Islamic Republic of Iran: Computer Crimes Law

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48 Endnotes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ARTICLE 19 press release http://www. azadtribune.org/en/content/pressrelease. ARTICLE 19’s submission to the universal periodic review of Iran is available at: http://www.article19.org/ data/files/pdfs/submissions/iran-article- 19-submission-to-the-un-universalperiodic-review.pdf See Iran: Free unjustly detained women film-makers; available at http:// www.article19.org/resources.php/ resource/2260/en/iran:-free-unjustlydetained-women-film-makers. UN General Assembly Resolution 217A(III), adopted 10 December 1948 Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, 630 F. 2d 876 (1980) (US Circuit Court of Appeals, 2nd circuit) Article 2 of the ICCPR, GA res. 2200A (XXI), 21 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, UN Doc. A/6316 (1966); 999 UNTS 171; 6 ILM 368 (1967). Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 34, Article 19: Freedoms of opinion and expression, adopted at 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 102nd session, Geneva, 11-29 July 2011; available at http://www2.ohchr. org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/gc34.pdf. ARTICLE 19 statement on HR Committee Comment No.34, 5 August 2011; available at http://www.article19. org/resources.php/resource/2631/en/un:article-19-welcomes-general-commenton-freedom-of-expression. Paragraph 12, HR Committee General Comment No.34 Paragraph 15, HR Committee General Comment No.34 Paragraph 19, HR Committee General Comment No.34 Velichkin v. Belarus, Communication No. 1022/2001, U.N. Doc. CCPR/ C/85/D/1022/2001 (2005). Paragraph 43, HR Committee General Comment No.34 Leonardus J.M. de Groot v. The Netherlands, No. 578/1994, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/54/D/578/1994 (1995). Ibid.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. HR Committee Concluding observations on the Syrian Arab Republic CCPR/ CO/84/SYR Adopted on 1 October 1995. These Principles have been endorsed by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression and have been referred to by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in each of their annual resolutions on freedom of expression since 1996. Paragraph 32 HR Committee General Comment 34. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, Frank LaRue; the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter- American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States, Catalina Botero Marino; the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Representative on Freedom of the Media, Dunja Mijatoviæ; and the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, Faith Pansy Tlakula Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and the Internet, 1 June 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 2011; available at http://www.article19. org/data/files/pdfs/press/internationalmechanisms-for-promoting-freedom-ofexpression.pdf. See Resolution adopted by the General Assembly, on the report of the Second Committee (A/57/529/ Add.3), 57/239, A/RES/57/239, 31 January 2003; available at http://www. itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/cybersecurity/docs/ UN_resolution_57_239.pdf. Convention on Cybercrime, adopted in Budapest, 23.XI.2001; available at http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/ Treaties/html/185.htm. Ibid. United Nations Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 16: The right to respect of privacy, family, home and correspondence, and protection of honour and reputation (Art. 17), CCPR/C/GC/16, 4 August 1988. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Martin Scheinin, A/HRC/13/37, 28 December 2009. 49
Page 1 and 2: Islamic Republic of Iran: Computer
Page 3 and 4: Contents Executive Summary 3 Summar
Page 5 and 6: Executive Summary The Computer Crim
Page 7 and 8: ARTICLE 19 Law Programme The ARTICL
Page 9 and 10: Reflecting global trends, the Inter
Page 11 and 12: 2. Everyone shall have the right to
Page 13 and 14: charged with their execution to ena
Page 15 and 16: and the Internet (Joint Declaration
Page 17 and 18: terrorism surveillance measures “
Page 19 and 20: Domestic Legal Framework This secti
Page 21 and 22: The Penal Code contains a range of
Page 23 and 24: Part One: Crimes and Punishment Cha
Page 25 and 26: Myroslava Gongadze (widow of Georgi
Page 27 and 28: national security flows from the pr
Page 29 and 30: processing units, and chips of comp
Page 31 and 32: used in public services with the in
Page 33 and 34: . Third, Article 19(3) of the ICCPR
Page 35 and 36: . an imminent danger of a person ra
Page 37 and 38: aim. Essentially, the interest in p
Page 39 and 40: Article 18 of the Cyber Crime Law i
Page 41 and 42: characterised as a criminal defamat
Page 43 and 44: Sergei Sokolov (Editor-in-chief, No
Page 45 and 46: The provision cannot be said to pur
Page 47 and 48: Part Two: Civil Procedure Chapter T
Page 49: Conclusion and Recommendations As i
Page 53: 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. Con

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