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364 COSMOS.
Arabic. 224 ; of the Middle Ages, 245,
246, 255, 283 ; modern, 303-352.
Mayow on the iuHuence of nitrous particles
in the air, 345.
Mediterranean, its geographical position
and contiguration, liy ; its triple con-
struction, 120, 121.
Megasthenes, 155, 156 ;
his descriptive ac-
curacy, 156 ; embassies, 109.
Meleager of Gadara, his Idyl " on Spring,"
Uenander the Rhetorician, his severe criticism
on the poems of Empedocles, 30.
Messina, Antonio di, transplanted the predilection
for landscape painting to Venice,
87.
Microscope, its discovery and scientific
results, 106, 318.
Migration, direction of its early impulses,
186, 167, 202.
Miletus, 149.
Milton, character of the descriptions of
nature in his "Paradise Lost," 74.
Minnesingers, love of nature as expressed
in their poetry, 44-46.
Minucius, Felix, early Christian writer
on nature, 39.
Missals, landscape illustrations in, 86.
Mohammed, 206, 208.
Mohammed Ben-Musa, his compendium
of Algebra, 224.
Mongolians, battle at Liegnitz, 202, 249 ;
Buddhism, 202.
Monsoon, Indian, causes of, 123.
Monsoons, known to the companions of
Alexander, 172.
Mosaics, Byzantine, 86.
Miiller, Johannes. See Regiomontanus.
Miiller, Otfried, on the characteristics of
the landscape paintings of the ancients,
85 ; on the myth
of the destruction of
Lyktonia, 121; on national myths blended
with history and geography, 121 ;
date of the Doric immigration into the
Peloponnesus, 124.
Museum of Alexandria, 175, 176.
Naddod, his discoveiy of Iceland, 230, 231.
Nature, incitements to the study of, 19 ;
inducements, three ditferent kinds, 19,
20 i. Poetical ; descriptions of nature,
21-82 ; ii. Landscape painting, 82-98,
100 ; iii. Cultivation of tropical plants,
99-105 ; powerful etfect in after years
of striking impressions in childhood,
20 an ; increased impulse lent to the
study of nature by the discovery of
America, 65 modern ;
descriptive and
landscape poetry, 80, 81.
Nautical astronomy, 255-262, 291-301.
Nearchus, 156, 172.
Neku, commenced the canal of the Red
Sea, 173.
Neophytos, numeral characters of, 226.
Nestorians, their intercourse with the
Arabs and Persians, and its results, 208,
209.
Nowton, Sir Isaac, his invention of the
of the
mirror sextant, 292 : discovery
lavf of gravitation, 313. 316, 331. 3.)0
351 ; rvperiments on the velocity t»f
light, 3Li.j ; early electrical experiment
313.
Niebelungen, absence of any description
of natural scenery in, 45.
Nominalists, school of, in the Middit"
Ages, 243.
Nonnus, his Dionysiaca, 27.
Norman, Robert, his invention of the dipping
needle, 281, 335.
North, natiojs of, their love of nature, 44.
Northmen, dates of their discovery and
colonization of America, Greenland,
and Iceland, 230-232.
Numerals, Indian, 169 ; spread of, 22.5-
227 ; early methods of expressing the
multiplier of the fundamental groups,
225-226; " Suanpan," "Method of Eutocius,"
"Gobar," Arabian "dust-writ
ing," characters of Neophytos, 225-227.
Oceanic discoveries, 228-301.
Omar, Calif, his religious toleration, 20a
204.
Onesicritus on the Indian fig-tree, 159;
on the Indian races, 104.
Ophir, conjecture on its locality /36-138,
its exports, 137.
Oppianus of Cilicia, poem on fishes, 194.
Optical instruments, dates of their discovery,
317-319 ; optical experiments ot
Claudius Ptolemajus, 183, 193, 194.
Osiander, Andreas, his preface to the
v/ritings of Copernicus, 306.
Ossian and the Celto-Irish poems, 48.
Ovid, his vivid pictures of nature, 33, 34.
Oxygen and its properties, first notices
of, 346.
Pacific, discovery and navigation of, 266-
273 its results ;
on the extension of cosmical
knowledge, 267.
Painting, Landscape, its influence on the
study of nature, 82-98 ; early paintings
of the Greeks, 83, 84 ;
of the Romans,
85, 80 ; of the Indians, 84, 85 ; paintings
found at Herculaneum, Pompeii, Stabia?,
85 ; missals and mosaics of Byzantine
art, 86 Flemish school ;
of the Van
Eycks, 87 ; Venetian and Bolognese
schools, 87, 88 ;
Claude and the Landscape
painters, 89, 90 ; early paintings
of tropical scenery, 90-92 ; advantages
otiered to the artist by the landscapes
and vegetation of the tropics, 93-95 ;
panoramas, dioramas, and neoramas,
their scenic eftect, 97, 98.
Palajontological science, da%vn of, 347-
349.
Panoramas, more productive of eflfect
than scenic decorations, 98 ; suggestions
for their increase, 98.
Pantschab, Chinese expedition under, to
the shores of the Caspian, 186.
Parks of the Persian kings, 101, 102.
Pastoral romances, their defects, 68.
Pendulum, earliest use as a time measur
er, 219 ; modern, 350.
Persia, extension of its rule, 142.
Persians their poetry :n relation to na-