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101 Arctic Yearbook 2012 accident in 2011. If the Japanese government is to prioritize Arctic affairs, a more unified framework will be required. 8 That said, Japan has a long history in polar research and this is acknowledged and encouraged by the Japanese government. The Japanese government believes Japan can contribute to the sustainable development of the Arctic by providing scientific knowledge. Furthermore, given that Japan does not have the legal title to access natural resources in the region, it is critical for Japan to engage in international research and development in cooperation with littoral states to secure interests in the future. From this perspective, one can perhaps view the overarching ambition of Japan’s Arctic policy as planting a flag today, to be used tomorrow. Notes 1. Japan is one of the 14 High Contracting Parties to the Spitsbergen Treaty. 2. See Reed (1981), Park (2010) for more on vertical fragmentation (tatewari gyosei) within the Japanese government administration. 3. See Self-Defense Forces Act (Act No. 165 of 1954), 4th clause of Article 100, the Enforcement Order of the Self-Defense Forces Act (Cabinet Order No. 179 of 1954). 4. The SDF Act specifically states that the SDF shall perform shipping and other cooperation for scientific research in Antarctica. Traditionally, SDF takes a narrow interpretation of the SDF Act. 5. In comparison, Japan joined the IASC much earlier than other Asian countries; China joined IASC in 1996, Korea in 2002 and India in 2012, respectively. 6. Interview with Fujio Onishi, Research Fellow of the Ocean Policy Research Foundation, February 2012. 7. Interview with Fujio Onishi, Research Fellow of the Ocean Policy Research Foundation, February 2012. 8. Interview with MoFA official, February 2012. Japan’s Arctic Policy: The Sum of Many Parts
102 OPRF/Business INSROP and JANSROP (1993-1999) JANSROP Phase II (2002-2005) June: Release of first issue of ‘Arctic Sea Quarterly’ Tonami and Watters: Chronology of Japan's Arctic related activities Tonami and Watters Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) Japan joins IASC, Centre for Arctic Research established at NIPR March: Draft report ‘regarding institutional cooperation for the observation of the cryosphere’ submitted to the Earth Observation Promotion Committee June: Arctic Research Examination Working Group’ established within Earth Observation Promotion Committee August: Earth Observation Promotion Committee released an interim report, proposed establishing the Consortium for Arctic Research and strengthening of Arctic observation December: Obtained programmatic funding for Arctic Environmental Research for 5 years, starting FY2011FY May: Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research (JCAR) established under NIPR 1990 1993 1999 2002 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) Arctic Yearbook 2012 Others 2004 December 2004: Council for Science and Technology Policy agrees on the Promotion Strategy of Earth Observation 2005 2009 2010 2011 2012 April: Official statement on the Antarctic Treaty & Arctic Council July: Application for Permanent Observer status submitted to Arctic Council September: Arctic Task Force established under the International Legal Affairs Bureau, Ocean Division November: Officials attend Arctic Council Meeting for the first time (SAO in Denmark) March: Submitted a report on ocean policy, stating NSR as an 'frontier' August: First special committee meeting to investigate the status and future of NSR April: National Insitute for Defense Studies releases annual report containing a chapter on the Arctic
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iv Acronyms A5 Arctic 5 AAC Arctic
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vi MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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viii Preface The Arctic serves as a
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