Securing the Right to Land FULL - ANGOC

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SECURING THE RIGHT TO LAND 76 Acknowledgments This document is a consolidated abridged version of the papers prepared by the Association of Voluntary Agencies in Rural Development (AVARD) “Access to Land and Tenurial Security in India” and Ekta Parishad “Land and Tenure Security in India”. The principal authors are: P.M. Tripathi, Vijay Bharatiya and Anil Gupta. Special thanks to Mr. P.V. Rajagopal (Chairman, Ekta Parishad) and Ran Singh Parmar (National Convenor, Ekta Parishad) for giving suggestions and providing necessary support to complete the task. We are also thankful to Mr. Tony Quizon for his critical inputs and suggestions towards the consolidation of the working documents. This paper would have never taken shape without the active support and encouragement of ANGOC, MJVS and Land Watch Asia. We would like to acknowledge all the institutions and individuals who were involved in the various processes of generating this document listed herewith: Ananda Majumdar, Mail Today, New Delhi; Ran Singh Parmar, National Convener, Ekta Parishad; P.V. Rajagopal, Chairman, Ekta Parishad; P.M. Tripathi, President, AVARD; Government of India, New Delhi; Ministries of: Rural Development, Agriculture,Law & Justice, Commerce & Industry, Social Justice & Empowerment, Environment & Forests, and Planning (Planning Commission); Manav Jeevan Vikash Samiti (MJVS); National Campaign for Land and Livelihood (NCLL), New Delhi; National Democratic Alliance, New Delhi; Sarva Seva Sangh, Rajghat, Varanasi (UP); State Governments of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Karnataka and Kerala; United Progressive Alliance, New Delhi; Websites of Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party and Communist Party of India (Marxist); The World Bank, UNDP and DFID; Other references cited in this document This paper is made possible with the support of ActionAid International (AAI), the International Land Coalition (ILC) and MISEREOR. The views and the information provided in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of AAI, ILC and MISEREOR. Acronyms AVARD Association of Voluntary Agencies for Rural Development BJP Bharatiya Janata Party CPI Communist Party of India CPI(M-L) Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) CPM Communist Party (Marxist) CSOs Civil Society Organizations DFID Department for International Development FD Forest Department GOI Government of India IFA Indian Forest Act IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Development IFI International Financial Institutions INC Indian National Congress MJVS Manav Jeevan Vikash Samiti NAC National Advisory Council NAP National Agriculture Policy NDA National Democratic Alliances NSS National Sample Survey PESA Panchayat Extension to the Scheduled Areas POs People’s Organizations SCs Scheduled Castes SEZs Special Economic Zones STs Scheduled Tribes UPA United Progressive Alliance UNPA United National Progressive Alliance VANI Voluntary Action Network of India WLPA Wildlife Protection Act Glossary Baiga A tribe in India. Bazar Market. Bhoodan Land gift. Dalits Scheduled Castes. Jan andolan People’s movement. Janadesh People’s verdict; Retrieving people’s dignity through land and livelihood campaign in India in October 2007 Lakh One hundred thousand. Panchayat Local governance unit.
INDIA Overview of Land Policy Formulation in India QUICK FACTS Land management has been an important issue in India even in pre-British times. The land-revenue system introduced by the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1556–1605) is widely believed to be the beginning of systematic efforts to manage the land. Akbar introduced a system of land survey and assessment that was adapted to local conditions (Majumdar, Chaudhuri, Dutt, 1946). Succeeding Mughal Emperors continued and extended this land management and revenue system. Under the pre-British Mughal regimes, the State was regarded as the sole owner of all land, and all land revenues accrued to it. RIDING THE CREST OF PEOPLE’S MOVEMENTS 77 ➤ In 1971–72, large and medium-size holdings covering 54$ of the total land area were owned by the top 10% of landowners. By 2003, the proportion of owners of large and medium-size holdings had declined to 4%, and their combined area had been reduced to 35% of all land. ➤ The proportion of marginal holdings has increased from 63% in 1971–72 to 80% in 2003. Over the last 10 years, the proportion of marginal holdings has increased in all states. ➤ About 43% of the population is still absolutely or near landless, owning less than 0.2 hectare. ➤ An estimated 87% of landholders among Scheduled Castes (SCs) and 65% of landholders among STs in the country are classified as small and marginal farmers. Fifty- four (54) percent of SCs and 36% of STs are primarily agricultural workers. ➤ According to the Ninth Plan, 77% of SCs and 90% of STs are absolutely landless, though this is inconsistent with data from the 1992 National Sample Survey that states that 13.34% and 11.5% of SCs and STs respectively are absolutely landless. ASIAN NGO COALITION FOR AGRARIAN REFORM AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
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