mosaic
Virus (?MV).
Virus Diseases
viruses are reporËed to occur in lupins, íncluding Bean
Virus (BYMV), Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV), and Pea Mosaic
BMYV is the most destructive of the lupin viruses. It can attack
all the agrícultural species of lupins as well as a wide varieËy of other
legumes such as peas, beans, clovers, and varíous native species (Glad-
stones , L969b). These may serve as sources of the inoculum r¿hich is
aphid transmitted. The vírus is not persísËant in Ëhe aphid vector,
therefore, límitíng the spread to low alkaloid cultivars that can support
a breeding populatíon of aphids (Corbett, 1958). Seed transmission ís
reported to occur Ln L" Luteus. Heat treatlnent. or prolonged periods of
storage do noÈ seem to be effecÈive in controllíng the virus infected
seed (Corbett, 1958; BLaszak, L963a, 1963b) "
Symptoms of BMYV ínfection vary depending upon which species is
viewed. Gladst,ones (1970b) describes the various synpËoÐs as follows;
in L" Luteus the characteristic synpËoms are mosaic mott.ling, with a
narrowing and disËorËion of Ëhe leafleLs, cornbíned r^rith dwarfed, bunchy,
top growth. The symptoms in tr. aLbus are similar, but much less severe.
L. angustifoLius shows the greatest severity of symptoms, which include
brown sËreaks on one side of the growing poinË r,,¡hich results in a
ttshepherd ts crooktt.
In a1l species infecËion before flowering will great.ly reduce seed
seË and planËs will fail Ëo mature normally, however, in the case of tr.
angust'i-folius, infecËion at Ëhis stage usually results in death. Infec-
tion afüer flowering in L. albus and L. Luteus will result in smaller,
mis-shapen seeds, however infecËion at this tj-rne in tr. angustl:folius
30

will result ín the blackening of the pods
Inlells, Leuck et al. (7962) proposed a
virus in L" Luteus. which include the use
at least 100 yards away from any source of
a systenic insecËicide such as Phorate to
a cïop.
L.7 COMPOSITION AND FEEDING VA]-UE
1"71 Composition
7.71"L Protein. 0í1 and Fibre
which will not fi1l"
system for controlling this
of virus-free seed, planËing
aphid vectors, and Ëhe use of
control aphid vectors v¡ithin
All agriculËural specíes of lupins contain large amounts of crude
protein in theír seeds, apprecíable oil, and relatively large amounËs of
fibre. Table 3 (Gladstones, L970a) gíves the average composition of
lupin seed compared to other plant sources of proteín. Also listed are
Ëhe compositions of lupín germ mea1, based on the removal of B0 xo 907"
of Ëhe seed coat, which is readily attained by conrmercial milling of the
whole seed,
L" Luteus and L. albus are partícu1ar1y rích in crude protein with
42 and 407" respectively on a moisture free basis. The proËein conËenËs
are hígher than most grain legumes, but lower than oil seed meals conrnonly
used in livestock rations" However, dehulled lupin seed has a greater
percentage protein than these, with the excepËion of peanuË and soybean
meals.
All species of lupins contaín considerable amounts of oil, which
raises the energy value of lupin seed. Oil content ranges from 5% for
L. Luteus to L0% f.or L. aLbus (Gladstones, 1970a).
31

Table 3. Composition of lupin seed and germ meal, compared to other plant proteín sources (Gladstones,
1970a)
Average composiËion
(percentage, moísËure-free basis)
Form
Species or foodstuffs
Ash
N-free
extract
oil
Crude (ether Crude
protein extract) fibre
Inlhole seeds
Germ meal*
L" Lu.teus
5
32
34
L7
3
5
6
/,,
52
J
4
45
46
15
J
5
6
34
4T
hrhole seeds
Germ meal
u. qrLguÐuuJ vuuuÐ
J
4
JO
38
11
9
10
40
46
Iühole seeds
Germ meal
lJ. A.LþUS
J
4
6
6
6 a
2
2
2
1
7
9
B
1
I
7
B
62
57
36
29
JU
40
31
37
6
9
9
10
1B
10
J
¿o
JU
50
55
46
35
/.')
4L
I{hole seeds
trrlhole seeds
SolvenË extracted
DecorËicated, extracted
Decorticat.ed, expressed
Expressed
Decorticated, extracted
Extracted
Other feeds
Peas
Vetches
Soybean meal
Peanut meal
Cottonseed cake
Linseed cake
Sunflower seed meal
Rapeseed meal
Calculated on the basis of approximately 85 per cent separatíon of the seed coats.
LÐ
¡\)

Crude fibre coritents of the seeds are quite high but are variable.
L. aLbus has the lowest contenÈ of. L2%. In Èhe dehulled seed fibre con-
tents drop to approximateLy 3% indicatíng that the majoriËy of the fibre
is ín this fr:action. Since Ëhe relative amounts of proteÍn increase
afËer this proeedure suggests ËhaË very srnall amounts of protein are
situated in the seed coat.
The variation experienced in proteín and fibre content among the
species Ís partially a funcÈÍon of the relative proportion of seed coat,
which ranges Í.rom L5% for L. albus to 25% for L" Luteus (Gladstones,
1970a) "
The N-free extract (carbohydrate other than in the crude fibre)
also varíes from 327" f.or L. Luteus to 44% for L" dngustl:folíus"
L.7L2 Amino Acids
The qualiËy of any protein depends upon its compliment of amino
acids. fn the case of man, hogs and other non-ruminants, quality is
dependent upon the sulphur containing arníno acids, cystine and
methionine.
Table 4 (Gladstones, I970a) presents the estimated amino acid com-
posiËion of lupins as compared Ëo oËher sources of plant protein and to
F"4"0. sÈandards"
All species of lupins are uniformly 1ow in methíonine, a characËer-
istíc shared with most other legumes. A high level of cystine partially
compensaËes for the low methionine ín L" Luteus, but not ín the other
species" However, this 1ow meËhionine content is complimenËed easily
r,rith cereal grain, or cheaply with syntheËic meLhionine supplemerits"

Table 4" Estímated liniting amino acid content of lupin seed, compared
to other plant sources of protein
Species, etc"
F.A. O" standard
L. Luteus
u. etrat4ùuuJUUuuð
L. albus
Soybean
Peanut
Cottonseed
Linseed
Sunflower seed
trüheat
Barley
Oats
Maize
Amíno acid as percentage of the crude protein
Cystine and
Lysine Methionine CysËine methionine Tryptophan
/, ,)
qn
qô
5"2
s.9
at
/,)
3"6
4.r
3.5
J"O
4.L
¿"ó
2"2
0"5
0.8
1"0
r"4
1.1
1.5
L"7
2"9
1'
'lR
L"7
2^
3.6
L.2
l.B
L.7
1?
2"2
rìq
L.7
3"5
2"6
2"6
L.9
4.L
2.0
ta
3.1
3"7
4"6
4.7
4"0
?o
There seems to be little variation in the lysine content of Ëhe
7.4
1"0
1.3
L.2
L.2
0.9
1A
1.8
L"4
r"0
L"4
1.3
different lupin specíes, whích ranges from 5.0 to 5.2/.. These values
are somewhat greater Ëhan F.A.o. standards, cereals, and all other planË
sources of proteín except soybean which has a value of 5"97""
Levels of tryptophan are also uníform, but belov¡ the value set by
F.A.O., however, they are similar to oËher protein sources.
L"713 Alkaloids and Toxícity
During tr^Iorld I^Iar I, tr. Luteus r^Ias commonly used as a substitute ín
different foodstuffs, however it never became popular for nutritive pur-
poses because of íts high alkaloid conËenÈ. sengbush (1930, 1931) iso-
lated 1ow alkaloid lines of L. Luteus in the lare 1920¡s, Thís led to
34

Ëhe eventual developmenÈ of low or alkaloid free varietíes of the major
agricultural species of lupins (Barbacki et al. L962).
The isolation of 1ow alkaloid types led Ëo the broad, two parË
classification of lupins j-nto bíÈter and sr^ieeË types on the basis of
their alkaloid content. Bitter types may contain up to 27. alkaloids,
whereas the contemporary snTeet types have alkaloid contents Ëhat are 50
to 997á lor,rer than their bitter relatíves (Gustafsson and Gadd, L965;
Barbackí et al" L962).
The bitter straíns contain different amounts and types of alkaloids
which can differ ín marmnalian Ëoxicity (Marsh, Clauson and Marsh, 1916;
Gorden and Henderson, 1951). The dÍfferent species also vary in this
respect (Schwarze and Hackbarth, L957). Toxicity of lupin alkaloids vary
with the amount consumed and the animal being tested" Generally, Ëhey
may cause severe íntoxícation, which can be fatal or transienË, or perna-
nent damage Ëo Ëhe nervous system (Bennets, 1957; Marsh, Clauson and
Marsh, 1916) "
The sweet varieties have never been reported to cause toxiciËy when
fed to livestock (Gladstones, 1970b). The seed of sweet lupins can be
fed dírectly without special treatment and many tests have failed to
reveal anti-trypsin or other anti-metabolÍc factors.
1.72 Feeding Value
Gladstones (1970a) has surnnarized the v¡ork of Hackbarth and Husfield
(1939) and other authors on the digestibiliËy of the seed constituents of
L. Luteus and L" dqust¿folius" This is presented in Table 5.
35

Table 5. Percentage digestíbílity of lupin seed constituents
L. angusl;i,foLi.us (narrow-leafed lupin)
L" Luteus (yellow lupin)
oil
oil
N-free
exËracE
Test anímal
Crude
fíbre
(ether
extract)
Crude
protein
N-free
extract
Crude
fibre
(ether
exËract)
Crude
proteín
B6
B3
93
BB
79
/o
B5
92
Runinants
77
qR
81
89
to
9L
B4
90
Ruminants*
69
B4
94
Horse
9r
55
)¿
B8
B4
26
54
93
Pio '-Þ
85
B2
10
2
9B
89
Chicken
1
J
a/,
94
Pigeon
90
98
83
95
Fish (carp)*'t
88
51
BB
Man
After L. E. Evans (1960).
Afrer Hackbart-h and Trol1 (1960) "
o\

These authors have found that the digestíbility of the crude protein
ís high for all animals. The oÍ1 of both tr. angustifoLíus arrd L. Luteus
is also highly digestible with Ëhe lower values for man and hogs being
colrìmon to Bost vegetable oi1s" The digestibility of the fibre by hogs
and birds is quite low, ranging from 2 to 55%, However, Florence (1965)
reported digestíbilities exceeding BO% for hogs" Digestibilíty of carbo-
hydrate (N-free extract) is símilar to other planË sources of proËein,
with Ëhe exception of the digestibilíty by birds which is extremely low
and may be due to complex carbohydrate structure whích is difficult for
birds to dígest (Bolton, L967).
The high fibre digestibí1íty conbined with the relatively high oil
content make lupins an excellent source of energy (Gladstones, L970a) "
Their metabolisable energy has been determined by Payne (1971) as beíng
1800 Kcal/kg tor Ëhe whole seeds of. L. angust¿foLi,us, cv. Uníwhite"
SweeË lupin seed is very palatable and is readily accepted by all classes
of lívestock"
I"72L CaLtle Feeding
SweeË lupins, alËhough highly digestiblen cannoL coulpet,e with other
forms of foodsËuffs such as cereals as a source of dieËary energy" Ilor,r-
evere they may be very useful as a source of protein in the rations of
cerËain classes of cattle (Barker' 1971) '
The rather unbalanced amíno acid composíËion of lupins ís of little
importance in the nutrition of ruminants since the micro-organisms in
the rumen are able to synÈhesize Èhe amino acíds required from most feed
and make them available to Ëhe animal. However, the amino acid balance
may be iuportant in the nutritíon of Èhe young calf which has noË devel-
ooed a functional rr¡men.
37

As shown in Table 5, the digestibility of all seed components is
quiÈe high for rr¡minants and Ëherefore could be quite satisfactorily
used for cattle fatteníng" The protein conÈenË required in fatË.eníng
rations depends mainly upon the condition of the anímals to be fed. \trhen
the main tissue being produced is muscle, proteín requirement is the high-
esË, and when it is fat tissue the protein requirenenÈ lessens" Barker
(1971) suggested that a mixture of. 5% lbs of ssreet lupin seed to every
94% Lbs of a graín-roughage mixËure will raise Ëhe digestible proËein Ëo
a level required in a raËion for fattening yearlíngs. In very young
anímals that are buildíng mostly muscle, the same author suggests that a
ruixture of 15 1bs of lupin seed to 85 lbs of grain-roughage will provide
a raËion of. L2"57" digestible protein which is required for an animal at
+L-i^ ^*^^^
Lrrrù ù L4ËE "
L"722 Poultry Feeding
Lupin seed has widespread used in poultry raËions in i{estern AusË-
raLLa, for both layers and broílers. Approximately 10 million broilers
were raised using 102 lupin seed meal in the rations (Smetana, L97L) "
The same author from 3 years of experimental work on lupin seed in
broiler raËíons has drar¡n the following conclusions; the lupin seed of
sr^reeË varieties of L" Luteus and tr. angusti,foLius were comparable in
value as a protein source, with the former being superior due to a higher
proteín content; cooking Ëhe lupin seed instead of rar¡/, coarsely ground
seed elicited no response; T2% L" Luteus (cv" I^Ieiko III) or 13% L" aytgus-
tifolius (cv. Uniwhite) ín starter diets and 9 and LO% in finishing
raËions yielded satisfactory gror¡rth and conversion; lupín seed meal could
compleËely replace soybean meal up to a similar protein content, if an
38

extra pound of synthetic rnethionine per ton of feed was added"
Payne (L97L) suggested that lupins could be used for layer ratíons,
only if there r,lere no undesÍrable side effects on egg quality. In these
rations de-hu1ling would not be necessary and up Xo L5% r^rhole seed may
be used.
L.723 Hog Feeding
McNamara (L97L) ín preliminary Ëria1s üiith lupín seed in hog rations
obtained favourable results when Z" Luteus. cv. Weiko III was fed to
Berkshire X Landrace at 60 lb starting weight.
wheat
lupins
meat meal
components
Gror¿ing Finishing
60 to lo0 1b 100 lb to slaughter
/o
78 "5
15 .0
5.0
Q? q
15. 0
Chrísphos (calcium phosphate) 1"0 1.0
salL 0.5 0"5
Supplemented with vitarnins and trace minerals.
The above lupin raËion gave a sËart. Ëo slaughter coriversíon of 3.7:1
t¿hich was beËter than the control at 4:1" In another experiment the meat
meal was completely replaced and a conversion of 4:1 result.ed from the
followíng ration: 65 "5% wheat, 15.0% oats, 20% 1upín seede 1% Chrisphos,
0.5"/" sa]-t * vitamíns and Ërace elements.
39

In view of his resulÈs, McNamara suggests that lupin seed can be
subsËitrrted for a major parÈ of the conventional meat meal with no nega-
tive effects on growth rate or feed conversion.
1.73 Lupinosis - Lupin Poisoning
Sheep, and to a lesser extent horses and catËIe are subject to
lupinosis. Lupinosis may assume an acute or a chronic course. In both
cases the syrnptoms are similar, however, Lhe later results in chronic
interstít.íal inflammation of the liver ËhaË leads to atrophy, accompanied
nephritis and enlargenent of the spleen. In studies by Gardiner (L964"
1965, L967; Gardiner and Nottle, 1960), the chronic development r¡ras
characterized by shrínkage and cirrhosis of the liver, increased parasi-
tíc \,rorm burden, cobalt deficiencies and toxic copper levels in the liver
which causes haemolytic jaundice; visible s]4nptoms include malnutrition
and jaundice of the vísible mucous membranes.
Acute lupinosis is characterized by inflanrnaËion, enlargement and
fatty infiltration of the líver, and can result ín rapid death (Glad-
stones, f970b) "
Early in the cultivated use of lupíns it was recognized that the
poisoning in lupinosis rvas noË due to the alkaloids of the plante since
lupinosis manífested symptoms disËinctly different from those produced
by alkaloid poisoning. Kuhn (1BBO) found that lupinosis could not be
produced by alcoholíc extracts of the lupins, buÈ was produced by the
marc of Ëhe seeds (resídues left after seeds are pressed) " He suggested
that if this was alkaloid poisoníng the reverse vrould be true. Dammann
(7902) substantiated the above findings when he reported that the sub-
sËance causing lupinosis r¿as insoluble in solvents cormnonly used for
40

alkaloíd exÈraction and was not readily destroyed by heat" He proposed
that the substance thaÈ caused lupinosis r¡¡as noË preformed in lupins,
but was a by product of the growth of a micro-organism. Thís theory
gained the support of Gardiner (1966) and l^Iarmelo eË al. (1970) who found
that lupinosis was not associated wíth alkaloid conterlt buË with the
growÈh of Ëhe fungus Phomops'Ls Leptostrom|foz,m.Ls on the lupin plant an¿
seed" They proposed that lupinosis r¡ras caused by nycotoxicosis caused
by this fungus. This relaËionshíp can explain why lupinosis also occurs
when srnreet lupins are fed to livestock"
1.8 AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
1"Bl Seed Yield
Seed yields ín most countries tend to be erratic or in some cases
not adequate as compared to other land uses, however, thís is common to
all papilionaceous plants. They are all extremely sensitive to Eempera-
ture' moisture and other environmental factors which results in yield
fluctuaËions. Due to unreliable seed yields, lupins are most cormnonly
used as forage or for green-manuring.
Seed production seems to be favoured in countries such as South
Africa and Australia rather Ëhan in cool temperate climates, as is shown
by the expansíon ín production of lupin seed in the latter whic.h has
doubled annually sínce 1-967 from L222 ha to 56,700 ha in 1972 (Founrain,
L973).
Recent yield data does not seem to be available, therefore
reference r¡í11 be uade to the time when lupín cultivation was at
in many counËries " HackbarËh (1955) sr:mmarized yíe1ds of lupins
límited
a peak
ín
+I

Germany and presented them as long term averages.
Table 6.
These are listed l_n
Table 6. Average seed yields of sweet lupins in Germany
Species (many cvs. represented) Seed yíeld (qulha)
Iühite Lupin
Blue Lupin
Ye1low Lupin
Q,.
(n"
Q,"
aLbus)
angust¿foLius)
Luteus)
22.85 + 0.59
L5 .29 + 0.56
L7.70 + 0.67
The differerrces in the yielding abílity is clearly displayed in the
above data. Table 7 illustrates the differences between the Lhree differ-
ent species, as well as the major fluctuations thaË occurred from year t.o
year in Poland (Barbacki and Kapsa, 1960) "
TabLe 7 "
Average yields of sweet cultivars of lupins gror¡¡rt at. many
locations ín Poland from L949 to L957
Species, seed yietd, qu/ha
Year L. aLbus u. qtL9uÐuuJvuuØÐ L" Luteus
t949
1950
1951
L9s2
1953
L954
L9s6
L957
33. 50
28 "70
2I.82
20 "Lt+
17 "26
32"63
17"18
18"90
9 "40
L2 "70
L4 "20
12. B0
18. 30
6. s0
15"35
14"80
13"00
8"10
13.80
18"40
5.10
42

Forbes and Inlells (f963) reported that yields of tr. angustífolius
v¡ere as high as L452 ke/ha in Florida" Offutt (L969) ín field Ërials in
Arkansas from 1965 to L967 reported seed yield of. L. aLbus Ëhat ranged
from 1670 to 3300 lrce/h^"
Since Ëhe majority of the breeding in lupins has been aímed at re-
ducing alkaloid conËent, early maturity, hard seededness or shattering
and not at obtaining high yielding combinations, breeding for yíeld inay
substantía11y increase the yields of all three species.
1.82 Alkaloid Content
Sweet varíeties (low alkaloid) are norü the type predomínant.ly cultí-
vated for seed and forage producËiono however, biËter varíetíes (high
alkaloid) stil1 find use as a green manure crop, presumably because of
their greater vigor and green mass yield (Barbacki et al" L962) "
The first low alkaloid plants were isolaËed by Sengbush (1930). He
found these Èypes for both tr" Luteus and L. angustifol'Lus by mass testíng
for alkaloíd content using the iodine-potassium-iodide method (IKI) which
he developed. Thís nethod was later used by Forbes et al. (1962) f.or
selection of low alkaloid straíns. In connection with screening for alka-
loid contenË, Forbes and Beck (1954) found that thrips (FnankLinelLa spp.)
r,¡ould preferentially feed on sr¡reet Ëypes in a mixed population of biLter
and sweet and they could be used with 1002 accuracy for 1ow alkaloíd
selection" QuanËaËive meËhods include Latawiects (1958) fluorescent and
elecËrophotometric methods "
Tn L" Luteus, four recessive genes have been isolated which segre-
gate independently ín a 3:1 ratio for alkaloid content. Three genes have
been isolated in L. anpustifoLius and four for L" aLbus which behave
43

simí1ar1y (GusËafsson and Gadd, 1965).
MainËenance of varíetal puríty ís of utmost importance ín lupins
because of their alkaloid characteristic. It is for this reason ËhaË
high alkaloid cultivars should never be grown in proximity to low alkaloid
cultivars. Newer varíeties have taken ínto accounË t}:e hazard of conËam-
ination and so have been developed with phenotypic markers that allo\^I one
to distinguish between Ëhe 1ow and high alkaloid Ëypes" Markers comuonly
used are white seed and flower color and ín tr. angustifoLíus tlne absence
of purple pÍgmentation in Ëhe sËems and leaves.
1"83 Flowering and Pollination
1.831 Flowering
Copious flov¿ers are generally produced by lupins, however a majority
of Ëhem normally abscise" The degree of abscision is influenced by vrater
and nutrient deficiencies. Under fabourable growing conditions the amounË
of flower drop can be 757" and under less optimr¡m conditions can be as hígh
as 9O7" (Barbacki and Kapsa, 1960). Hackbarth (1955) found that high temp-
eratures at flowering tended to íncrease abscision.
Kubok (1965) reporËed that white lupins (L" aLbus) were day neutral,
blue lupins (tr" arryust¿foLius) were long day plants and yellow lupins
(L" Luteus) required Í.airLy long days, Flowering is "L. Luteus is con-
trolled to some degree by boËh photoperiod and vernalization. L" aLbus
also responds to vernalization and to a lesser extenË photoperiod
(Laczynska-HuleniczoÍñae L954) " Gladstones and Hill (L969) found Ëhat
vernalízation was the main flowering contTol ín L. ætgustifoL'Lus and was
condiËioned by a síngle dominant earlíness gene. Incorporatíon of this
44

gene effectively removed the vernaLization requirement.
Tn L" aLbus flowering conmences immedíately after the growth of the
firsÈ lateral branches " L" angust¿folius branches much earlier but
flowers up to one month later " L. Luteus from the time of branching
requires a longer tirne ti1l flowering than tr. albus but not as long as L"
artgustifoLius" Therefore the species in order of flowering are: L. albus,
L. angustifoLius" L. Luteus, (Barbacki and Kapsa, 1960) "
L"832 Po1línation
Under European siËuations tr. angustifoLius is completely self-
compatible and self-pollinated, however Forbes eË al" (Ig7L) found Ëhat
late flowering cultivars displayed a greatet degree of cross-pollinaËion
Ëhan early floweríng types due Ëo Ëhe latterrs ability to wiËhstand trip-
píng by honeybees. They found Ëhat rates of cross-pollinatíon were posí-
tively correlated to honey bee populatíons, but rioË to brrnble bees, thrips
or wild bees "
L" Luteus has a strong tendency to cross-pollinaËe from 2 to 3OT"
depending on culËivar. L" albus is self-fertile and self-pollinated.
Ïhe high degree of self fertiLízation has led to homozygosity for rrany
genes, however the low leve1 of cross-pollinatíon preserves a moderate
level of heterozygosity in the gene pool (Gustafsson and Gadd, 1965).
Other North American species range from obligate self-pollinaËers
Eo complete self-steriles (Dunn, L959) "
1. 84 Pod Number and DistribuËion
These attributes delineate the seed producing
or sink-capacity. Lateral branches bearing fruit
characterisËic since Èhis fruit ripens uuch laËer
capacity of the plant,
is not a desirable
than Èhe pods on Èhe

main stem causing harvesting difficulties or if harvesËíng is postponed
unËí1 all the pods are ripe yíeld wíll decrease due to shattering losses.
This delay will reduce gerrnination and a greaËer amount of seed will be
infected wiËh pathogens "
Pod msrber is greatesË in -t" Luteus, Ëhen tr" angusti-foLius, follor.¡ed
by L. aLhts" However, this is not in iËself indicatíve of yield due to
the disparity in seed síze of these three species (r. albus has seeds
twice as large as the other two), (Barbacki and Kapsa, 1960).
There also exists much varíability in the distríbuËion of pods be-
tr,reen and wiËhin species. DistribuËion is largely dependent on both
climatic factors and genoËype. Cool, damp weaËher during flowering re-
sults in more pods on the lateral branches and less on the main stem.
Laczynska-Hulewiczowa (1954) found thaË early planting and vernalizaLion
resulted in earlier and more profuse branching wiËh the majority of Èhe
pods formed on the lateral branches.
Genotypic effecËs are also displayed- tr" angustifoLius forms Ëhe
majority of iËs pods on the lateral branches in conditions of rnride row
spacíng, however, this characËeristic in -[" Luteus is dependenË on clima-
tÍc conditions" Pods on the main stem are characteristíc of. L" aLbus
which is posítively correlated to seed yield (Barbacki and Kapsa, 1960).
Another variable ín terms of seed production is seeds per pod"
Mordashev and Mordasheva (1971) found that seed abortion in lupíns was
dependent upon location of the pod on the plant and Ëhe locatíon of Ëhe
ovule in the pod. Usable soil area also seemed to have some bearing on
this characterisËic"
46

1.85 Hard and Soft-Seededness (permeabilÍty)
Lupin seed may be ínherently impermeable or develop this character-
istic under certain circumstances. I^Ii1d progeniËors of culËivated lupins
were all hardseeded and impermeable which had a selective advantage in
nature, however, in an agrícultural crop this characterisÈíc results in
erratíc germinatj-on, poor stands, and decreased yíelds"
Sengbush selected the firsË soft-seeded, permeable types of -t. Luteus
and L- angustifoLius" He found thaË ít r¡ras controlled by a single reces-
síve gene thaË segregated in a 3 to 1 ratio (Gustafsson and Gadd, Lg65).
Forbes and üIells (1968) found that soft-seededness in L" angustifoL.Lus
Ìnras controlled by an allelic paír of recessíve genes. tr. albus has been
soft-seeded for countless yearso probably due to selection under primitive
cultivation.
Forbes and l{ells (1968) found that Ímpermeabiliry ín L. arryusti_
foLius was due to the moisture impermeable testa. The hilar fissure opens
when the external hrnnidíty is lower than the internal with a resultant
loss of moisture from the seed. This fissure closes r¿hen the external- humÍd.-
íty is greater than the internal and. therefore moisture cannot be regained
(Burns, 1959).
There is a direct relationship between seed moisture conËent and the
Tate of hardeníng and softening, and subsequent gerninaËion. If the moís-
ture content is decreased from 15 to 9% ín genetically hard. seeds, ímper-
meabilíty will increase. If the moisture content falls below 9% t:ne
impermeability ís irreversible, however, in genetically soft seeds Ëhere
is not a compleËe barrier formed when the seeds are dryed to 9%, although
impermeability increases slightly upon drying (Brewer and Butt, 1950;
Quinlivin, 1970) "
47

1"86 Shattering
This is another typically wild characterisËic that ís possessed by
lupins in general" It ís noË desirable in a cultivated crop since it
results in serious seed losses " Since other legumes have non-shatteríng
pods and by the law of parallel variation lupins should also. This
assumptÍon led Ëo the initial selecËion of reduced or non-shaËterÍng
mutants by sengbush and Zimmerman (L937) for L. Luteus and L. a.Wust¿-
folíus" L" aLbus has had non-shattering pods for counËless years due Ëo
early selection during prin-itive cultivation"
Non-shattering is due to a single recessive gene in L" aLbus
(Kazimerski, I964a) and L" Luteus (Sengbush and Zinrnermane L937). Shat-
Ëering in tr" arryustífoLius Ls conditioned by four genes that are non-
a11elic and unlinked. Double homozygotes r,rere fully non-shedding (Glad-
stones, L967) "
Pod drop can also pose serious problems, however genes
for this character have also been isolated (Schwanixz, 1967) "
The anatomÍcal basis of shattering has been fully covered by various
authors (Zinmerman, L942; Atabekova, 1958; Hanelt, 1960). There are
basically two types of anatomical features conditioned by genes for non-
shaLtering. one is the fusion of the opposing halves of sclerenchyma
strips ín the pod seams to a degree where forces set up within the pod
wal1s is insufficienË to separate them. The other is a weakening of the
sclerified inner layer (endocarp) of Ëhe pod walls (Gladstones, L967)"
1.87 MaturiËy
SËepanova (1971) observed many línes of lupins, and found that there
exísts a considerable amount of variaËion for this characteristÍc. Some
of the variation was due to a cultívar X vear inËeracËion but a substantial
4B

amounË f^Ias genetr-c.
The sequence of maturity in most countries is as followsz L. artgus-
tifolius is always Ëhe earliesË, then tr. Luteus, followed by L. aLbus"
Observations in Poland from L954 to L957 yielded the followíng data on
days to maturity. Three forms of. L. albus exist on the basis of their
Ëime to maturity - early types wit]n l-42 days to maturity, medium types at
154 days to maturity and late types ax L7 3 days to maturity; average time
to maturity f.or L" Luteus and L. arqustifoldus is I2B and 121 respecËively
(Barbacki and Kapsa, 1960).
I{ide row spacing, heavy soil, excessive nítrogen fertílizer, as well
as other factors, wíll delay maturity (Hackbarth, 1955) "
Degree of branch-
íng is related to tíme to üaturity (Barbacki and Kapsa, 1960), therefore
a mono-culrn type uúght have certain advanËages sínce the contribution to
yield of lateral branching is not very greaË due Ëo small pods and seed "
1"BB 1000 Seed i^IeighË
This characÈeristic is positively correlaËed wíth seed yield in tr.
aLbus" however, Ëhis may noË be a desírable characterístic as far as seed-
ing operations are concerned. There is considerable variabílity for this
characteristic in L" albus and Èo a lesser exËent in the other Ër,¡o snecies
(Barbacki and Kapsa, 1960). Large seed size is also desirable since wiËh
increasing seed size there is an increase in seed quality due Ëo a rela-
tive decrease in the proportíon of seed coat to germ"
L.9 MARKET POSSIBILITIES
Soybeans
keË, with Ëhe
presently dominate the international vegetable protein mar-
majority being produced by Ëhe United States. Increases ín
ha

outpuË in the U"S"A. as r,¡ell as in other soybean producing countries is
stil1 possible, therefore entry of a nev¡ crop such as lupins is dependent
on Ëheír being economícally competítive with the widely accepted soybean
mea1. Besides price factors, one must Ëake into accounË the differences
in quality between the tr^ro. Lupins are not quíte as valuable a feed since
they have a slightly lower feedíng value for some classes of livestock
than soybean meal, however processing lupin seed ínto a meal might make
it somewhat more competitive (Gladstones, 1970c) "
I^Iidespread usage of proËein meals in Ëhe lívestock índustry, com-
bined with the various catastrophies that have led to protein shortages
has led Ëo atypical market conditíons, such that even lupins are gaining
recognition in the world markets. This was mainly due to the promotion
work carrÍed out by The Grain Pool of l¡Iestern Australia (FounËain" L973).
The fírst export of lupins from AusËraTta resulted from this promoËion
when in L97L-72 approximately 1100 metric Lons were sold and shipped to
Europe. This has led to other firm buyer interesËs, however, Australia
v¡as unable to fill the demand for these overseas markets which amounted
to approximately 255"000 metric tons at this time and the same amount
annually in the future" Little else ís known abouË other markets for this
commodity.

2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.L REPLICATED YIELD TRIALS
2.11 Seed Yield Trials ín 1972
Trials were planted at three locations in Manitoba, namely Winnipeg,
Glenlea, and Morden"
Trials at all sites consísted of 13 cultívars of. L" albus, 7 cuLti-
vars of L. angustifoLius and B cultiva'rs of. L" Luteus, accompanied by
fababeans (cv. Ackerperle) and wheaË (cv. Glenlea) for comparison. The
trials \¡rere treaËed as a randornized block design with three replications.
Each cult.Ívar was represented in a four row p1ot, 5"6 rn long (rod row),
r^rith 30.5 cm between rows and 61 cm beËween plots"
Seeding v¡as done with cereal plot planters adjusted to obtaín a seed-
ing depth of 3 * 2 cm" Seeding dates are lísted in Appendix A.
A seeding rate of B0 seeds per rol.i was used for all lupins. Assum-
ing an average 1000 kernel weight of 385, 200 and 140 grams f.or L" aLbus,
L" angustifoLius and L" Luteus respectively results in a seeding rate of
145" 75, and 50 kg/ha for these three species. Rates for Ëhe fababean
and wheat comparisons r,rere 135 and 7O kg/ha respectively"
The seed was inoculared with a commercial lupin rhizobÍa culture
using the following meÈhod; The peat cultures of ínoculum r,{ere inixed with
cracked rrheat and water added until the mixture r^ias someruhat tacky. This
míxture was applied at the rate of one Ëeaspoon per 5.6 m row írrnediately
prior to seeding operaËions" This resulted in a rate far greaËer than
reconrnended. Seed was also treated with the fungicíde Captan, 502 weÈ-
table powder.

The varieties tested were noË chosen on the basis of a priori data
related to yield, adaptibílity, etc", buË exclusively on the basis of
seed availabiliËy. These culLivars are listed in Table B, along with
their cultivar identificatíon number and source.
Fertilizer rüas not applied at any of the locaÈions, since natural
fertility levels were adequate, soil analyses are given in Appendix B.
Hand howing vras the prínciple method of weed control used in all tests
both in L972 and 1973.
The follor,líng aËtríbutes of the enËries were observed and noted
during Ëhe growing season; days to emergence, taken when 75"A of the
seedlings were vísible; flowering, taken wlnen 757" of Ëhe plot showed
blooms; plant height and maturity ruhen greater rlnan 90% of Ëhe pods had
Ëurned brov¡n. Lodging, shatËering and several oËher characteristícs
were also noted"
Harvestíng \,¡as done by hand" The centre tvro ror¡rs r{ere cut with a
sickle, bagged and dried in forced aír at 90 degrees F for approximately
tr¿o weeks. They were then threshed wíth a Hege plot combine adjusted to
a wíde concave clearance and a slow cylÍnder speed "
Thousand kernel weighË was determined on a composite sample of 200
seeds for each entry. A sírnílar sample Tras used to determine test weighË
and proËein content. Some cultívars r.vere anal-yzed for amino acíd composi*
tíon and other chemical- seed constítuents.
2"L2 Seed Yield Trials Ln L973
Trials were planËed at four
üIinnipeg, Carman, Steinbach, and
sisted of 31 cultivars of lupins"
locaËions in Manítoba. which included
Carberry. The trial at irlinnipeg con-
The trials aË the other three locat.ions
52

Table 8. Species and cultivars of lupins evaluated in yíeld trials in
L972 and L973, along liith their source and cultivar number*
Species /cu1Ëivar Year Ëested Cult"
no.
.L¡
Þource
Iapinus albus
Saatgut
Russian cv"
Kierskijskoe.
Baily I
It.alian cv"
L972, 1-973
rr rr
L972
L972, 1973
'
rr
la R.G" Robinson, U.S.A"
2a Georgia, U"S "4.
3a U"S. S "R.
5a Dr" Hackbarth, Germany
6a rr rr rr
Reuscher L972" 1,973 7a Dr. Hackbarth, Germany
S" Africa lf 255 L972 Ba South Africa
Kali L972, 7973 9a Poland
Neuland - L973 10a RiËterhaus, W. Germany
Zagrebska L972, L973 13a Hackbarth, Germany
Blanca L972, L973 15a Centmaier, W" Germany
S. Africa lt 244 L972 - L6a South Africa
MSU-3, 46-10 L972 - Lla Elliorr, ltich. Srare, U.S.A.
MSU-2 L972 - l8a " rr rr tr
Lupínus angustd foL'ius
S. Africa 11277 LAS
Gíepie
S " Africa 7002 VAAL
rt
' ll 60 /206
'!r ' ll L23
L972" L973
rr rr
rt tr
tr
'
Lg72
9b South Africa
f 0b rr rr
tt
llb 'r
13b rr rl
Lîb ?r ',
Elita L972 - 1Bb Poland
S. Africa /l 104 LAS L972, L973 20b South Afríca
Uniharvest - L973 28b Gladstoneso W" Australia
Unicrop - L97 3 29b rr rr rr
Lupinus Luteus
Weíko III
Ekspress
Sam
Lima
Bas
Gorzoviskí
Pomorski
AS
Popular
- 1973 lc Hackbarth & Troll, Germany
1-972, 1973 L2c Poland
il rr
tr tf
It tt
f t tt
tf rr
rr It
13c
L4C
15C
It
rl
il
16c Poland
tt
L7C
tgC il
rr n lgc rr
* Cultirzar m¡nbers correspond with those in Appendix C, for nursery trials.,
Breeder listed where information available,.

consisted of.27 culti\¡ars of lupins" Those tested. in 1973 are lisËed in
Table B, with any deletíons or additions from those tested in I9l2 made
purely on the basÍs of seed avaílabilitv.
Test desígn hras changed from that used in L972 to a split-pIot de-
sign. The tests consisted of three replicates, where specíes vrere as-
signed to Lhe main plots. The three maÍn plots \¡rere arranged in random-
ized cornplete blocks. Cultivars r,rithin a species were assigned randomly
to the sub-plots" This change in desígn was utilized. to esËimate more
precisely the differences in cultivar performance within a species than
specíes performance, since yield capabilitíes of the three species were
established as beíng decidedly different in L972.
PloË size was decreased from the four rows used ín L972 to three
roI^rs. LengËh, row spacing and plot spacing remained. unchanged., as was
general seeding operatíons.
Seeding rate T^ias íncreased to 105 seeds per roÌ¡r, due to poor stands
obtained in L972 as a result of pooï germínation. This resulted ín a
seeding rate of 175, 90 and 65 kC/ha f.or L. albus, L. angustifolius, and
L" Luteus respectively. Fababeansy cV. Ackerperle, \¡/ere agaín preserit
for comparison" rts seeding rate was increased. to 90 seeds per row,
Glenlea wheat v¡as deleted since it was thought that lupins would be in
direct competition with fababeans, which \^rere novr established as beins
well adapted and high yielding in Maniroba.
Soybean (GLyei-ne man) was included in this year's trials as rn¡ell as
in the 1973 Nursery trials. The strain used was pr-54619-5-1, which is
a sensitive indicator of the potential of a soil to induce lime chlorosis
(LaCroix and Lens, L967), Thís was used. sínce seveïe chlorosís r¿as
experienced in 7972 for all species and was thought Ëo be due to high

levels of soil lime in the test areas" If chlorosis was experienced in
a certain cultivar or specíes, such an indicator would serve to elucidate
possíble causes. The degree of chlorosis of both the soybean and lupins
r^ras to be rated on a 1to 5 scalee vrhere l wou1d indicate green leaves
and 5 severe yellowing.
A single row of soybean, l,rith a row of lupins on either side com-
prised a three row indicator plot. which Þras treated as a sub-ploË \{íthin
each main plot for all replicates and randomlzed accordingly. Row length,
spacing and plot spacing was Ëhe same as the other entríes"
Nodulatíon in L972 T¡ras very poor, and part of this failure was
attributed Ëo the inoculaËion method used" The method was therefore
changed Ln 1973 tests" The source of ínoculum üras changed from a German
company to The NiËragin Company, Milwaukee. The peat based inoculum r¿as
tested for viability using standard procedures " From these tests a rate
T^ras extrapulated that would give a rhizobLal population of 10,000 viable
bacËeria per seed. The actual procedure used consisted of bulk ínocula-
Èion of the seed before individual packagÍng of the seed of different
cultivars for different sub-plots. The inoculrrn used was a míxture
(slury) of coÍmercial ínocuh-nn, Þrater and a conrnercial sticking agent"
The seed was mixed with thisslurryand Ëhen laid out to dry. It was Ëhen
packaged and stored in a cool, humid room for approxímaLeLy 24 hours
prior to planting. Seed was treated wiËh Captan. These procedures \¡/ere
also carried out for the sovbeans.
Fertilizer $/as applied Ëo three of the test sites, at rates lísted
in Appendix B. All other detaÍls were sirn-ilar Ëo tl:e 1-972 tests, wiËh
the exception that all three ror,{s of each ploË rn¡ere harvested for yield.
55

2"2 SINGLE ENTRY NURSERY TRIALS
2.21 Nursery Trials in 1972
A1l accessions received up to Apri1, L972 were planted in a single
nursery at l^Iinnipeg on l{ay L7. This consisted of 449 lines of 40 differ-
ent lupin species r¿hich are lísËed in Table 9, along with synon¡rmse com-
non names, chromosome number and some pertinent charact.eristics (Kelsey
and Dayton, L942; Darlíngton and trIhyle, 1955; Gladstones, 1958; Dunn and
Gillett, 1,966). The number of lines observed for each species and the
number of 1ínes selected from each species is also listed.
The lines were planted in single ror¡rse 2.5 meÈers 1ong, r,¡ith 61 cm
beEween ror.rs. Seed rate was 50 seeds Der ror{ for all species. T.l:ris
arrangemenË r¡ras used purely to faciliËate the increase of seed" Faba-
beans, cv. Ackerperlee lrere planted for comparison. The seed was inocu-
lated, treated, pl-ant.ed and maintained as in t'Jne L972 replicated yield
Ërials. IË was found necessary to apply iron chelate as a top dressing
during the growing season for reasons to be discussed in a following
section "
Agrononric characteristics were observed through the growing season
and selectíon for furËher testíng was based prinarily on the following
criteria: seed size, previous use in agriculture as a field crop, and
quanËiËies of seed Ëhat resulted from thís nursery test" Other considera-
tions ín selection of sÞecies and cultivars to be further tested r¡/ere
habít, actual yield potential and purity of the parËicular inÈroduction.
Many species and lines were discontinued from further tesÈingbecause of
Ëheir failure Ëo produce seed due to germination failure, diseases,
56

Tab1e 9" Species observed in the L972 nursery, along v¡íËh conmon names
synonyms, chromosome numbex (2n) and some gross characterístics
Species Nrsrber of cultívars
Synonyms and cormnon names 2n characters* obseived in tesËed in
1972 L973
L" aLbus L.
L" termís Forsk.
L. gra.ecus Boiss &
Spun.
L" jugoslauieus Kazím &
Now.
WhiÈe or tr^Iolf Lupin
L" angustifoLus L"
L" uaz,ius L"
L. Lini.foLius Roth
L. z,etì,euLatus Desv.
Narrov¡-leafed or Blue Lupin
L" arboreus
Tree Lupin
L. az'idus
lr " LODD7.
L" ayticus
L" bentha¡ni
Spíder Lupin
L. bifLorus
L" mierophyLLus
L" pipensmdthi
L. tetz'aspez,rm,Ls
L" tz.identatuts
L" tri-fidus
L. umbellatus
Bícolor Lupin
L" cosentin'L Guss.
L" uar"Lus L" ssp"
uaz,ius Franco & Silva
I¡i. Australian Blue or
Sandplain Lupin
L. douglassi
50 LS, C, G, F 49
40 LS, C, G, F 75
48 ss, c, H 15
48 ss, NC
38 SS, NC
SS, NC
48 ss,c,H 2
32 LS,C,G 2
48 SS, NC
LS = large-seeded, SS = small-seeded, C = cultivated,
NC = not cultivated, G = as a grain crop, T = for forageu
H = horticultural use"
27
35
57

Table 9 - Continued
Species
Synonyns and Common names 2n CharacËers*
L. densiflonus
L" Lacteus
L" menzíesi
Gul1y Lupin
L" digitatus Forsk"
L" taseíLicus
L. eLegans
L. Vnz,h'tegíi f "
L. biLineatus Benth.
Hartweg Lupin
L" htz.sutissòmus
lr" 4LTSUDUS L"
L. miey,anthus Guss.
European Blue Lupin
L. hispani-cus Boiss " & Reut
L" LatifoLius
L" columbianus
L" Longipes
Broadleaf Lupin
Columbia B. L.
Longstalk B. L.
L" Lepidus
Pacific Lupín
L. LeucopVtyllus
L" canescens
Velvet Lupin
Hoary Velvet Lupin
L" Littorali.s
Shore Lupin
L" LyaLLi
L. danaus
lr" LODDL
Lyall Lupin
Mount Dana Lu.pin
48 SS, NC
36 LS, NC
4B
4B
24
4ö
48
4B
/,a
SS, NC
SS, C, H
SS,
LS, C,G,F,H
SS,
SS,
SS, -
SS, C, H
SS, NC
ss, Nc
Nturber of cultivars
Observed in
L97 2
10
5
1
5
'l
I
Tested in
L97 3
U
0
0
0
0
0
5B

Table 9 - Continued
Specíes Number of cultivars
Synonynrs and Common names 2n Characters*
L. Luteus L"
Yellov¡ Lupin
L. mienanthus Guss.
L. Wt,sutus
Hairy Lupín
Fíeld Lupin
L. rrutabiLís Suteet
L" cm,tckshanski
South American Lupin
L" Nanus
L" affínis
Sky Lupín
N " ynotkatensis
Nootka Lupin
L" ornatus
OrnaËe LupÍn
u.
7-
yquqeÐ ^^'7 ^^^-L-'"-",^ uutLt4Ð
L" perenis
Sundial Lupin
L" pilosus
L" uayius L, ssp"
oz,íentalis Franco &
Sílva
52 LS, C, G, F, H Bg
48 LS, NC
4B LS, c, G, H L2
48 ss, c, H 11
48 ss, NC
48 ss, cc, F 2
LS, NC
48 ss, -
42 LS, C, -
L. poLyphyLLus 48 SS, C, H
I{ashington Lupin
L. pubescens BentJn. 48 SS, C, H
L" dzmnetti
L. pusiLl¿¿s Pursh 48 SS, NC
L" intez,montanus
Rusty Lupin
L. z.iuuLaz.is SS, NC
Stream Lupin
r972 r97 3
I
50
0
0
0
59

Table 9 - Continued
Species
Synonyms and Coumon names
L. subalpinus
Subaapíne Lupin
L. subeænows
Texas Lupin
L" suceutlentus
Arroyo Lupin
L. somd.L¿enszs Baker
L" tnuneatus
tr^Iood Lupin
L. uayius L.
L" syluestz,i..s
L, semzuez,ticiLLatus Desr.
Other non-identified specíes
(Pullnan, U" S "A" )
/,9
Characters* 0bserved ín
7972
SS, NC
SS, C, F9 H
SS, C, F
LS, NC
SS, NC
LS, NC
SS} NC
Number of cultívars
10
56
Tested in
L973
0
0
60

nutritional abnormalitíes and failure to receive arlequate photoperiod. or
vernal-i zatíon requírement "
2"22 Nursery Trials in 1973
Nurseries were planËed at eight locations in Manitoba, namely
trnlinnipeg, carman, Manitou, sprague, Steinbacho G1en1ea, Franklin and
Carberry. Those located aÈ Ialinnipeg, Carman, Steinbach and. Carberry
were pranted in close proximity to the yield tría1s at these locatÍons.
These \^rere conprised of 98 different entries of L. aLbus, L. angusti,_
foLt'us' and -t. Luteus. Included in these entries were cultívars that
r^rere present in the replicated yíeld trials at each location for yield
comparíson purposes" The other four locations consisÈed of 62 lines of
Èhe above three species, plus tr. eosentini arrd L" mutabiLts" Fababeans
!/ere presenË at all locatíons for comparison of various agronomic
characteristics. Íhe species and culËivars tested are listed ín Table
10 along with theír cultivar identífication nu¡lber, source and breeder
íf knov¡n.
The cultivars of any one species r¡/ere grouped and planted adjacent
to each other in single ror^rs, 5.6 m long (rod row), r¿íth 30.5 cm between
all rows. Thís resulted in four main blocks in each trial, with Ëhe
first three being a separate block f.or L. albus" L. angustífoL.íus and
L" Luteus, with the fourth block consisting of tr. cosenttni anð. L. rm,Lta-
bilis. order of planËing wiÈhín a species block was randomized for
every locaËíon, so that any tr¡ro cultivars would not appear side by side
more than once.
Fababeans (cv. Ackerperle) and PI soybeans vüere presenÈ in identical
row lengËhs and spacíng aË three meËer inËervals throughout the entire
6T

Table 10" Species and cultivars tested in
cultivar identification number
where known)
Species /cultivar Cult.
no.
L. albus
Saatgut
Russían cv.
Kierskij skoc
Pfluges Gela
Baily I
Italian cv.
Reuscher
S. Afríca ll 255
Ka1í
Neuland
Gyulatamyai
Algerian cv.
Zagrebska
USSR-305
Blanca
S " Afríca lf 244
ì4SU-3 , 46-L0
MSU-2
UlËra
Gela**
S. Africa ll 257
Mich. 47-B
GelaJÁtr
Gulzower
Ultra"^*
Grecian cv.
Spanish cv"
L" angustifolius
Rancher
Uniwhite
Borre
Bríanskyj
Georgia PI
LasËor¿ski
Roseus semp.
2a
3a
5a
6a
8a
9a
'l n^
LLa
1n^
LLd
L3a
L4a
15a
L6a
17a
18a
l-9a
20a
2La
))e
23a
L+d
25a
26a
.r-7 ^
1b
2b
3b
+D
5b
6b
7b
the 1973 nurseries, along wiËh
and source (^"Breed.er listed
Source
Robinson, Minn" U.S.A.
U. S" S. R.
tl
Schultz and Velserro, G.rr"rry
Hackbarth, Geruany
Hackbarth, Germany
ll il
South Africa
Poland
Ritterhau"*, G"r*"rry
Hackbarthu Germany
tr ff
llil
El1iott, Mich. State, U.S.A"
CenËmaiertk, Germany
South Africa
Elliott, Mich. State, U.S.A,
rr il il tr
Schultz and Velsen*, Germany
ttftilrr
South Africa
Elliott, Mich. State, U.S.A.
Schultz and Velsen*, Germany
ilackbarth, Germany
Schultz and Velsen',

Table 10 - Conrinued
Specí es /cu1Ëivar
L. angustifoLius - conr'd.
Pfluge
S. Africa ll 277
Giepie
7OO2 VAAL
Steb.
S" Africa 60/206
S. Africa, 123-LA 140
7002 hlhite
tfsu-103
Elita
Raddata Hufenberger
S. Africa lt L04 (LAS)
New Zealand lrrhite
Uniwhite
RommeI
PI X Borre
Tifton - M3048
Russian cv.
Borre**
Uniharvest
Unicrop
Schlotenitzer Rote
MSU-104
Neven
Ritchey
Blanco
Gulzower Susse Blaue
L" Luteus
trtieiko III
lulinn.34L75
Palvo
Martini
Russian cv.
Maculatus Z]nrk.
Leucospermus Korn.
Sam
Popular
n,,-l +
110 "
öD
9b
10b
1lb
L2b
13b
14D
15b
16b
L7b
lBb
19b
20b
zLb
¿¿D
23b
¿+D
25b
26b
27b
2Bb
29b
30b
31b
32b
JJD
34b
35b
1c
2c
3c
4c
5c
6c
7c
Bc
9c
Source
Hackbarth, Germany
South Africa
South Africa
Stevens, South Africa
SouÈh Africa
It rt
Ir tt
tt il
¡riiott, t"n. srare, u.s"A.
Poland
Hackbarth, C,ermany
South Africa
South Africa
GladsÈones*, Australia
South Africa
EllioËt*, l"tich. State, U"S.A.
Forbes*, Georgia, U.S.A.
U" S. S" R.
Tedín et a1.*, Sweden
Gladstones*, AusÈralia
tt tr
Hackbarth, Germany
Elliott, Mich. State, U.S.A.
Robinson, Minn., U.S.A"
1rilft
Forbes, Burton and Wells*, U.S.A.
Kress*, E. Germany
Hackbarth and Trol1*, Germany
Robinsontt, Minn", U.S.A"
Lamber ts:t , Netherlands
Robinson, Minn. , U. S .4.
U.S.S"R.
Ukraine, U"S.S"R"
U.S.S.R.
Poland
63

Table 10 - Continued
Species/cultivar Cult.
no.
L. Luta,Ls - contrd.
I^Iildformen (I^ri1d rype)
S. African cv.
DI.^^-^^^
!NÞP! sÞÞ
Sam**
Lima
Bas
Gorzowski
Pomorski
As
Popular**
Sulfa
Gulzor,¡er Susse Gelblupine
Balten yeltyj
ExPresgJc*
tr^Ieiko II
Barpíne
Bipal
Italian wíld type
Schwako
Florida Cormnercial
Portugal wild type
Moroccan wild type
Gsillagfurt
L" cosentùni
CB 46
Cb 48
L" mutabtLis
Peruvian cv.
Aagentine cv.
10c
11c
12c
13c
15c
16c
L7c
lBc
19c
20c
2Lc
22c
23c
24c
25c
26c
27c
28e
29c
30c
31c
32c
1d
¿o
le
2e
Source
Hackbarth, Germany
Geel*, SouËh Africa
Poland
Poland
tf
tf
Poland
lf
tt
It
Hackbarth*, Germany
KressJ., E. Germany
U"S"S.R.
Poland
von Sengbusch, Hackbarth & Troll
Hackbarth, Germany
Hackbarth, Germany
ilil
Troll, E" Germany
Gladstones, Australia
Hackbarth, C,ermany
Hackbarth, Geruany
It tt
GladsËones*, Aus tralia
ntt
HackbarËh, Germany
ntl
The same cultivar as previously listed. but from a different source"
64

test at every location. This amounËed to six culËivars of lupins beËr¿een
any trro consecutive fababean check plots or pr soybean plots" This de_
sign resulted ín an arrangement that allowed for percentage yield com-
parison to the fababean and chlorosís rating compared to Èhe soybean to
be not more than one and one-half meters from any one enrry.
Single ror¿s of lupins of the appropriate species for each block were
planted on eíther síde of the soybean chlorosis indicator plots Eo pre-
vent differences in interplot eompetiËíon due Ëo the difference in growth
habiÈ of soybeans. These rorìrs T¡rere not treated, as entríes"
seed rate was 105 seeds per roqr for all lupin culËivars, 90 per row
for fababeans and 25 per ror¿ for pr soybean" seeding dates, as well as
amounts of fertilizer applied, soil analyses, and. precipitation are
listed in Appendíx A and B. All other details are similar to those in
the 1973 replicared yíeld rrials.
2.3 CHLOROSIS TEST
severe chlorosis rnras observed in mosË lupin species in L972, and
resulted in depressed yields and in some cases death of the plants before
the flor¿ering stage. L" artgustifolius and, L. Luteus were the most severely
affected by this chlorosis reactíon, however some affect r¡ras thought to
have also occurred in L" aLbus" since tr. aLbus appeared to be the mosË
promisíng species after the L972 testing, a chlorosis test was carried
out to deËernine the extent of this reaction in L. aLbus and possible
causes.
Seeding, inoculation, Ëreating and maíntenance was similaï to other
Ëests. L. aLbus, culËivar Kali, Glenlea wheat and fababeans r¡¡ere planted
in 3 row ploËs, 110 meËers long. Spacing was 20 cm beËween ïor¡rs and 61 cm
65

etween p1ots" PI soybeans were planËed randomly within Ëhe center roÌr
of the lupin p1oË at a raËe of one seed per neËer"
The location chosen for the site vüas exËremelv variable in pH and
lime content" This area vras known to be variable from Ëhe work of
LaCroix and Lenx (L967) where they mapped out the area on the basís of
Ëhe extent of chlorosís displayed by Ëhe same PI soybean indicator used
ín this Lest and percerrt CaCO, equivalents in the soil,
Soí1 samples were t.aken from areas where varying degrees of chloro-
sis were observed. CaCO, content and pH for Ëhese samples were then
deterruined. Plant characteristícs recorded aË these various areas r¡rere
heÍghËu pods/plant, and degree of chlorosis of the lupíns and PI soybeans
on a one to five scale, where one indicated green and five indicated
severe chlorosis"
66

PART I]
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS

3.1 SEED Y]ELDS
3"0 R E P L I C A T E D YIELD TRIALS
A total of seven replícated yield trials were cond.ucted in L972 and
L973. Included in these Èests r,¡ere cultivars of. L. albus, L. angusti-
folius and Z. Luteus. Ln l-972 comparisons T,üere made with fababeans (cv.
Ackerperle) and wheat (cv. Glenlea), bur only with the former jrn1973.
0n1y three locations r¡/ere harvested, namely, Glenl ea (1972), I{innipeg
(1973) and Carman (1973) " Seed yields of the various cu1Èivars are given
in Table 11" The other four locations rrere not harvesLed for reasons
to be discussed 1ater"
Cultivars of L. aLbus consistently outyielded Ëhe other Ëwo species,
r,rith a cultÍvar mean yíeld of 13.5, 41"6 and 19"0 qu/ha f.or Glenlea,
tr'Iinnipeg and Carman respectively. L. angustifoLius was the next highest
yielding species r¿ith mean cultivar yields of 6.7, 26.6 ar,ð, L2.2 qu/ha.
L. Luteus was consistently Ehe lowest yielder aË all locatj-ons wíth cul-
tivar means of 4.8, 18"7 and 8"2 qu/ha. These differences in yield were
all significant except for L" angustifoli,us and. L. Luteus at Glenlea.
Reuscher, a culËivar of L. albus had the highest yield at all three
locatíons i¿íth values of 15.9, 51.3 and 25"3 qu/]na" rt was signifícantly
hígher than al1 cultivars of L" angustifoLius and L. Luteus at all loca-
tíons, and significanËly hígher than six out of eleven cultivars of L"
albus at Glenlea, thirteen out of fifteen at I^Iinnipeg and seven out of
eíght aL Carman. There \¡ras rro signíficant diff erence between the yíe1d
of this cultivar and fababeans at G1en1ea, hovrever the utility wheat
Glenlea, was significantly higher yielding than either lupíns or fababeans

Table 11. Seed yield (qu/ha) of three lupin species for Manitoba ín L972-3
Species/cultívar
L" aLbus
Saatgut
Georgía-L425
Kierskij skoe,
Gela
Baily I
ItalÍan cv.
Reuscher
S " Africa lt 255
Kali
Neuland
Zagrebska
Blanca
S. Africa lf 244
MSU-3, 46-10
MSU_2
u.
MEAN OF ALL CI]LTIVARS
qtLg%Ð uuJ v uuUÐ
S. Africa ll 277
Giepie
S. Ãf.rica-7002
S" Africa 1l 60/206
S. Africa lt L23
L!! LA
S. Africa lf L04
Uniharvest
Unicrop
MEAN OF ALL CULTIVARS
L. Luteus
I{eiko III
Sam
Popular
Fì.^^-^^^
úNÞ lr! eÞ Þ
Lima
Bas
Gorzowski
Pomorski
As
I{EAN OF ALL CI]LTIVARS
V" faba-Ackerperle
Glenlea r,/heat
L. S.D. P = 0.05
Cult "
fio " GLenLea-L972 þg. -1973 Carman-1973
1a
3a
5a
6a
8a
9a
l0a
lla
15a
I6a
lBa
9b
10b
1lb
13b
L4b
18b
20b
2Bb
29b
1c
Bc
9c
L2c
15c
L6e
L7c
lBc
Does not include UniharvesË.
15. 6
15"0
L2.7
L+" I
13.9
15.9
L2.9
1r"9
t+ "+
1n q
14.4
12.6
11.5
13. 5
77
7"L
B.B
5.8
4.8
u_,
6"7
4.8
4"8
4"4
4"5
4"8
crl
4"8
14"0
2L"9
38. 9
40.7
4L" 4
48.1
51.3
38. 6
Jö. J
39 .8
41. 8
+J"t
39.2
37 "4
39.4
¿+-L " O
)o1
27 .9
¿o.Y
22.5
¿t "J
o.J
27 .3
27 .3t'
18.8
18. 6
22.8
L7 .6
L6 "2
,1 /,
rB.6
L5.4
18.5
LB "7
44 "9
10 Q
18"4
22.8
24 "7
15.3
?5 ?
L4.6
L6 "4
L6.6
15. B
10 n
12 "O
L4 "7
LL.6
tg.+
7.9
L2.6
L2 "2
I¿"+
6"5
10. 6
6"5
8.4
8"4
6.8
4.6
10. I
8.2
13. 6
2"7 4.6 3"9
69

y 38 and 57 percenr respecËively.
No single entry of eíther tr. a.wust¿foLtus or L" Luteus rùas con-
sistently the highest yielding for the species at all locations" Both
species dísplayed a large amount of variability over the three locations,
as díd tr' aLbus. uniharvests r¡ras significanÈly loruer yielding than the
other cultivars of. L. øtgusti.folius at both winnipeg and carman due to
serious infectÍon by Fusarium l¡trilt that depressed yields by affectíng
the water economy of Èhe prant and pod firlíng, culËivar 60/206 was
sinilarly affect-ed by Fusarium at Carman. Hor¿evero cultivar number 20b,
a south African íntroduction was significantly hígher than Ëhe fababean
check at Carman.
Yields of L" Luteus were uniformly 1ow at Glenlea, with no signifi-
cant dífferenees among them" popular had the highest yield aË winnípeg,
and trrleiko rrr aË carman. At all three locations there r,¡as not a single
culÈivar of. L" Luteus that \^ras higher yíelding than fababeans.
seed yíeld of all lupin cultivars and fababeans Trere quite low in
1972 as compared to the tv¡o locations in 1973 anð, to European yields
(see 2'81)" These low yields !üere probably due Êo a combination of res-
Ëricted moisture and heawy soil texture (Appendix B) which severery
lim:ited root development and resulted in drought responses that severely
depressed yields" The moisËure stress coubined wÍËh extremely high
temperatures at flor,rering time resulted in a grearer proportion of florrrer
abscision than normelry experienced" which further contributed. to d.e-
pressed yields of both lupins and fababeans.
The clÍmatic regime duríng the growing season ín L973 at l,rlinnípeg
rras very favourable in terms of distribution of rainfall, toËal rainfall
70

and temperatuTes during critical times such as flowering (Appendix A).
This combined r,¡ith successful nodulation and increased. seed rates re-
sulted in yields that vrere approximately Èhree to four times as greaË
for al1 species as those obtained Ln L972 at Glenlea. However, the dif-
ferences in yields between Glenlea ín 1-972 and Carman in 1973 T^rere not
as great. This was possibly due to the simílarity in the precipitation
received at these Ëwo locations. yields of all lupin species were
approximately t\r7ice as great aË Carman, however, fababeans yíelrJerJ less
than 2,. alb'us anð, L. a.nçustifoli-us" These results suggest a dífference
ín drought tolerance of these tr¡ro crops whích would explain their rela*
tive performance under the drier conditions at Carman.
As mentioned, only three out of the seven yield Erials planted were
harvested. The four failures can be attributed to one or more of Ëhe
followíng factors: soil carbonate content, lack of effectíve weed con-
trol, and insect problems.
The high soíl lime content (CaCOr) of the L972 test sites aËI^Iinnipeg
and Morden resulted in the complete loss of both tests due Ëo the extreme
suscepÈíbility of lupins to lime-induced iron chlorosis" Lime contents
of these test sites ranged from 10.5 to 28.6 percenL eqirírzalen.ts of CaCo,
in air dried samples Èaken from the top 30 cm of soil. L. angustr.foLius
and L" Luteus were Ëhe first and. most seriously effected. They showed
sígns of acute chlorosís as early as the trüo or three leaf stage. L.
Luteus was usually the most seriously affected.
The plants reacted by extensive yellowíng of the leaves accompanied
by severely stunted growth. Most cultivars did not reach flowering, and
those that did, usually failed to produce viable seed. L" aLbus was
initially less affected by the lime content, but laËer in the growing
77

season shovred signs of chlorosis, and the pods set developed only sma1l,
somerárhat shrivelled seeds. These reactions Ëo soil lime r¿ere consisËent
\^ríth those reported by other authors (see 1.4). The high lime conËent
díd not seem to have any adverse effects on Glenlea r¿heat or fababeans
at these locatíons.
Iron chelate vras broadcast over the chlorotic Ëest sites and worked
in with a hoe, but this treatment did not visibly remedy Ëhe chlorosis.
Due to this particular reaction of lupins to soil 1íme, and Ëo Ëhe
prevalence of this type of soil in Manitoba, test sites to be used in
1973were carefully chosen on the basis of their freedom f¡sn sionifí-
cant amounts of GaCOr" During the search for such locatÍons, it was
noted that lime content \^/as not necessarily assocíated wiËh pH or soil
texture (Appendíx B). Hoq¡ever, a sandy texture was usually indicat.íve
of both low pH and low soil 1ime, due to the extensíve leachíng that
takes plaee ín these soils" Ttris resulted in most of the Ëest sites
being located in the two large sandy areas in Manitoba, namely, the
Carberry area and the Sandylands area. As a result of this action, no
chlorosis due to lime was experíenced in 1973 at any of the tesË siËes
and all soybean PI indícator plots germinated and appeared thrifty
throughout the growing season.
The yield ËTial at Carberry r^/as not harvested due to serious weed
problems and Blister Beetle attack" Initially, the site was Ëreated
with Treflan, at 3/4 pound per acree pre-plant, to ínsure some weed con-
Ërol to compliment hand hoeing" All cultivars of lupins, and fababeans
had good, even emergence, but were soon cror.¡ded by weeds that competed
for light, moisture and nutrients which depressed normal growth and
development of the test plots, The pre-plant treatment hias riot successful
72

in that the most prevalent weed problem was wíld oats (Plate 1), r¿hich
continued to germinate r,rell into the summer favoured by coo1, moist
weather. Couch grass (Agropyton ï,epens) and pigweed (Anananthus ï'etro-
fleæus) \^rere also very prevalent at. this test site. Hand hoeing was
carried out a nr:mber of times, however, weeds continued to germinate
and weather conditions prevented satisfactory control.
In míd June, when the lupins were just about to flower, a severe
ínfestaËion of Blister Beetles occurred (Epicanta suhgLabz'a and Lytta
rnLttaLLii). Minor, LocaTízed infestations occurred ín L97 2, but were
not consídered to be a potantial problem sínce conËrol was easily ob-
tained with a foliar spray of Guthione. This chemical was therefore
applíed at Carberry when the infestation was first noticed on fababeans
and L. albus in the early bud stage. However, this treatment did not
corrtrol the beeËles since populations increased to approximately 200
beetles per square meËer of plot area after a two week períod. Severe
damage T¡ras observed on fababeans, all specíes of lupins, and to soybeans.
The beetles seemed to preferentially feed on the young succulent flower
buds which left only Ëhe vegetative parËs of the plant Ëhat developed
norrnally. Thís pest problem will be further díscussed in a followíng
section "
The t.est at SÈeinbach r\ras not harvested for the same reasons as for
Carberry, however, the severity of each differed. Beetle infestatíon
\^ras minor and localLzed. Spraying wiËh Guthíone effectively controlled
this pest. Damage caused was less severe since the infestation occurred
when the pods were starËing Ëo fill and were therefore more resístant to
attack.
I{eeds posed the major problem and could noË be effectively controlled.
73

Many dífferent species of weeds occurred in large numbers and conËributed
to the final failure of this tesÈ. The most prevalent were volenteer
rape, lambfs quarters (Chenopodium aLbwn) o wild buckr¿heat (Polygonum
conuoluuLus) and couch grass (A. nepens) (Plate 2). I¡trild mustard
(Bz'assíca kaber) and wild nil1eË (Setaz,ia uiz,idus) were also troublesome
aË some locations (Plate 3). Contact sprays úrere not used sínce avail-
able literature did not recor¡rnend any type of post-emergence spray"
3 "2
AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
3"21 Emergence and Seedling Vigor
The Èhree species of lupíns are quite variable in theír ínitial
establíshment, as are cultivars r,rithin species. overall, 1upíns are
quicker to emerge and to become established than fababeans, but slower
than Glenlea wheat, (Plates 4 and 5) " In the two yield Ërials Ëhat v¡ere
elosely observed (Glenlea " L972 and tr^Iinnipeg, L973) there exísted large
dj.fferences in the time to emergence for lupíns, fababeans and Glenlea
wheaË (Table 12). Ln 1972, Glenlea v¡heat r¿as firsË to emerge at approxi-
mately 10 days after seeding, followed by L. angustifoLius witt. a culti-
var average of 13.5 days " L. albus and L. Luteus r¡rere next to emerge in
that order" Fababeans were last to emerge at approxinately 20 days
after seeding. rn 1973, r:nder more favourable precipitation, time of
emergence r¿as relatively unchanged for fababeans, L" arryustifoLius and
L" Luteus" Glenlea r,¡heaË r¡ras noË present ín this test. However, the
Ëime to emergence f.or L" albus shortened on an average of two to eight
days, buË Ëhis did not have any effect in hastening naturity. The differ-
ences nere probably due to the relatively laxge seed síze of L. aLbus
1ç

TabTe 72. Days Ëo emergences
in vield trials ín
Species /cultivar
L. albus
Saatgut
Georgía-1425
Kierskij skoe "
Gela
Baily I
Italian cv"
Reuscher
S. Af rica lt 255
Ka1í
Neuland
T.eoro1:'qlr n
Blanca
S " Africa 1f 244
MSU-3, 46-L0
MSU_2
L. angusti.fol¿us
S. Africa ll 277
Giepie
S. Africa-7002
S " Africa lf 60 /20
S. Africa lf L23
Df i &lftLd
S. Africa li L04
Uniharvest
Unicrop
L" Luteus
tr{eíko IIf
Sam
Popular
Ekspress
Lima
Bas
Gorzowski
Pomorski
4Þ
V. faba-Ackerperle
Glenlea wheaL
Emerqence
Glenlea Vtpg.
16
L6
15
L6
15
15
15
'2
L6
20
L6
20
L7
T4
't /,
13
13
11
aô
IJ
L;
15
15
19
L9
13
15
19
20
10
flowering and harvest for cultivars tested
L972 ar'd l-973
13
L4
L2
t1
L2
11
L2
L2
T4
72
aô
IJ
13
T2
1ô
IJ
15
1a
IJ
15
t:
LI
15
L7
IJ
L6
IJ
15
15
1B
L2
13
1L
J-+
2L
n^-.^ $^ ó
uoJó LU.
Flor^¡ering
Glenlea Wpg"
48
46
4B
49
49
46
/,o
/,o
4B
JO
JO
6B
62
OI
62
66
72
u:
IJ
76
74
75
?n
69
7L
76
57
52
64
59
OU
o¿
60
s9
56
5B
5B
56
OJ
46
4B
68
69
OJ
u?
69
4/
57
70
68
72
70
7L
ov
72
70
lL+
u:
Harves t
Glenlea Wpg.
L20
L20
109
L2s
L25
].25
L25
':o
105
L25
L20
108
111
II4
113
II+
115
115
LL4
t:,
r:s
135
135
135
135
L36
L36
134
LL2
105
135
133
L29
L25
L34
L34
L32
135
L23
135
L22
L34
L34
130
t31
115
114
LL4
1_15
Lt4
I.LO
LLz
118
118
LL7
119
L2L
rlB
L2L
L22
1? 1!
115
77

.vhich r¡ould be better supplied with the T¡rater riecessary to stimulate the
onseË of germinatíon. Differences in seed coat perroeability which occurs
upon storage can explain the differences in time to gerrn-ination that
occurred wíthin a species and the fact that many seeds r¡/ere found to be
germínating as late as four weeks after seeding. Lupin cultivars are
known for their ability to development impermeability, the extent of
which is dependent upon storage conditions, and in any given sample of
seed there ís usually a certain percentage of hard seeds.
Once emerged, greaË differences existed between species in growth rate
and weed competition. L. aLbus had a faster and more vigorous growth
than Ëhe other species, and this combined with its larger leaf sËructure
made it the best weed competitor. ¿. angustifoLi,us, wiËh a similar time
to emergencee iniËially lagged behind tr. albus ín growth, but eventually
caught up and surpassed most cultívars of. L. albus in height" Its very
fine leaf structure made it less competitive Ëhan Ëhe wider leafed tr.
aLbus (Plate 6) , br.rt this was partly coüpensated for by profuse lateral
branching" L. Luteus, usually the last to emergee hras Ëhe least competi-
Ëive of the three species. Once emerged, it remained in a low growíng,
rosette stage for approxirnately two weeks, during which time serious weed
competition occurred. It remained quiËe prostrate throughout Lhe enËire
season and never reached heights greaËer than 70 cm as compared to
heights of 96 and 90 cm for L" aLbus and L. angusti,folius, respectively"
3.22 Flowering and Pod Settíng
Days to florøering was variable between and. within specíes (Table 12) "
7B

Cultivars of L. albus were first to flower in both years, followed
by L. angustifoLíus whose earlier flowering cultivars required the same
amount. of time to flower as did the lat.er flowering cultivars of. L. aLbus"
In this respect, UniharvesË, rnras by far the earlíest flo\^rering cultivar
of L. arlgustl:folius. L. Luteus was usually last to flower, however, the
dífference in Ëhe Ëime to flowering between it and tr. angust¿foLius was
rioË as great as Ëhe difference between -t. aLbus and tr" angusti.foLius.
L. albus vras more variable than the other two species, with a rarrge
of 36 to 72 days from time of planting to flowering. The variability ín
L" angustifoLius and L. Luteus was much less, wíth ranges of 63 to 72
and 68 to 76 days respectively. fn both years L" aLbus, cultívar lulSU-3,
r,¡as fírst Ëo flor¿er and L" Luteus, cultivar As, was the last" Floweríng
for all species contÍnued for approximately two and one-half weeks ín
1972 and three and one-half weeks ín L973, progressing from the main
branch raceme to the lateral branches.
Flower color is also variable. IË is white, wÍth varying tínges of
purplish-blue in tr. albus and may be white, blue, pink or purplish in
L" angustifoLius. The flowers of tr. Luteus are always a bright yellow.
The flowers of tr. aLbus and L. angustl:foLius are alËernate in short
ternrlnal racemes as compared to tr. Luteus, whose flor¿ers are whorled in
long terrninal racemes that stand far above the foliage (Plates 7-9) "
0f the copious flowers produced in all speciese very few seË seed"
Flower abortion was considerable in L972, when sometimes entire racemes
would abort, hovrever, Ëhe proportíon of abortion in L973 was much less
due to a rnore favourable environment. This high degree of flor¿er abor-
tion Ís consisËent with oËher reports which found up Ëo 90% abortion
under suboptimalgrowing conditíons, (Barbacki and Kapsa, 1960)"
BO

3"23 Lodgíng
Lodging that occurred can be aËtríbuËed Eo one or more of the follor,¡-
ing factors: stem stiffness or strength! soíl texture which influenced
root devel-opment, and plant height" The tendancy Ëo lodge varied from
locaËion to location and from species to species "
L. aLbus usually had the thickest stem, followed by L. angustifoLius.
BoËh were quite strong and resistant to breakage. The main stem of tr"
Luteus T¡ras noË as sËiff and tended to be more succulent. This resulted
in a greaÈer amount of lodging in Ëhis species.
The lateral branches produced near the base of all species after the
main stem had flowered had a sËrong tendency to break off or lodge. This
was partícularly Ërue in the case of. L, albus where the weight of the
Large pods and leaves seemed to be Ëoo great to be supported by the
lateral branches "
Besides lodging beíng affected by stalk strength, other factors such
as plant height and root development influenced lodgíng" In the case of
L. aLbus and L. arryustifoLius Lodging seemed to be largely dependent on
planr heíghr (Table 13). In L972, cultivars of L" albus were quíte
short, ranging from 35 to 6l cm, and little lodging occurred" Hovrever,
in 1973, Ëhe culËivars T^rere much taller and those that were greater than
75 cm lodged to varying degrees "
The heights at Carman approximated those
at Glenlea which resulted in only minor lodging. L" anryst¿folius whi.dn
Ëended to be the tallest growing of the three speciesu rangíng frorn 56
to 90 cm, lodged to some degree at all three locaËions. tr. Luteus Ëended
to be the shorËesË of Ëhe Ëhree species, ranging from 31 to 70 cm. Lodgíng
in fhís species r,/å,s not entirely dependenË upon plant heighË, since it lodged
B3

Table 13. Plant heights and lodging index for cultívars at Glenlea (L972),
Liinnipeg and Carman (L973)
Plant height (cm) Lodging (0 to S)*
Species/cultivar Glenlea wpg. Carman Glenlea lJpg. Carman
L. albus
Saatgut
Georgia-7425
Kierskij skoe.
Gela
Baily I
Italian crz"
Reuscher
Ð. Arrr_ca ï ¿))
Kali
Neuland
L"
L.
Zagrebska
Blanca
Þ. Arrr_ca # ¿+4
MSU-3, 46-L0
Irsu-2
angustifoLius
b. Arrr_ca ff ¿I I
Giepíe
S. Africa-7002
S" Africa 11 60/206
S. Africa ll L23
Elita
S. Af rica lf L04
Uniharvest
Unicrop
Luteus
trrleiko III
Sam
Popular
Ekspress
LÍma
Bas
Gorzor,rski
Pomorski
Àõ
V. faba-Ãckerperle
Glenlea r,¡heat
56
61
35
45
45
51
56
'1
56
4L
3B
+o
7L
6L
56
56
66
6L
u:
JI
31
Jl-
4I
JJ
4T
J¿
7I
B1
87
93
7L
66
91
B4
B4
o4
96
84
84
73
55
77
90
B3
86
BB
B;
93
54
64
65
64
70
64
65
70
59
b,L
108
t?
-fr
6T
50
67
JO
59
59
t:
65
58
63
IJ
7;
76
5+
38
39
43
46
36
35
53
30
32
I^Ihere 0 = no lodging and 5 = severe lodging.
75
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
:
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
J
1
; 2
2
5
J
I
I
1
0
2
0
0
4
2
U
0
2
2
0
I
4 1I
J
J
4
2
-
5
5
5
5
5
4
:
0
0
0 I
I
; I
0
I 0
¿
J
; J
J
0
q
4
5
5
4
¡)
L
2
I
B4

to some extent at all locations regardless of height" The severe lodging
that occurred in this species in 1973 was due to the high r¿inds that
attained speeds of 60 M.P.H., which were experíenced a number of times
aË both trrlinnipeg and Carman. These winds easily bent over the succulent
stem of tr. Luteusu but not the other species" The effect of Ëhese wínds
on L. aLbus, L. angustifoLius and fababeans in sone cases r^ras to upïoot
those which had not developed an extensive, deep penetrating rooË system.
3"24 Days to Maturity
Much variation in days to maturity occurred between and within the
species tesLed (Table 12). The figures presented were based on differ-
ent criteria for the different specíes. Days Ëo maËurity for L" aLbus
was deterrnlned when the foliage dropped and the pods had turned brown
and the seeds r¿ere hard. This was feasible sínce no shattering occurred
in this species" Days to maturíty may rrel1 be decreased by one to tr/ro
weeks if swathing before the above sËage is practiced raËher than straight
combining. Days to maturíty for L. angustl:foLius arrd L. Luteus were
approximaËed when most of the pods had turned brown and some of the more
mature pods started Ëo shatter, since pod shattering is a serious problem
in most cultivars of these species" These dates may not be too meaning-
fu1, since this time may also be decreased if swathíng can be carried
our earlier.
L" ØLgustifoLius was the earliesË to maËuree requiring It2 to LI6
days to reach maturity. This requÍrement rnras consistenË over the two
years, however, it drastieally changed from L972 to 1973 for the oËher
Ëwo species. L" albus ü/as next to mature ín 1972, requiring 108 to L25
days depending upon cultivar" L" Luteus was last to uaËure in 7972, with
B5

1íÈtle variation between cultivars" which required from 134 to 136 days.
In 1973, Ëhe growíng season requirement for tr. albus increased by
7 to 2a days" This could possibly be explaíned by Èhe wetter growing
seasoll ín 1973, v¡hich favoured development of lateral branches, and
delayed maturity.
The time to maturity f.or L. Luteus apparently decreased in L973.
This may be due to faults in observation in L972, since in this year
days to maturiËy was noted when the ent.ire plant turned brown, and pods
were seríously shattering. This was not correct, since it was found
that cultivars oL L. Luteus should be swathed before the pods dry and
begin to shatËer.
L. aLbus, culËívar zagrebska, was the first of this species to
nâture in both years at 105 and L22 days, This is comparable to Glenlea
wheat and fababeans" L" Luteus ar,d L. øngustifolius required approxi-
maËely one and one-half weeks longer than Glenlea wheat Ëo reach maturity,
hov¡ever the earlisË cultívars r¡rere comparable to fababeans"
3.25 Pod Shattering
A typically wild characteristic that has been transmitted to some
cultivars of lupÍns is Ëhe tendency for its pods to shaËÈer. Degree of
shatÈering r¡ras variable between and withÍn the species tested.
L. aLbus never shatËered or dropped its pods. It could be left stand-
ing nntil completely dry when all the seeds were hard and Ëhen sËraighË
B6

cornbined (Plate 10). The seeds Ëhresir well , however, a small proportion
of green pods present may cause problems in storage.
L. Luteus had a Ëendency to shatter under extremely hot and dry
weather, hov¡ever pod drop r¡ras a more serious problem" There seemed to
be variation among cultivars in this respect and cultivars such as Weilco
III had líËtle shatterÍng and negligíble pod drop.
L. angusti.fol'Lus was inclined to shatter seriously (Plate 11-) " It
shattered as seriously as fababeans presenË in the tesËs, however pod
drop was not a problem. If cut and bundled prior to complete maturity
and allowed to dry, shaËËeri.ng losses were reduced. This was also true
for L" Luteus" Degree of shatËering was varíab1e among Ëhe cultivars
of. L" angustifoLius tested, and some of the neÍrer varieties such as Uni-
harvest and Unicrop r¿ere almosË non-shattering.
3"26 F'rosË Resistance
Varying degrees of frost occurred in the late spring at some of the
test locations (Appendix A), buË had little if any effect on the lupin
seedlings. These observations are consistent wiËh those reported by
others (Henson and Stephens, l95B; Offutt, L96L; Forbes and l^Iells, L966) "
At a few locations, frost blackened the margins of the leaves of both
fababeans and PI sovbeans.
An early frost at SteÍnbach and Franklin seriously danaged Ëhe pods
of. L" albus r¡hich were still very green (Plate 12). Early fal1 frosts
recorded for other locations had 1itt1e effecË on the dry, maturing pods.
p.-7

3.3 QUAIITY CHARACTERISTICS
3.31 Crude ProÈein ConËent
ProËeín content for all cultivars in yield trials was deteruined
by the Kjeldahl method and percenÈage conversion was made
6"25 x N, dry basis" Distinct dífferences exisÈed between
all had protein con.tent.s greater than eíther Glenlea wheat
(Table 14).
using the factor
species and
or fababeans
CulËivars of. L" Luteus had the highest overall mean protein contenË
over the three locatíons of 45"37"" L. albus and L. artgustifoLius lnad
mearls of 35.4 and 34.3"Á respectively. These values are similar Ëo those
reported by Gladstones (I970a), however the overall mean fo'r L. albus is
somewhat lower and that tor L. Luteus ís somewhaË higher"
At Glenlea, in L972" protein contents for all species were lower
than those reported by Gladsüones and also those at the other two loca-
tions ín L973. This was probably due Ëo lack of nodulaËion and the
smaller seed size experienced for all species ín L972 wlnich is known Ëo
have a rnajor influence on protein content. species means in order of
magnítude for this year for L. Luteus, L. angustifoLr.us and L. albus
were 43.6, 31.5 and 30"8"/" respectively. Some variation existed r¿ithín
specíes.
Protein content of the cultivars tested at the two locaËions in
1973 were guiËe consistent. Low standard error values indícate that
littIe variation occurred for Ëhis characterisËic"
90

'IADIE 14 "
Species /cultivar
L" albus
SaaLgut
Georgía-L425
Kierskij skoe.
Gela
Baily I
Italian cv.
Reuscher
S. Africa ll 255
fl^1 :
t\or !
Protein content
basis
Neuland
á46r a ^ ^-^t çU ùN4 ^1. ^
Blanca
S. Afríca li 244
MSU-3, 46-70
MS TT- ?
Cult "
no.
MEANS OF ALL CULTIVARS
T ^"-n" , ^J--' l:^'7 .' " , -
Uo UttAUùUuJvuu4Ð
S. Africa lf 277
Giepie
S. Africa-7002
S. Africa-60/206
S. Africa ln L23
Elíta
S. Afríca ll L04
Uniharvest
Unicrop
MEAN OF AIL CULTIVARS
L" Luteus
i,Jeiko III
Sam
Popular
Ekspress
Lima
Bas
Gorzowski
Pomorski
MEAN OF A].L
V" faba-Ackerperle
Glenlea v¡heat
CI]LTIVARS
La
2a
3a
4a
6a
Ba
9a
10a
lla
15a
16a
18a
9b
10b
1lb
13b
L4b
lBb
20b
28b
29b
lc
8c
9c
I¿C
14c
16c
L7c
18c
of cultivars tested in L972-3, N x 6"25, dry
Glenlea
L972
30"8
30.0
27 .7
31" 5
30.7
32 "0
30. I
32 "3
30 "7
30. 3
34 "B
30. 6
29 "L
30.8
J¿"O
3r"0
32"8
30 "2
31" 9
31. B
30.4
31. 5
44"6
4J"J
44 "B
¿+J " J
4J. Õ
1,1 ,
4L.4
46.2
/,') (-
24"6
L4.4
LocaËion
wpg"
a973
37.6
37 .L
36"8
35 .0
37 "8
35"0
36.8
36.8
37 "4
40"4
39 "6
36 .8
J/ "J
37.0
38.5
37 .2
34.0
JO"Õ
35"6
34. 0
JO. ö
JO"4
35. B
35 "7
46 .6
46"4
46 "2
46"6
46 "0
46.0
46.8
46"6
45 "2
26 "4
Carman
t97 3
36. B
JO.4
JO"L
37 "2
Jö. O
37 "6
41. 0
39 "6
38.4
tn_,
38"3
33. B
36.8
35 .8
35 "4
50. ¿
38.2
3s.4
35 .8
44"6
45 "2
45 "6
46 "O
43 "6
46 "B
46 "4
46.0
46.3
29.r
Mean * SE
35.1 + 1.8
?/, q 1a
32 "3 3.2
3s"6 0"4
35"5 L"6
34.8 1.9
35"7 L"6
33.5 2"4
36.9 2"1
40"0 0.3
36.2 2 "3
35.4 2"2
36.r 0"9
53"ó ¿"J
33"8 3"3
33.5 + 0.5
4t , 1 a
J+"+ t_. o
34.7 0.8
33.2 t_'
34.5 L.7
37 .3 0.6
35 .6 0.1
45"4 + 0"9
4s.2 O "6
44"9 0"7
4s.7 0"6
45 .L 0.7
45.L 0"6
44"8 1.5
44 "5 1.3
46"3 0.s
26"7 + L.I
97

The increase in protein from 1972 to L973 was greatest for tr. albus
and the least for L" Luteus" This is understandable, since L. albus lnas
relaËively larger seed and, 1000 kernel weight which increased Ln L973
would cause a relaËively larger increase ín protein content in a 1.arget
seeded species. Again, as in L972, variatíon within species occurred
with ranges for L" aLbus, L. avryust¿foLius and L. Luteus of 36.2 to 4L.07",
33.8 to 38.27" and 43"6 to 46.8% respectívely. Ranking, in order of the
magnitude of protein content, changed in L973 to L" Lul;eus, L. albus and
then tr. angustífolius. This can again be explained by the relative in-
crease in proLein content of the three species as seed size increases.
Cultivars of L. Luteus had by far the greatest protein content, but
all cultívars ranked last in seed yíeld. The cultivars of. L" aLbus wíth
the highesË seed yields ranked lower in protein than tr. Luteus arld L.
angustifolius. Thís inverse relationship beËlreen yield and protein con-
tent also seems to exist withÍn a specíes, buË ís not as apparent and is
not necessarily true for all cultivars within a specíes.
All cultivars of lupins far surpassed fababeans and Glenlea wheat
which had overall means for the three locations of 26"7% and I4.4% (one
location only) respectively" The gains ËhaË can be made by growing
lupins rather than fababeans as a high proËein crop may be better illus-
trated if yields of each are converted to kilograms of protein per hec-
Ëare. This is done ín Table 15 for some of the higher yieldíng cultivars
of lupins, and for fababeans growrl at idinnipeg in L973" These values are
corrected to Lhe usual sËorage moisture contents from the dry
basis Lhat was used to c¡bËain the proteín values found in Table
L4. These are L5"/. and L4% 14"C. for fababeans and lupins respectively.
92

Table 15. Yield, in terms of kilograms of protein
Lupiras
Lupdnus
Iapirws
v vvuv
Jque
of the high yieldíng cultivars of lupins
cv. Ackerperle at Wínnipeg Ín 1973
per hectare for some
and for fababeans,
Sp ecies / cul tivar Yield of crude protein
kglha
aLbus
Reus cher
ftalian cr¡.
Saatgut
Zagrebska
Blanca
Gela
angustifoLdus
S. Africa ln 704
Giepie
Unícrop
S. Africa lf 227
T,uteus
Popular
Bas
trrreiko III
Sam
LO¿J"J
L447 "8
t+¿o.u
L423.5
1383. 0
L249.2
863.4
851.3
840"5
815. B
90s.9
846 "6
7 53.4
7 4L.2
Ackerperle 1007 .6
93

0n the above basis, cultivars of Z. albus far outyielded fababeans,
with Reuscher, the highesÈ yielding cultivar, being 6L7" greater than
fababeans. Yields of the other two species, which seemed very 1ow on
a seed yield basis, closely approximaËed fababean yÍelds when converted
to weight of protein per unit area. The híghest yielding cultivar of
L. angustl:foLius and L. Luteus, on this basis were 85 .7 arrd 89.97" res-
pectively of the fababean cultivar, Ackerperle.
3.32 Amíno Acid CornposiËion
Amino acid analyses (Beckman 121, Amino Acid Anal-yzero lB hour
hydrolysate) for lupíns, soybean, fababean and Manitou whe¿t are given
in Table 16. The values for lupins are a mean of four cultivars for
each species. They include Blanca, Reuscher, Neuland and Gela f.or L"
albus; unicrop, uniharvest, s. Africa 104 and 60/206 tor L" angusti.-
foLius; and Bas, Weiko III, Popularo and Ekspress for L" Luteus.
Absolute values for the different amino acids differ somernrhat from
those reported by other authors, however the reason for these differ-
erices cannot be ascertained since meËhods are not staËed and units of
expression vary" I^Ihat is Ín general agreement with the values ob¡ained
in Èhe above analyses is the overall low methioine conLent and high
lysine conËent as compared Ëo cereal grains.
Lupins are gerlerally deficient in methíonine, wíth average values
of 0.66, 0.53, and 0"58 grams per 100 grams of crude protein for L. aLbus,
L" angustifolius and L" Luteus respectively, These values are similar to
fababeans, cv. Ackerperle which has a meËhionine content of 0"64, and. to
mosË oËher legumes, wíth the exception of soybeans which has approximately
Ëwíce the methionine content" However, this rnain limiËing amíno acid in

Table 16. Amino acid composiÈion in
lupin species, fababeans,
Lysine
Amino acid
Methíonine
Histidine
Aroin-íno
Aspartic acid
Threonine
Glutamic acid
Serine
Proline
Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Tryosine
Phenylalanine
g of. aa/I00 g of proteín for three
soybeans, and ManiËou wheat
Lupins. rnean of 4 cvs. Other, síngle deter.
I
'ñ
0l +) (â
l.^l
.a s.È
N\ ù) Fl
B S.O
5 .11
0"66
2 "38
10. 82
LL.79
3 "75
24.56
5. 68
4.35
4.4L
3"60
4.32
4 "54
B"2L
4 "44
4. 0B
ù\
5 "22
0.53
2.87
LL.69
LL"25
3 "6s
26.L2
5.38
4.10
/, ^')
3"6s
+"LJ
4.34
7 "56
3.62
4.09
eù
+)
F.
3.6s
0"sB
2.92
12 "87
11. 39
3 "49
28 "25
5.24
3.76
4.32
3 .45
3"81
4.09
8"62
2 "84
4.L5
c)
rl
¡'l
CJ
oq)
EË
,ô<
d
h
Þ
7 "33
0 "64
2 "89
10"57
12. BB
4 "L8
20 "02
5.7 3
4.90
5. 09
4. 81
5 "26
4 "62
8"58
3.57
4"76
{J
od3
ô00)0
Ê(d ,c .lJ
$Ð B .rl
o${ d
'oo € .cu
>' Fr A.) E
Ø
^&
>nJ
UtrL)
7 .3L
1" 39
3"00
9. 05
L3"97
4 .63
22.68
6.04
s.44
4.98
4.96
5 "46
5 .08
B"BB
4.13
s.89
cú
H
¿.tJ
L"23
2.34
4.6L
5"38
2"95
3s .98
4.77
r0. 90
4.29
3"50
4.3s
3"56
1 ^.)
2"83
5. 15
95

lupins may be cheaply supplímented wÍth synÈhetic meËhionine, or with
cereals which have a rnuch higher methioníne content (Manitou wheat, aË
L.23 e/L00g protein).
The three species of lupins analyzed are moderately deficíent in
rysine, with values of 5"11, 5"22 and 3"65 for L. albus, L" arryustr.foltus
and L. Luteus respectively" The value f.or L" Luteus is signíficantly
lower than the other two species, but agrees r¿ith Ëhe value reported by
Florence (1965). Fababeans are higher Ín lysine than lupins, as are soy-
beans, however lupins have approximately tvrice Ëhe lysine content of
ManiÈou wheat"
The contenË of the five oËher limiting amino acids approximaÈed the
values for fababeans and soybeans (There are eíght essential amíno acids
for higher organisms such as mane namely, lysine, methionine, threonineu
valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophane" None of these
are essential for rrmrínants, since rumen micro-organisms can synthesize
these amino acids from other appropriate feedstuffs, although they may
be limíting in Èhe young, active growing stages before a functional rrmen
has developed (Mahler and cordes, 7966). Tryptophane values T¡rere not
obtained for any of the samples, however Gladstones (1970a) reported
values rangíng from 1"0 to L"3%"
3.33 Analysis of l,rlhole and Dehulled Lupin Seed
Analysis of whole and dehulled lupin seed is gÍven in Table 17, along
wíÈh values for fababeans and soybeans" The values obtained for fababeans
and soybeans are for the cultivars Ackerperle and Portage respectively,
whereas the values obtained for lupins are an average of the same four
cultivars for each species used for amino acid analysis "
96

Table 17" Analysis of whole and dehulled
fababean and soybean seed
Iupin seed as compared to
Analysis Sp ecies /cu1 tivar trrlhole bean Dehulled Hulls
Proportíon of total
bean (%, dry basis)
Dry marrer (1:)
Proteìn content
(N x 6.25, dry basis)
Crude fibre
(%" ary basis)
Crude fat
("Á, dry basis)
Energy (Kcal/e)
L. aLbus
L" angustiuoLius
L" Luteus
V" faba, Aclcerperle
Soybean, Portage
L. albus
L" angustifoLi.us
L. Luteus
V. faba
Soybean
L" aLbus
L" angustt folius
L" Luteus
V. faba
Soybean
L. albus
L" angustifolius
L" Luteus
v. faba
Soybean
L" albus
L. arryustifolíus
L. Luteus
v" faba
Soybean
L. aLbus
L" angustifoltus
L. Luteus
V. faba
Soybean
100
100
100
100
100
o/. A
95. 0
94"3
94.8
o( 7
36 "7
35"5
45"5
26"6
40 "6
9.2
L3.9
L4.9
9, 1
4"5
9"2
J"J
4"4
1a
l-" J
IY"¿
4928 " 0
4693 "0
4566 "0
432L"0
5503. 0
83. B
76"2
77 "2
R7?
o, /,
94.3
o/, -7
Ja. t
94"3
94"4
96"s
t^ .
+J. O
44 "9
5R?
29 "2
¿+¿"4
r"6
1.8
'lo
L.7
1" 9
10.5
6.8
L"4
20.1
5091.0
4885. 0
4B2s.o
4364 " 0
5627 "0
1/
LO"Z^
23"8
22. B
12 "7
7.6
94" 6
96. r
95.0
9 6.4
9 6.5
5"0
7.8
6"6
6"4
8.7
Lo 1
47 .3
51.1
44.4
J¿"U
r.4
L.+
1"0
u"t
4160. 0
4292 " 0
4168.0
4333.0
5511. 0
97

There existed a considerable amount of variation between lupín
species in proportion of seed coat. tr" aLbus had the lowest proportíon
aL L6.2"/". L. angustl:folius and L. Luteus were much higher wíth values
of 23"8 and 22.87" respectively. These values r¡rere greater than either
fababeans or soybeans.
It was found that the seed coat of lupins conËained almost all the
crude fibre and a very small amount of proËein. The removal of the seed
coat therefore increased Ëhe value of the lupin seed by increasing pro-
tein levels for Ëhe three species to 43"6,44.9" and 58.37" for L. aLbus,
L. angustifolùus, and tr. Luteus respectívely, and decreasing fibre levels
f.rom 9"2, 13.9, and 14.9% to L"6" 1"8 and L"97.. These values are for
lupin germ meal following removal of approxiurately 907" of the seed coate
which Gladstones (1970b) feels can be accomplished by commercial milting
procedures.
The crude fat content of lupins varied from 4" 47" f.or L. Luteus to
9.2% for L. aLbus. These values were much higher than Ëhat obtained for
fababeans, but much lor¿er than the crude fat eontent of soybeans"
Energy values obtained for the whole seeds of L. aLbus, L" angusti--
foLùus and tr. Luteus were 4928, 4693, and 4566 Kcal/g, respectively"
These were all higher Èhan fababeans, but lower than soybeans. Removal
of the seed coat increased Èhese energy values for lupíns and soybeans,
but resulted ín only minor increases for the fababeans.
3.34 Seed Color
This characteristic \¡ras found
and T,¡ithin species, as illustrated
to
ín
be very variable
Table 18. Seeds
l_n
of
Lupinus species
L. albus were
9B

able rõ. Seed color, f000
culËivars ËesËed
kernel weight, and test weight for lupin
in 1972 and L973
Species / cul tivar Colorrl 1000 kernel wt. (g)
Mean * SE
L" aLbus
Saatgut
Georgie-L425
Kierskíj skoe.
Gela
Baíly I
Italian cult"
Reuscher
S. Africa lf 255
Kali
Neuland
Zagrebska
Blanca
S " Africa ll 244
¡4SU-3, 46-10
MSU-2
L. angusti,foLius
S. Africa li 227
Giepie
S" Africa-7002
S. Africa-60/206
S. Africa lf L23
Elíta
S. Africa lf L04
Uniharvest
Unicrop
L" Luteus
trrreiko III
Sam
Popular
Ekspress
LÍma
Bas
Gorzowski
Pomorski
As
V" faba-Ackerperle
Glenlea wheat
w
w
P
I.I
P
P
w
P
w
I,{
P
}I
P
I¡I
üI
fto
Gm
ulu
II w
Gm
Gm
Intrfm
tr^ifnt
I^I
Wm
Wm
trIm
I4f
I^I
I{m
I^I
tr{m
Color abbrv: I,I(white), P(pink),
i^Ifm(whíte, f aintly
Values from one location on1v.
453 + 38
329 L4
355 2L
363 27
384 4s
443 + 54
4L4 - 36
378 33
344 46
392 50
413 + 35
392 s3
363 23
403 40
3s4 33
195+ 4
¿v5 )
202 4
L92 5
LB2r,*
lgg**
195+ 7
193 10
22L T6
151 +
L3g
131
L44
L43
L42 +
150
L29
L45
450 +
4Lxt
9
13
9
9
B
t2 I
11
II
J4
Test wt" (Ke/hl)
Mean * SE
79"4 + 0"7
78.6 0.2
78.6 0.8
78.6 0.4
78.1 l.l
78.2 + 0.6
79.0 0.1
81.0 0.2
81.0 0.8
80 "2 r.2
79.9 + 0.L
78.0 - 0.6
79.5 1" 0
79"5 0.8
79.7 0.8
79.L + 0.4
79 .g 0.4
80. 6 0.4
80. B 0.2
79 . B**
81.1**
80.0 + 0.5
78.1 1" r
75.7 0.3
82"6 + L.6
83.9 0.9
81.7 1.8
83"5 1.3
83.0 1.5
83.7 + r"4
ör"b t"r
84"2 2"L
83"1 1" I
86.7 + 2.3
$J , /tczt
Gm(grey mottled), i,Im(whiËe motË1ed)
motËled) .
99

ah¡rays skin pink or chalk v¡híte in co1or, with the later sometimes being
índicative of sweetness or 1or^r alkaloid contenË as it was for the other
two species tested. Hor¿evero white seeded, bitter strains (high alka-
loid content) have been detectec.
Seed color of. L. angust¿foL'Lus was much more variable than tr. aLbus.
It ranged from a dark grey with líghter grey or white mottling to seeds
whích were entirely white. Seed of the cultivars Uniharvest and Unicrop
r¡rere someT¡rhat unique ín that they were almosÈ perfectly white, excepÈ
for the faintest of scroll Ëype, cream colored mottling"
The variability in this characteristic for L" Luteus was similar to
thaË in ¿. angustùfoLùus. Color ranged from entírely whiËe to white with
extensíve grey or brown mottling.
The light seed color Ln L" albus and more recently in the other two
species due to muËatíon is said Ëo result in "an increase in the value
of the lupin as a cultivat,ed plant, for we prefer light-colored seeds for
aesthetic reasons and probably also because of flavour, for it has been
proved in a n:'nber of pulses .. that darker seeds do not have as pleasanË
a taste as light ones," (Schwanitz, L967).
The white seed color is desirable for the above reasons. as well as
for use as a marker to índicaËe freedom from alkaloids in the ner¿er bred
varieties, as opposed to the bitter cultivars which are usually mottled.
I{iËh Ëhis characteristic, visual assessment cari be made on the degree of
mechanical contamination or that due to cross-pollination and successíve
segregaËion of high and low alkaloid Ëypes"
100

3.35 Seed Shape and Thousand Kernel Weíght
Along r,¡íËh seed shape, 1000 kwt is riot a quality characterístic per
se, buË is knor¿n Ëo affect relative seed composition in terms of fibre
and protein coriterit, aad also methods of handling ín terms of millíng,
crushing, seedíng, harvesting and storage"
Seed shape varied between species, with tr. aLbus easily distinguish-
able from the other two species uiíËh its seeds that are 0.9 to 1"4 cm
1ong, eompressed and anguLar. L. angusti-foli-us and L" Luteus differ
greaËly in shape from -t. albus, but are quite similar to each other.
seeds of Ëhe former are spheroidal and 6 to B mm long and 5 to 6 mm wid.e.
The later have seeds that are compressed to varying degrees and measure
6 to B mrn long and 5 to 7 nrn wide" In addiËion to the difference in
compression between these tswo species, the seeds may also be distinguished
by the presence of a predominant raphe ín L" qngusti.foLíus"
Results of 1000 kr¡/t are given in Table 18. The variation between
species was large for this characLeristic, and in some cases much varia-
Ëion occurred beLween cultivars and locaËions.
Cultivars of L. albus had the highest 1000 kwt, with cultivar means
rangíng from 329 to 453 grams per thousand seeds. Inter-cultivar vari-
abílity was the highest in this species as shown by the large range of
values. Varíability beËween locations was also large, indicated by the
Taüher high standard errors. Next in magnitude were tr. angustifoLíus
and tr. Luteus rsiËh cultÍvar means rangíng from I92 to 221 grans anð. I29
to 151 grams, respectively. variability over locations for these two
species was very low compared to Z. albus, which ís índicated by Ëhe 1or^r
st.andard errors.
101

Fluctuations in 1000 kwt from L972 to 1973 were closely correlated
wiÈh fluctuatíons in protein content for L" aLbusn with Ëhe former in-
creasíng by 30 to 140 grams from GlenLea (L972) to l,rrinnipeg (1973). The
1ow fluctuatíon ín 1000 kt^rË in the other two species \^ras paralleled by
low protein fluctuations"
ConsÍdering the three species as a wholeo 1000 kwt is positively
correlated wíËh seed yield. Cultivars of L" aLbus which had Ëhe highesË
1000 kwt had Èhe híghest seed yields, and the cultivars of.t. Luteus
r¿hích had the lowest 1000 krut had the lowest yíelds.
Iababeans, cv" Ackerperle, which l¡ias present at all locations, had
a Larger seed size than all but one cultivar of. L" aLbus" The variation
was similaï to L" aLbus, which ís indicated by its relaËively high
standard error values.
3"36 test I,Ieíght
Mean test weíghts were quite consistent for the different specíes"
however, culËivar means for all species varíed from 75.7 to 84"2 kE|nL"
However, discreËe specíes differences existed (Table 18) "
L. Luteusu which had Ëhe lowest 1000 ic\^rË, had the highest overall
mean hectaliËre weight of 83"0 kg/hf. Thís is the usual correlation for
these Ëwo characteristÍcs in most crops" L. aLbus and L. angustì'foLius,
which had greatly differing 1000 kwt (the former approximaËely twice as
gïeat), did not vary in Ëest weight to the extent that was expected"
They had overall mean values of 79"3 a¡rd 79.5 kg/hl, respectively.
r02

Little variation in this characteristic occurred between the three
locaËionso indicated by the low SE values. Test weight of fababeans T¡ras
also quite consistent over the three locations, and iÈs mean value of
86"7 kg/hl r¿as greater Ëhan all cultivars of lupins'
103

AGRONO
4"0
4.L NURSERY ]N 1972
NU
SERY
APPRAISAL
ITY CHARACT
MIC &
ER ISTICS
QUAL
OF AGRIC ULT URAL ACCESSI
T}ae L972 riursery r¿hich contaíned 449 TupLn accessíons had a primary
objective of obtaining an over-vier¡ of the species of lupins in terms of
habit, seed size, potential yielding ability, flowering, time to maturity,
and other characteristics" The secondary objective r¡/as to increase seed
for successive testing" From the forty different species osbseved in this
tesE" only the five that had seen previous use in agriculture r¡rere deemed
to have any potential, namely, "t. aLbus, L. Gngust¿folius, L. Luteus, L.
mutaþiLis and tr" cosent¿nL" 0n1y 98 of the originaL 227 accessions of
these species were further tested in the 1973 nursery trials due to Ëhe
lack of adequate seed production"
The high lime content at t}:.e 1972 nursery site resulted in severe
chlorosis in most. species, includíng theagricultural Ëypes. The variation
in líme tolerance found in Ëhe L972 repLicated yield trials was similar
to that in this test, namely, tr" Luteus was the first and Ëhe most seri-
ously affect, closely followed by L. angustl:folius. Both displayed
chlorosis as early as 10 days after emergence. Thís resulted in many
lines dying before flowering. L. albus seemed to be the least affected
by the high lime content, which reached 1eve1s of 28"67" equívalents of
CaCO^ in the top 30 cm of soi1. L. eosentini and L" rm.ttab¿L¿s seemed to
J-
have a lime Ëolerance siuúlar to L" aLbus"
OF
ON
S

Otheï facËors that influenced seed production were; Fusariurn tr{ílt
(Fusartun spp"), which af.fected L" artgustifol'Lus 'nore than the other
forrr species; drought at crítical stages of development; seed imperme-
ability; and faílure to receive suitable photoperiod or vernalization
requirement in some lines of L" aLbus (Plates 13" 14)"
The above factors resulted in only 27/49 origínal lines of L. aLbus
being resred in L973" Sirnilarly, only 35/75, 32/89" 2/4 and 2/2 acces-
sions of. L. øtgustí.folius, L. Luteuso L. rm,LtabiLis ar.d L" cosentini res-
pectively v¡ere further tested in 1973.
4"2 NURSERY TRIAI,S IN 1973
The choise of test siËes for the nurseries in 1973 r,¡as based prinarily
on their freedom from any signifieant levels of CaCOr. This r.ras done with
the cooperaËion of the Provincial Soils Testing Laboratory who provided
the resulËs of the analyses for CaCO, for samples sent in from rural areas
in Manitoba. Only those areas rrhere calcium rsas estimated as beíng very
low (corresponding to 2% or less CaCOr) ldere considered. Thís resulted
in no chlorosis occurring at any of Ëhe Ëest sites in either the Pl-soybean
indicaËor or lupins "
A second critería in the choise of Ëest sites r,¡as freedom from resi-
dues of crops that are susceptíble to Fusarium tr^Iilt or root rote since
this seemed to be a potenËially serious problem as indicated by disease
losses ín L972.
Nurseríes were planted at eight Manítoba locations, namely, I'Iinnipeg,
catmant" ManiËou, sprague, steinbaeh, Glenlea, Franklin, and carberry.
The l{innipeg location r,¡as aË the campus ËesË site' and Glenlea was in
105

conjunction rÀiith the Glenlea Research Station. The remaining six were
planted on the farms of co-operaÈors. 0f the eighË locatíons listed
above, the last four were not harvested for seed yield determinaËíon due
to various factors.
The nurseries located aË Carberrv and Steínbach vrere not harvesËed
for Ëhe same reasons as previously díscussed in relation to the yield
trials, namely" high populations of weeds and damage by Blister Beetles.
The nursery at Glenlea was planted later than the others (May f9),
just prior to heavy raínfalls. This cornbined with the heawy clay soil
resulted in the test area being flooded on two different occasions --
before emergence and shortly after. All lupin species and the fababeans
failed to tolerate the \¡rater logging. Seeds roEted due Ëo the various
organisms favoured by the high moisturee as did the seedlingsr root
sysËems. Resulting stands rrrere approximately two to five percent of the
seed originally planted" Some lines of. L. aLbus seemed Ëo withstand
the water logging, and maËured to produce seed, however, it was probably
due to random escape rather than tolerance. Since Ëhese nurseries r¿ere
not replicated, a conclusion on this aspect cannot be made, however,
Ëhese resulËs are consistent with those reported by Gladstones (1970b),
namely, that 1upíns are intolerant of water logging"
The trial at Franklin was Ëreated pre planË r,riËh Treflan, with no
adverse effects on gerrnination and seedlíng growth" lJeed populaËions
were much lower than ín the adjacent untreated areas, however, wild oats
T¡7ere a conËinuous problem throughout the growing season.
BlisÈer Beetle infestation, which caused minor damage, were effec-
Ëively conËro11ed with Guthíone. Lines of L" angust¿folíus matured early,
L07

hor¿ever, most lines r¡rere completely shattered before harvest was possible
Late, heavy, rains seriously delayed the maturiÈy of tr. albus, L. Luteus
a¡¡d L. mul;abdlis and most lines of these species were much too green to
harvest" The above factors made this test meaningless in terms of seed
yield and therefore it tras not harvested"
4"21 Seed Yields
Those accessions r,¡hich had sufficient quantities of seed to plant
at least one nursery location (105 seeds) r¡/ere tested in the 1973 nurs-
eries. Due to Ëhe lack of seed, replicatíon r{as noË used, and where
quantities of seed were adequatee more than one locaËion was planted"
This was carried out since iË r¿as thought that the sarnplíng of more loca-
tíons was more important than precise yíeld data via replication. Since
replicaËion T¡ras not. used, the numerous accessions \¡rere arranged in such
a manner as to present seed yield data as a percent of an adjacent,
coilrmon, fababean check.
Seeds yields of all accessions for the four nursery locations
(I,Iinnipeg, Carman, Manitou, Sprague) are listed in Appendix C, along
with location and species means. Thís data is summarized in Table 19;
and in Fig. 1, which illustrates the yields as a percent mean for all
lines of each specíes for each location; and also as an overall mean for
each species at all four locations. L. mutabiLis and tr" cosentini were
orniËËed due Ëo the lack of seed production.
Fíg" 1a, illustrates the yíe1ds at l,Iinnipeg. As in Ehe adjacent
yield trLal, L. aLbus was sígnificantly higher yielding than tr. angust¿-
foLius or L. Luteus, shown by Ëhe t-values in Table 19. Species rneans
108

Table 19. Comparison of the species means of
and -t" Luteus, via the t-test, for
individuallv and combined
LocaËion Comparison df
Iaiínnipeg
Carman
ManíËou
Sprague
All four
locations
L.
L"
L.
L"
L.
L"
L.
L.
L.
albus x
''x
angusv" x
albus x
,lx
angust. x
albus x
',x
angust. x
L. albus x
[J. " X
L. arqust. x
L.
L.
T.
albus x
',x
angust" x
L.
L.
L"
L.
L"
L"
L.
L"
L"
L.
L"
L.
L.
L.
L.
angust"
Luteus
Luteus
angust"
Luteus
Luteus
urLguÒ u.
Luteus
Luteus
angust.
Luteus
Luteus
qtLgnÐ u.
Luteus
Luteus
5B
57
OJ
49
4B
+o
55
52
64
59
56
64
230
220
243
L" albus, L" angustifolius
the four nursery locations
Conclusíon*
t-value % leve1 of
sígnífícance
7 .50
]-3.22
5.36
L"82
s.95
2.BB
5 .35
11.95
5. B3
-0.7L
^ /,')
0.98
2.99
8.16
3.62
Idhere a = L" albus"b = L" ayÌgusti.foLius, and c = L. Luteus"
a
b
>b
>c
)s
NS
a)c
b>c
b
NS
l\ò
>b
)q
)g
NS
>b
)g
)q
1no

(J
o
-c ()
c
o(l)
Á on(f,
14-
o
\o (,-
,; t-
U
.E
()
3
o
b EgG)
E
-(]
þ
€ (t)
G)
U)
Figure I
too
50
o
too
50
o
roo
o.
Seed yield of Lupin spp., expressed os "/" af fabobean
check plots
Winnipeg b. Cormon
c. Monitou d. Sprogue
e. lMeon of the obove four locations
XX
X
XX
m
ffi
m
tl
L. albus
L. angustifolius
L. luteus
fabobean check
110

were 557", 287" and L4"I7. respectively. No significant correlation existed
beËween the yíe1d of cultivars conrlon to boËh the replícaËed trial and
Ëhe nursery trial. Thís was also the case for Carman.
Fíg. lb and 1c present the yields for Carman and ManiËou, which
followed the trend esËablished in the replicated yield trials and the
I^Iinnipeg nuïsery, namely, L. albus was higher yielding than L. angusti-
folius and L" Luteus; and speeies means were all lower than the fababean
checks.
AbsoluËe yíelds decreased more in fababeans than in lupíns and was
probably due to the difference in drought tolerance under restricted
moísture at Carman (Appendix A). The mean yield ot L. albus (75% of.
check) uras noË significantly greater than -t" avtgust¿folius at 63% of. t};re
check, however, both were significantly greaËer than ¿" Luteus at 40% of
the check. Lines of. L" aLbus yielded frorn 43 to L42% of the check. Yíelds
at Manitou, T¡rere sirnilar Ëo trnlinnipeg, as r¡Ias Ëhe clímatic conditions
(Appendix A and B). Mean yíelds of tr" aLbus, L" angustl:foLius and L"
Luteus were 57, 34 and L57" of the fababean check respectively. Lines of
L" aLbus were again the highest yielders, ranging from 28 to Bl% of the
check.
Fíg" ld, and Table 17, illustrate that no yield differences occurred
for the species Ëested at Sprague, Mean values for L" aLbuso L" angusti-
folius and L" Luteus were 89, 96 and 857" of the fababean check respec-
tively" Absolute yields were extrernely low for lupins and more so for
fababeans, due to Ëhe extremely droughty conditions that resulted from
1ow precípitation and the sandy soil texture (Appendix A and B). Drought
tolerance more than yíelding ability was being measured and lupíns proved
to be much more toleranË than fababeans (Plates 15, 16).
111

Fig. 1e cornbines Ëhe results from all four locations and again
illustrates the trend thaË occurred in all tests except Sprague, namely,
all species are generally lower yielding than fababeans, and tr" aLbus
ís the highest yielding lupin species. Included in .L. albus were lÍnes
Èhat performed uniformly well in al1 the nursery tests. These included
the followíng lines along with their means and standard errors; Georgia-
L425 (99 + L9%), S" Africa ll 255 (98 + L7%), Reuscher (91 + L6%) "
Gyulatamyai (86 + L0%), Baily I (83 + B%), S. Africa ll 244 (82+ L0%),
and Zagrebska (81 + L37") .
4. 22 OËher Agronomic Characteristics
4.221 Days to Flor¿ering
Thís r¿as observed at Lhe l^Iinnipeg locaËion only. As was true for
the replicaËed yield trial planted adjacent to it" much variation betr^reen
and wiËhin species existed for Èhis characteristic (Appendix C).
Línes of. L. aLbus r¡/ere usually firsÈ to flo!¡er, requiring an average
of 65 days from the Ëime of seeding to vihen 757. of. the plot displayed
visíble blooms. Baily I (5a) was first to flower at 59 days and S. Africa
lf 255 (2Ia), at 7t days, the last" The lines common to both the repli-
cated yíeld trial and the adjacent nursery flov¡ered an average of seven
days earlier in Ëhe fo-rmer, due probably to plant spacing differences.
Lines of. L. angustl:foL'Lus were usually next to flov¡er, requíring an
average of.69 days from Ëhe time of seeding (excluding Ëhe early línes,
UníharvesË and Unicrop). Variation in thís character ranged Lrom 47 to
78 days, and \^/as very similar to Ëhe replieated yield trial adjacenË Ëo
this nursery" Unícrop and Uniharvest (2Bc and 29c) were the firsË to
113

flower, being earlíer Ëhan any line of tr. aLbus. Unir,rhite and Borre
were the last to flor,¡er at 78 days.
Lines ol. L. Luteus r^rere usually the lasË to flower, requíring an
average of 74 days. Considerable variation existed in this species,
rangíng frorn 66 to 84 days. This characterisËic vlas approximately three
days earlier in Ëhe adjacent yield trial for the lines coinmon to both"
Schawko (l8c), \,ras the first Lo flower, Portugese and Moroccan wild types
(30c and 31c) were the 1ast. The few lines of. L" cosentini and L. nn¿ta-
bilis observed required approximateLy 67 and 77 days respectívely"
4.222 Days to Maturity
This characterisËic nas observed only at l^Iínnipeg (Appendix C).
Lines of. L. arryustifoLíus and L. Luteus were the earliest to maturee
requiring an average of 118 and 119 days from seeding to when Ëhey were
cut and stooked. Lines of L" aLbus \dere approximately a week laËer in
maturíty, requiring an average of. L25 days. Fababeans, cv. Ackerperle
required 115 days to mature at this location.
Variation for Ëhís characteristic Ln L. angustifoLius ranged from
113 to 121- days, wíth the earliesË floweríng lines, Uniharvest and Uni-
crop, also beíng the earlíest in maËuriËy aL 113 and 114 days respectively.
Variation in L. Luteus ranged from 114 to l-24 days. Ihese values were
simílar for Ëhe lines common to Èhe adjacent replicaËed yield trial, hov¡-
ever, days to maturíty fox L" albus \dere approximately 10 days less in
the nursery trial where they had a range of. I22 to l2B days as compared
to 722 to 135 ín the replicaËed trial. This dífference could have been
due to the more precise evaluaËion of this characËeristic in a larger
p1oÈ such as the replicated plots (3 rod roÌ/s, one foot apart), as opposed
LL4

to the single rod rows in the nursery" The earlÍest lines of L" albus
included; Gela, Gulzower, Blanca, Baily I, USSR-305, ì4SU-3, l4SU-2, and
Ultra, which required L22 to L24 days"
Values f.or L" cosentin'L are not available since Ehey did noË emerge
successfully. L" rm,LtabiLis was the latest to mature, requiríng L47 days.
Days to maturiËy for all species may be significantly decreased if
cutting (swathing) can be carried out before the times reporËed in
Appendix C, without any serious loss Ín seed yield or quality. Closer
row spacing, use of defoliants, culture on light soi1s, artificial vernal-
ízatíot, or use of genetic non-branching línes (mono culms) nay also de-
crease the lengthy growing season requirement.
4"223 Branchíng
All lines of all species observed aË tr{innipeg branched to some ex-
tent, usually quíte profusely. This characteristic was enhanced aË this
locaËion in L973 by early planting, cool spring Ëenperatures, high levels
of rainfall, and a relatively wide ror,r spacing. These are all reported
Ëo favour branching in lupins (Barbacki and Kapsa, 1960) " This T¡ras very
clear if comparison is made to the replicated trial at. Glenlea ín L972
r¡hich was much shorter, expressed little branching due Èo late planËing,
high spring temperatures, and 1ow precipitation (Appendix A).
In general, L" arryustifolius branched the earliest, wíth some lines
doing so as early as L4 days after emergence. L. albus began branching
much 1ater, but usually sooner than tr" Luteus. Variation existed beËween
and within species, and it was generally found that Èhe laËe maturing
varieties branched much earlier Èhan the earlier maturing lines "
Branching, both lateral and secondaryu had the general effect of
115

prolonging flowering over several r,¡eeks. This in turn resulted in the
maturity of the pods produced on Ëhese branches being much la-ter than
those on the main stem. Besídes delayíng maËurity, excessive branching
hindered harvesting opeïations, since in shaËÈering species there vrill
always be a certain proportion of green pods at maturity. The only
advantages that can be gained from the use of branching types are better
weed compeËition and the requirement of a l0wer seed rate.
4.224 Plant HeighË and Lodging
There existed considerable inËerspecífic and intervarieËal varí-
abiliËy for these characteristícs (Appendix D). This variation seemed.
to be inainly a response Ëo precipitation, since aË locations with high
raínfall (Ltinnipeg, Manitou) plant heighËs were similar and. much greater
than at drier locations (Carman, Sprague).
Stems oÍ. L- albus became quite thick, often reaching basal díameters
of' 2"5 cm" ThÍs extreme thickness combined with lignification resulted.
in a plant that T,ras extremely resisËant to lodging under normal círcum-
stances. This was also true for tr. angusti.folius a'.d L. mutabiLis.
However' lodging did occur in some of the tallere more branched lines
of. L" albus. rt r¿as not due to lack of stalk strength, but to ari ex-
Èremely heavy canopy of pods and reaves which caughË the atypically
strong winds and uprooted the plants. Also" minor lodging was caused
by breakage of the laÈeral branches.
Generally, z. albus has to be rated as resistant to lodging, since
at Manitou, where clímatic condiËions vrere similar, except for the
exËreme winds, lodging was minor even
íng were sinilar"
though plant heights and branch-
IL6

Lines of. L. angustl:foLius were similar in height to L. aLbus.
Stalk strength was also siurilar, however, the profuse, fine, laËeral
branches in the taller lines hrere prone to breakage. The root system
seemed to be more adeguatee since uprootíng did not seem to be a problem"
Some lodging occurred at all locations, however the shorËer Ëypes T¡iere
less inclined to lodge.
L" Luteus was the shortesË species at a1l four locations, but
tended to lodge more severely than tr. aLbus or L. angustdfoLius due to
the succulent nature of its main and lateral branches. The severe winds
aË tr^Iinnipeg resulted ín over 907. breaking or bending of the stelrrs"
Generally, the taller lines lodged the most"
The two lines of L. mutaþíLt s were boËh 109 cm tall. Uprooting or
breakage of the lateral branches contríbuted Ëo the lodging observed.
4.225 Pod Shattering
Except for L. aLbus and L. mutabilis some pod shatteríng occurred
in all species in the 1972 and 1973 nurseries. .L. aLbus could be left
sËanding until fully matured and then straight combined with a llege
ploL cornbine, with little loss or breakage to the seed.
Untíl the recent isolation of shatter resistant lines of tr" angus-
tífolius and -t" Luteus (Sengbush and Zimmerman, 7937) the cultívation of
Èhese two species for seed was limited. Pods of these ner¡r types have no
easily viewed phenoËypic characteristic such as the constricted versus
smooth pods in fababeans, which explains theír resistance (Seitzer, 7973)"
The anatomical changes involve the fusion of the normally divíded sËrips
of sclerenchyma in the pod seams, or weakeníng of the endocarp of the pod
wal1s, similar to ÉhaË in L. albus and other cultivat.ed legr:mes" However,
r77

some of the non-shattering types rnay be recognized by the purplish-brown
pigmentaËion of the endocarp visible Ëhrough the green outer mesophyll
of the irunaËure pod" In these reduced or non-shattering types, the
dorsal and ventral seams of the pod split, but much later and wiËh less
force than the shatteríng types, and may be insufficient to scatter the
seeds or dislodge the pod halves. Therefore, the pods and seeds remain
attached to Ëhe plant (Plate 17).
Ratings of shattering are given in Appendíx D, as shattering (S),
reduced shattering (RS) or non-shatËering (NS) for lines Ëhat did not
shatter or drop their pods at full naturity. Generally, tr. aLbus and
L. mutabil'Ls dLd not shaËter, whereas L. angustifoLi,us and L. Luteus
shattered extensively" L. arryustifolius shattered more seriously than
L. Luteu.s, hov¡ever, Ëhe laËer T¡ras more inclined to pod drop at maturity.
However, many liner; of both species had reduced or compleËely non-
shattering characteris tics.
4. 23 Quality Characteristics
4.23L Crude Protein Content
Crude protein contents (N x 6"25, 0"02 M.C") for the accessions
observed at the four nursery locaËions are given ín Appendix C, along
wiÉh location, accessíon, and specíes means.
As was true for the cultivars in the replicated trials, considerable
variability for Ëhis characËerisËic occurred between and r¿íthin species,
Vicia faba, cv. Ackerperle, was consistently the lowest in protein,
ranging f.'rom 27.6 to 30.7, with an overall mean of 29"67.. Generally,
lines of. L" Luteus r^rere consistently higher ín proËeín than the other
118

major species, \,rith an overall mean for a1l locations of 44.9%"
49 .67. .
The two línes of L" mutabiLis had protein contenËs of 48.6 and
L. angustifoLius and L. aLbus had sirúlar protein contents with
mean values of 36.4 and 36.3 respectively" The two línes of L. cosen-
tint tested were sirnilar to these two species.
Protein contents of all species were higher at Carman than at the
other three locat.ions, with species means of 40.1, 37.2 and 46.5"/" r.or
L, aLbus, L. angustifoLius anÅ, L. Luteus, respectively. This ur-ight
well be explained on the basis of the effíciency of nitrogen fixing
bactería, since the light textured and friable soil at Carman seemed
to favour better nodulation (PlaËes 18 and 19). Locations where nodu-
lation was poorer had lower protein contents" A1so, the relatÍ-vely
larger seed size obtaíned aË this location due to the majoriËy of pods
being set on the main stem could have contributed to some of Ëhe in-
crease in proËein. seed set on lateral and secondary branches is
smaller and shírivelled and pod distribution is effected by climate
(Barbacki and Kapsa, 1960). Climatic condítions could Ëherefore affect
protein content indirectly through pod distributíon and seed size. At
I^Iinnipeg where the majority of pods were set on the laterals, 1000 kfft
was lower than at Carman, as \¡¡as the protein content" However, nod.ula-
tion was more successful at tr{innipeg than at Manitou or sprague, which
was reflected in an overall higher proËein content than at the laËter
two locatíons whích had similar 1000 kwts.
L. aLbus was the ruost varíahle ín protein conLe-nt, røhich !ùas prob-
ably due to its greateï variabilÍty in seed size. tr. Luteus and. L.
angusl;ifolius were less variable ín both characteristics.
L2A

4.232 Seed Color
The variability within species for this characterístic T¡ras greaLer
than that found in Ëhe replíeated yield trials (Appendix D). Lines of
L. aLbus were eiËher whíte or skin pink in color, however the colors
and degrees of motËling in lines of. L. angusti,folius and L. Lutats were
much more variable (PlaËes 20 - 27).
4.233 Seed Shape and Thousand Kernel hleight
Seed shape of tr" arryustifoLius and L" Luteus was similar Ëo that
observed in the replicated yield trials, whereas L" albus dísplayed
greater variability. The seed was basically angular or oval, with
ranges bet\^reen the two. Variability was also observed in the degree of
coupression of the seeds" ranging from very flat and wrinkled to very
plutrp and smooth" Seed seË on the lateral branches of all species was
always smaller and generally inferior in quality when compared Ëo the
seeds set on the main stalk"
Thousand kernel weíghts are listed in Appendix D, as a mean * SE
for each accession for the four locations. As in the replÍcated trials,
seed size T¡ras correlated wíth yie1d. L" aLbus had the largesË overall
seed size of 387 * 16 grains and subsequently the highest overall yield.
L" Luteus had the lowesË overall seed r,reight at 155 + 1.3 grams and the
lowest overall seed yield. Thís correlation was not necessarily true
for all línes within a speciesu but seed size should be considered an
importanË yield component, along with branching and pod dístribuËíon"
L22

Plate 20
L" aLbus (2 x Natural Size)
Plate 22
L" angustifolius (2tz x N. S . )
P l-a te
L. cosentini (2 *
D1 ^ +^
L" angtLstifoli.us
21
NaËural Size)
¿J
(2% x N"s")

Plate 24
L. Luteus (3 x N"S")
Plate 26
L" mutabilis (2 x N.S.)
L. Luteus (3 x N.S.)
Plate 27
L. rrutabilis (2 x N.S.)

Inter-line variability was the highesË in tr" albus wíËh accession
means ranging from 282 to 448 grams per 1000 seeds" Betsween locatíon
variability was also highest in this species. L. angust¿fol'Lus was 1ess
variable r¿ith accession means ranging frorn 161 Xo 246 grans. L. Luteus
was the least varíable \,rith 1000 kwts ranging from 145 to 179 grams.
Protein contents at the four different locations T¡rere somer^7hat related
to seed size" where larger overall seed size ÞIas associated with a higher
protein corltent "
4.234 Test l^Ieight
Test weights are given in Appendix D, as a mean * SE for the four
nursery locations. Fababeans had the highest Ëest weight with a mean
of 90 + 0.9 kg/n1-. Test r,reights of L. Luteus were the next highest,
r,riËh an overall mean of 84.5 + 0"2 kg/1n1-. L. angustifolius and L. aLbus
had sinr-ilar test weights rangíng from 78.5 to 82.3 and 79 to 85 kg/hl
respectively. Variabílity within specíes and beËween locations was 1or¿
as reflected in the 1oi¿ sÈandard errors.
725

5.0 CHLOROSIS IN LUPINS CHLOROSIS
TEST IN L97 3
Chlorosis is a term denoting a visible defíciency of chlorophyll,
manifested in a yellowing of the leaves. It may be caused by various
agents or facËors, such as, fungi, bacteria, virus, waËer-logging, high
levels of N-fertílity, lufn or Mg deficiencies, or other nutritional ínr-
balances. However, the most common cause is iron deficiency. Chlorosis,
associated with iron deficiency, tends to occur in the nel¡resË growth
(expanding leaves), as intervienal yellovring, or compleÈe yellowing of
the leaves in severe cases. This type of chlorosis is commonly observed
on calcareous soils, and is therefore Èermed lime-induced chlorosis, how-
ever it may also occur on acidíc soils
Many types of crop plants are susceptÍble to íron chlorosis, includ-
ing soybeans, field beans, peas and lupins. These are ofËen called acid-
loving plants, since they are unable to obËaín sufficient iron under
basic condiËions. Various authors (Brown, 1953; Brown et al" 1955, L956;
Blanc-Aicard and Drouineau, 1955) suggested that this could be due to
dífferences in enz)¡me systems, abilíty to absorb iron, or capacity for
root saËuratíon with calcír¡n.
Most lupins gror¡rrr ín the L972 observation rìursery displayed varying
degrees of chlorosis, ranging from faínt yellowing to severe yellowing
accompanied by death. In some species symptoms occurred as early as the
two leaf stage and resulted in seedling death.
afI
of
L. Lul;eus was Ëhe fírst to be affected, showing deficiency symptoms
the early two leaf stage. Many lines died before reaching a height
10 cm, however, oËher lines become chlorotic aË laËer stages but seË

few pods that contained severely shrivelled seed (Plate 28) " A second
effect whích contríbuted to the eventual deaËh oÍ. L. Luteus" as well as
oËher species Èhat developed chlorosls, !¿as their increased suscepti-
bílity to pathogens such as Fusal,'Lt¡n" Wallace and Lr¡nË (1960) also
reported thís increase in susceptibility in species other than lupins"
L. an4ustifoLius utas the nexË most severely affected (plate 29) "
Most lines failed to reach maturity, and those thaË did produced
seed which was severely díscolored and shrivelled.
L. mutabiLis dispLayed slight chlorosis shortly after the plants
had flowered, which resulted in poor quality seed being produced.
ïhe majority of the línes on L. albus appeared thrifËy, and did
not suffer perceptibly from chlorosis. However, they seemed to be less
vigorous than the same lines at other locatíons "
Chlorosis in lupíns has been reported by various authors (Scholz,
1933; Triwosch, 1933; Parsche, 1935; Hackbarrh er al. 1935). t.r was
attributed to a basic soíl reaction and to a soíl lime content which
resulted ín lirne induced iron chlorosis or more rarely manganese defi-
ciency' L. Luteus was reported to be the rnost susceptible in Ëhis res-
pect" order of susceptibiliËy reported for L. aLbus, L" angustifolius,
and L. mutabilis varíed. These reporËs led to the assrmption that the
chlorosis experienced in L972 at Wínnipeg and Morden üras due to lime-
induced iron deficiencíes. On thís basis soil samples were taken from
these t\^ro sites and the analysis revealed the followíng: pH = 7.4 and
7"8, and CaCO, content of medír¡n and high (CaCO, content from the
Provincíal Soil Testing Laboratory is reported qualitatively from very
1ow to high, r¡here very low corresponds to 27" ot less CaCO, and lor^r to
high corresponds to greater Ëhan 27" caco.). Lacroíx and Ler.z (L967)
r27

found that greater than I"6'A CaCO, equivalents rsould cause visible chlo-
rosis in PI-soybeans, whi-ch are sensiËíve indicators of Èhe potenËial
of a soil to índuce chlorosis due Ëo lime-induced iron deficiency.
0n this basis, íron and manganese sulfates \¡rere broadcast on the
nursery site and ¡,¡orked ín wiÈh a hoe, but did not, visibly alleviate Ëhe
chlorosis" Leaf Éissue samples were taken from the four agricultural
species before the applicatíon of the soíl ammendmenÈs and were anaLyzed.
for íron" Three Èypes of samples L7eïe takeno namely, from visibly healthy
plants (no yellowing), from plants that dísplayed intermedíate chlorosis,
and from those that dÍsplayed severe chlorosis. The results of the
tissue analyses are given in Table 20"
Table 20" Tissue analysis for iron (ppm) for L. aLbus, L. angustifolius"
L" Luteus, and Z" nutabiLi.s that displayed different degrees
of chlorosis
Species /cu1tívar
L" aLbus" cv. Ne-uland*
L" angust"¡ cv. Giepie
L. Luteus" cv. Sam
L" rrutabt Lí.s
Degree of chlorosis
Fe (ppm)
Iiealthy ModeraÈe Severe
190
135
185
110
No yellowing, but varíous degrees of stunting.
c'enerally, iron levels in the healthy plants of all species were
símilar, however, Ëhey increased considerably in the mod.erate and severely
chlorotic plants " This result is supporËed by auËhors who have failed to
shors a correlation between low íron levels ín the leaves and the degree of
250
230
490
180
620
530
7L0
L29

chlorosís in other crop plants (Oserkowsky, 1933; T\,¡-r.,rman, 1959). Leeper
(L952) revíewÍng Èhis topíc concluded thaÈ most evidence índicates that
chlorotic leaves contain as much or more iron than green leaves, whích
is also true for the preceeding results " This phenomena is also supported
by Jacobson and 0erË1i (1956) who suggested thaË iron must be supplies at
Ëhe proper stage of developnenÉ to the leaves of srmflowers for chloro-
phyll development Ëo occur, Ëherefore, older, chlr>rotic Ëissue may contj.nue
to accrrnulate iron vet remain chlorotic.
The results reported by the above authors and Ëhe leaf tíssue analysis
1ed to the assumpÈion thaË the chlorosis resulËed from imbalances in Ëhe
iron nutrition of the planË due ro soil lime. This led to the incorpora-
Ëion of the Pl-soybean indicator inËo the 1973 tests to assess this pro-
blem" If thís was indeed a reaction to lime, cultivatíon of both -õ. dngus-
tifoLius and L. Luteus would be seriously resËricted in Manitoba since the
majority of the cultivaËed acreage is high in lime in either the top soil,
Ëhe sub soil, or both"
L. aLbus, cv. Kali, along r,¡ith fababeans and Glenlea wheat were
planted on an area known to be varíable ín pH and CaCO, content. The
Pl-soybean indicator vras ínterplanted at various intervals, No visible
chlorosis or stunting occurred ín the fababeans or wheat, however, varying
degrees of chlorosis occurred in tr. albus and the soybean indicator plants.
CaCO, content and pH were deËermined for the soil samples Ëaken from areas
where varying degrees of chlorosis were observed. Plants aË these areas
krere raÈed on a 1 to 5 scale for the degree of yellowing" Height and
pods per plant were noted. The results are given in Table 21.
In areas r¡here chlorosis was observed in lupins, the Pl-soybeans
developed a more severe chloroËis reacËion, and usually died before
reaehing tlne 2 leaf stage. Soil reaction was uniformly basic, although
130

variable. However, CaCO,
soil and from 3"00 to 34.
content varied from
27% in the sub-soil"
0.79 to 16"35% ín rhe rop
Table 21. Degree of chlorosis and
Pl-soybeans as related plant characteristics of. L" aLbus and
to soil pH and CaCOa content
Pl-ant characteristics
L" aLbus" cv. Kalí Chlorosis (f-S)*
Ht. (cm) Pods/pl. Kali PI- soy "
and
and
36-50
42-55
45-55
L5-20
20-30
10-15
L2-LB
14-18
J-+-ro
L-J
3-4
L-¿
Depth of
sample
(cm)
0-30
30-50
0-30
30-50
0-30
30-50
0-30
30-50
0-30
30-50
0-30
30- 50
Soil characteristícs
pH
8.0
7.0
7 "6
7 "7
7"4
19
CaCO r%
(equivalents )
1. 55
4 "28
n70
4"00
0"78
3. 00
L0.24
10. 35
10.59
L2.57
16"35
Inlhere 1= green and 5 = severe chlorosis and/or death of the plant.
Degree of chlorosís, prant height, and pods per plant all appeared
be directly related to the levels of carbonate (cacor) in the soil
not to pH. These results ruere similar to those obtained by LaCroíx
Lenz (L967) f.or the pr-soybean índicator which they grew in Ëhe same
131

tesË area. $everal oth,er authofs suggest a direct or perhaps causal
role of carbonates in lime-induced chlorosis (Harley and Lindner, 1945;
I^Iadleigh and Brown, L952) " Ilutchenson (1968) suggesËed Ëhat carbonates,
whích would be in high concentraÈions in calcareous soils, could sup-
press iron uptake, translocation or activíty"
We may therefore conclude tlnat L. aLbus, as well as the other agrí-
eulËural specíes, are adversely affecËed by soíl lime" However, it ís
the least. susceptible and therefore may be betËer suited to Manitoba
where high line soils are quite co'non.
Chlorosis in lupins was also observed at the Brandon Research Statíon
r¿here -t. aLbus r cV. Neuland, and L. angust¿folius " cv. Uniharvest r¡Iere
grovrn (Tsukamoto, L973) " Soil analyses from thís location indicated lor.r
and medium CaCO, in the top and sub-soíl respectively, wiËh a pH = 7 "L"
UniharvesË became chlorotic wiLhin Ëen days of emergence, however Neuland
did noË display any visible chlorosis (Plate 30) " Iron chelate r,ras applied
without beneficial results" Magnesíum, zanc, and manganese sulfates were
applied when chlorosis was first observed, but only the latter temporarily
corrected chlorosis, buË neerosis followed. .t" aLbus continued to growe
flowered and set seed (Plate 31).
Breedíng for lime tolerance may be a possible method to overcome
this limítation" Koch (f968) found thaË variabílity for this characËer-
isÈic exists within the genus and that selectíon can be effectively
achieved for lime tolerant índividuals using rooË acíd secretion and
selective permeabilitv as selection crítería.
r5¿

6. I DISEASES
6.0 D I S E A S E S AND INSECT PESTS
FUSARIUM I^IILT (Fzsarium spp.) was observed in most species tested
Ln1972, and was particularly severe in tr. angusttfoLius and L" Luteus"
Initial infection was via the root system from which this pathogen
was ísolated and identified" ThÍs pathogen is soil borne and crops
previously grown in the tesË areas vrere coilnon hosts of the wilt Fusaria
(Armstrong and Armstrong" L964; Ialeimer, L944). Weímer (1941) suggested
that the coûmon strain producíng the wilt was F" oæAsporum, however,
other species, which atËack many other crops, rnay be ínvolved, such as
F. auerzaceum, F. redoLens and /. solani" Csuti (L962) found many specf-es
of Fusarír,un associated with the wilt of lupins" but suggesËed thaË .E"
oæAsporan was always the first invader"
Symptorns on the root syst.em r./ere usually a dry rot, with lesions
ranging from sÈrar¿-colored Ëo a dark red (Plate 32). As the disease
progressed., dwarfing, yellowing and r¿ilting of the above ground portions
were characteristic. Blighting of seedlings, followed by quick deaLh
occurred from early infecËíon. Infection of older plants resulËed in
severe yellowing, wiltíng" and poor seed set"
Infected plants I4rere prone to secondary infecÈion by pathogens such
as mildews (Plate 33) "
In 1973" the incidence and severity of Fusarial infection was low,
but was most, prevalent in L" arryust¿foLius, and occurred much later than
ín 1972. A newly acquired accession of tr. angust¿foLius, cv. Maresa,
developed wí1t at flowering v¡hich resulted ín L00% loss of a 75 square

meter area" Nearbv lines of L. Luteus and tr. albus did not become in-
fected.
Seed treatmenÈ wíth Captan or mercurials did not seen to be effec-
tive in controlling Fusarial wilt" Other chemical seed ËreaÈmenËs have
had lirnited success since the quanËity of chemical applied to the seed
coat is sma1l and iË soon sloughs off and cannot be expected to protect
the plant for any length of time from the soil inhabiting Fusarírrn
species (I^Ieimer f952b) Crop rotation may therefore provide the only
source of control, although it may not be rzery effective since the patho-
gen is very widespread and persisËenÈ.
"Damping-off" of seedlings caused by PhythiLtn spp., and Anthracnose
(GLonerelLa cingulata) were the only other fungal diseases observed
(Plate 34).
The simi-larity of synrptoms caused by dífferent agenËs or conditions
are sometimes confusíng" The wilting, yellowing and stunting caused by
lime-chlorosis, Fusarium Inlilt, and virus infection are similar. In some
localized cases, a severe wilting and discoloring of lupins was observed
where lime was noË inducing chlorosís and pathogens could not be iso-
lated from the root. Damage to the roots by insects or nematodes was
noË observed" In these cases srilting vras attributed to viral ínfection"
VIRUS DISEASES were observed on tr. anqust¿foLius on1v. InfecLion
occurred before and after flowering ir b"; nlz ana Lgn;" Plants
affected by what was thoughË Ëo be a virus had leaflets which curled
down and back towards their lor^rer surface giving an appearance of a
partly cupped hand (Plate 35) . The foliage was typically yellol¡r-green
and the plants developed a Large number of small leaflets frorn axillary
736

uds. However, other plants had leaflets cupped upwards and purplish-
red coloration ín addition to the yellow-green. I,treimer (1950) reporËed
both these symptoûs and attributed them to virus infection, but did noÈ
identify the pathogen"
some stems observed had brown streaks near Ëhe apex, and the new
growth became lopsided" This eventually resulted in a "shepherds crook"
(Plate 36). This type of infection before flowering resulted in the
rapid death of the plant, whereas infection after flowering resulted ín
the blackening of Ëhe pods whích failed to fill"
6.2 INSECT PESTS
BLISTER BEETLE infestatíon T¡ras rninor ín 1972" Caragana Blister
Beetles (Epicanta subgLabna, Fall) r.rere first observed feeding on the
foliage shortly after the plants had flowered. Malathíone applied as a
foliar spray r^las not effectíve in controlling the beetles, buË Guthione
}TAS .
In 1973, infestation occurred prior to floweríng at all test sites.
The darnage \{as so severe at Carberry and Steinbach Ëhat iË was the main
factor contributing to the failure of these tests" The beeË1e was again
identified as the Caragana Blister Beetlen however, another larger beetle
was observed, and identified as the Nuttall Blíster Beetle (Lytta nut-
tnLL¿¿" S"y). Infestation by the latter was so severe at some locaËions
that beeË1e populaËi-ons T¡rere approximated as being as high as 200 per
square meter. Feeding \¡Ias preferenËially on the young, succulent flower
buds which left only the stems and leaves standíng (Plate 37). Serious
damage of this nature l¡as also observed at the Brandon Research Station
138

and Mariapolis, where migraËíon of the beeËIes into the lupins rìras so
íntense thaË three applícatÍons of Seven, as a folíar spray were required
for effective control (Tsukamoto " 1973).
Guthione was applied at leasË once to all locations and up Ëo four
times aË some locations to control the Nuttall Blíster Beetle. The
Caragana Beetle was usually controlled Íminediately by Guthíone, however
the Nuttall Beetle seemed to be more resistant to this insecticide.
Other insects r¡ere observed on lupins, but did not cause apprecíable
damage. Thríps (FranklineLLa spp.) were quite conmon in L972, and were
observed feeding on the pollen of all species.
Defoliation of a few isolated plants at various test sítes was
caused by webworms (Loæostege stícticaLis and L. si-milaLís) " Heavy in-
fesËation occurred at sprague on tr. albus, where entire plots had the
characËeristic webbing on the foliage.
RooT KNOT caused by nematodes (MeLoidogane spp. ) was observed on a
few ísolated plants in L972 and 1973. The planËs infected r,¡ere somewhaË
yellow and stunted and had characteristic galls on the tap root (Plate
38). These differ from Ëhe nodules formed by the N-fixing Rhizobia in
Ëhat they are part of the root tíssue and cannot be detached as nodules
can.
740

7"0 C O N C L U S I O N
Fourty different lupin species comprised of. 449 lines r¡rere ínitially
evaluated, of which five species r¿ere deemed as having potential" These
were tr" aLbus, L" angust¿folì-uso L" Luteus, L" mutabiLis" and L. cosentini.
The first three of Ëhese were planted in replicated yield trials at seven
locatíons in Manitoba, and were shown to be extremely variable in their
yielding ability, both within and betv¡een species.
The average highest yield (maxímum cultivar yíeld aË each locaËion)
for L. aLbuso L. angust¿foLi,us, and L" Luteus was 30.8, lB.7 and 13.6
qu/ha respectively, as compared to 24.2 qu/ha for the fababean check.
Cultivars of. L" albus r¡rere consistently the highest yielders; with its
potentíal being further exhibited aË I^Iinnipeg in 1-973 by cv. Reuscher,
which yíelded 51"3 qu/ha as compared to 44"9 qu/ha for the fababean check.
A símilar trend r¿as shoqm to exist in the single entry nursery yield
tríals where tr. albus was significantly higher yieldíng Ëhan .L" aytgust¿-
folius and.L. Luteus v¡íth val-ues 697", 557" and 397" of the fababean check
respectively. L" rmltabiLis and L. eosentini both had exËremely low yields
of L7, or less of the fababean check.
On a seed yield basis, it may be concluded that Z. albus has the
greatest potential under the condítions sampled. Lupin and fababean yields
seemed to be related to moisture conditions, and in some insËances the
former proved Ëo be more drought Èolerant.
Many limitaËions to production r¿ere encounËered. These included
severe weed and BlisËer Beetle infestations, and adverse reactioris to
soíl lime. These singly or in combination resulted in the loss of four
replicaËed and four síngle enËry yield Ëria1s ín L972 and L973.

Weed and insect control can be atËained with pesticides, however,
the chlorosis that r¡as shown to result from soil liue could impose serious
resËrictions on Ëhe cultivaËion of this crop in Manitoba"
It was shown that all lupin species T¡rere sensitive Ëo líme-índuced
chlorosis, in the followíng diníníshing order of susceptibí1ity: tr" Luteus"
L. angusl;ifoLi.us" L. mutabiLis, and L. aLbus. Sínce the laËter was the
least suscepËible, iË ís probably best adapted to Èhe majority of soil
conditions in Manitoba" However, the other species should not be dís-
counted since there does exist a considerable area in Manitoba that is
very 1orø in soil 1ime"
The study also showed Ëhat lupins are extrenely high in proteín, but
are varLable between, and to a lesser extent r¡rithin species " L. rru.tabíLis
al:d L. Luteus had the highest average proËein contents of 49,L% and 44"47"
respectively" Next, in order of magnitude r"rere tr. albus" L. angustifolius,
and L. cosentdni at 35"97"" 35"5"/" and 35.4% respectively, as compared to
28.2% for the fababean check. The above protein values multíplied by the
average replicated test yields f.or L. aLbus, L. angustifolius ar.d L. Lul;eus
(a11 cultivars, all locations) results in proËein yields of L207",80% and
68% oÍ. the fababean check respectívely.
tr{ith respect to amino acid composítion, Iupins have twice the lysine
conÈenL of wheat, but somewhat less than fababeans. Methionine conËenË Ís
sinilar to fababeans, both having half that found in wheat. Lupins vary ín
the proportion of seed coate and fíbre and oil conËenË; but energy content
of all the lupin species were similar and approximated that of fababeans.
Seed size and yield were shown Ëo be positively correlaËed" The
large seed síze of. L" albtæ contributed to its high yields relaËive Ëo
the other species, and is Ëherefore a desírab1e characterisËíc. However,
743

it renders this species urore difficult Ëo handle" rn ËhÍs respect, tr.
angustifolius ar.'d L. Luteus have a more desírable seed size, but are
raËher low yielding. This characteristic r¡ras shown to be variable, and
selection for a smaller, rounder seed for L" albus may be beneficial,
although íË would probably cause a reduction in yie1d.
VariabiliËy in maËurity was also evidenË" In this respect L. angus-
tífoLíus and L. Luteus are sufficiently early, but tr. aLbus ís marginal"
Swathing oÍ. L. albus may prove to be beneficial in reducing its rather
Iengthy growing season requirement"
Other agronomic characteristics such as the height of pods above the
grounde stra\^/ strength and ease of threshing were shov¡n to be satisfactory,
more so in L. aLbus and L. angustifolius tlnan ín L" Luteus. The non-
shattering characteristic of L. aLbus allows Ít to be left sËanding until
full mat.urity and then straight combinedo whereas the other species must
be cut before shattering comnences, dried in the swath and then threshed "
Fusarium vuílt and root roË was partícularly devastating in tr. ayÌgus-
tifoLius" and uuch less so in Ëhe oËher species. The incidence of other
diseases was very low, and are not considered at Ëhis Ëime to be a pocen-
Ëíal threat"
In conclusionu this study has shown t},:,at L" albus is the best adapted
and the highest yíelding species Ëested. Its yíelds are equal to or
greater than fababeans. It contains greater amounts of protein Ëhan
fababeans" These in combinatíon result ín an average protein yLel:d 607"
greater Ëhan fababeans. This proËein ís of acceptible qualíty, and com-
bined with the oil content of Ëhe seed (crude oil = 9%) makes the seed
crop a valuable source of protein and díetary energy.
L44

Therefore we have a crop of enormous potential. One that was exËen-
sívely exploited in the past, dropped out of vogue, and ís once again
gaining proruinance as a high protein crop in a world rn¡here demand for
this commodity ís ever increasing. However, for iËs fu1l poËential to be
realízed in the area tested, further research inËo many areas of produc-
tíon and utLlízatlon are required.
L45

APPENDTX A
Dates of seeding and harvest, growing season precípitaËíon and occurrerice of frost
Frost occurrence
(rnon th )
Precipitation (cm)
lfay to September
Dates of
Harvest
SeedÍ.ng
Year
Location
May, June
16. B
t.
May 3
Glenlea 7972
May
22.9
+
May 14
?r
24 "B
**
l{ay 2L
U. of Man" -
0ff-campus
Morden - C.D.A. tl
May, June
35"8
AprLL 27
L973
U. of Man. -
n^-.-..^ ^i &^
ueurP UÞ ÞI Lc
May
2I" 6
Sept" 9
May 3
Carman
May
29.8
:l*
May lB
Glenlea
l"Iay L2
tr
May
JO"l
t(*
Carberry
Qonr. 11
May 3
tt
May
40" 3
Manitou
May, June, Sept.
34 "7
**
l4ay B
rt
Neepawa
13"3
Sept. 15
May 7
rI
May
Sprague
May, Sept.
18.3
IAay 16
rr
S teinbach
each cultivar, these are reported in Sectíon 3.1.
x HarvesË daËes varied for
Locations not harvested.
È.
o\

A?PENDIX B
Soil analysis, rates and dates of fertílízer application for test sites in L972 and 1973
Fertilizer application
(kelha) r"k
DAIE N P
pH
Texture*
0 to 6t' 6 to 20"
CaCO, Content
Year
Location
0
clay
Low
V" low
L97 2
0
00
00
7.2
7"L
cLay
Med.
Low
tl
Glenlea
U. of Manitoba
0ff-campus
0
FSCL
Med.
V. low
tl
Morden, C.D"A"
0
00
00
7.2
7"2
cLay
High
V. low
L97 3
U, of Manitoba
Campus sit.e
65
50
June 5
6.5
FSCL
V " lov¡
V" low
r973
Carman
(s.e. 25-5-5)
0
0
7"5
clay
Low
V" low
L973
Glenlea
U. of Manítoba
qq
45
June 18
o.¿
LFS
V. low
V " 1or¿
40
32
June 5
7.5
CL
V. 1ow
V. Iow
0
40
32
June 27
6.9
CL
V. low
V" low
205
70
55
l"I.ay 7
6.4
LS
V. low
V. low
rB5
60
45
June 5
6.3
LS
V" low
V. l-ow
Carberry L973
(s.w" 30-12-14)
Manírou L973
(s.e. 23-2-8)
Neepawa L973
(s"e"25-L5-L7)
Sprague L973
(s"e.13-1-13E)
Steinbach L973
(n.w.L5-4-78)
Texture abbreviations :
ù
CL = clay loam; LS = loamy sand; LFS = loamy fine sand; FSCL = fine sandy
clay loam.
ts
s.
!
and hoed ín by hand"
Fertilizer üias broadcast

APPENDIX C
to
Seed yield expressed as % of adjacent fababean checku proteín contenË (0.0"/, M.C.) and days
flowering and maturity for cultivars observed in the 1973 nurseries
Days to
Crude proteín, N x 6"25 (%)
Seed yield, 7" of fababean check
ÉÞ'
oSoJ ô.d^drl
'-{(üÐô0
-
tr${Êt-rd
çF.rrdÊ
yl GdO.qJ
BcJtv)t
ò0H
.rl +J
l-l .rl
q)Ll
+l
b0
o5c)
Þ.do5
'tri (ú lJ Õ0
l¡F¡'ññ
.ri trtrÊt{
ñdÈ
BCJEU)
H V J TI
F5
Ê.(u
Cult.
no"
Species/cultivar
$
0)
FqE
64 115
29.6 + 0.6
29 "B 27.6
30.1 30.7
100 100
100 100
Ví.cia faba
Ackerperle
62 L25
62 126
63 L25
62 LzB
s9 L24
63 L26
64 L26
64 L2B
65 LzB
67 L27
67 L25
65 126
33"6 + 1.0
35.6 1.0
34.6 L.7
36"7 1.s
36.2 1.3
32"2 31.6
34.4 33 "2
31.6 31.0
33" 6 34.2
34. B 33" 4
33"6 36"8
37,0 38.0
37 .2 38.6
37 "6 4L.2
36.2 40.2
77 + 6
gg Lg
)/ /
478
838
75+ 9
97 t6
98 L7
44 11
698
86+10
537
81 13
42 10
70 3
82 10
56 11
81 BB
60 Lzl-
60 68
31 67
64 9L
63 100
73 L42
74 L4B
28 73
74 84
70 106
50 73
7L 65
28 7L
72 74
67 108
36 BB
57 81
76 L42
37 6L
36 55
77 101
35.4 + L.2
nr t
-
. .
JO"r_ I.O
33 .4 32.8
35.4 3L"2
37 .2 38.0
39 .6 36.4
35 .2 32.6
37 "O 38.2
38"0 39.8
37.2 38"2
37 "2 43"2
38. B 39 "2
39"6 40.4
38" 0 4L.8
3s" 6 39"6
39"6 43"2
37 "0 4L"2
36.2 4L.2
37 .0 4r.0
77
101
B9
/,1
37 "2 0"4
39 "L 1.3
36. s L.4
70
60
IJ
BO
29
4B
67 L28
a-
37.9 + I.L
37.L I"6
35.8 1.1
OT L¿+
65 L23
70 125
65 L24
37 "6 2.L
3s. 9 L.9
J4. / l-"-L
35.9 1.8
36 "B 34. B
33. B 34"6
34.2 33"8
35 "2 32.4
31.0 34.6
35 " 6 32.2
34 "2 3L.4
100
43
118
Jb
72
B4
52
67
4B
70
35
60
69
49
L. aLbus
Saatgut la
Georgía-L425 2a
Kierskijskoe" 3a
Pfluges Ge1-a 4a
Baily I 5a
Italian cv. 6a
Reuscher 7a
S. Africa //255 Ba
Kali 9a
Neuland 10a
Gyulatamyai 1la
Algerian cv" L2a
Zagrebska 13a
USSR-305 Lha
Blanca 15a
S " AfrLca 1n244 I6a
¡fsu-3,46-10 I7a
ts
À'

Appendix C - Continued
Days to
Crude protein, N x 6"25 (%)
Seed yield, % of. fababean check
Ò0
oÞc)
^-d^
o90)
+qo5-+l
'FldÐô0
ÊF'.idÊ
Ê¡'{Él{d
:'J -A .A È o)
ö0H
.ri .u
trÞì
$_t .rl
oþ
B5
r{d
frÐ
+l
HV¿
'¡l $ .{J ò0
ËË'F{d'
Cult,
no.
Sp ecíes /cul tirzar
Cd
OJ
ã
HËHÈ
!cocdo"
EUtu)
64 L24
69 L24
66 I22
32"2 32.0
36"2 3s"4
36.0 34.6
38.2 4I"2
36"6 37 "2
38.2 39 . 8
71 60+ 6
tt oo I
83589
83 70+ 5
77 57 B
92 70 10
BB 60 T4
63497
110 79 + L6
_ lL Ll
+ö
57
50 58 +¿
59 76 65
52 s9 39
60 79 49
t-
45 - 4+l
42
49 70
50 78
18a
L9a
2Oa
L" aLbus
MSU-2
Ultra
Gela
127
L25
t23
L22
L27
7T
62
64
o¿
67
31. B 32"0
35 .2 35.0
32.8 32.0
32.4 30.8
31.0 32"2
3s"2 34.8
34 "8
34.2 33. 3
0.4 0.3
37 "4 39 "2
39.2 39"6
36 " 6 41"2
38.4
36.8 42"2
36. 8
38"4
58 43
-57
L25
L2B
6B
65
35.9 + 2.0
36.4 0.3
36.8 1.3
34"6 + L.9
37.3 2"0
33. B L.7
33" 9 L.7
35.6 2"0
35,6 + L.7
36.6 - L"4
-87
7L
54
S. Ãf.ríea 1f257 2La
Mich. 47-B 22a
Gela 23a
Gulzower 24a
Ultra 25a
Grecian cv. 26a
Spanish cv. 27a
37.4 40.1
0.3 0"4
2"8 5.0 3.2 4"4 2"3
ss 75 s7 89 69
Ci]LTIVAR MEAN
CIILTIVAR SE
3s "2 34 "B
37 "2 36 "4
37,2 36"2
36 "6 36.0
3s "4 34. B
38"2 38.4
37 .0 36. B
3s.2 36 "6
35 .0 36 .2
3s.6 34.8
3s.6 36"8
37 "4 38.6
36.0 3s .6
36.6 37 "4
3s" 0 37 "4
42.4 42"4
36.2 36.8
36.6 36 "6
34.0 37 .2
35 "2 35.6
57 55+16
58 29 L2
2r06
180 89 33
66458
91 34 20
L34 59 3s
L69 78 32
LL7 76 20
L92 77 38
95 52
39 1s
27 1
95 38
35 30
25 1
40 25
74 36
105 47
47 28
1B
5
It
H À'
70 115
70 I77
7B 118
68 LL6
67 115
60 118
oð r1ö
o/ lI)
65 TL7
69 118
35.6 + 0.4
37.4 0"4
36"3 0.3
36.7 0"3
35"7 0"5
40.4 1" 0
36.7 0 "2
36.3 0"3
3s.6 0.6
35.3 0"2
48
19
34
34
Jb
43
L. angust¿fol¿us
Rancher 1b
Uniwhite 2b
Borre 3b
Bríanskyj 4b
Georgia PI 5b
Las tor^¡ski 6b
Roseus Semp. 7b
Pfluge 8b
S" Afrj-ca 11277 9b
Giepie 10b

Appendíx C - Contínued
Days to
Crude protein, N x 6"25 (%)
Seed yield, "/" ot fababean check
ô0
.r{ d> ¡J
l-r .rl
v)
+l
Õ0
aJ 5 c.J
'ñ
CÊop (ú .lJ 00
gF'r{d
riHÊtl
Ò0
qJ
Q)t{
E5
r-l cd
hE
TH
'rl $
ë.F
HH
:Fl o
È(J
Species/cultivar Cult.
rro.
d
c)
t
:-l(!$È E()tv)
118
L20
LL9
LL9
L20
65
69
69
69
70
1F
Jt.¿ JJ"Z^
36 "4 3s.2
36 .8 36 "4
37 "6 35"8
3s "4 38.6
?5R
J4"4
36.2
35 .0
J+" O
53+23
67-l4
46 13
9L 35
59 18
73+33
77 22
50 15
72 29
44 2r
46+20
65 L7
479
289
L6 10
93+49
47 24
50 L4
50 13
56 L7
18 T2O
60 69
29 76
s7 193
40 103
2B L69
47 L28
47 s4
29 151
5 100
39 38
36 104
20 58
39 78
27 73
42 53
27 82
13 84
28 78
23 47
28 25
25 100
42 66
648
1lb
rzb
13b
l4b
15b
L. angusl;ifol.tus
S. Africa-7]Oz
S. Africa (Sreb.)
S. Africa 60/206
S. Africa i/123
7002 l,[hite
119
119
118
L20
L20
64
66
67
72
72
35"0 35.8 + 0.4
3s"B 35"5 0.4
36"0 36 "4 0"2
35.4 36.0 0.5
36. 0 36 "2 0.8
35.6 35"2 + 0.7
37 "4 36"9 - 0.6
3s.0 34"9 0.4
3s.4 3s. B 0.4
34"6 3s.2 0.2
36.0 34.5 + L.2
36. B 36 "2 0.4
36 "8 37 "2 0.5
37.8 38.1 0.9
36 "7 39.7 1" 1
35.0 35.7 + 0.6
35"8 36"3 0.4
3s.6 36.8
38"0 37.0
36 . 0 34.2
37 "0 36" 0
32 "B
35 .0
34.2
34. B
34"8
16b
L7b
18b
19b
20b
L22
Ll-7
Lt9
LL7
119
73
69
69
70
o¿
35"6 35"7
30.6 37 "2
37 .2 36 "6
38. B 36 .0
40.2 35 "4
-/,11
- 35"2
- 36.8
38.6 37.4
38. B 36" 0
- 37.4
J4"¿
3s .0
37 "2
39. 0
106
B3
25
25
36
25
51
JU
33
9
2Lb
22b
23b
24b
2sb
Jak.
MSU-103
Elita
Raddata Hufen"
S. Africa iÉ104
N.Z. I^Ihite
Uniwhíte
Ronrnel
PI X Borre
Tifton-M3048
115
L2T
113
LL4
118
66
7T
/. -7
37"0 37.7 0"3
37 .B 0.8
36 "4
36.t+
37 "6
40.0
35.2
L9L
94
82
B5
86
46
31
50
32
53
53
57
37.0 36.5 0.6
L6
I4
27
29
26b
27b
2Bb
29b
30b
Borre
Uníharvest
Unícrop
Schlotenitzer
70
F
(t¡

Appendix C - Continued
Days to
Crude protein, N x 6.25 (7")
Seed yield, 7. of. f.ababean check
Ò0
.¡i É>, .lJ
14
v
dÁtu)
ò0
0)
.rl
Ò0
grÞqJ
ô.dÀ
THV¿
¡-t
otl
B5
F{d
'rl rl
ñ
o
AJ
ã
'lg+¡oo
-^Hrl _ _rl
trl 'F{ (O C
q+rÒo
,A
!Ëlõ
.Q o. q)
(Jtv)t
.Fl
al
Cult.
no.
Species/cultivar
IF'NQ t1}.{trl-l
:rla(dÈ
BC¡ËU)
B
68 LL7
35.6 35.2
37 .6
': '11 :
s8467
4L307
99 68 15
34
2L
70 118
67 LL7
68 lls
36.r + 0.7
36.4 0" 3
35.7 0.6
3s.7 0. 6
35"6
35 "4
36. B
JO
33
50
TJ
t.a
r6
55
3lb
32b**
33b
34b
35b
L. arryustifoliu.s
MSU-104
Neven
Ritchey
Blanco
Gulzower Susse"
37 "O 36.6
36"6 3s.0
35,2 35"0
32"3 35.9
0.2 0.2
36 "L 37 "2
0.3 0.5
28 63 34 96 s5
2"3 4.9 2.7 8.9 3.7
CULTIVAR MEAN
CULTIVAR SE
76 119
7L 118
72 LL9
73 1r5
7A 119
68 LLg
76 LzT
7L 118
68 LL7
74 1r9
77 12]-
74 LLg
74 LLg
73 119
75 116
46"4 + L.4
43.9 L"2
46.9 1.5
4s.9 0"6
44.8 0 "2
44.8 0" 4
4s.6 L.4
44.5 0"4
45"0 0.6
47 "I 0.3
43 "8 4s.0
4L.4 4r"6
44"0 44.2
43. B 4s.2
44"4 44.6
46.O s0"B
4s.4 47 "0
48.0 5L.2
46.6 47.0
4s.0 45.2
36 47+12
69 29 14
26L45
ro7 s1 20
64 26 13
32 17+ 7
35238
82 30 18
82 36 L6
37239
52 28+ 9
L04 43 22
111 42 24
L23 85 48
111 52 20
21 75 32
13259
6204
20 49 26
12227
42s10
837L2
L225L
17 33 13
2c
3c
4c
5c
L. Luteus
WC]-KO III
Minn. 34L75
Palvo
Martini
Russian cv.
4s .4 43.6
48 "2 42.8
43.6 44 "0
43 " 4 44.8
47.4 46"6
44.4 44.2
43 "3 4s "2
43.2 42.8
43.0 44 "0
42"2 4L"6
,t
+¿+ " ö 4J.4
48"6 48.2
4s"4 4s.0
46 "4 4s "2
6c
7-
46.4 48.0
64011
45"7 + 0"7
45 "O 0.7
44.2 0.6
44.s 0.6
43.0 0.6
46 "B 47 .4
45.0 46 "6
45 "2 45 "4
46"0 44.8
43 "4 44 "B
24
2L
3
22
27
72 26
s42
25 26
20 75
25 43
Bc
9c
10c
1lc
L2c
13c
L4c
15c
Maculatus Zhuk.
Leucospermus Korn.
Sam
Popular
I^Iildfornen
S. African PI
Ekspress
Sam
Lima
Bas
H
Ln
ts

Appendix C - Continued
Days to
Crude protein, N x 6"25 ("/")
Seed yíeld, % of fababean check
119
119
119
119
118
33 + L2 43"4 44"8 4I.6 42.0 43.0 + 0.6 74
48 27 44.6 47.8 43.6 43. O 44.8 O.g 72
40 ls 47"0 46"2 43"2 44.8 45"3 O.s 7s
58 37 43"4 4s.8 42.8 42.6 43.7 0.6 73
48 25 41"4 42.4 39.6 40.2 4o.g 0.s 77
L24
r21
119
118
LL6
L79
Ll-9
119
1?tL
1L4
3? 1 13 4s"4 4s"2 44.6 4s"o 45.r + 0.2 78
32 74 47.0 48.0 39.6 42"2 44.2 L.7 75
29 10 44 "6 46"8 42.8 43"6 44.4 0. B 76
53 34 4s"6 _ 44.6 44.0 44.7 0" s 74
4t 2L 46.0 _ 44.0 43.8 44.6 0.6 70
49 + 35 45"4 43.0 43.0 44.2 + O.g 73
¿4 ó 45"2 _ 44"0 44.2 44.6 0"4 74
s7 40 47"2 - 4s"B 46"0 46"3 0"s 66
L6 4 4s"3 - 43"2 42"0 43.5 0.8 7r
49 4L 46"2 - 47.2 46"4 43.3 1"3 B0
L. Lu.teu.s
Gorzowski 16c 14 43 14 62
Po¡qorski I7c 11 52 24 105
As 1Bc 10 54 21 76
Poprrlar 19c ZL 34 B 168
Sulfa 2Oc 27 30 11 I2Z
Gulzower 2Lc 10 57 25 65
Ba1Èen yelryj 22c 18 31 g 7L
Ekspress 23c 18 4I L2 49
l^Ieiko II 24c 24 - 16 I2L
BarpÍne 25c 32 2L gB
Bipal 26c 4 - 25 119
Italian wild. 27c B - 32 33
Schwako 2Bc 24 - g 136
Florida Comm. Z9c Lg B 2L
Portugese wild. 30c 6 - 11 130
118
T20
37 + 23 44"8 - æ"8 44"6 44.4 + 0.2 84
- 48"6 78
38 4s "6 46 "s 43 "3 44 "O
3.5 0.3 0"4 0" 3 0.3
,r_
9
Moroccan wild. 31c 6
Csillagfurt 32e 5
CULTIVAR MEAN L4 40 15 85
cuLTrvAR SE L.4 3"2 1"5 8.1
35"2 - 67
36"L 67
1111
11
L. cosentini
Gladstones-C846 lc
Gladstones-CB48 2d
H
L¡r
t\)

Appendíx C - Continued
Days to
crude proÈeín, N x 6.25 (%)
Seed yíe1d, 7" of Íababean check
trl
>'
.Ë
al
w(,
oÞoJ
J-I
ò0
aJ50)
.tri HU)
$ +J è0
'r-l (d .u ò0
ÊÉ'rlotr
ñ.d^ñrr
ll
¡-t
o
F
ÊË'rld
El-tÊLl
qþÊr{õ
Species /cultivar
d
5-ASp.
F(Jtcn
:Fl (U t! Ê. C)
EC)E(A=
L46
L47
79
75
48"6
49"6
2L 1
1e
2e
L" mutabiLts
Peruvian cv"
Argentine cv"
:l Days to flower and maÈurity takerr at Èhe trIinnipeg location on1y.
Cultivar Nerzen (3Zt¡ diseased aÈ all locaLions before flowering.
ù.r.
Cultivars of tr. cosentiní severely di-seased.

APPENDIX
rrials ín L973
four locations)
observed in the nursery
and standard errors for
of lupin cultivars
presenËed as means
Agronomic characteris tics
(Quantitative characteris tics
Iieíght
(cm)
**?y
Lodging
(o-s)
Shattering
ry^^+
IEÞL
,-+
WL"
(kelhr)
Thousand
seed r,rrt " (g)
Colour
Cult "
no"
Species /cultivar
99+
ò
90 + 0"9
440 +
Vicda faba
Ackerperle
+9 11
NS
ll
10 1
70
82
6s
56
72
0
0
2
0
0
tt
n
79 + 0.2
BO 0.7
81 0.6
78 0.3
+9
33
L4
448
379
282
410
333
P
P
P
w
P
1a
2a
3a
4a
5a
I+
+8
-10
10
rf
B0 0"6
IB
74
11
2 .)
+7
11
6
I
+15
t25
4L5
432
433
305
32t
P
6a
-t^
P
I,{
B
11
77
50
70
3
0
2
79
79
BO
82
B2
üI
Ba
9a
10a
L. albus
Saatgut
Russian ev.
Kierskijskoe.
Pfluges Gela
Baily I
ILalian cv.
Reuscher
S, Africa i1255
Kali
Neuland
+9
13
10
L7
l1
75
69
79
63
A\
2
2
0
0
0
+ 0.0
0"4
0.4
0"0
u"4
+ 0.4
0.2
0"4
0.5
0.5
79
79
B1
ó¿
79
36L
428
428
373
336
I{
P
11a
L2a
l3a
4
L2
I^I
P
I^I
L+d
L5a
Gyultamyai
Algerían crz"
Zagrebska
USSR - 305
Blanca
Gm(grey mottled), trIm(white nottled) "
I^I(white), P(pink), B(brown),
abbreviations:
Seed color
S = shattering.
RS = reduced shatteringo and
non-shatter i-ng "
tr{here NS =
-r- -L
= severe lodgíng"
no lodging and 5
llhere 0 =
H
\¡
À.

Appendix D - ConËínued
Helght
( cur)
ùù J-
Lodging
(0-s)
?k*
ShatËering
Tes t lrt "
(ke/hl)
Thousand
seed wt. (g)
Colour
Cult.
no.
Species /culËivar
75+L5
62 12
668
77 18
63 L4
78+13
71 18
51 8
62 13
69 13
70+20
81 5
2
0
0
0
n
B0 + 0.3
79 0"7
78 0.3
79 0.0
80 0" 3
442 + I0
37L L4
4L9 10
424 B
399 29
P
I^I
I,J
I^I
I^I
2
2
0
0
J
79 + O"5
81 0.7
79 L"4
B0 0.5
B0 0.3
436 + 22
4L3 B
364 27
3BB 15
338 13
P
P
I{
P
w
U
4
NS
It
B0 + 0.7
79 2.L
79.8 + 0.2
418 + 19
440 35
P
P
L. aLbus
S. Al.rLca 11244 L6a
MSU-3, 46-10 r7a
MSU-2 18a
Ultra L9a
Gela ZOa
S. Ãfri-ca 11257 2\a
Mích. 47-B 22a
Gela 23a
Gulzower 24a
Ultra 25a
Grecian cv" 26a
Spanish cv. 27a
68 + 2.L
387 + 16
CULTIVAR MEAN + SE
angusl;ifoLius
Rancher lb
Uniwhite 2h
Borre 3b
Brianskyj 4b
Georgía PI 5b
Lastowski 6b
Roseus Semp. 7b
Pfluge 8b
S. Ãfríca 11277 9b
Giepie 10b
L,
J
5
6
z
3
ò
RS
79 + 0.5
B0 0.0
85 (1 1oc" )
84 0.4
80 0.4
9
4
5
6
2
224 +
2:.0
18l
228
¿+o
W
I^I
Gn
S
q
Crrn
6
69+
62
68
OJ
66
42+
t)
69
U
2
2
RS
Gm
0
-
¿
4
2
S
84 + 0"5
80 0"3
79 0"2
B2 0"6
81 0.5
5
161 +
239
228
225
226
Gm
Gm
5
J
6
4
S
S
RS
6
B
4
4
Gm
Gm
BO
69
S
UItr
ts
LTI
LJì

Appendix D - Contínued
Height
(cur)
-L S -r-
Lodging
(o-5)
Shatteríng
Test wt.
(kelrrr)
Colour Thousand
seed wt. (e)
Cult.
no.
Species /cultivar
{
RS
S
238 +
2L6
2L8
207
230
Gm
Gm
5
4
6
5
0
0
0
ò
t
J
2
RS
80 + 0.0
82 _ O.B
83 0.9
82 0.4
81 0" 6
5
5
I\ï
!ü
II
6
4
68+
oo
6I
80
65
75+
o4
73
76
2
U
S
RS
86 + 0.3
81 1.9
B0 0.2
81 r"2
80 0"4
6
13
5
4
4
193 +
L99
2L8
204
2L2
I^I
!I
Gm
w
Gm
w
w
Gm
Gm
fto
L. LLTLgUÞ UUJvUUULù
S. Africa-7002 llb
S. Afriea (Steb.) I2b
S. Afríca 60/206 13b
S " Africa /É123 L4b
7002 I^rhite 15b
Jak. 16b
MSU-103 L7b
Elita 1Bb
RaddatËa Hufen. 19b
S. Afríca /i104 20b
N.Z. WhiLe 21b
Ilniwhíte 22b
Rornmel 23b
Pf X Borre 24b
Tifton-M3048 25b
L+
2
2
2
S
S
5
I
5
S
S
RS
S
ò
6
L2
7L+
82
73
70
49
2
J
0
0
0
82 + 0.8
B0 0.2
82 0"7
79 0"7
85 1.1
83 + 0"5
80 0"3
B0 0.5
79 0.4
83 0"5
t3 t o_'
L95 + L4
235 9
220 6
223 9
S
4
5
t+'r
B4
2
L99 L4
-
J
S
S
NS
I\ù
ò
I^I
Gm
5
L2
J
}T
Borre
Uníharvest
Unicrop
6
6
5l
7I
2
ô
0
I^I
Gm
26b
27b
2Bb
29b
30b
5
0
R
Schlotení tzer .
MSU-104 31b
;
J
5
85 0"4
79 0"7
81 0.0
2r7 +
226 -
209
229
224
':' t
226
2L9
220
Gm
Gm
Gm
B2
77
74
+
4
aL
ò
NS
1/,
I^I
Gm
Neven 32b
Ritchey 33b
Blanco 34b
Gulzower Susse. 35b
69 + L.2
B1 + 0.3
2I7 +
CTILTIVAR MEAN + SE
Ltl
o'\

Appendix D - Continued
Ileight
(cm)
&&¿
Lodging
(0-s)
Àuú
ShatËering
Test wt.
(kelhl)
Colour Thousand
seed wt, (g)
Cu1t"
Tlo.
Species /cultivar
w
1
38+
4B
54
NS
RS
6
B
0
2
5
5
S
J
5
9
J
155 +
163
L46
L69
Ls4
I^I
w
trim
a
J
S
s
tr^Im
5
10
S
S
RS
85 + 0.2
85 0.3
83 1.1
85 0.0
85 0"2
83 + 1.9
B5 0"7
85 0.0
85 0"0
85 0.0
6
6
158 +
159
L57
155
L57
I^Im
}I
Wm
6
6
4s
38+
59
52
46
45
0
5
5
2
2
RS
S
.J
5
I
InIm
Wm
5 1
2
L
5
RS
RS
RS
RS
RS
84 + L"2
85 - 0.2
84 0"4
84 0.3
87 0"2
5
I
6
6
4
150 +
r49
I6L
L79
L34
w
tr^im
L{m
B
6
1
+
5
L" Luteus
I^Ieiko III lc
Minn. 34L75 2c
Palvo 3c
Martini 4c
Russian cv. 5c
Maculatus Z]nulrc" 6c
Leucospermus Korm. 7c
Sam Bc
Popular 9c
Ilildf ormen 10c
S. Afrícan PI llc
Ekspress LZc
Sam 13c
Lima L4e
Bas 15c
Gorzowskí L6c
Pomorskí L7c
As l8c
Popular l9c
Sulfa 2Oc
Gulzower ZLc
BalËen yeltyj 22c
Ekspress 23c
trrleiko II 24c
Barpine 25c
I^i
RS
RS
RS
RS
NS
85 + 0.2
84 0.2
84 0.3
84 0" 3
86 0"2
L66 +
156
l-64
L57
131
I^I
5
J
5
46-
54
51
56
55+
54
3B
49
5
+
2
2
2
2
I^I
tr'Im
6
5
3
Wm
Wm
a
)L
50+
4J
45
+t
s4
J
0
0
NS
85 + 0.0
85 0"0
83 0.3
83 0"3
Br 0"3
3
2
6
10
5
6
L54 +
160
T52
L47
168
!¡
!t
I,Im
RS
NS
2
2
,t
I^/
S
I,rïm
ts
Lt¡
!

Appendix D - Continued
Ileight
(c*)
.L& ^L
Lodging
(0-s)
ShaËtering
Test wt.
(kelhr)
Thousand
seed wt. (g)
Colour
Cult "
no.
Species /cultivar
47+ 7
5rB
469
646
s93
49+ B
54 (1 loc.
4
ò
L45+ 3
150 7
r4B 5
L65 4
153 2
L49+ 9
138 Tl loc. )
Gm
S
NS
Inim
3
5
5
RS
S
2
J
ò
NS
84 + 0.4
85 0.3
86 0.4
85 0.3
85 0.0
t] t o_o
tr^Im
I,Im
I,Im
!I
Wm
26c
27c
28c
29c
30c
3lc
32c
49 + L.3
85 + 0"2
154 + 1"3
SE
L" Luteus
Bipal
Italian wild.
Schwako
Florida Comm.
PorÈugese wild.
Moroccan wild"
Csillagfurt
CULTIVAR MEAN +
Gm
Gm
1d
2d
L. eosentini
CBL6
CB4B
109
109
NS
NS
79
79
aa1 LL I
L92
L" mutabilis (I location)
Peruvían cv. le
Argentine cv. 2e
ts
Lt¡

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