《高盧戰記》與《內戰記》研讀活動 - 教育部顧問室人文社會科學入口網站

計畫目標
《高盧戰記》與《內戰記》研讀活動
天主教輔仁大學外語學院實施拉丁文教育已屆四年。康士林教授主持
拉丁文經典研讀活動,旨在推行古典研究,希望在國內能培育未來研究西
洋古典文學、歷史與哲學的種籽,潛心歐美學術的傳統;而專治其他學科
的學人,也能得其霑溉。
導讀
拉丁文經典研讀活動,接受教育部補助已屆三年。
今年《高盧戰記》與《內戰記》研讀活動,本讀書會參考英美各大學
古典系課綱,結合原典、評註與延伸閱讀,要求成員撰寫摘要、翻譯與上
載心得,讓成員能認識凱撒當時政治、學術與歷史的大概。
讀書會進行時,也遭遇到執行的問題,這些問題有賴教育部顧問室指
教與協助。
研讀成果與探討結論
拉丁文經典研讀活動至今已讀過三本巨著,在執行與方法上不斷求善
求全。
第一年的《埃內亞紀》,本讀書會尚未找出恰當的研讀方式,只能翻譯
拉丁原文,並分析篇章結構,顯得枯燥而無趣;成員不但對維吉爾的作品
一知半解而深陷五里迷霧,也不能啟發成員的學習能力。在第二年的奧維
德《變形記》裡,成員運用評釋註解以了解《變形記》的插曲、典故與旨
趣,然而成員無法清楚掌握奧維德何以撰寫《變形記》這部史詩,《變形
記》與史詩或其他文類的關係等傳統背景問題。
本讀書會上半年研讀《高盧戰記》前四書。本讀書會內容包含共和末
年的歷史、軍事、與政治,以及凱撒研究,但為求討論整體系統發展及主
持教授的專長,本讀書會研讀《高盧戰記》時,著重於該部作品的成文文
類與行文結構。
《高盧戰記》不是一本單純的歷史事件資料集或歷史書籍。凱撒的政
治生涯形塑並影響《高盧戰記》的呈現內容與方式。在分析呈現方式之前,
必須先討論《高盧戰記》的文體。
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中文的戰記,或是英文約定俗成的譯名 Gallic War 與 Civil War,都不
能反映《高盧戰記》這部作品所應呈現的內容與方式。《高盧戰記》拉丁
文原標題的 commentarii,顯示凱撒這兩篇戰記與同時或稍晚的史家,如撒
魯斯特(Sallust)、李維(Livy)與塔西陀(Tacitus),有差池之處。僅管這些古
典作品標題可能為中古士林所添,但這也暗示中古與文藝復興學者認為應
該用不同的角度來詮釋《高盧戰記》。commentarii 的主要作用是什麼?西
塞羅簡短的評論,同時比較兩部戰記與其它史書,可以給予成員思考的方
向。
西賽羅可能寫過 commentarii。他曾簡短地指出 commentarii 與羅馬傳
統的編年史文體的差別:commentarii 主要給後世的作家(西賽羅原文作
scriptor,學者也譯為 historians)撰寫 annales(直譯為編年史,但也解為
histories) 的參考與資料,西塞羅並稱讚凱撒平實簡易的筆法正是
commentarii 的典範。西賽羅在文中明確地區分 commentarii 與歷史,兩者
是不同的文類。凱撒與其他羅馬史家作品的差別更彰顯其分野。撒魯斯特
等史家的作品,事件呈現縝密緊實、節奏流暢快捷、運筆精彩生輝,並間
有與該主題無太大關係的史家評論或插曲(digression)──這是自希羅多德
與修昔底德以降的特色。反觀凱撒,其兩部戰記,各花一書五十節來紀錄
一整年的事件;在結構上,危機、爆發、轉機,凱旋與冬歸、危機、爆發
等成為一成不變的公式;凱撒平實的文字風格更是迥異於諸位史家;而羅
馬史書常具備的評論與插曲,兩部戰記更是闕如。由以上兩點看來,閱讀
凱撒必須從 commentarii 出發。只是,commentarii 現存的作品僅《高盧戰
記》與《內戰記》兩部,目前並沒有足夠的歷史證據可發現 commentarii
的歸納體例規範。因此,閱讀《高盧戰記》必須要從凱撒獨一的的角度出
發。凱撒表達什麼,怎麼表達,為什麼表達,這是成員必須要仔細閱讀研
究的。
敘事技巧豐富了《高盧戰記》中各個歷史事件中的意義。兩本戰記非
平實呆板的參考與資料而已,凱撒在字裡行間透露出許多訊息。除了事件
安排之外,對仗、映襯、排比、倒反、插敘等手法,強化了某些角色、事
件、決策以及結果在各個章節中的重要性。其中,凱撒個人政治史是格外
重要的因子。五十七年至五十六年(第三書),凱撒離開高盧與其他克拉蘇
與龐培謀振舊勢,因此第三書的份量較其他六書不均稱地簡短;在其他書
中,凱撒隱含帶過自己的過失與誤判,輕忽帶過,但在他卻在第三書藏不
住對屬下責難──當然,他也不吝惜讚許他們制敵化險得宜。凱撒的敘事
技巧,就眾人最熟知的第一書為例。
第一書為凱撒擔任高盧行政官的第一年,這是他政治需要表現的一
年。古代文獻如蘇維托尼烏斯(Suetonius)與普魯塔克(Plutarch)等表示高盧
一職有利於凱撒遠離羅馬惡烈的政治,並拓展新的版圖。
在凱撒筆下,蠻邦粗暴粗橫無知無禮,迥異於羅馬人的文明;蠻族逼
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迫文明的羅馬人做出最壞的決定──反抗。第一書前半部,赫爾維提人(The
Helvetii)已遭凱撒擊潰(1.27),但蠻族問題綿綿不絕,接踵而至。凱撒對高
盧各部族重申羅馬人的勝利對高盧人的益處(30);然而,高盧各部族卻議
論紛紛,分別控訴亞里亞維斯圖斯(Ariovistus)與錫魁亞人(The Sequani)進
犯高盧(31)。這時,凱撒特別注意到錫魁亞人的沉默(32),他並不詢問他們
入侵高盧的起因,只任他們指陳亞里亞維斯圖斯的殘酷。亞里亞維斯圖斯
堅信進攻的正當性(34)及其跋扈(35-36),將和平推到絕境。亞里亞維斯圖
斯在文中恐怖的形象感染羅馬陣營,凱撒即刻布達點兵訓話,重申蠻族長
於謀計,羅馬人勝之於勇武,這才解決營內的危機(39-41)。
凱撒並非單線性地揭露亞里亞維斯圖斯的蠻性,凱撒還以羅馬為準,
前後襯托。凱撒願意與亞里亞維斯圖斯妥協,但亞里亞維斯圖斯認為這是
羅馬人單方的無禮要求(35-36);凱撒重述羅馬人對異邦的友善與寬仁,但
亞里亞維斯圖斯卻傲慢地耽溺於自己的偉大與侵略(43-45);凱撒誠心面
談,但亞里亞維斯圖斯卻詐和行刺(43-46),無心談判,更俘虜使節(46-47)。
凱撒慢慢鋪設亞里亞維斯圖斯將日爾曼與羅馬推進戰場,敘述這位敵人的
狡猾手段與多變性情。
凱撒特別著重問題的開始、轉承與結束。雖然凱撒沒有清楚交代他在
戰場上的運籌調度,羅馬人當然取得最後的勝利,凱撒強調解救出了人
質,區格烘托出羅馬人的信友。凱撒仔細安排描述羅馬軍的遭遇、敵人的
邪惡、他的氣度風貌、圓滿的結局──凱撒在各書中,強調他的出現,特
別能穩定軍心,這可能裨益他在羅馬的勢力。到第二書後半部,羅馬甚至
為凱撒舉辦十五日的慶典,達到了一階段的高潮。
凱撒敘述的事件與其政治生涯有不可分割的關係。兩部作品的成文文
類與行文結構透露種種的政治訊息,這些訊息也得到其他史料的應證。由
於本讀書會尚在進行,凱撒於其他書的敘事手法與其抱負,留待未來再更
深入探索。
自評、執行困難與建議
拉丁文原典讀書會過去三年來稟持推行拉丁文教育的宗旨。然而讀書
會在執行時仍遭遇問題,分別為:成員人數稍顯不足、成員背景參差不齊、
讀書會缺少要求的機制、資料不足等四項。
除了難以避免的人數問題外,本讀書會的最大問題是學科知識與學術
背景參差不齊。今年參與人員除了教師與學生外,尚有數名社會人士。讀
書會原本預期師生與社會人士可以教學相長,彼此交流,互相指教不足之
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處。但是在方法、知識的質與量上,社會人士能給予讀書會的反饋顯得薄
弱;而且社會人士可能是為了排遣消磨時間而參加,這和讀書會成立的宗
旨有異。學科知識的差益也影響了討論的進行。由於部份成員本科為語言
或文學,促使他們拒絕或無法閱讀、吸收以及討論與歷史或知識的問題;
從另一方面來說,語言與文學學生沉浸於動詞與名詞變化、語態、詞序等,
不願意跳出故舊框架。而歷史的學生分析篇章結構的能力也嫌不足。這一
點問題,和讀書會缺少一門健全參與的機制,息息有關。
讀書會與課程是不相同的。一門課程可以要求參與者繳交作業、考試
或報告,授課者可以單向且較主動地設立課程架構,以及各式遊戲規則。
授課者只消等待修課者並修正授課方向與內容。在學分的限制下,人數流
動並不多見。然而讀書會卻比較複雜。讀書會組成自由而複雜,老師、學
生與社會人士各半,每位成員容易抒發己見太過。除此之外,成員若遇到
不感興趣的題目及討論子題,或是有事在身,不能讀完指訂資料,小則沉
默在座,大則以要事辭托缺席。拉丁文的大招牌太過僻澀,難求聲名遠播,
近悅遠來,座無虛席。以上為讀書會最大的兩點問題。本讀書會針對以上
兩點問題,將參照其他讀書會,思考謀劃更完整的方案。
最後一點,讀書會尋找資料太過艱辛。臺灣古典的期刊書籍零散稀少,
以都伯林三一學院 Hermathena 來說,紙本期刊不齊,更缺電子資料。缺
乏資料,考驗讀書會助理與成員蒐集資料的能力與討論空間。謹此請教育
部顧問室在書籍採買與資料整合上,多加協助。
結語
拉丁文經典讀書會尋找以傳統、完整的方法研讀經典。從維吉爾到奧
維德到凱撒,本讀書會不斷修正執行方法,以期成員能摸清經典研讀形成
的理路,以期成員能各自在本科發揮曾經學到的老方法,老經典。拉丁文
經典讀書會更冀望這些成員能拋開浮面的論述,擁抱最古老與扎實傳統的
學問。
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附錄
成果一
邱奕傑
Book Three
1. Caesar wished to open a route through the Alps by which the traders had been
accustomed to travel, but at great risk and on payment of great toils. Galba won
several battles. Galba planned to spend the winter in the district of the Nantuates.
He separated the Roman army from the Gaelic army.
2. Gauls planned to revolt. There were three causes. Romans were small in number.
Gauls had occupied peak, so their position was better. They felt indignant that
Romans invaded Gaul.
3. Galba’s plan was too naïve, so the construction of the winter quarter was not
finished yet. Galba summoned a council of war. The situation was hard. The
Majority decided to reserve the expedient to the emergency.
4. After a short interval, Romans were gallant, but the enemy was superior in
number.
5. The enemy began to break down the rampart. The only hope of safety was to try
the last expedient in making sortie. Galba took into action.
6. All the forces of the enemy were routed, and the Romans retired to their own
entrenched camp. Galba accordingly burnt the hamlet, and moved the camp to
the territory of Allobrages.
7. Up to the point, the state of the area was peaceful. At this joint, war broke out
suddenly in Gaul. Publius dispatched several commanders to seek food.
8. The Veneti exercise by far the most extensive authority over all the sea-coast.
They wanted to abide in the liberty received from their ancestors. They detained
Crassus’ commanders and bid Crassus restore their hostages.
9. Caesar ordered sea powers to be got together. The Veneti perceived the
magnitude of their offence, they began to prepare for war for corresponding scale.
They felt that the Romans had no supply of ships. And no knowledge of Ocean.
10. Caesar determined to undertake the campaign. Reasons. Outrageous detention of
Roman knights, the renewal of war after surrender, the revolt after hostages give,
the other nations might suppose that they had the same liberty. They deemed it
proper to divide his army and disperse it at wider intervals before other Gaelic
tribes might join the conspiracy.
11. Generals were dispatched to different parts to intercept the joining of other states.
Caesar himself hastened with land force to the Veneti.
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12. The positions of the stronghold were generally of one kind. The Veneti pursued
the tactics for a great part of summer the more easily because the Roman ships
were detained by foul weather.
13. Gaelic ships were built in a way that they could endured the storm more easily,
and rested in shoals more safely, with no fear of rocks or crags. Roman ships
were superior only in speed.
14. Caesar failed to extinguish the enemies by land. Romans prepared on devices to
great advantages. Sharp-pointed hooks let in and fastened to long poles, Romans
were superior in courage.
15. The Veneti tried to flee but in vain. It was a great success.
16. Accordingly, the Veneti surrendered themselves and all they had to Caesar.
Caesar decided that the punishment must be more severe.
17. Viridorix, the king of Venelli, was ready for war. Quintus Titurius Sabinus
confined himself to camp, so he was contempt by Viridorix and assailed by
occasional reproaches of Roman troops. Sabinus deemed it improper for a
lieutenant to fight an engagement without the consent of his commander in chief.
18. When the impression of timidity had be confirmed, Sabienus sent out pretended
deserter to the enemy. Many considerations encouraged Gauls to this course.
19. The geographical position favoured Romans. The Gauls were inexperienced and
fatigued. They immediately ran away.
20. Publius Crassus reached Aquitania. Romans had suffered a lot from there. He
engaged a cavalry combat against the Sotiates. It changed into infrantry combat.
21. The Sotiates and the Romans had each own plan. A fierce and long fight
followed. When no advantage was to be gained buy expeditions, they besought
Crassus to accept their surrender.
22. Adiaturnus tried to make a sortie, but failed. He begged and obtained from
Crassus the same terms of surrender. The system of vassals in Gaul.
23. Crassus marched for Vocates and Tarusates, who had been allied with other tribes.
The number of Roman armies is inferior to that of the enemy. Romans must not
delay to fight a decisive battle. A council of war was held.
24. The Vocates and the Tarusates thought it was safer to close the roads and cut off
supplies. Gauls’ hesitation created an impression of timidity and increased the
eagerness of our soldiers’ for action.
25. Preparation for battle. The Vocates’ camp was not fortified with the same care on
the rear side, and might easily be approached there.
26. Crassus exhorted the cavalry commanders to incite their men. Few Vocates
(Aquitania) survived.
27. The greatest part of Aquitania surrendered to Crassus.
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28. Morini and Menapii remained under arms. Their tactics were quite different from
the rest of the Gauls. They hid themselves in the forest and assailed Romans for
times. Caesar cleared the forest. Storms interrupted Caesar’s effort. Caesar
brought troops back to the winter quarter.
Book Four
1. Gnaeus Pompey and Marcus Crassus were consuls. Usipetes and the Tencteri,
having been harassed by the Suebi, crossed the Rhine with a large host of man.
Information of the Suebi. The practice of war and husbandry. Their training for
battle since childhood.
2. They gave access to traders to secure purchasers for what they have captured in
war. They trained the inferior home bred animals. They fought on foot in cavalry
combat. They looked down saddles. They suffered no importance of wine.
3. They had the land on the territories untenanted. They Suebi made the more
civilsed Ubii their tributary.
4. The Usipetes and the Tencteri (the Germans) were driven by the Suebi out of their
land, and fled to the land of the Menapii. The Germans pretended to retreat and
the massacred the Menapii out of their expectation.
5. The events concerned Caesar. He was afraid of Gaul’s fickleness. The Gauls
gathered information from their travelers hearsay and rumours.
6. Caesar set out for the army earlier than his wont. Some Gaelic states allied with
the Germans and made for Roman army. Caesar concealed all the information in
his possession. Encouraged the Gaul., determined to make war on the Germans.
7. Caesar came to Germans’ localities. Germans deputies proclaimed that they were
forced to invade. They besought the Romans to great lands. They maintained that
no one was equal to the Suebi.
8. Caesar wished that the Germans shall leave Gaul. Land in Gaul should be granted
with justice. It was not just that they seized others’ land to defend their own.
However, they had permission to settle in the territories of the Ubii.
9. The German envoys asked Caesar not move his camp nearer, but Caesar rejected.
For German cavalry were looting somewhere else across the Meuse. Caesar
supposed they were sought for interposed a delay.
10. The geographical setting of the Meuse and Rhine.
11. Germans deputies met Caesar on the march and besought him not to advance
further. They asked Caesar to give an interval if three days to negotiate with the
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Ubii to accept the terms which Caesar offered. But Caesar rejected and instructed
them to meet next day by a riverside.
12. In spite of having asked for a truce that day, the Germans speedily threw our men
into confusion. They Germans did not desist from flight until they were come in
sight of Romans’ column. Piso of Aquitania failed in the combat and was slain.
13. Caesar refused any agreements of the tribes who had sought peace by guile and
treachery. Knowing the fickleness of Germans, he considered that no time to form
plans should be given to them. The next morning, a large company of Germans
came to clear themselves from suspicion of waging war, and by deceit to get what
they could in respect of truce. Caesar detained them, and then in person he led all
his troops out of camp.
14. Caesar reached the enemy’s camp out of the Germans’ expectation. The Germans
fled in all directions.
15. The Germans fugitives hurled themselves to the Rhine and Meuse, and there
perished. The Romans, free from the stupendous war, went back to the camp. The
Germans, detained in the Roman camp, refused to leave, fearing the torture by the
Gauls whose land they had harassed. Caesar allowed them to stay.
16. Caesar decided to cross the Rhine for two cogent reasons. To make them fearful in
turn of their own fortune by showing them Roman power. The Sugambri received
the Usipetes and Tencteri, and they refused to surrender those who had made war
upon Rome and Gaul. Because the territory beyond the Rhine was not under
Rome’s authority. The Ubii besought Caesar to help resist the Suebi. They
promised a large supply of boats for the transport of his army.
17. Caesar deemed it safer and more worthy of dignity to cross the Rhine by bridge.
They structure of bridge.
18. Caesar pressed on to the territory f the Sugambri. To tribes’ request for peace and
friendship, Caesar replied in generous fashion. The Sugambri were preparing for
war.
19. After burning all the villages, Caesar promised to help the Ubii. He learnt from the
Ubii that the Suebi had discovered that the bridge was built, and they determined
to fight the decisive battle. By the time, Caesar had succeeded in strike terror into
the Germans, so take vengeance on the Sugambri, and to deliver the Ubii from the
state of blockade. So Caesar withdrew into the Gaul, and broke up the bridge.
20. Caesar was intent upon starting for Britain. People knew very little of the district.
21. Caesar commanded general concentrations in the territory of the Morini. The
Britons sent deputies to Caesar. Caesar sent Commius, whom after subduing the
Atrebates, had made king over them. Caesar commands Gaeius Volusenus to spy
out everything, and to report his observations.
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22. Deputies came to Caesar from a great part of the Morini to make excuse for the
ignorance and barbarism to wage war against Romans. Caesar received them
under his protection when the hostages were given. Preparation for sailing.
23. Caesar reached Britain. But he changed three spots to ground his ships.
24. The Britons sought to prevent Roman troops from disembarking. The Roman
ships could not run ashore, except in deep water. The Roman troops did not know
the ground was loaded with the great and grievous weight of arms. The Roman
troops did not press on with the same fire and force as they were accustomed to
show in land engagement.
25. Caesar commanded the ships of war to bring up on the expected flank of the
enemy, who were stunned by the vision. After the eagle-bearer exhorted to do the
military duty, the Romans leapt forth and drew near to the enemy.
26. The Roman troops were in considerable disorder. The Britons get every chance to
attack the Roman army. Noticing this, Caesar sent soldiers to any parties which he
had observed to be in distress. Finally, the Romans stood firm and put the enemy
to rout, but they were not able to make the island and hold on their course. So they
failed to pursue the enemy. This one thing was lacking to cpmlete the wonted
success of Caesar.
27. The Britons sent deputies to Caesar to treat for peace. Commius the Atrebatian,
who was thrown into chains, was sent back. Caesar agreed to pardon their
ignorance and received the hostages. Most went back to the fields, and chiefs
delivered themselves to Caesar.
28. The eighteen ships, when they were near Britain, suffer storm and peril. At last,
they made for the continent.
29. The high tide tore ships into pieces. It caused great dismay throughout the army.
Everything needful for the repair of the ships and for spending the winter was
lacking.
30. The Britons knew that the Romans lacked supplies, hence they conspire together
to renew the war. They thought no one thereafter would cross over into Britain to
make war upon them.
31. The chiefs had broken off the surrender of hostages. Caesar prepared means to
meet any emergency. His orders were carried out zealously by troops, so he was
able to render the rest tolerably seaworthy.
32. The native invasion burst suddenly. Roman troops were being hard pressed by the
enemy, and were holding the ground with difficulty. The Britons attacked those
who were gathering corns.
33. The manner of fighting from chariots. They threw ranks into confusion, and then
fought on foot. They showed in action the mobility of cavalry and stability of
9

infantry.
34. Caesar’s arrival caused the enemy to halt and enabled the Romans to recover from
fear. Caesar led the army back to the camp. Ensuing storms kept the Romans in
camp and prevented the enemy from fighting. The enemy then collected a great
host of footmen and horsemen and came toward the camp.
35. Caesar formed the legions in line before the camp. The Britons turned and fled.
Many were slain, and buildings were burnt far and wide.
36. Deputies sent by the enemy came to Caesar to treat of peace. He returned to the
continent.
37. Fired by the hope of booty, the Morini harassed the Romans. The Romans, with
Caesar’s assistance, slew a good many of the enemy. The enemy fled.
38. The marshes were dry, so the enemy had no place of retreat. The Morini
surrendered to Titus Sabienus. Quintus and Titurius and Lucius Cotta, commanded
by Caesar laid waste the land of the Menapii. He established winter quarters of all
the legions in Belgium. The Senate decreed a public thanksgiving of twenty days.
成果二
李燕芬老師
Caesar in American Schools Prior to 1860
By Eivion Owen, Bishop’s College, Lennoxville, Quebec
The Classical Journal. 31.4 (1936): 212-222
凱撒戰記在美國之編輯出版概況
時間 編著者 摘要
1802 年 Malcolm Campbell 首部美國編輯印行的凱撒戰記於紐約面世。收錄所有
推定為凱撒著作之文本,附錄為文中地名和現代地名之對照表。
1805 年 James Ross 《高盧戰記:第一至第四卷》於賓州蘭開斯特(Lancaster,
Pennsylvania)印行。為拉丁文─英文雙欄平行對照版。
1813 年 Thomas Clark 首部在美國編印、附有英文評註之凱撒戰記面世。改編自
12th London edition of the Delphin Caesar。附有三幀地圖,註解由編者翻譯
為英文,內容論及古代歷史地理,並將若干艱澀段落加以翻譯,完全沒有
文法說明。
1829 年 David Patterson Oudendorp 之凱撒戰記重印版在紐約發行,此版本附有
David Patterson 的英文註解。
1833 年 Leverett 收錄 the Didot text of Achaintre and Lemaire,附有地理、歷史索
引。註解共 50 頁,內容包括各卷摘要、艱澀詞句翻譯、將拉丁詞序重組以
10

便閱讀理解、偶有主題闡釋。
1838 年 Anthon 正文共 187 頁,註解共 216 頁。註解包括文本評論、字源、內
容探討、文法,但翻譯佔極大篇幅。
1844 年 E. A. Andrews 收錄《高盧戰記》七卷,發行後 12 年中共經歷 16 版。內
容包括字彙表、引用 Andrews 與 Stoddard 的文法 (Andrews and Stoddard’s
Grammar)解釋難句,以及逐行分析。
1845 年 Rev. Peter Bullions 收錄《高盧戰記》其中六卷。引言部份共 52 頁,討
論拉丁慣用語,註解中常要讀者參考該書引言。附有人名、地名等專有名
詞索引,無字彙表。
1848 年 Rev. J. A. Spencer 收錄《高盧戰記》七卷。評註內容參考多種版本的註
解,並附有拉丁─英文字彙表。
凱撒戰記列為學校課程必讀書目之演變:
一、十七世紀:
(一) 沒有文獻可資證明凱撒戰記於十七世紀間在美國廣受閱讀。
(二) 十七世紀間美國使用的拉丁文讀本都是從英國進口的。根據當時書商留
存的發票推斷,當時凱撒戰記並未列為學校課程必讀書目。
二、十八世紀:
(一)獨立革命前:凱撒戰記仍未列為當時學校課程必讀書目。
(二)獨立革命後:
1、凱撒戰記列為學校課程必讀書目始於獨立戰爭時。
2、1785 年 Columbia 大學公告:「自 1786 年四月第二個星期二起, 入學者需具
備將凱撒《高盧戰記》……譯為英文的能力。」
3、大致而言,約於 1850 年時,凱撒戰記與維吉爾、西賽羅同樣被列 為進入大
學前的必讀書目。
4、針對十八世紀美國中學課程的研究顯示,在大學將凱撒戰記列為入學前必讀
書目之前,許多中學已將凱撒戰記納入課程中。
5、以波士頓拉丁中學(Boston Latin High School)為例,早年似乎未 將凱撒戰
記列為必讀書目。在獨立戰爭爆發前不久,凱撒戰記被 列為該校共七年課程中
的第四年課程內容,而後改列為第三年課程內容。
6、1784 年起,越來越多所中學將凱撒戰記當做基本教材。
三、十九世紀
(一)至 1821 年時,將凱撒戰記列為課程內容,仍算是相當新穎的做法。
(二)劍橋中學(Cambridge High School)古典科(classical department) 1852-1853
年二年級的課程進度表如下:
1、第一學期第一季:凱撒第一卷、文法、字源。
2、第一學期第二季:凱撒兩卷、動詞。
3、第二學期第三季:凱撒兩卷、句法初級。
11

4、第二學期第四季:凱撒兩卷、句法。
成果三
謝惠英老師
Julius Caesar the Gallic War Book IV, chapters 16-19 January 20, 2008
內容大要:此部份可視為首尾連貫的一篇短文,標題或可訂為:凱撒領軍建橋來
回橫渡萊茵河始末。第十六小節明言分述渡河之因。第十七小節細描建橋細節,
典型是工程紀錄。第十八、十九小節敘明十天完造橋樑,軍隊過橋,完成第十六
小節所述建橋渡河之目的;任務於十八日內完成,凱撒又領軍橫渡萊茵河回歸高
盧,敘述不忘提及拆橋之舉。
16. Germanico bello confecto multis de causis Caesar statuit sibi Rhenum esse
transeundum; quarum illa fuit iustissima quod, cum videret Germanos tam facile
impelli ut in Galliam venirent, suis quoque rebus eos timere voluit, cum intellegerent
et posse et audere populi Romani exercitum Rhenum transire.
Confecto: ablative (conficio conficere confeci confectus, 3: to make, to
complete)(Germanico bello confecto: After the German war has been accomplished)
Statuit: perfect indicative(statuo statuere statui statutus:to set up, to decide)
Esse
transeundum: future passive participle, gerundive with the construction of future
passive periphrastic (transceo transcire transivi transitus: to cross, to go over)(eo ire ii
itus: to go; iens euntis: going, present participle)
Fuit: perfect indicative(sum esse fui futurus: to be)
Videret: imperfect subjunctive in cum clause(video videre vidi visus: to see)
Impelli: passive infinitive in the indirect discourse governed by videret, with
Germanos being the accusative subject(impello impellere impuli impulsus: to impel,
to overthrow)
Venirent: imperfect subjunctive in ut clause(venio venire veni ventus: to come)
Timere: present infinitive after voluit(timeo timere timui --)
Voluit(vollo velle volui --: to wish)
Intellegerent: imperfect subjunctive in cum clause(intellego intellegere intellexi
intellectus: to understand)
Posse: present infinitive in an indirect discourse governed by intellegerent, with the
accusative subject populi Romani exercitum (posssum posse posui --): to be able to)
Audere: present infinitive in an indirect discourse, with the accusative subject populi
Romani exercitum(audeo audere ausi ausus sum: to dare)
12

Transire: present infinitive after posse and audere(trans+ire, eo ire ii itus: to go)
Accessit etiam quod illa pars equitatus Usipetum et Tencterorum, quam supra
commemoravi praedandi frumentandi causa Mosam transisse neque proelio
interfuisse, post fugam suorum se trans Rhenum in fines Sugambrorum receperat
seque cum his coniunxerat.
Accessit
Commemoravi: perfect indicative(commemoro commemorare commemoravi
commemoratus: to record, to relate)
Praedandi: future passive participle,(praedo praedare praedavi praedatus: to plunder,
ravish, despoil)
Frumentandi: future passive participle, deponent ( frumentor frumentari frumentatus
sum: to get grain, to forage); praedandi et frumentandi causa: for the sake of
plundering and foraging
Transisse: perfect infinitve in the indirect discourse governed by commemoravi;
(trans+ire)
Interfuisse: perfect infinitive in the indirect discourse governed by commemoravi;
(inter+esse)
Receperat: pluperfect indicative(recipio recipere recepi receptus: to receive, to accept)
Coniunxerat: pluperfect indicative(conjungo conjugere conjunxi conjunctus: join
together)
Ad quos cum Caesar nuntios misisset, qui postularent eos qui sibi Galliae bellum
intulissent sibi dederent, responderunt:
Misisset: pluperfect subjunctive(construction: perfect stem+isse+personal
ending)(mitto mittere missi missus: to sent, to dismiss)
Postularent: imperfect subjunctive(postulo postulare postulavi postulatus: to demand,
to reguire)
Intulissent: pluperfect subjunctive(in+ ferre: to take in)(fero ferre tuli latus: to take)
Dederent: imperfect subjunctive(dedo dedere dedidi deditus: to give up, to surrender)
Responderunt: perfect indicative(construction: perfect stem+personal
ending)(respondeo respondere respondi responsus, 2: to respond)(respondeo
respondere respondi responses: to answer, to respond)
populi Romani imperium Rhenum finire; si se invito Germanos in Galliam transire
non aequum existimaret, cur sui quicquam esse imperii aut potestatis trans Rhenum
postularet?
Finire: present infinitive(finio finire fini finites: define, finish, mark the boundary)
13

Transire: present infinitive(trans+ire: to go through)
Existimaret: imperfect subjunctive(existimo existimare existimavi existimatus: to
estimate)
Esse: present infinitive
Postularet: imperfect subjunctive
Ubii autem, qui uni ex Transrhenanis ad Caesarem legatos miserant, amicitiam
fecerant, obsides dederant, magnopere orabant ut sibi auxilium ferret, quod graviter ab
Suebis premerentur; vel, si id facere occupationibus rei publicae prohiberetur,
exercitum modo Rhenum transportaret: id sibi ad auxilium spemque reliqui temporis
satis futurum.
Miserant: pluperfect indicative( construction: perfect stem+imperfect esse)
Fecerant: pluperfect indicative(facio facere feci factus: to do, to make)
Dederant: pluperfect indicative(dedo dedere dedidi deditus: to give up, to surrender)
Orabant: imperfect indicative(construction: present stem+-ba-imperfect tense
sign+personal ending)(oro orare oravi oratus: to order)
Ferret: imperfect subjunctive(fero ferre tuli latus: to bring)
Premerentur: imperfect passive subjunctive(construction: present infinitive+passive
personal ending)(premo premere pressi pressus: to press)
Facere: present infinitive(facio facere feci factus: to do)
Prohiberetur: imperfect passive subjunctive(prohibeo prohibere prohibui prohibitus:
to prohibit)
Tantum esse nomen atque opinionem eius exercitus Ariovisto pulso et hoc novissimo
proelio facto etiam ad ultimas Germanorum nationes, uti opinione et amicitia populi
Romani tuti esse possint.
Esse
Pulso: ablative; Ariovisto pulso: ablative absolute, after Ariovistus having been driven
Facto: ablative; novissimo proelio facto: ablative absolute,
Esse:present infinitive, (sum esse fui futurus: to be)
Possint: present subjunctive, (possum posse potui --: can, to be able)
(Possent: imperfect subjunctive)
Navium magnam copiam ad transportandum exercitum pollicebantur.
Transportandum: gerundive,( transporto transportare transportavi transportatus: to
transport)
Pollicebantur: deponent, imperfect indictive,( polliceor polliceri pollicitus sum: to
promise)
14

17. Caesar his de causis quas commemoravi Rhenum transire decrevat; sed navibus
transire neque satis tutum esse arbitrabatur neque suae neque populi Romani dignitatis
esse statuebat.
commemoravi
transire
decrevat: pluperfect indicative, the syncopated form of decreverat(decerno decenere
decrevi decretus: to determine, to resolve, to decide)
transire
esse
arbitrabatur: imperfect passive (arbitro arbitrare arbitravi arbitratus)(arbitror arbitrari
arbitratus sum: to think, to judge)
esse
statuebat: imperfect indicative, (statuo statuere statui statutus: to decide)
Itaque, etsi summa difficultas faciendi pontis proponebatur propter latitudinem,
rapiditatem altitudinemque fluminis, tamen id sibi contendendum aut aliter non
traducendum exercitum existimabat.
Faciendi: gerundive genitive (facio facere feci factus: to do)
Proponebatur: indicative passive imperfect (proponeo proponere propositus: to display,
to propose)
Contendendum: gerundive, (contendo contendere contendi contentus:
Traducendum: gerundive, (traduco traducere traduxi traductus: to lead over, to cross
over)
Existimabat: imperfect indicative.
Rationem pontis hanc instituit.
Instituit: perfect indicative (instituo instituere institui institutus: to set up, to establish)
Tigna bina sesquipedalia. paulum ab imo praeacuta dimensa ad altitudinem fluminis
intervallo pedum duorum inter se iungebat.
Iungebat; imperfect indicative, (iungo iungere iunxi iunctus: to join together)
Haec cum machinationibus immissa in flumen defixerat fistucisque adegerat, non
sublicae modo derecte ad perpendiculum, sed prone ac fastigate, ut secundum
naturam fluminis procumberent, iis item contraria duo ad eundem modum iuncta
intervallo pedum quadragenum ab inferiore parte contra vim atque impetu fluminis
conversa statuebat.
Immissa: ablative, (immitto immitere immissi immisus)
Defixerat: pluperfect indicative, (defigo defigere defixi defixus: to sink)
Adegerat: pluperfect indicative (adigo adigere adegi adactus:to drive in, to impel)
15

Procumberent: imperfect subjunctive(procumbeo procumbere procubui procubitus: to
lean toward),
statuebat.: imperfect indicative, (statuo statuere statui statutus: to decide)
Haec utraque insuper bipedalibus trabibus immissis, quantum eorum tignorum
iunctura distabat, binis utrimque fibulis ab extrema parte distinebantur; quibus
disclusis atque in contrariam partem revinctis, tanta erat operis firmitudo atque ea
rerum natura ut, quo maior vis aquae se incitavisset, hoc artius inligata tenerentur.
Immissis: ablative pl.
distabat (disto distare -- --: stand apart, be distant)
distinebantur: imperfect passive indicative, (distineo distinere distinui distentus:to
keep apart. to separate, to distract)
disclusis: ablative, pl, ppp (discludo discludere disclusi disclusus: to separate, to
divide)
revinctis: ablative, pl, ppp (revincio revincere revinxi revinctus: to fix, to fasten)
erat
incitavisset: pluperfect subjunctive, (incito incitare incitavi incitatus: to incite, to
encourage)
tenerentur.: imperfect passive subjunctive(teneo tenere tenui tentus: to hold)
Haec derecta materia iniecta contexebantur ac longuriis cratibusque consternebantur;
ac nihilo setius sublicae et ad inferiorem partem fluminis oblique agebantur, quae pro
ariete subiectae et cum omni opere coniunctae vim fluminis exciperent, et aliae item
supra pontem mediocri spatio, ut, si arborum trunci sive naves deiciendi operis causa
essent a barbaris missae, his defensoribus earum rerum vis minueretur neu ponti
nocerent.
Contexebantur: imperfect passive indicative, (contexo contexere contexui contextus:
to entwine together, to connect)
Consternebantur: imperfect passive indicative, (consterno consternere constravi
constratus: to spread, to cover, to lay low
Agebantur: imperfect passive indicative,(ago agere egi actus: to do)
Exciperent: imperfect active subjunctive, (excipio excipere excepi exceptus: to
remove, to follow…)
Deiciendi: gerundive, (deicio deicere dejeci dejectus: to throw)
essent
missae: ppp (mitto mittere missi missus)
minueretur: imperfect passive subjunctive(minuo minuere minui minutus: to lessen, to
make less)
nocerent: imperfect active subjunctive(noceo nocere nocui nocitus+dative: to harm)
16

網頁
17
網誌,由助理公布信息與資
訊。在每次討論前,助理在版
上傳遞閱讀資訊,並摘要閱讀
材料,建議成員研讀方向。
影音版,上載每次錄音資訊,
並可由成員及非成員大眾下
載。
留言版,成員與助理可在此平
臺留言、討論與交流。